Mubarak EraDr.Hala El Helaly

Legislative life Evolution in the era of President Mubarak

1 - parliamentary life in this period Witnessed a wide representation of the opposition parties, especially in the fifth legislative term (19,987 to 1990) which represented nearly a fifth of the members of the council.

also what happened in the 2005 elections, when oppositions (parties and the Muslim Brotherhood) occupied a quarter of the seats in the Council.

2 - President Hosni Mubarak's keenness to ensure the institutional stability of the legislative bodies, and to complement it’s period which stipulated by the Constitution, and to complete it’s period till the end . Exactly as 1990.1995.2000 council which completed it’s full constitutional duration for five years .

both parliaments 1984 and 1987 have been solved as a result of the rule of the Supreme Constitutional Court declared that it’s unconstitutional by low, which has council elections and according to him, it was a confirmation of the Court's role in protecting constitutional principles In State's commitment to its provisions.

3 - successive parliamentary elections witnessed a number of phenomena that draws the attention of the emergence of independent. And the increasing of the number of independent doesn’t mean any thing but the weakness of parties, and weak partisan commitment to the private National Party and fight the elements of the Muslim Brotherhood the elections

Also to the sovereignty of partisanship and the solidarity of prisoners, especially in the countryside, and the desire of some businessmen in contesting the elections on the strength of their capital.

4 - For the representation of women it increased in the elections of 1990.1995, 2000.2005.the number of seats won by women, compared to elections in 1984 and 1987 is highly different .

in the menu system. it was prompts the president to appoint a large number of women in proportion appointment in parliament (10 seats) only varied the number of seats to obtained by women under the individual system between 5 and 7 seats

compared to the electoral system on the list, in the elections of 1984 women obtained a number 37 seats and in 1987 women won the elections with 14 seats

5 - The constitutional amendment to Article 76, for the election of the President and the presidential elections in September 2005 had created a state of the political movement which was reflected in the parliament elections held in the same year.

Also, the constitutional amendment proposals contained in the program of President Mubarak opened the door to significant shifts in the form of the political system, and in the relationship between the legislative and executive branches.

Democratic development

1 - respect for the principles of the rule of law , and confirm prestige Egyptian judiciary and its role.

as the authority by which has the right to resolve differences over many issues of a political nature

for example, judiciary role has a big significant in the genesis of most of the political parties that took refuge founders to it after the rejection of the Commission on the parties agree on the establishment.

It also committed the state apparatus in the implementation of the provisions of the Administrative Judiciary citizens, who turn to the grievance of the decisions taken by one of the institutions of the executive branch, was also bound by the Supreme Constitutional Court.

2 - Strengthening of political life, considering that the multi-party condition to the democratic system.

the number of political parties even reached 21 parties that representing different political orientations.

in the era of President Sadat Despite his presidency of the party National Democratic, but Mubarak was keen to confirm that he was president of all Egyptians.

Though the controversy has continued on the development of the Muslim Brotherhood and their role in the political life has committed itself to the application of the law of parties, which prevents the establishment of political parties based on religious or sectarian.

and considering that the law requires all existing parties to respect the principles of Islamic law which is in accordance with the Constitution bumper , main legislation has allowed For this trend to express itself politically in various forms.

3 - widening circle of freedom of expression in the media

partisan journalism had a high degree of freedom of expression and the practice of criticism.

The private and national sector in journalism widely increased and had the right to monitor the executive branch and criticize their actions freely .

Besides the above, it has emerged in the early years of this century, an increasing role for the private newspapers, which increased in number, which exercised its role in the mentioned public issues in other areas in an unprecedented way.

Under the same climate of freedom of expression was allowed creation of 2 Private television channel and radio station

all of the above was an evidence of expand the circle of freedom of expression in the community so that we can say that all the intellectual currents and trends now has a media tool that can reach through which citizens.

4 - ensure political stability, and it highlighted in the curriculum of President Mubarak in not taking (electric shock) style.

Also it appears in the change movements in the public policy and public opinion

also in the stability of executive positions during the mid-eighties to mid-nineties appropriate to give the opportunity to the occupants in the implementation of public policies which led to lengthening the average age of the ministry during the reign of Egyptian President Mubarak, compared to any other period of 1923.