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Literary Terms
BASIC PLOT STRUCTURE
:
1. EXPOSITION -
2. RISING ACTION -
3. CLIMAX -
4. FALLING ACTION -
5. RESOLUTION/DENOUEMENT -
EXPOSITION
PROTAGONIST- the main characterAntagonist- works against the main character
Introduction of characters
EXPOSITION …and setting Time Setting can include
Place
Social conditions
Mood or atmosphere Weather
RISING ACTION
The introduction of confl ict marks the beginning of the rising action
Internal and External Conflict
Man vs. ManMan vs. NatureMan vs. SocietyMan vs. Self
CLIMAX
Highest point of dramatic intensity- it’s considered the most exciting or suspenseful part of the story.
FALLING ACTION
conflict is being resolved
RESOLUTION/DENOUEMENT
conflict is completely over (may not always be good)
DICTIONWord choice (diction can have different levels of sophistication to reveal something about the narrator)
My grandmother had a vinegar tongue.
SYNTAXWord order within a sentence or sentence order within a paragraph.
TONE
speaker’s attitude toward the character or subject
Diction + syntax = tone
MOOD
atmosphere created by author which evokes emotions/feelings in the audience
IMAGERYuse of pictures, descriptions or figures of speech; words that paint a picture in your mind
SENSORY DETAILS- words that appeal to the five senses
IRONYintentional contradiction between what something appears to mean and what it actually means
There is verbal irony- this may take
the form of sarcasm.
There is dramatic irony- the audience
knows something that the characters don’t.
Situational irony- when what happens is the opposite of what is
expected to happen.
PERSONIFICATION
words that give human qualities (attributes) to non-human entities (things)
METAPHOR
a comparison between two unlike things
SIMILE- type of metaphor using “like” or “as” for comparison
ALLITERATION
repetition of initial sounds in successive words
ALLUSIONa reference in art or literature to another body of art or literature "The girl's love of sweets
was her Achilles heel"
SYMBOLsomething that represents something else (objects and actions can be symbolic)
Life is a roller-coaster
THEMErecurring idea; a big question or concept explored in a text
JUXTAPOSITION
two contrasting ideas put against each other to highlight their differences
Ex. the young and the old
SUBTEXTFrom 'War of the Worlds' - Josh Friedman and David Koepp.
A conversation between a father (RAY) and young daughter (RACHEL) :
the emotions or ideas beneath the spoken words; what’s communicated without being said (in dialogue)
RAY: Here we go, some nice peanut butter sandwiches.
Rachel looks at him spreading the sandwiches, obviously masking frustration.
RACHEL: I’m allergic to peanut butter.
Ray, surprised, continues to spread the peanut butter.
RAY: Since when?
Beat.
RACHEL: Birth
Text: Rachel is allergic to peanut butter.
Subtext: ??
TYPES OF NARRATION/ POINT-OF-VIEW:
Reliability- how trustworthy the narrator is in telling the story? Among many things, a character’s age, psychological state, audience and motives can affect reliability or trustworthiness.
1st person point of view
2nd person point of view3rd person point of view
Perspective or point of
view can affect reliability.
A point of view in which an "I" or "we" serves as the narrator. A first-person narrator may be reliable or unreliable.
1st person point of view
a point of view of direct address; the perspective of giving instructions, directions or a recipe, uses or implies the word “you”
2nd person point of view
“You should take a right turn when you see the red house on the corner”
a form of storytelling in which a narrator relates all action in third person, using third person pronouns such as "he" or "she."
3rd person point of view
Third person point of view may be limited or omniscient.
Limited point of view- can see some of the action, but not all of it. How reliable is this???
Omniscient- an all-knowing narrator.
The narrator knows what is going on with all characters and events.