; 04/10/13 3:38 PM;;;;;LEARNINGTIMES C2C 4/10/2013

WELCOME TO THE WEBINAR.>>I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A FEWTHINGS IF I CAN BEFOREHAND.IF FOR WHATEVER REASON YOURAUDIO IS -- YOU'RE EXPERIENCINGAN ECHO THERE'S A LIKELIHOOD YOUARE LOGGED IN TWICE.PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT YOU ONLYHAVE ONE SESSION OPEN AND IF YOUDO HAVE AB EXTRA ONE OPEN YOUCAN GO AHEAD AND CLOSE THAT.IT WILL CLEAR UP THE AUDIO.IF FOR SOME REASON YOU ARE NOTEXPERIENCING ANY AUDIO AT THEMOMENT, OBVIOUSLY YOU'RE NOTGOING TO HEAR MY MESSAGE BUT YOUCAN PROBABLY DEDUCT FROM THECLOSED CAPTIONING THAT IS GOINGTHROUGH THAT YOU'RE NOT HEARINGANYTHING.TRY TURNING OFF YOUR -- ORCLOSING YOUR BROWSER SESSION ANDCOMING BACK IN.THAT TYPICALLY WILL HELP RESOLVETHE ISSUE IN ADDITION IF AT ANYPOINT IN TIME SLIDES OR THINGSENTIRELY STOP CLOSE YOUR BROWSERAND COME BACK IN AND LET US KNOWIN THE CHAT WINDOW IF YOU NEEDANY ADDITIONAL SUPPORT AND WEWILL DO WHAT WE CAN TO ASSIST.THERE WILL BE A MODERATED CHATIN THIS SESSION WHICH MEANS THATONCE WE BEGIN THE MODERATION ANYQUESTION THAT YOU SUBMIT WILLNOT IMMEDIATELY BE VISIBLE BUTONCE WE DO MODERATE IT THROUGHYOU'LL SEE IT COME THROUGH TWICEON YOUR SCREEN.DON'T WORRY, IT ONLY WILL BEVISIBLE TWICE TO YOU.

EVERYONE ELSE WILL ONLY SEE ITONCE.THE FIRST TIME IT BECOMES POSTEDIT JUST INDICATES TO YOU THATYOUR MESSAGE HAS GONE THROUGHAND YOU'LL SEE IT AGAIN WHEN WEDO RESPOND.WE WILL BEGIN IN A FEW MOMENTSHERE.I'M JUST GOING TO GO AHEAD ANDSTART THE RECORDING FOR TODAY'SSESSION.I WOULD LIKE TO INVITE OUR HOSTKRISTIN KRISTEN FROM HERITAGEPRESERVATION AND OUR PRESENTERSDANIELLE PLUMER AND JEFFERSONBAILLY TO PLEASE GO AHEAD ANDBEGIN AS SOON AS YOUR READY.>> THANK YOU, MIKE, THIS ISKRISTEN AT HERITAGE PRESERVATIONIN WASHINGTON, D.C.IT'S ALMOST 90 DEGREES AND WE'VEBEEN HEARING WEATHER REPORTSACROSS THE WORLD IN THE HELLOBOX, THANK YOU FOR THAT.I WANT TO JUST VERY QUICKLY DOAN INTRODUCTION BECAUSE WE HAVEA LOT TO COVER TODAY AND I DON'TWANT TO TAKE AWAY FROM THATTHERE IS CARING FOR DIGITALMATERIALS, PREVENTING A DIGITALDARK AGE.WE WANT TO THANK LEARNING TIMESFOR PRODUCING THIS TO US ANDESPECIALLY FOR THE MUSEUM ANDLIBRARY SERVICES FOR MAKINGFUNDING POSSIBLE FOR THESECOURSES.WE HAVE OVER 200 PEOPLE LOGGEDIN ALREADY AND ALMOST 400 ON THELAST FEW WEBINARS SO WELCOMEEVERYONE TO THAT WE HAVEJEFFERSON BAILEY ABOUTPRACTICING SAFE ARCHIVING BACKUPCOPIES AND WHAT CAN GO WRONG ANDTHEN WE WILL HAVE OUR LAST CLASSON MONDAY, APRIL 15 AND WE LOOK

FORWARD TO THAT.IF YOU HAVEN'T YET DONE SO,PLEASE DO LOOK AT THE COURSE WEBPAGE, WE HAVE PUT LINKS TO THEPOWERPOINT SLIDES WHERE YOU CANFIND HOME WORK IN YOU MISS ANASSIGNMENT AND YOU WANT TO LINKTO IT YOU'LL FIND THAT THERE.LOTS OF RESOURCES THAT OURSPEAKERS HAVE PULLED TOGETHERFOR YOU SO PRETTY MUCH ANYTHINGIN THEIR POWER POINT THEY'VEALREADY GOT LINK TO ON THE SITE.AND FURTHER INFORMATION.WE'VE HAD GREAT CONVERSATION ASWE'VE BEEN GOING ALONG AND WE'VEBEEN GOING THROUGH QUESTIONS ANDCOMMENTS AND ALL OF THOSE WILLBE GETTING UP THERE SO KEEPCHECKING BACK ON THIS PAGE ANDHOPEFULLY YOU'RE GETTING OURE-MAILS WITH THE RECORDINGSAFTER EACH WEBINAR'S BROADCAST.IF YOU ARE WORKING TOWARDS OURCERTIFICATE OR DIGITALCREDENTIALS YOU NEED TO REGISTERTURN IN YOUR PERMISSION FORM,WATCH EACH WEBINAR IN THE COURSEEITHER LIVE OR ON THE RECORDINGAND COMPLETE ALL FIVE HOME WORKASSIGNMENTS AND MAKE SURE THAT'SALL DONE BEFORE MONDAY, APRIL22.DANIELLE ON MONDAY WILL GO OVERTODAY'S ASSIGNMENT AND THEASSIGNMENT SHE MADE YESTERDAY TOGIVE YOU FEEDBACK BUT HOPEFULLYBY THE END OF TODAY'S SESSION WECAN TALK ABOUT WHAT THE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT IS FOR THESESSION.WE WELCOME YOU TO JOIN THECOMMUNITY.THE CONNECTING TO COLLECTIONSONLINE COMMUNITY IF YOU BECOME AMEMBER YOU CAN JOIN THEDISCUSSION BOARDS AND ASK

QUESTIONS OF YOUR PEERS.WE'RE ABOUT SIX PEOPLE OFF OFHITTING OUR 3,000 MEMBER MARK SOIF YOU CAN BE THAT THREETHOUSANDTH MEMBER WE HAVE ASPECIAL PRIZE THAT WE'RE LININGUP FOR THAT.SO IF YOU ARE A MEMBER WE INVITEYOU ASK YOUR COLLEAGUES TO JOINYOU ON THE ONLINE COMMUNITY.AND AS ALWAYS IF YOU HAVE ANYQUESTIONS CONNECT HERITAGEPRESERVATION AND WE'LL DO OURBEST TO HELP.I WANT TO INTRODUCE TODAY'SSPEAKER, JEFFERSON BAILEY.HE IS WORKING WITH THEMETROPOLITAN NEW YORK LIBRARYCOUNCIL, OR METRO, ON THEIRSTRATEGIC INITIATIVE WHICHINCLUDE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT,RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION, NEWTECHNOLOGIES, MEMBER SERVICESAND OTHER EVENTS AND PROGRAMS.BEFORE 2012 WHEN HE JOINED METROHE WORKED ON DIGITALPRESERVATION PROGRAMS FOR THENATIONAL DIGITAL INFORMATIONINFRASTRUCTURE AND PRESERVATIONPROGRAM AND THE OUTREACH ANDEDUCATION PROGRAM, PEOPLE CALLEDTHAT DEPOT AND THAT'S AT THELIBRARY OF CONGRESS.HE RECEIVED HIS MASTERS INLIBRARY INFORMATION SCIENCE WITHA SPECIALTY IN ARCHIVAL STUDIESFROM THE UNIVERSITY OFPITTSBURGH AND HIS UNDERGRADUATEDEGREES FROM OBERLIN COLLEGE.I WANT TO THANK DANIELLE PLUMERFOR BEING WITH US TODAY.SHE'S OUR COURSE COORDINATOR ANDSHE WILL BE ASSISTING JEFFERSONAND ANSWERING YOUR QUESTIONS INTHE CHAT BOX AND WHEN HE TAKESHIS BREAK FOR QUESTIONS SHE'LLBE ANSWERING THAT AS WELL.

SO I'M GOING TO CLOSE MY POWERPOINT, BRING UP JEFFERSON'S ANDCLOSE OUR HELLO BOX AND WE'LLSTART OUR MODERATED CHAT.AS MIKE MENTIONED, YOU WILLNOTICE IF YOU POST ANYTHINGYOU'LL SEE IT TWICE, ONCE WHENYOU LET US KNOW AND ONCE WHEN WEPUBLISH IT TO THE GROUP.SO I'LL MOVE THAT AWAY AND IFYOU HAD ANY TECH ISSUES THAT YOUMENTIONED IN THE HELLO BOX WE'LLMAKE SURE TO DEAL WITH THAT.SO WE'LL BRING YOU BACK TO THEBEGINNING HERE.JEFFERSON?SLIDE ONE?>> YUP.>> GREAT, I'LL TURN IT OTHER TOYOU.THANK YOU.>> OKAY, GREAT, THANKS, KRISTEN.I ALSO WANT TO SAY THANKS TODANIELLE AND SAY THANKS TOHERITAGE PRESERVATION WHO'SPUTTING ON THIS GREAT SERIES ONIMLS SERIES.SO WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT TODAYIS PRACTICE SAFE ARCHIVING,BACKUPS, COPIES AND WHAT CAN GOWRONG.SO WE'LL BE TALKING ABOUTDIGITAL MATERIALS, OBVIOUSLYDIGITAL PRESERVATION AS WELL ASHOW IT TIES IN TO PHYSICAL MEDIAWHICH IS, OF COURSE, HOW WESTORE ALL OUR DIGITALINFORMATION.WHAT CAN GO WRONG AND WHATACTIONS WE CAN TAKE TO ADDRESSTHOSE ISSUES.SO THIS IS TO TALK ABOUT THEWHOLE SERIES WRIT LARGE, THECARING FOR DIGITAL MATERIALSGOALS.PARTICIPANTS HAVE A BETTERUNDERSTANDING OF THE INHERENT

FRAGILITY OF DIGITAL OBJECTS,WE'LL DEFINITELY BE TALKINGABOUT THAT TODAY.PARTICIPANTS WILL ACQUIREINFORMATION TO HELP AND SELECTPRESERVATION FORMAT, METADATAAND BACKUP SYSTEMS FOR DIGITALOBJECTS AND SOME PREVIOUSPRESENTERS IN THE SERIES HAVETALKED ABOUT THAT.WE'LL TALK ABOUT BACKUP MORETODAY BUT, OF COURSE, ALL THESETHINGS WILL BE TOUCHED UPON.AND THE THIRD IS PARTICIPANTSWILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY ONE ORMORE ACTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKENTO IMPROVE THEIR INSTITUTION'SDIGITAL PRESERVATION EFFORTS.WE'LL DEFINITELY BE TALKINGABOUT THAT TODAY.>>AND THERE YOU SEE THE PREVIOUSONES SO THOSE WILL BE AVAILABLEONLINE AND WE'LL PUT THIS ONE UPAND LIZ AND TOM WILL BE TALKINGNEXT WEEK ABOUT DIGITALPRESERVATION AND COLLABORATION.SO OUR OUTLINE FOR TODAY'SSESSION IS BASICALLY GOING TO BEIN THREE PARTS.THE FIRST PART I'LL TALK ABOUTPHYSICAL MEDIA AND DIGITALINFORMATION.THIS WILL TALK ABOUT SOME OF THECHALLENGES AS WELL AS THEACTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN TOPRESERVE DIGITAL INFORMATIONTHAT LIVES ON PHYSICAL MEDIA.PART TWO WILL BE TALKING ABOUTBACKUP AND STORAGE.AND THEN PART THREE WE'RE GOINGTO TALK ABOUT THE LEVELS OFDIGITAL PRESERVATION PROJECT ANDTHIS IS A PROJECT THAT GOTSTARTED WHEN I WAS AT THELIBRARY OF CONGRESS OUT OF INDSAWHICH IS THE NATIONAL DIGITAL

STEWARTSHIP ALLIANCE.THAT'S A CONSORTIUM THAT ELSIEOVERSEAS IN PEOPLE INTERESTED INDIGITAL PRESERVATION.AND THE GOALS OF THE LEVELS OFDIGITAL PRESERVATION PROJECT,I'LL TALK ABOUT IT MORE WHEN WECOME TO THAT PART OF THEPRESERVATION.BUT IT'S GENERALLY INTENDED TOBE AN ACCESSIBLE GUIDE FORINSTITUTIONS OF ANY TYPE TO TRYTO UNDERTAKE DIGITALPRESERVATION.PRACTICES AND ACTIONS.SO THE NEXT SLIDE.SO I JUST WANT TO START OFF WITHA COUPLE SORT OF HIGH LEVELSLIDES BUT I'M GOING TO TRY TOKEEP ALL OF THIS VERYACCESSIBLE.BUT I THINK THROUGHOUT THE WHOLESERIES OF THESE PRESENTATIONS WESORT OF ALL NEED TO KEEP IN MINDLIKE WHAT IS A DIGITAL OBJECT.WHAT IS DIGITAL INFORMATION.AND THE MANY DIFFERENT FORMSTHAT IT TAKES AND MANY DIFFERENTWAYS THAT WE INTERACT WITH IT.SO YOU'LL SEE SOME PICTURESHERE.WE HAVE FLOPPYS AND DRIVE,DIGITAL INFORMATION IS DEPENDENTON PHYSICAL OBJECTS AND STORAGE.WE SEE SOME 1s AND 0s, THAT'S AFAMILIAR WAY WE THINK ABOUTDIGITAL INFORMATION AS BEING BUYTHEIR IS WHAT THAT'S REFERRED TOIF YOU OPEN SOME IMAGES, SAY AJPEG IN A TEXT EDITOR WHICH ISTHE THIRD IMAGE, IT BASICALLYLOOKS LIKE GIBBERISH BECAUSE ATEXT EDITOR DOESN'T KNOW WHAT TODO WITH AN IMAGE.OBVIOUSLY WE HAVE IMAGES OFGREAT THINGS LIKE BABY WALRUSAND THAT CAN BE REPRESENTED IN

SOFTWARE, IT CAN BE REPRESENTEDIN CODE.SO -- THE POINT OF THIS SLIDE ISJUST SORT OF TO REMEMBER THAT ADIGITAL OBJECT IN PRESERVINGTHAT DIGITAL OBJECT REQUIRES USTO INTERACT WITH ALL OF THESEDIFFERENT LAYERS.AND SO THE PHYSICALITY AND WHATWE'LL BE TALKING ABOUT TODAY ISTHE DIGITAL INFORMATION ISSTORED ON FLOPPYS AND HARDDRIVES IN OUR COMPUTERS ANDSERVERS SOMEWHERE SO THEY'RE ALLVERY DEPENDENT ON PHYSICALMATERIAL AND THIS IS ACTUALLY AVERY LARGE MICROSCOPE SHOT OFTHE SURFACE OF THE HARD DRIVEAND YOU CAN SEE THESE AREACTUALLY WHAT WE CALL BITS.A BIT IS SORT OF THE COMPONENTPIECE OF DIGITAL OBJECT.IT'S A 1 OR 50 AND YOU CAN SEETHE TRENCHES AND VALLEYS AND THEPEAKS ARE BASICALLY 1s AND THEVALLEYS ARE 0s AND THE THAT'SHOW DIGITAL INFORMATION IS READBY YOUR COMPUTER AND IT GOESTHROUGH MANY DIFFERENTTRANSLATIONAL STATES UNTIL ITCOMES UP ESSENTIALLY ON YOURSCREEN TO AN OBJECT THAT YOU CANLOOK AT AND UNDERSTAND.AND SO CLEAR AND FAR A GOTTOGETHER TO THINK ABOUT THESESAME ISSUES THAT I'M TALKINGABOUT AND THEY CAME UP WITH THISON THEOLOGY OF DIGITAL OBJECTS.SO ONTOLOGY MEANS WHAT ARE THEPARTS OF A DIGITAL OBJECT ANDTHIS SOUNDS A LITTLE FANCY INHIGH CONCEPT BUT IT'S IMPORTANTTO REMEMBER THAT WHEN YOU'REDOING DIGITAL PRESERVATION YOUARE ADDRESSING EACH OF THESEDIFFERENT PARTS OF AN OBJECT.SO YOU HAVE THE PHYSICAL OBJECT

WHICH IS, OF COURSE, THE FLOPPYDRIVE OR HARD DRIVE, THE LOGICALOBJECT, WHICH WOULD BE CODE ANDSOFTWARE AND APPLICATIONS ANDPROGRAMS THAT HELP YOUUNDERSTAND WHAT THAT -- WHAT ISON THAT PHYSICAL OBJECT AND THENYOU HAVE A CON IS UP WHICH YOUWILL OBJECT AND THAT, IS OFCOURSE, AN IMAGE THAT YOU CANLOOK AT OR A DOCUMENT THAT YOUCAN READ.AND THEN THE THIRD-- AND I'VESORT OF ADDED THIS-- IS THECONDITIONAL OBJECT AND TO DODIGITAL PRESERVATION AND THISWILL COME OUT THROUGHOUT THEPRESENTATION.YOU NEED TO STAY MINDFUL OF THEFACT THAT EACH INSTITUTION HASITS OWN DIFFERENT LEVEL OFRESOURCES, LEVELS OF EXPERTISE,LEVEL OF I.T. SUPPORT AND WHATWE TRY TO DO AS DIGITALPRESERVATIONISTS IS MAKE SURETHAT WE CAN DO THE BEST THAT WECAN WITH WHAT WE HAVE.BUT WHAT WE HAVE WILL ALWAYS BEVERY DIFFERENT.THAT REALLY DRIVES A LOT OF THEDIGITAL PRESERVATIONCONVERSATION AND BEST PRACTICES.SO WE'LL START WITH PART ONE ANDTALK ABOUT WHAT CAN GO WRONGWITH THE PHYSICAL OBJECT AND SOTHESE ARE, YOU KNOW, THE DISK INTHE DRIVES, AS I MENTIONED.THERE'S A NUMBER OF THINGS THATCAN GO WRONG WITH THEM.OBSOLESCENCE.THAT JUST MEANS SOMETHING ISOBSOLETE.IT'S NO LONGER BEING PRODUCED ORTHE MACHINERY REQUIRED TO ACCESSIT IS NO LONGER BEING PRODUCEDSO THIS IS VERY EASY TO THINKABOUT WITH A 5.25 FLOPPY DISK,

THE OLD BIG FLOPPY DISK.OBVIOUSLY THOSE ARE NO LONGERBUILT INTO COMPUTERS.THEY'RE NO LONGER IN OUR LAPTOPSSO IF YOU HAVE A COLLECTION ON5.25 FLOPPY DISKS IT'S VERYDIFFICULT FOR YOU TO GET TO THATINFORMATION.ACCESS, SO OBVIOUSLY PHYSICALITEMS CAN DEGRADE OVER TIME JUSTLIKE ANALOG OR PAPER CAN FALLAPART.DIGITAL MEDIA HAS EVEN SHORTERLIFE SPAN THAN MOST PHYSICALDOCUMENTS.APPRAISAL, OBVIOUSLY IT'S VERYDIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ISON A PIECE OF PHYSICAL MATERIALWITHOUT ACCESSING IT.AND THEN AUTHENTICITY IS JUSTTHE IDEA THAT YOU NEED TO ENSURETHAT WHAT IS ON THAT MEDIA STAYSTHE SAME EVEN WHEN IT COMES OFFOF THAT MEDIA.AND THIS IS TRUE FOR PAPER, TOO.I MEAN, XEROX COPIES, MICROFICHETHESE ARE ATTEMPTS TO PRESERVEAUTHENTICITY OF CONTENTREGARDLESS OF WHAT FORMAT IT'SON.THAT'S TRUE FOR DIGITALMATERIALS AS WELL.SO I WANT TO HAVE A QUICK POLLWHEN WE TALK ABOUT PHYSICALFORMATS AND JUST GET A SENSE OFWHAT PEOPLE EITHER ARECOLLECTING OR WHAT THEY HAVEWITHIN THEIR INSTITUTIONS ANDI'VE SORT OF ADDED A RANGE OFOPTIONS HERE, A NUMBER OFDIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOPPY DISKS,ZIP AND JAZZ DISKS WHICH AREBOTH ZIP DISKS ESSENTIALLY.AND SD CARDS WHICH YOU PUT INYOUR COMPUTER AND THEN TAPES.OPTICAL IS A VERY POPULAR ONE,SO C.D.-Rs AND D.V.D.s AND THEN

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HARDDRIVES WE'RE FAMILIAR WITH.THEN ONLINE SERVERS.SO WHEN YOU SAVE IT TO YOURNETWORK DRIVE THAT'S ACTUALLYJUST ANOTHER DRIVE THAT HAPPENSTO BE ATTACHED TO A NETWORK.SO,, WOW, A LOT, THIS IS A GREATDIVERSITY.A LOT OF THREE AND A HALFS.WE ALL PROBABLY HAVE V.H.S. ANDAUDIOTAPES.AND DEFINITELY A LOT OF OPTICALWHICH WE WERE CERTAINLYEXPECTING.AND A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF HARDDRIVES.WE'LL GIVE PEOPLE ANOTHERMINUTE.IT'S GREAT TO SEE SUCH ADIVERSITY IN THE OLDER FORMATSLIKE 5.25, 3.5 AND ZIPS.THAT'S SURPRISING, ESPECIALLYFOR A.V. MATERIAL.SO MOVING ON THIS IS JUSTLOOKING ON AT THE DIFFERENTMEDIA TYPES AND THEIR LONGEVITYSJUST A QUICK NOTE TO QUANTIFYTHE LONGEVITY OF A PIECE OFMEDIA IT DEPENDS ON HOW OFTENIT'S ACCESSED AND HOW T TYPE OFEQUIPMENT IT PLAYS ON AND TAPEWHICH PEOPLE HAD DOES NOTSURVIVE WELL WITH REPEATEDREPLAY BECAUSE IT'S DEPENDENT ONTENSION AND TENSION IS OBVIOUSLYMOSTLY TO RIP THINGS APART, OFCOURSE, RIGHT?SO THERE ARE JUST SOME NUMBERSHERE THAT PEOPLE CAN LOOKTHROUGH TO AT LEAST GET ANUNDERSTANDING OF WHEN I NEED TOMIGRATE OFF OF THESE PHYSICALCARRIERS AND OPTICAL IS REALLYTHE BIG ONE BECAUSE THERE WAS ALOT OF DIGITIZATION DONE ANDOPTICAL WAS OFTEN USED AS

STORAGE IN THE '90s SO A LOT OFINFORMATION PUT ON C.D.-Rs ANDD.V.D.s FROM THOSE PROJECTS OFTHE '90s ARE STARTING TO REACHTHE END OF THEIR LONGEVITY.SO MIGRATING OFF OF OPTICAL ISSOMETHING I SEE A BIG ISSUE INTHE NEXT COUPLE YEARS.AND I'VE ALSO ADDED TWO LINKS TOEXCELLENT REPORTS AND THEN ALSOIN THE RESOURCES DOCUMENTS THATARE PART OF THE BROADCAST.SO YOU CAN LOOK AT THOSE ANDTHEY CAN THERE CAN BE A BETTERSENSE OF HANDLING AND STORAGE.SO WHAT ARE THE ACTIONS TO GETTHINGS OFF OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS?VINTAGE DRIVES IN MACHINES ARENOT TOO COMMON BUT I THINK WE'LLSTART SEEING AT LEASTCOLLABORATIVE EFFORTS TOMAINTAIN AND HOUSE OLD COMPUTERSYSTEMS AND MACHINERY AND REPLAYDEVICES AS FAR AS ALLOWINGACCESS TO THOSE SORTS OF MEDIUM.AND THEN A COUPLE WE WANTED TOFOCUS NONTHIS PRESENTATION ANDTHESE ARE ALL TIED TOGETHER,CONTROL CARDS AND WRITEBLOCKERS.A CONTROLLER CARD IS ESSENTIALLYA DEVICE THAT ALLOWS YOURCURRENT COMPUTER TO ACCESS ANOLD DRIVE.SO CONTROLLER CARDS ARE MOSTLYUSED IN ORDER TO ACCESS 3.5 AND5.25 FLOPPY DRIVE WHICH IS YOUCAN STILL BUY ON EBAY FOR ABOUT50 BUCKS FOR A 5.25 DRIVE BUTOBVIOUSLY THERE'S NO WAY TO PLUGIT INTO YOUR COMPUTER SO THESEARE BASICALLY THESE AREINTERFACES THAT HAVE A U.S.B. ONONE SIDE AND A CONTROLER TO THEFLOPPY DRIVE ON THE OTHER.A WRITE BLOCKER PROHIBITS YOUFROM ACTUALLY WRITING TO THE

DEVICE THAT YOU ARE TRYING TOGETTING ACCESS TO.SO IT IS WHAT IT SAYS IT IS: ITBLOCKS WRITING TO THE OLD DRIVEAND THAT GOES BACK TO THEAUTHENTICITY POINT THAT WE WERETALKING ABOUT EARLIER.SO FORENSIC SOFTWARE, WE'LL TALKABOUT THIS IN A COUPLE OFSLIDES.THESE JUST SOFTWARE TOOLS TOHELP YOU DO SOME OF THESEACTIVITIES.A PHOTO STATION IS INTERESTING.WHEN PEOPLE GET DONATED PHYSICALMEDIA THEY OFTEN OBVIOUSLY WANTTO HAVE A PICTURE OF IT BECAUSEPEOPLE WRITE ON THE OUTSIDE OFFLOPPYS, IT'S A VERY COMMONTHING.SO THERE'S CONTEXTUALINFORMATION THAT CAN BE GAINEDTHERE.SO TAKING PICTURE OF STORAGE ISNOT USUALLY THE CASE BUT WHENNECESSARY CAPTURING AN IMAGE OFTHE DEVICE IS OFTEN IMPORTANT.AND THEN A FRED IS A FORENSICRECOVERY OF EVIDENCE AND ITBASICALLY COMBINES ALL THESETOOL KITS INTO ONE BIG TOWER YOUSEE AT THE BOTTOM.SO THESE ARE ALL METHODS OFTRYING TO ACQUIRE DATA OFF OFOLD PHYSICAL OBJECTS.AND THEN I TALK ABOUT BACK LINEHERE AND WE'LL TALK ABOUT THISMORE IN THE BACKUP AND STORAGESECTION BUT STORAGE TRANSFER ANDINFRASTRUCTURE WILL BE THINGSTHAT WE'LL TALK ABOUT MORE.SO A COUPLE OF OTHERS IS THE BITCURATOR PROJECT AND THIS IS APROJECT TO DEVELOP SOME OF THEFORENSIC SOFTWARE TOOLS THAT WETALKED ABOUT.SO IT IS VERY EMERGING AND NOT

REALLY USABLE IN AN EFFORT LEVELAT THIS POINT BUT IT'S WORTHKEEPING AN EYE ON THAT PROJECT.AND WHAT IT DOES IS ESSENTIALLYONE OF THE STAGES IS HELP CREATEDISK IMAGE.SO A DISK IMAGE IS AN EXACT COPYOF A PIECE OF MEDIA.AND THAT CAN BE C.D., C.D.-R,D.V.D., IT COULD BE A FLOPPYDRIVE OR AN ENTIRE COMPUTER SOIT JUST MEANS YOU ARE COPYINGEVERYTHING THAT'S ON THERE ANDIT'S A GOOD PRESERVATION METHODBECAUSE YOU'RE NOT ACTUALLYTRYING TO ACCESS THE FILES.YOU'RE ACTUALLY JUST MAKING AFULL COMPLETE COPY AND YOU CANSORT OF PUT IT AWAY AND DECIDEWHAT TO DO WITH IT LATER.VIRUS CHECKING IS SOMETHING THATWILL BE DONE ON ANYTHING ANDIT'S PROBABLY SOMETHING YOURI.T. DEPARTMENT IS ALREADY DOINGIN MANY CASES.THERE ARE FREE TOOLS FOR THESEAND THEY'RE LISTED IN THERESOURCES DOCUMENT AND THEY'REGOOD TO USE.AND FOR PEOPLE THAT ARE MOREINTERESTED IN THIS CHARGER AREAOF DIGITAL FORENSICS IS WHATIT'S CALLED WE'VE ADDED A COUPLELINKS TO GREAT REPORTS THAT AREVERY USEFUL AS FAR AS WRAPPINGYOUR HEAD AROUND HOW DO WE GETTHINGS OFF OF OLD MEDIA.SO THOSE ARE THE CHALLENGES OFPHYSICAL OBJECT.ACCESS, OBVIOUSLY METADATA,DANIELLE TALKED ABOUT YESTERDAY,I WON'T GO INTO TOO MUCH DETAIL.BUT, YOU KNOW, SOME KEYPRINCIPLES ARE AN INVENTORY.THAT'S MOST COLLECTINGINSTITUTIONS ARE ALREADY DOINGTHAT BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO ALSO

DO IT FOR PIECES OF PHYSICALMEDIA SO THAT YOU KNOW WHAT YOUHAVE.HOW OLD IT IS, WHEN YOU MIGHTNEED TO MIGRATE OFF OF IT.UNIQUE UNIVERSAL IDENTIFIERS.THIS JUST MEANS AN IDENTIFIERFOR AN OBJECT THAT CAN BE ACOLLECTION OR IT CAN BE A FLOPPYDISK AND THAT IDENTIFYER WILLSTAY THE SAME THROUGH TIME.THIS ALSO APPLIES TO SPECIFICFILE NAMES SO IDENTIFIER FOR AFILE SHOULD REMAIN IN SAMEREGARDLESS OF WHERE THAT FILE ISSTORED SO IF IT'S STORED ON YOURLAPTOP OR IF IT'S STORED ON THENETWORK OR ON A D.V.D. THEIDENTIFIER SHOULD ALWAYS BECONSISTENT.LOCATE, THIS SORT OF GOES BACKTO THE INVENTORY PART.KNOW WHAT YOU HAVE AND WHERE ITLIVES AND THIS IS APPLICABLEBOTH WITHIN YOUR PHYSICALINSTITUTION BUT ALSO WITHIN YOURDIGITAL ENVIRONMENT.SO I'VE CALLED THAT CYBERSPACEAND MEAT SPACE.ONE IS ONLINE AND ONE IS ON SITESO THE LOCATION OF BOTH OF THOSEIS IMPORTANT.DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION.YOU KNOW, WE'RE ALL PROBABLYFAMILIAR WITH THAT.AND THEN THE PHOTOGRAPHINGOBJECTS I TALKED ABOUT A GOODBIT.SO APPRAISAL AND AUTHENTICITY,THESE ARE ALSO KEY CONCEPTS WHENTALKING ABOUT THE ACCESSIONINGOR PRESERVATION OF PHYSICALMEDIA THAT HAS DIGITALINFORMATION.YOU KNOW, WORK WITH YOUR DONORSIF YOU'RE WORKING IN ANINSTITUTION THAT IS ACCESSIONING

THINGS FROM DONORS.DESCRIBE WHAT YOU HAVE WHEN ITCOMES IN.BACK IT UP AND JUST REMEMBER TOALIGN WHAT YOU'RE ACQUIRING ORPRESERVING WITH WHAT YOURCOLLECTION POLICY IS AND WHATYOUR INSTITUTIONAL ABILITIESARE.AND NOBODY CAN SAVE EVERYTHING,THIS IS A POINT WE OFTEN TRY TOMAKE IN DIGITAL PRESERVATION.PEOPLE FEEL VERY OVERWHELMED BYTHE VOLUME OF INFORMATION THATTHEY HAVE AND THE KEY POINT ISTO TRY TO DO AS BEST YOU CAN INSOME STANDARD BEST PRACTICES ANDWE'LL TALK ABOUT THOSE IN THELEVELS OF PRESERVATION SECTIONWITH THE RESOURCES THAT AREAVAILABLE TO YOU.SO I'LL SORT OF STOP THERE TOSEE IF THERE ARE ANY QUESTIONSSO FEEL FREE TO PUT THEM IN THEQ&A BOX AND WE'LL TRY TO COMBINESOME OF THEM SO THAT I CANADDRESS THEM.>> SURE, WE DON'T HAVE TOO MANYQUESTIONS YET.WE HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO ARETALKING ABOUT THE DIFFERENTDIVERSE TYPES OF MATERIALS THEYHAVE IN THEIR COLLECTIONS.ONE OF THE COMMENTS OF OTHERS ISLPs, PHONOGRAPH GLASS SLIDES,WAX CYLINDERS IN SOME CASES.A FEW PEOPLE HAVE LASER DISKS.SO IT'S REALLY A LOT OFDIFFERENT KINDS OF THINGS SOMEOF THOSE ARE NOT DIGITAL BUTNONETHELESS IT'S GOOD TO KNOW.>> YEAH, WELL I THINK WHENYOU'RE DIGITIZE AGO LOT OFTHINGS LIKE CERTAINLY GLASSPLATES AND PRINT PHOTOGRAPHS ANDLTs, AFTER YOU'RE DIGITIZINGTHEY'RE GOING THAT DIGITAL

OBJECT IS GOING TO GO TO SOMEFORM OF MEDIA SO THOSE AREN'TCARRIERS OF DIGITAL INFORMATIONWHICH IS MORE OF WHAT WE'REFOCUSING ON BUT THEY WILL PLAY AROLE IN DIGITAL PRESERVATION,ESPECIALLY AS PEOPLE DIGITIZE.>> GREAT.SO ONE OF THE QUESTIONS-- ANDTHERE ARE A COUPLE OF DIFFERENTTHINGS THAT I'M SEEING RELATEDTO THIS-- WOULD BE ABOUT MEDIATHAT'S BEEN ADVERTISED ASARCHIVAL.I'M SPECIFICALLY TALKING ABOUTGOLD C.D.s HERE, WHAT ITSEXPECTED LIFETIME IS.AND THEN SOMEBODY ASKED IFANYONE HAD ANY EXPERIENCE WITHTHE M-DISK WHICH IS ANOTHERMEDIA THAT'S BEING SOLD ASARCHIVAL.WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THAT?>> YEAH, I'M -- CERTAINLYARCHIVAL GOLD STANDARD ISBASICALLY A SLIGHTLY LONGERLONGEVITY.NOW, WHETHER IT'S WORTH THEADDED COST, YOU KNOW, PEOPLEWILL HAVE DIFFERENT OPINIONSABOUT THESE THINGS.YOU KNOW, THE THING TO REMEMBERWITH ANY PIECE OF PHYSICAL MEDIAIS THAT IT IS EPHEMERAL.SO IT'S -- I MEAN, AN ARCHIVALGOLD C.D. MIGHT LAST A LITTLEBIT LONGER THAN A REGULAR C.D.BUT YOU WILL STILL HAVE TO GETYOUR INFORMATION OFF OF THAT ANDON TO A DIFFERENT MEDIA AT SOMEPOINT IN THE FUTURE.SO, YOU KNOW, I TEND TO SHY AWAYFROM RECOMMENDING ARCHIVAL GOLD.IT DOES HAVE A LONGER LON JEFFTYBUT IT ALSO HAS A HIGHER PRICEAND THOSE ARE KIND OFINSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS AND THEY

NEED TO BE WEIGHED AGAINST EACHOTHER.SO I THINK, YOU KNOW, FOR SOMEINSTITUTIONS IT WILL PROBABLY BETHE RIGHT DECISION AND YOU WILLPROBABLY STORE IT LONG PAST ITSACTUAL LONGEVITY, WHICH IS OKAY.AND FOR OTHERS THEY MIGHT BEMIGRATING TO AN ONLINE STORAGEENVIRONMENT SOONER RATHER THANLATER IN WHICH CASE THE COST ISNOT NECESSARILY JUSTIFIED.M-DISK I'M LESS FAMILIAR WITH.I'VE HEARD OF IT AND KNOW IT HASHIGHER STORAGE CAPACITY BUT ITHINK WITH ANY OPTICAL MEDIA THELOVE GENERALITY IS NOT THAT MUCHGREATER.>> YEAH.AND SOMEONE HAS JUST RESPONDEDTHAT UTAH STATE ARCHIVES ISADOPTING IT AND WE'LL FIND OUTAS MORE PEOPLE START USING ITHOW THAT ONE DOES.>> AND I GUESS ONE THING ALWAYSTO REMEMBER IS THAT IT STILL HASTO PLAY ON SOMETHING.SO EVEN IF THE DISK ITSELF LASTSLONGER, WELL, YOU STILL, YOUKNOW, OBVIOUSLY WE DON'T HAVEFLOPPY DRIVES IN OUR COMPUTERSANYMORE AND IT'S VERY EASY TOTHINK THAT AT SOME POINT IN THEFUTURE-- AND THIS IS OBVIOUSLYLOOKING VERY FAR DOWN THE LINE--BUT THAT'S SOMETHING YOU NEED TODO IN DIGITAL PRESERVATION, IT'SEASY TO THINK THAT ACCESS TO ANYSORT OF MEDIA HAS ITS OWN LIFESPAN.>> MOVING ON, WE HAD A COUPLEQUESTIONS ABOUT BIT CURATOR ANDFORENSIC WORKSTATIONS INGENERAL.SO BRIEFLY, SOMEONE WANTED TOKNOW HOW A BIT CURATOR IMAGE ISDIFFERENT FROM JUST A NORMAL

BACKUP.>> IT'S -- IT IS ACTUALLY ITSOWN FILE AND DISK IMAGE HAVETHEIR OWN FILE FORMAT.SO I GUESS YOU COULD THINK OF ITIN A WAY AND THIS IS -- ISHOULDN'T BE SAYING THIS, BUT ASA ZIP FILE.SO IT'S AN ENTIRE PIECE OFINFORMATION IN -- COMPACTED INTOONE DISK IMAGE.THAT WILL BE A WHOLE FLOPPYDRIVE, IT COULD BE AN ENTIRE TWOTERABYTE DRIVE.THE VOLUME DOESN'T MATTER IT'SJUST ESSENTIALLY MAKING AN EXACTCOPY OF THE WHOLE THING.SO A BACKUP WOULD JUST BE A COPYIT WOULD BE THE ENTIRE FILESYSTEM, NOT NECESSARILY PACKAGEDINTO ONE QUOTE/UNQUOTE OBJECT.>> ALL RIGHT, SO ONE WAY TOTHINK OF IT IS THAT NORMALBACKUPS THINK ABOUT FILES ANDTHE BIT CURATOR IS ACTUALLYCOPYING THE MEDIA, THE BITS ONTHE MEDIA.>> THAT'S A GOOD WAY TO PUT IT,YEAH.>> OKAY, THERE'S SOME OTHERTHINGS THAT WE'LL RESPOND TOAFTER THIS SESSION BUT WE'LLJUST KEEP GOING FOR NOW AND IFWE HAVE TIME AT THE END WE'LLCOME BACK OR WE'LL ANSWER THESEIN WRITING AFTER THE SESSION.>> OKAY.SO MOVING ON IS I THINK DANIELLETALKED ABOUT THIS AS PEOPLE WEREON HER PEREZ STATION YESTERDAYBUT FIXTY.THAT MEANS YOUR DIGITAL OBJECTHAS NOT CHANGED AND THAT IT ISFIXED AND IT'S CONSISTENTTHROUGH TIME THROUGH WHEN YOUGOT IT THROUGH WHEN YOU LASTMADE A CHANGE TO IT IF THERE ARE

CHANGES AND THIS IS VERYIMPORTANT IN PRESERVATIONBECAUSE, YOU KNOW, WHEN ANOBJECT IS SITTING ON A SERVER ORON YOUR LAPTOP THERE'S NO VISUALWAY TO TELL NECESSARILY THAT ITHAS CHANGED.SOMETIMES THINGS WON'T OPEN ORTHEY MIGHT LOOK FUNNY BUT THERECAN BE CHANGES TO A DIGITALOBJECT THAT AFFECT IT THROUGHTIME THAT ARE NOT FIZZABLE TOTHE HUMAN EYE AND SO FIXITY ISESSENTIALLY AS I PUT HERE ADIGITAL FINGERPRINT OF A PILE.AND WHAT IT IS IS AN ALGORITHM,WHICH IS JUST A LONG COMPUTERPROGRAM THAT COMPUTES ANIDENTIFIER.AND SO THIS WILL BE A SORT OFLONG NUMBER -- IT'S A LITTLE BITTO VIEW ON THE SLIDE BUT IT WILLBE NUMBERS AND LETTERS OF 24, 1638 CHARACTERS AND SO WHAT YOU DOA SOFTWARE PROGRAM WILL RUN THISALGORITHM ON A FILE OR IT CANRUN IT ON A WHOLE COMPUTER ANDGENERATE A WHOLE LIST OF CHECKSUMS.SO THE ALGORITHM PRODUCES ITSNUMBER AND IT'S OFTEN REFERREDTO AS A CHECK SUM.SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A HASH,SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS AMESSAGE DIGEST.THESE ALL MEAN THE SAME THINGAND IT'S BASICALLY JUST THISDIGITAL FINGERPRINT AND SO THEUTILITY OF IT IS THAT WHEN YOUROBJECT HAS CHANGED OR BECOMECORRUPTED THIS ALGORITHM WILLPRODUCE A DIFFERENT NUMBER.SO THE NUMBER STAYS THE SAMEONLY AS LONG AS YOUR DIGITALITEM STAYS THE SAME.AND SO YOU CAN RUN THESEALGORITHMS AND THEN THEY WILL

PRODUCE CHECK SUM AND THEN YOUCAN RUN CHECK SUM AGAINST APREVIOUSLY PRODUCED ONE LIKE ONEA MONTH AGO OR A YEAR AGO AND IFTHEY'RE THE SAME YOU KNOW YOUROBJECT IS STILL THE SAME AND IFTHEY'RE DIFFERENT YOU KNOW IT'SCORRUPTED OR SOMEHOW CHANGED ANDYOU CAN DO THIS WITHOUT ACTUALLYACCESSING THE ITEM ITSELF.SO THIS PROCESS OF AUDITING THEMIS OFTEN CALLED A FIXITY CHECKOR FIXITY AUDIT AND YOU CAN SORTOF UNDERSTAND CLEARLY WHY IT'SESSENTIAL TO DIGITALPRESERVATION IT'S BECAUSE IT'STHE PRESERVATION OF A DIGITALOBJECT AND YOU NEED A SORT OFKEY WAY TO UNDERSTAND WHETHERSOMETHING HAS CHANGED.SO OUR FIRST HOME WORK EXERCISEWILL SORT OF BE FOCUSED ONCOMPUTING THE CHECK SUM AND THENCHECKING IT.BUT WE ALSO WANTED TO RUN THISPOLL HERE EARLY IN THE PEREZSTATION JUST TO GET A SENSE OFHOW MANY PEOPLE WERE ACTUALLYGENERATING THESE CHECK SUMS.THIS IS CALLED FIXITYINFORMATION.THERE'S LOTS OF TERMS FOR IT BUTIT'S ESSENTIALLY AN IDENTIFIERAT THE POINT OF INGEST ORCREATION OF A DIGITAL FILE.>>SO SOMETIMES AN I.T. DEPARTMENTWILL DO THIS BUT IT IS USUALLYAN ARCHIVIST OR A COLLECTIONLICE BRARN OR CURATOR OR PERSONIN CHARGE OF MANAGING DIGITALASSETS.SO NOT BAD NUMBERS.>>SO IT'S GOOD TO SEE THAT, YOUKNOW, WE HAVE ABOUT 8% OR SO AREACTUALLY DOING THIS AND IF

YOU'RE GENERATING IT, YOU'REMOST LIKELY ALSO AUDITING IT.THERE ARE SOME TOOLS THAT WELISTED IN THE RESOURCES AS WELLAS SOME DOCUMENTS THAT YOU CANREAD ABOUT AND IT'S NOT ANOVERLY DIFFICULT PROCESS FORPEOPLE TO GENERATE THISINFORMATION AND HOW PERIODICALLYYOU RUN THESE FIXITY CHECKS ORFIXITY AUDITS IS ANINSTITUTIONAL DECISION BUTCERTAINLY GENERATING FIXITYINFORMATION IS A KEY COMPONENTOF PRESERVING DIGITAL ITEMS.BECAUSE YOU WILL NOT ALWAYS KNOWWHEN SOMETHING GOES WRONG.ALL RIGHT, WE CAN CLOSE THEPOLL.IT LOOKS GOOD.AND SO HERE ARE JUST SOME SCREENSHOTS AND I'LL GO THROUGH THISQUICKLY AND THIS IS BASICALLYWHAT IT LOOKS LIKE.IT'S A LITTLE HARD TO SEE BUTYOU CAN SEE THESE ARE EITHERSOFTWARE SYSTEMS OR MACHINEENVIRONMENTS RUNNING THROUGH AWHOLE FILE SYSTEM AND THEYGENERATE THESE CHECK SUMS ANDIT'S JUST A LONG STRING OFDIGITS AND IT CREATES A REPORTAND AT A LATER POINT YOU CAN RUNSOFTWARE ON THE SAME SET OFITEMS.IT WILL CREATE A NEW REPORT,COMPARE THEM AND TELL YOU WHENSOMETHING HAS CHANGED.AND SO, YOU KNOW, WHAT THISGUARDS AGAINST, FIXITY, IS OFCOURSE BITROT.YOU SEE IN THIS IMAGE THIS ISSOMETHING THAT THROUGH BEINGUPLOADED ON LINE HAS SUFFEREDBIT ROT AND TRANSFERRING DIGITALFILES OFTEN RESULTS IN SOMETHINGHAPPENING TO THE FILE THAT CAN

AFFECT IN THE THIS MANNER ANDSOMETIMES IT'S NOT QUITE ASAPPARENT AS THIS AND SOMETIMESIT'S ENTIRELY INVISIBLE ANDTHAT'S SORT OF THE IMPORTANTPOINT OF FIXITY.SO I'VE LISTED A COUPLE OFSOFTWARE TOOLS THAT ARE FREE ANDCAN BE DOWNLOADED TO PLAY AROUNDWITH.AND BAGGER IS ALSO A LIBRARY OFCONGRESS TOOL FOR TRANSFERRINGDATA AND IT ALSO GENERATES CHECKSUMS WHEN USING IT AND THERE ARESOME GUIDES AND VIDEOS THAT WELINK TO IN THE RESOURCES THATARE WORTH LOOKING AT IF YOU'REINTERESTED.THEN I TALK ABOUT FIXITYCHECKING AND AUDIT THERE IN SOMEOF THOSE BULLET WHICH IS WEALREADY DISCUSSED.SO I'M GOING TO RUN THROUGH THISPART A LITTLE BRIEFLY AND IT'SMOSTLY ABOUT THE LOGICAL OBJECTSO IF WE THINK ABOUT THAT, THATESSENTIALLY MEANS, YOU KNOW, THESOFTWARE, THE APPLICATION, THECOMPUTER CODE THAT CAN TAKE THATPHYSICAL MEDIA AND TURN IT INTOSOMETHING LIKE AN IMAGE OR ATEXT THAT CAN BE READ.SO THERE'S A SORT SO MIDDLESTAGE THERE AND THERE'S A LOTTHAT CAN GO WRONG THERE JUST ASTHERE IS WITH PHYSICAL MEDIA,OBSOLESCENCE, WE ALL KNOW ABOUTOLD FILE FORMATS AND YOU WILLTRY TO OPEN SOMETHING ON YOURCOMPUTER AND IT DOESN'T OPENBECAUSE THE SYSTEM DOESN'T KNOWWHAT IT IS.AND THIS IS A VERY COMPLICATEDPART OF DIGITAL PRESERVATIONWHICH IS NOT WHY WE'RE GOING TOSKIM THROUGH IT HERE BUT IT'SJUST SOMETHING TO KEEP IN MIND

AS YOU TRY TO ESTABLISH APRESERVATION PROGRAM WITHIN YOURINSTITUTION.SO ACCESS I MENTIONED, APPRAISALOBVIOUSLY IF YOU ARE CREATING ORTAKING FROM DONORS' DIGITALMATERIALS, WHAT FORMAT IT'S ONWILL BE VERY IMPORTANT WHETHERYOU CAN ACCESS IT.AND AWE THEN THYS CITY VERYSIMILAR TO THE AUTHENTICITYISSUE THAT WE TALKED ABOUT WITHPHYSICAL MEDIA.SO THE CHALLENGERS ARERECOGNIZING AND PROCESSING ALLTHESE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OFFILES IS VERY DIFFICULT ANDCOMPLICATED.AND THAT A FORMATTELL IT ISCOMPUTER ESSENTIALLY WHAT TO DOIN ORDER TO ACCESS THAT OBJECTBUT IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TOPRESERVE THAT INFORMATION.SO I'LL SKIP THROUGH THESE AND IGUESS THE KEY POINT TO MAKE HEREIS JUST TO TRY TO REMAINCOGNIZANT THAT THERE ARE OPENFILE FORMATS LIKE TIFF AND PDF-AIS A PRESERVATION THAT'S PDF.SO SAVING THINGS IN OPEN FILEFORMATS THAT MEANS THAT THECOMMUNITY KNOWS WHAT THEPROGRAMMING IS THAT ALLOWS IT TOBE OPENED AND IF THE COMMUNITYKNOWS IT THEN IT WILL BE OBVIOUSTO PEOPLE THROUGHOUT TIME.WHEREAS, YOU KNOW, SPECIFICPIECES OF VENDOR COMMERCIALSOFTWARE WE DON'T ALWAYS KNOWWHAT THE CODE IS BECAUSE THAT'SWHERE THEY MAKE THEIR MONEY.SO THE ACTION IS JUST TO REMAINCOGNIZANT OF OPEN FORMATS.AND SO THEN FINALLY AND THISWILL BE THE LAST PART OF THISSECTION IS THE CONDITIONALOBJECT.

I TALKED ABOUT THIS A LITTLE ATTHE BEGINNING AND THAT'S JUSTREMEMBERING THAT FOR EVERYINSTITUTION THERE'S DIFFERENTLEVELS OF RESOURCES ANDKNOWLEDGE AND INSTITUTIONALKNOWLEDGE AND INSTITUTIONALPRACTICES THAT CAN BE DEDICATEDTOWARDS DIGITAL PRESERVATION.AND SO SORT OF OUR JOB ASPRESERVATIONISTS OR CURATORS AREYOU KNOW, NONPROFIT WORKERSWORKING WITH CULTURE HERITAGEMATERIAL OR OTHER DIGITALINFORMATION IS JUST TO DO WHATWE CAN WITH OUR INSTITUTIONALRESOURCES IN ACCORDANCE TOCOMMUNITY-ACCEPTED STANDARDS ANDBEST PRACTICES.AND SO THAT'S THE CONDITIONALOBJECT.AND HERE ARE SOME FRAME WORKS OFA DIGITAL PRESERVATION SYSTEMS.NOW, THESE ARE VERY COMPLEX ANDHIGH LEVEL BUT WE'VE SORT OFDONE SOME EXERCISES AND SOME OFTHE RESOURCES SO THAT YOU CAN ATLEAST LOOK THROUGH THEM TO TRYTO GET A SENSE OF WHAT PEOPLE --THE LARGE FRAMEWORKS THAT BIGINSTITUTIONS ARE USING HAVE ALOT OF VALUE AS FAR AS TELLINGYOU WHAT THEY'RE DOING IN A VERYSIMPLE WAY AND I KNOW THESEDIAGRAMS DON'T LOOK SIMPLE ATALL!BUT IF YOU ACTUALLY READ THROUGHSOME OF THEIR REQUIREMENTS WHENYOU LOOK AT THE DOCUMENTATIONFOR THESE FRAMEWORKS YOU'LL PULLOUT LITTLE PIECES THAT CAN HELPYOU.IMPLEMENT POLICIES WITHIN YOURINSTITUTION REGARDLESS OFWHETHER YOU'RE ACTUALLY GOING TOMEET ALL THE REQUIREMENTS IN ONEOF THESE FRAMEWORKS.

AND I CALLED THIS A SERIES OFNOWS BECAUSE I THINK THAT'S ANICE PHRASE FOR THINKING ABOUTDIGITAL PRESERVATION AND BACKUPSAND STORAGE BECAUSE AS WE TALKEDABOUT WITH SOME OF THE -- IN THEPREVIOUS SLIDES, THIS ISSOMETHING THAT HAPPENED THROUGHTIME, RIGHT?SO THINGS WILL ALWAYS COMEOBSOLESCENT OR WILL CHANGEFORMATS AND MEDIAS AND WHATWE'RE TRYING TO DO-- AND THISTIES INTO THE INSTITUTIONALPIECE-- IS TO TRY TO DO THE BESTWE CAN RIGHT NOW AND THAT SORTOF NOW WILL ALWAYS BE CHANGINGAND IT WILL ALWAYS BE NEVERENDING ESSENTIALLY.BUT DIGITAL PRESERVATION IS ALLABOUT ACCESS INTO THE FUTURE ANDSO NOBODY CAN TELL THE FUTURE SOWHAT WE TRY TO DO IS WHAT WE CANRIGHT NOW.SO THAT FINISHES PART ONE.SO DANIELLE IF YOU WANT TO TRYTO ORGANIZE SOME QUESTIONS WECAN MAYBE TALK ABOUT IT.WE'LL GET A LITTLE MORE SPECIFICON BACKUPS AND STORAGE NEXT SOYOU CAN SAVE THOSE FOR THATSECTION.>> YEAH, SO I THINK PEOPLE WERETALKING AND THERE WAS SOMEINFORMATION GOING BACK AND FORTHIN CHAT, SOME GOOD ADVICE THATCAME OUT OF THIS.BUT IN GENERAL PEOPLE WEREASKING ABOUT PROCEDURES FORFIXITY AND SOMEONE PHRASED IT ASSO IF I HAVE TWO COPIES OF ITAND ONE COPY GOES BAD, THEFIXITY CHANGES, THEN I GET RIDOF THE OLD ONE OR THE BAD ONEAND I REPLACE IT WITH THE GOODONE.IS THAT KIND OF HOW YOU WOULD

SUMMARIZE IT OR DO YOU HAVEOTHER THOUGHTS ABOUT HOW -->> YES.>> -- FIXITY WORKS IN APRACTICAL SENSE.>> YEAH.SO WE'LL TALK ABOUT THOSE INBACKUP AND STORAGE BUT OBVIOUSLYMULTIPLE COPIES IS KEY COMPONENTOF DIGITAL PRESERVATION, RIGHT?I MEAN, MULTIPLE COPIES,MULTIPLE PLACES.SO, YES, WHEN YOU'RE RUNNINGFIXITY CHECK YOU CAN RUN THEM --YOU'LL RUN THEM SEPARATELY ONDIFFERENT SETS OF ITEMS BUT ASFAR AS A WORK FLOW IT WILL BE ATTHE FRONT OF THE WORK FLOW ANDTHEN WHEN CORRUPTION IS DETECTEDYOU WOULD REPLACE IT WITH THEAUTHENTIC COPY.>> AND CATHERINE FOLLOWED UPWITH "IS THERE ANY WAY TOREVERSE BIT ROT IN A CORRUPTEDFILE?">> THERE IS NOT.>> OKAY.>> YEAH, BASICALLY NO.IF YOU HAVE AN ORIGINAL COPY YOUCOULD BUT IF YOU HAVE ANORIGINAL COPY YOU WOULD JUST BEREPLACING IT, YOU WOULDN'TREPAIR THE OTHER ONE.THE GREAT THING ABOUT DIGITALMATERIAL IS THEY'RE EASY TO COPYAND REPLICATE.SO ONCE YOU DETECT CORRUPTIONYOU WOULD GENERALLY DELETE THATFILE AND REPLACE IT.>> SO THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONSWE TALK ABOUT DIGITAL OBJECTSBEING FRAGILE IS THAT WE CAN'TDO REPAIR FOR THE MOST PART.>> RIGHT.YES.AND THAT'S WHY FIXITY IS SORT OFAT THE FRONT OF A WORK FLOW OR

INGEST OR ACCESSIONING, HOWEVERYOU WANT TO SAY IS SO IMPORTANT,RIGHT?BECAUSE AS SOON AS YOU GET THEMYOU WILL BE WANTING, IF YOU CAN,TO GENERATE FIXITY INFORMATIONSO THAT YOU CAN THEN TRACK ITAND AUTHENTICATE IT WHILE THEOBJECT IS IN STORAGE OR IF ITGETS PASSED AROUND TO BEDESCRIBED OR IF IT GOES INTODIFFERENT ACCESS SYSTEMS ORCOLLECTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.SO, YEAH, INCORPORATING FIXITYAND, AGAIN, IT'S NOT TOOOVERWHELMING A PROCESS ORPROCEDURE AND IF YOU HAVE ANI.T. DEPARTMENT THEY WILL BEFAMILIAR WITH THIS CONCEPT ANDWITH SOME OF THESE TOOLS SOCERTAINLY WORTH TALKING TO THEM.>> OKAY, WELL, I THINK THAT --THEN WE HAD SOME QUESTIONS ABOUTSOME SPECIFIC TOOLS AND AQUESTION ABOUT CHUCK SUMS ONMACINTOSHS, PEOPLE WEREREFERRING TO SPECIFIC TOOLS THATTHEY'VE USED OR HAVE INFORMATIONABOUT.YOU WANT TO TALK ABOUT SOME OFTHE ONES YOU BRIEFLY PUT IN THERESOURCES?>> SURE, I PUT ONE IN THERESOURCES BOTH FOR WINDOWS ANDFOR Mac.YOU KNOW, THE ONE THING ABOUTFIXITY I'LL NOT IS THERE ARE NOTA LOT OF TOOLS WITH GRAPHICALINTERFACES.IT'S USUALLY SOMETHING THAT'SBUILT INTO EVERY OPERATINGSYSTEM AS FAR AS A COMMAND LINEFUNCTION.AND THAT MEANS WHERE YOU'REACTUALLY ENTERING THE COMMANDSINTO A TERMINAL WINDOW IS WHATIT'S CALLED ON MAC.

IT'S THE COMMAND PROMPT ONWINDOWS MACHINES.BUT I DID PUT TWO PIECES OFSOFTWARE ON THAT THERE THAT AREBOTH FREE AND VERY EASY TO USEAND UNDERSTAND.MD-5 IS THE ONE FOR MAC AND MD-5SUMMER IS THE ONE FOR WINDOWS SOTHOSE CAN BE USED BY PEOPLE ONTHEIR DESKTOPS TO GENERATE ANDAUDIT.THEY BOTH HAVE AUDIT FUNCTIONSTHAT YOU CAN RUN.THEY'LL CREATE A FILE ONCE THEYRUN A FIXITY CHECK.SO THOSE ARE GOOD.AND THEN THERE ARE OTHER ONESOUT THERE AS FAR AS COMMAND LINEUSE.>> AND THEN NICOLE ASKS THISQUESTION AND HONESTLY I'VE NEVERTRIED TO DO THIS ON A LARGE DATASET OF ANY KIND.SO ANY RECOMMENDATIONS ONSOFTWARE TO CREATE FIXITY ONLARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA UP TO 1TERABYTE?HAVE YOU TRIED THAT?>> YEAH, THE COMMAND LINE TOOLSWOULD WORK BETTER FOR THAT.I MEAN, JUST LIKE ANY PIECE OFCODE OR SOFTWARE, IT WILL TAKETIME BUT, YES, I'VE RUN FIXITYCHECKS ON A TERABYTE WORTH OFMATERIAL.IT WILL TAKE A WHILE, BUT NOT,YOU KNOW, HOURS.YOU KNOW, IT -- I DON'T KNOWWHAT RATE IT CREATES A CHECKS ONTHAT BUT IT'S A LOT.>> (LAUGHS)>> I MEAN, IT'S PROBABLY 100FILES A SECOND, MAYBE.>> DIFFERENT CHECK SUMS I THINKWORK AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS, BUTYEAH.>> YEAH, THAT'S TRUE.

>> SOMEONE ELSE -- BRYCE ASKSWILL DIFFERENT CHECK SUMGENERATING SOFTWARE ALWAYSCALCULATE IDENTICAL CHECK SUMS?>> YES, I TALKED ABOUT THEALGORITHM WE USED.CHEEK ALGORITHM WILL ALWAYSPRODUCE THE SAME CHECK SUM.SO THERE'S MD-5 IS ONE POPULARONE.THAT'S WHEN YOU ENTER A PASSWORDINTO FACEBOOK OR TWITTER ORSOMETHING THE WAY THAT ITENCRYPTS YOUR PASSWORD ISTHROUGH MD-5.SO WHEN WE HEAR NEWS STORIESABOUT PEOPLE'S PASSWORDS GETTINGSTOLEN ESSENTIAL LIVE WHATPEOPLE HAVE DONE IS STEAL ADATABASE OF CHECKSUMS AND THENBECAUSE MD-5 HAS BEEN AROUND FORA LONG TIME SUPREME ACTUALLYMANAGED TO FIGURE OUT WHAT SOMEOF THE ALGORITHMS ARE.SO WHEN YOU HEAR ABOUT THESEPASSWORD HACKS IT'S ACTUALLYPEOPLE JUST FIGURING OUT WHAT ANMD-5 CHECKSUM IS.SO I GUESS THE RECOMMENDATIONTHERE IS TO USE SHA-256 BUT, YOUKNOW, OBJECTS WITHIN OURCULTURAL HERITAGE INSTITUTIONSARE NOT THINGS THAT PEOPLE AREREALLY TRYING TO GAIN A LOT OFACCESS TO A CHECKSUM FOR.>> (LAUGHS)>> I WOULDN'T WORRY ABOUT M.D.-5AS FAR AS ITS SECURITY FOR THEKIND OF INFORMATION WE'RETALKING ABOUT.>> RIGHT.THAT MIGHT BE A FUTURE PROBLEMBUT NOT RIGHT NOW, ANYWAY.>> YEAH.>> OKAY, SO I THINK SOME OF THEOTHER QUESTIONS WHICH GET INTOTHINGS LIKE HOW CAN WE MINIMIZE

THE LIKELIHOOD OF BIT ROT, ETCETERA, YOU'LL ADDRESSED A DRESSAS WE GO INTO BACKUPS.>> SO WE WERE GOING TO STARTWITH A POLL TO SEE HOW PEOPLE'SPRACTICES ARE.THIS IS HOW MANY COPIES OFDIGITAL CONTENT DOES YOURINSTITUTION KEEP AND IN HOW MANYDIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONSDOES IT KEEP IT IN?SO WE HAVE A COUPLE OF OPTIONSTHERE.>>WELL, THIS IS PRETTY EXCITING.TWO COPIES; TWO PLACES IS THEMINIMUM STANDARD BUT IT'S GREATTO SEE SO MANY PLACES DOING ITBECAUSE NOT MANY I HAVE THATENCOUNTERED ARE ACTUALLY DOINGTWO PLACES.>>SO THAT'S GOOD.ALMOST HAVE THE RESPONDENTS WITHTWO COPIES, TWO PLACES I'M HAPPYTO SEE PEOPLE HAVING MULTIPLECOPIES WHICH IS IMPORTANT ANDTWO PLACES IS REALLY IMPORTANTBECAUSE I'M NOT GOING TO TALKABOUT IT TOO MUCH TODAY BUTOBVIOUSLY THE ENVIRONMENTALHAZARD AND THE INSTITUTIONALHAZARD AND WE HAD HURRICANESANDY IN NEW YORK AND WE HAVEHAD DISASTERS IN THE PAST SO TWOPLACES ARE VERY IMPORTANT ANDTHAT SHOULD BE TWO PLACESOUTSIDE OF YOUR BUILDING,HOPEFULLY.SO I DIDN'T DEFINE THAT TOOSPECIFICALLY BUT WE CALL THATCOLLOCATION SO THEY SHOULD NOTBE LOCATED IN THE SAME SPOT.THAT'S KEY TO TWO PLACES.AND SO IN BACKUP AND STORAGEWE'LL TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE LOWLEVEL AND KEEP IT SIMPLE WITH

BEST PRACTICES.AND SO I SORT OF HAVE THISTRIPLE DEUCES RULES WHICH THREE2s.SO TWO COPIES IN TWO PLACES,WHICH IT WAS GREAT TO SEEEVERYBODY DOING AND TWO MEDIATYPES IS IMPORTANT, TOO, RIGHT?WE TALKED EARLIER ABOUT THELONGEVITY AND DEGRADATION LIFECYCLE OF SPECIFIC FORMS OF MEDIASO IF YOU PUT TWO THINGS ON THESAME PIECES OF MEDIA THAT AREHYPOTHETICALLY DEGRADING AT THESAME TIME OR BECOMING OBSOLETEAT THE SAME TIME THEN YOU SORTOF -- YOU KNOW, THERE'S ACERTAIN HAZARD TO THAT.SO MOST PEOPLE WILL HAVESOMETHING ON, LIKE, SPINNINGDISK WHICH IS JUST A HARD DISKEITHER EXTERNAL, INTERNAL OR ONA SERVER AS WELL AS, SAY,OPTICAL DISKS.SO THREE DEUCES IS SORT OF THEMINIMAL STANDARD FOR BACKING UPDIGITAL INFORMATION.TWO COPIES, TWO PLACES AND TWOTYPES OF MEDIA.THEN THREE COPIES OBVIOUSLY IS ASLIGHTLY BETTER STANDARD FOR THEOBVIOUS REASONS THEN ALSO TWOPLACES AND TWO MEDIA TYPES.AND SO THE OTHER IMPORTANT THING-- WE TALKED ABOUT THIS EARLIERWHEN WE WERE TALKING ABOUTPHYSICAL LOGICAL OBJECTS ISKNOWING WHAT YOU HAVE AND, YOUKNOW, HAVING WORKED WITH A LOTOF CULTURAL HERITAGEINSTITUTIONS, ESPECIALLY SMALLERONES AND NONPROFITS AS WELL THEYMIGHT BE PRESERVING THINGS ONMULTIPLE COPIES AND MULTIPLEPLACES BUT THEY DON'T -- YOUKNOW, IF YOU PULL OUT A C.D.-R,IT'S OFTEN VERY DIFFICULT FOR

SOMEONE TO TELL YOU WHAT IS ONTHERE BOTH LOOKING AT IT ANDWHEN YOU PUT HIT IN THE COMPUTERSO INVENDORRYING WHAT IS WHEREBOTH ON THE DISK, ON THE PIECEOF MEDIA AS WELL AS WHERE IT ISIN THE BUILDING OR OUTSIDE THEBUILDING.THOSE ARE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS.THEN FIXITY WE TALKED ABOUT ISSOMETHING THAT PEOPLE SHOULD BEDRIVING TO GENERATE WHEN THEY'REPRESERVING DIGITAL INFORMATION.AND DETAILS OF THESE AREDEPENDENT ON YOUR INSTITUTIONALRESOURCES AND INSTITUTIONALREQUIREMENTS.BUT CERTAINLY THE TRIPLE DEUCESIS WHERE TO START AND THEN THREECOPIES IF YOU CAN MANAGE IT.AND SO WHAT ARE THE TYPES OFSTORAGE THAT PEOPLE USE?THERE ARE BASICALLY THREE TYPES:ONLINE, NEAR-LINE AND OFFLINE.ONLINE IS ESSENTIALLY NETWORKATTACHED STORAGE SO THIS MEANSYOU HAVE IMMEDIATE ACCESS TO IT.A LOT OF US HAVE THE NETWORKDRIVES IN OUR OFFICES AND SOTHAT IS ONLINE STORAGE BOTHWITHIN THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT.SOMETHING, YOU KNOW, IF YOU HAVEWEB ACCESS YOU OBVIOUSLY HAVEIMMEDIATE ONLINE RESOURCE TOSOMETHING YOU MIGHT BE STORINGON AN EXTERNAL SERVER OR IN THECLOUD OR EVEN, YOU KNOW, SAY INGOOGLE DOCS IF YOU'RE DOINGSOMETHING LIKE THAT.SO ONLINE IS BASICALLY MEANSIMMEDIATE ACCESS.AND THEN OFFLINE OBVIOUSLY MEANSYOU DON'T IMMEDIATE ACCESS TOIT.AND THAT'S OFTEN CALLED A DARKARCHIVE, IF PEOPLE HAVE HEARDTHAT TERM WHERE YOU CAN STORE

THINGS THAT YOU DON'T EXPECT TOBE AVAILABLE TO YOU NOT JUSTIMMEDIATELY BUT REALLY WITHINANY REASONABLE RESPONSE TIME.THEN NEAR-LINE IS SORT OF INBETWEEN THOSE THINGS SO IT'S NOTATTACHED TO THE NETWORK SO ITDOES NOT HAVE DIRECTAVAILABILITY BUT YOU CAN GET IT.A LOT OF UNIVERSITIES HAVENEAR-LINE STORAGE FORPRESERVATION IN THE SPACE.IT MEANS YOU CAN GET IT WITHINLIKE A DAY OR TWO IF YOU NEED ALARGE SET OF IMAGES ORPUBLICATIONS OR SCHOLARLYPUBLICATIONS SO THOSE ARE OURTHREE TYPES OF STORAGE ANDQUESTIONS TO ASK IN YOURINSTITUTIONS WHEN YOU'RE MAKINGDECISIONS AROUND THIS, OBVIOUSLYA LOT OF US OPERATE MOSTLY INTHE ONLINE OR NEAR-LINE STAGE ISHOW OFTEN DO YOU NEED TO ACCESSTHIS MATERIAL, ARE PRESERVATIONCOPIES SEPARATE FROM YOUR ACCESSCOPYS?A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE THEIRIMAGES ONLINE, THOSE ARE NOTNECESSARILY THEIR PRESERVATIONCOPIES OF THEIR DIGITAL OBJECTS.HOW ARE YOUR PRESERVATION ACCESSCOPIES CREATED AND/OR MANAGED?A LOT OF PEOPLE KEEP THEIRPRESERVATION COPYS IN AN OFFLINESTORAGE ENVIRONMENT AND ACCESSCOPIES WILL BE IN THEIR OPAK ORUP ON FLICKR OR SOMETHING LIKETHAT.AND HOW DO SYSTEMS AND WORKFLOWS PLAY IN WITH THESE OTHERSYSTEMS?SO OFFLINE IS GOING TO BESOMETHING YOU'LL MANAGE WITHSPECIFIC PIECES OF SOFTWARE ANDONLINE IS SOMETHING YOU MIGHTWANT TO HAVE TIED INTO YOUR

CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ORYOUR OPAK.SO THOSE ARE THINGS TO THINKTHROUGH WHEN TALKING ABOUTSTORAGE.AND SO WE WANTED TO PUT THISSLIDE IN HERE, THE TECH STACKJUST TO SORT OF GIVE PEOPLE ATLEAST EXPOSURE TO SOME OF THEVERBIAGE WHEN YOU'RE WORKINGWITH I.T. I KNOW A LOT OF PEOPLEON HERE PROBABLY ARE THEIR OWNI.T. DEPARTMENT AND SO SOME OFTHIS MIGHT NOT BE SUPERAPPLICABLE BUT WHATEVER YOU'REWORKING WITH I.T. FOLKS, BE ITINTERNAL OR CONTRACTORS IT'SJUST GOOD TO AT LEAST HAVE SOMEEXPOSURE TO SOME OF THE KEYTERMINOLOGY BECAUSE IT REALLYDICTATES A LOT OF WHAT YOU CANDO WHEN YOU'RE DOING DIGITALPRESERVATION AS WELL AS WHENYOU'RE BUILDING ONLINECOLLECTIONS AND OPAKS ANDCATALOGS AND SO A COUPLE --WE'LL GO THROUGH THE TERMINOLOGYQUICKLY.A LAMP STACK IS SOMETHING YOUOFTEN HEAR AND THAT'S WHAT THISIMAGE IS.THAT'S BASICALLY A -- IT'S SORTOF AN ENVIRONMENT FOR HAVING ASERVER.AND A SERVER WILL HAVE LINUX,WHICH IS A COMPUTING CODE THATTELLS THE SERVER WHAT TO DO,APACHE IS BASICALLY SORT OF THETYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM THAT'SON THERE, MYSQL IS A DATABASE SOI'LL PUT THE INFORMATION INTOTHE SERVER AND STRUCTURE IT ANDTHEN USUALLY IT'S PHP.THE Ps ARE PYTHON.THESE ARE CODE BASICALLY SORT OFMIDDLE WARE DHED WILL ALLOW WHATYOU'RE DOING ON THE INTERNET OR

YOUR DESKTOP TO INTERACT WITHTHAT SERVER.SO THINGS LIKE OMECCA IF PEOPLEARE FAMILIAR WITH THAT, THEY CANONLY BE BUILT IN THIS LAMP STACKENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THEY NEEDTHE SPECIFIC PIECES IN ORDER TOOPERATE.SO IF YOU HAVE, SAY, A WINDOWSSERVER YOU MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TOINSTALL CERTAIN PIECES OFSOFTWARE.SO THAT'S GOOD TO TALK TO I.T.ABOUT THAT.RAID IS ESSENTIALLY A DEVICETHAT HAS MANY DIFFERENT HARDDRIVES IN IT AND IT WILL STOREINFORMATION ACROSS ALL THOSEHARD DRIVES.SO IT'S NOT NECESSARILY MULTIPLECOPIES BECAUSE THERE'S USUALLYJUST ONE COPY.INSTEAD OF IT BEING STRUCTUREDON ONE HARD DRIVE IT'S SPLIT UPACROSS MANY AND SO NETWORKATTACHED STORAGE, WE SORT OFTALKED ABOUT THAT WITH NEAR-LINEAND ONLINE.THAT MEANS YOUR STORAGE SYSTEMIS TIED INTO A NETWORK SO YOUCAN ACCESS IT FROM YOURCOMPUTER.ISAN, STORAGE AREA NETWORK IS ANETWORK OF NETWORKS SO YOU WOULDHAVE MULTIPLE DEVICES CONNECTEDTO A NETWORK AND THEN A SANWOULD BE THAT NETWORK.THEN CMS IS CONTENT MANAGEMENTSYSTEM AND DAMS IS DIGITAL ASSETMANAGEMENT SYSTEM.IT'S HARD FOR US TO GIVE YOURECOMMENDATIONS ON WHAT TO DO ORWHAT TO USE OR SPECIFICAPPLICATIONS BUT CERTAINLYKNOWING THE TERMINOLOGY HELPSYOU MAKE THE DECISIONS THAT AREREQUIRED FOR THE TECHNOLOGY.

WE SO WE'LL PROBABLY GET A GOODNUMBER OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THATAND WE'LL TRY TO ADDRESS THEM.WHEN YOU'RE THINKING ABOUTDIGITAL PRESERVATION SYSTEMS FORYOUR STORAGE AND BACKUP THEREARE A COUPLE DIFFERENT TYPES.YOU CAN WORK WITH A VENDOR.YOU CAN GET A TURNKEY SOLUTIONIS OFTEN THE TERM PHRASE FOR APIECE OF SOFTWARE THAT ISINSTALLED AND DOES EVERYTHING.IT WILL BOTH HAVE SORT OF AFRONT-END INTERFACE THAT YOU CANUSE AS WELL AS MANAGE YOURSTORAGE SYSTEM AND YOUR LAMPSTACK AND OBVIOUSLY A VENDORWOULD MOST LIKELY SET THAT UPUNLESS YOU HAVE THE I.T.DEPARTMENT TO HELP YOU DO THAT.THEN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE I JUSTWANT TO SORT OF MENTION BECAUSEIT GETS A LOT OF PRESS IN OURCOMMUNITY AND IT IS VERYVALUABLE AND VERY COMMUNITYDRIVEN BUT IT'S ALSO WORTHREMEMBERING THAT IT DOES REQUIREITS OWN SORT OF MAINTENANCE ANDINVOLVEMENT AS FAR AS USE SO ITIS TECHNICALLY FREE TO DOWNLOADAND INSTALL BUT AS FAR ASSUPPORT AND MAINTENANCE IT DOESREQUIRE THINGS AS FAR AS STAFFTIME OR EXPERTISE.THAT'S IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER.SO IF YOU'RE SORT OF THINKINGABOUT BACKING UP STORAGE SYSTEMSYOU NEED TO THINK ABOUT YOURRESOURCES AND EXPERTISE THAT AREIN HOUSE.WHAT YOU CAN PAY FOR THEM IF YOUPLAN ON WORKING WITH THE VENDOR,REQUIREMENTS AND NEEDS, WHATTYPE OF MATERIAL ARE YOU WORKINGWITH, WHAT ARE YOUR REQUIREMENTSAS FAR AS NEAR-LINE OR OFFLINESTORAGE.

HOW IT TIES INTO WHAT SYSTEMSYOU'RE CURRENTLY USING, EVENSOMETHING AS SIMPLE AS MICROSOFTOFFICE.THAT PLAYS NICE WITH CERTAINPIECES OF TECHNOLOGY AND NOT SONICE WITH OTHERS.AND THEN ALSO, YOU KNOW, FORTHOSE OF US IN CULTURAL HERITAGEWE OBVIOUSLY ARE PUTTING A LOTOF IMPORTANT ASSETS AND METADATAAND SPENDING TIME CREATINGMETADATA AND WE'RE PUTTING THATINTO THESE SYSTEMS AND SO IT'SALWAYS IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MINDTHAT SOME TIME IN THE FUTUREBECAUSE TECHNOLOGY ALWAYSCHANGES YOU'LL BE NEEDING TO GETYOUR DATA OUT OF THAT SYSTEM.SO DATA IN AND DATA OUT ISSOMETHING TO REMEMBER WHATEVERTALKING TO VENDORS OR I.T. ABOUTBACKUP SYSTEMS AND STORAGE ANDNO SOLUTION IS PERMANENT SO OURWHOLE SERIES OF.SO THESE ARE A COUPLE AND I JUSTPUT UP THE LOGOS FOR PEOPLE TORESEARCH AND THEY'RE GENERALLYIN THE RESOURCES AND ARE PRETTYEASILY FINDABLE ONLINE.ARCHIVEMATIKA IS A FRONT LINESYSTEM THAT DOESN'T MANAGESTORAGE BUT IT DOES HELP YOU --IT HAS A FIXITY GENERATION TOOLIN IT AND A NUMBER OF OTHERTOOLS TO ADDRESS, SOME OF THECHALLENGES WE TALKED ABOUT INTHE EARLIER SLIDES.ARCHIVE SPACE IS WHAT ARCHIVESTOOL KIT IS GOING TO BE TURNINGINTO SO IT'S A NEW ARCHIVESCOLLECTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.ISLANDORA IS A PRESERVATIONSYSTEM.DURACLOUD IS AN ONLINE STORAGESYSTEM GEARED TOWARDS CULTURALHERITAGE AND NONPROFITS AND THEN

META-ARCHIVES AND LOCKSS, LOCKSSSTANDS FOR LOTS OF COPIES KEEPSSTUFF SAFE AND THESE ARE CHRABAREIVE THE INITIATIVES AND WE'RESURE LIZ AND TOM WILL TALK ABOUTTHEM IN THEIR PRESERVATION NEXTWEEK FOR PEOPLE TO SHAREINFRASTRUCTURE RESOURCES AS FARAS PRESERVING DIGITAL OBJECTS SOYOU WOULD SAY HAVE SOME SORT OFCOMPUTER HARDWARE ON YOUR SITEAND YOU WOULD BE HOSTINGINFORMATION FS FROM OTHERINSTITUTIONS IN YOUR CONSORTIUMAND THEY WOULD BE HOSTING YOURSSO THERE'S LOTS OF COPIES WOULDBE SPREAD AROUND THE NETWORKTHAT THE CONSORTIUM HAS ANDTHERE'S THE FIXITY CHECKINGELEMENT INVOLVED.THEN FEDORA IS JUST A DIGITALRESOURCE.SO JUST SOME NAMES TO THINKABOUT.AND THE KEY CONCEPTS JUST TO SUMUP THIS WHOLE PART OF THE PEREZSTATION, MULTIPLE COPIES;MULTIPLE PLACES, SEEMS LIKEPEOPLE ARE DOING A PRETTY GOODJOB ABOUT THAT.MULTIPLE MEDIA TYPES AS WELL.UNIQUE UNIVERSAL IDENTIFIERS, WETALKED ABOUT THAT EARLIER.JUST WHEN A DIGITAL OBJECT HASAN IDENTIFIER IT NEEDS TO STAYCONSISTENT THROUGHOUT TIMEREGARDLESS OF WHERE IT'S LOCATEDAND THAT REALLY -- IT JUST MAKESEVERYTHING EASIER AND YOU WOULDBE SURPRISED HOW MANY PLACESWILL CHANGE THE NAME OF A FILEOR A DIGITAL OBJECT WHEN THEYPUT IT ON A DIFFERENT PIECE OFMEDIA OR WHEN IT SOMEHOW GOES TOA VENDOR SOMETHING LIKE THAT.SO UUID IS SORT OF THE ACRONYMFOR THAT.

INVENTORY AND IDENTIFY, WETALKED ABOUT THAT AT THEBEGINNING.KNOWING WHAT IT IS IN YOURDIGITAL ENVIRONMENT BUT ALSO INYOUR PHYSICAL BUILDING AS WELLAS IF YOU'RE KEEPING THINGS INMULTIPLE PLACES KNOW WHERE THEYARE.RECORD AND MONITOR FIXITYINFORMATION.SO HOPEFULLY SOME OF THE HOMEWORK WILL HELP PEOPLE UNDERSTANDTHAT BETTER AND THERE'S YOUHAVE?THE RESOURCES THAT PEOPLE CANREFER TO TO SORT OF TRY TO WRAPTHEIR HEAD AROUND PUTTING THATPIECE INTO THEIR WORK FLOWS.WORK WITH I.T., I PROBABLY DON'TNEED TO TELL ANYBODY THAT.BE ADAPTIVE.WE TALKED ABOUT THE SERIES OFNOWS AND THAT SOFTWARE WILLCHANGE, FORMATS WILL CHANGE,MEDIA WILL CHANGE.SO, YOU KNOW, DIGITALPRESERVATION IS ALWAYS TRYING TOREMAIN FLEXIBLE AND THAT TIES INWITH THE DATA IN; DATA OUTPRINCIPLE AND THAT LINKS INTOOUR LAST BULL IT WILL WHICH ISSYSTEMS CHANGES BUT DATASHOULDN'T.SO THAT'S THE KEY PART OFDIGITAL PRESERVATION.SO THAT'S BACKUP AND STORAGE ANDIT LOOKS LIKE WE HAVE SOMEQUESTIONS SO DO YOU WANT TO TALKABOUT THEM A BIT, DANIELLE, ANDI'LL TRY ANSWER?>> SURE.BOY DO WE HAVE QUESTIONS!(LAUGHS)JUST A QUICK FIRST NOTE, WEPOSTED THE LINK TO THE HANDOUTSAND UNFORTUNATELY WHEN ADOBE

CONNECT TOOK HIS SLIDES IT DIDMAKE THE BACKGROUND VERY, VERYPROMINENT SO IF YOU'RE HAVING AHARD TIME READING BE SURE TOLOOK AT THE ACTUAL HANDOUTS YOUCAN DOWNLOAD AS A P.D.F.THEY SEEM TO BE PRETTY READABLE.>> I DON'T KNOW WHY IT'S THATGRAY BUT THAT'S ALL RIGHT.>> ADOBE CONNECT DOES FUNNYTHINGS SOMETIMES.SO WE'VE HAD A LOT OF QUESTIONSAND I DON'T KNOW THAT WE'LL BEABLE TO GET TO ALL OF THEM BUTI'M GOING TO TRY TO DIGEST.THE FIRST ONE WAS CAN YOUEXPLAIN RAID A LITTLE BIT MOREAND THEIR DIFFERENT RATE OPTIONSAND NICOLE ASK CAN FILES BECOMECORRUPT ON A RAIDS SYSTEM?HOW DOES THAT WORK>> WELL, AN EASY WAY TO THINK OFIT IS LIKE A NETWORK OF HARDDRIVES, PERHAPS, SO -- BUTTHEY'RE ALL WITHIN ONE SYSTEM.SO IT'S A RANDOM ARRAY OFINDEPENDENT DISK IS WHAT THEACRONYM STANDS FOR AND THAT JUSTMEANS THAT THERE IS A PIECE OFSOFTWARE WRITING INFORMATION TOALL THOSE DISKS BUT IT'S NOTWRITING MULTIPLE COPIES OF THEINFORMATION.SO, YOU KNOW, WHAT THAT SAVESYOU IS THAT A DISK FAILURE IN ARAID ARRAY WILL NOT AFFECT ALLOF THE INFORMATION STORED INTHERE, IT WILL ONLY AFFECT THEONE DISK THAT FAILS.AND SO, YOU KNOW, HARDWARE, THEEXTERNAL DRIVES AND INTERNALDRIVES OFTEN FAIL VERY EASILYBECAUSE OF THE WAY THEY OPERATEIS VERY DEPENDENT ON BEINGHERMETICALLY SEALED AND, YOUKNOW, THERE ARE JUST A TINY --IT'S SPINNING VERY QUICKLY AND A

HARD DRIVE CRASH IS A TERM YOUOFTEN HEAR SO A RAID ARRAY SORTOF ADDRESSES THAT BY ISOLATINGTHE CATASTROPHIC DAMAGE THATMIGHT OCCUR WITH A HEAD CRASH.>>IF THAT SORT OF HELPS.SO IT'S JUST MULTIPLE HARDDRIVES SO IT'S NOT WRITINGINFORMATION MULTIPLE TIMES, IT'SWRITING ACROSS THEM INSTEAD OFJUST ON ONE DRIVE.>> OKAY.AND THEN THE OTHER QUESTION WEGOT A LOT OF VARIANCE OFCONCERNS CLOUD STORAGE ANDPEOPLE WONDERING WHAT EXACTLY ISMEANT BY CLOUD STORAGE AND IGAVE THEM MY FLIP RESPONSE WHICHIS THAT IT'S A HARD DRIVE YOUDON'T CONTROL.BUT, YOU KNOW, SOME OF THE CLOUDSTORAGE OPTIONS AND PEOPLEWONDERING ABOUT SAFETY ANDPERHAPS SOME OF THE TOOLS THATYOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO ACCESS.>> YEAH, I WILL -- YOU KNOW,CLOUD STORAGE IS CERTAINLY ANEMERGING THING SO WE'RE FAMILIARWITH IT AS FAR AS ALL OF OURGMAIL AND SOCIAL MEDIA THAT WEUSE BUT AS FAR AS A PRESERVATIONOPTION I GUESS THE FIRST THINGTO SAY IS THAT IT SHOULD NEVERBE THE ONLY PLACE YOU'RE STORINGINFORMATION.PARTIALLY FOR THE REASONSDANIELLE MENTIONED.I MEAN, YOU ARE DEPENDENT ON ACORPORATION, YOU'RE DEPENDENT ONHARD DRIVES AND SERVER SYSTEMSTHAT YOU HAVE NO CONTROL OVERAND YOU DON'T KNOW WHERE THEYARE AND A LOT OF PEOPLE PROBABLYHEAR ABOUT AMAZON WEB SERVICES,AWS, GOING OUT A LOT ON THE EASTCOAST AT LEAST AND THEN YOU

CAN'T ACCESS GMAIL OR WHATEVERCLOUD-BASED DEVICE YOU MIGHT BEUSING.SO -- AND THERE ARE OPTIONS FORIT AS A BACKUP AND DURACLOUD ISA GREAT ONE AND AMAZON CAME OUTWITH AMAZON GLACIER RELATIVELYRECENTLY AND THIS IS BASICALLYOFFLINE ACCESS SO THEY GIVE YOUVERY CHEAP STORAGE BUT THEY --VERY HIGHLY LIMIT YOUR ACCESS TOIT AS FAR AS THE AMOUNT THAT YOUCAN PULL OUT OF IT ONCE YOU PUTIT IN THERE.SO IT'S INTENDED FOR SORT OFLONG-TERM STORAGE.SO, YOU KNOW, THE CLOUD IS A --AN EMERGING AND CHEAP WAY TOSTORE THINGS ON LINE BUT ITSHOULD NEVER BE THE ENTIRETY OFYOUR PRESERVATION SOLUTIONS.SO YOU SHOULD ALWAYS HAVEMULTIPLE COPIES BUT I THINK AS APLACE TO STORE ARCHIVAL DARKARCHIVES, OFFLINE STORAGE IT HASA LOT OF POTENTIAL.>> JUST A COUPLE MORE THINGSTHEN WE'LL MOVE ON ALTHOUGH ITHINK WE'RE DOING QUITE WELL INTERMS OF TIME.BUT YOU KNOW YOU'RE -- YOURTRIPLE DEUCES ANALOGY, SARAANDREWS WANTED TO KNOW IF THATCARRIES OVER TO HIGHER STORAGEAND MEMORY NEED ITEMS SUCH ASVIDEO AND AUDIO COLLECTIONS HOWYO DO YOU HANDLE THINGS THAT AREREALLY LARGE?FOR TWO TYPES OF MEDIA.>> I'VE TRIED TO TALK ABOUTINSTITUTIONAL DEPENDENTSYS WITHTHE RESOURCES AVAILABLE WITHINYOUR INSTITUTION AND AV ALWAYSCOMES UP.I HAD A BIG MEETING ABOUT THISYESTERDAY WITH A MUSEUM IN NEWYORK VIDEOTAPING EVERY PUBLIC

EVENT THAT HAPPENS AND THEY HAVETHIS MASSIVE -- IT'S NOT EXACTLYAN ARCHIVE IT'S BASICALLY JUSTSTORAGE ON SITE AND THEY'RE NOTDOING THIS MULTIPLE COPIES INMULTIPLE PLACES BECAUSE IT ISCOST PROHIBITIVE AND THEY WANTTO AND THEY'RE LOOKING FORSOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS THIS.IT'S A PRINCIPLE AND YES IT DOESAPPLY TO A.V. AND A.V. CAN BEGIGABYTES IN SIZE FOR SINGLEFILES SO IT IS APPLICABLE BUT IAM CERTAINLY COGNIZANT OF ITSDIFFICULTY TO BE APPLIED TOCOLLECTIONS THAT GROW QUITELARGE IN SIZE.SO THAT'S WHERE CLOUD STORAGECAN COME INTO PLAY OR THINGSLIKE LOCKS AND OTHERCOLLABORATIVE APPROACHES TOINFRASTRUCTURE.BUT, YEAH, TWO COPIES ISAPPLICABLE TO A.V. AND OTHERLARGE FILES.>> AND THINGS THAT DON'T FIT ONA D.V.D. ARE CHALLENGING WHENYOU WANT TO GET DIFFERENT MEDIATYPES IN THERE.>> YEAH.>> IT LOOKS LIKE THEY'VESWITCHED OUT THE POWERPOINTS TOONE THAT DOESN'T HAVE ABACKGROUND SO FOR THOSE OF YOUWHO ARE HAVING PROBLEMS I HOPETHIS WILL BE BETTER.ONE LAST QUESTION AND THIS ISMORE OF A PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONABOUT DIGITAL OBJECTS I THINKWHEN YOU MAKE A BACKUP OR YOU --AND IF YOU DON'T CAPTURE THEFIXITY, PERHAPS, DO YOU LOSEAUTHENTICITY WITH THE DIGITALOBJECT?WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON THIS?>> (LAUGHS)>> IT IS A PHILOSOPHICAL

QUESTION.>> YEAH.>> HOW DO YOU PRESERVE THEORIGINAL WHEN WE'RE MOVING ITAROUND?>> RIGHT.WELL, I -- THIS IS A GREATQUESTION AND ONE THAT COMES UP ALOT AND IT MAKES GREAT ARTICLESAND TALK OVER BEERS THE GREATTHINGS ABOUT DIGITAL OBJECTSTHEY SEEM FRAGILE AND DIFFICULTTO MANAGE AT TIMES BUT ONE OFTHE BEAUTIES OF DIGITALINFORMATION IS THAT IT'S EASEEASILY COPY SOD I THINKAUTHENTICITY IN A DIGITALENVIRONMENT BECOMES MUCH MOREDEPENDENT ON METADATA ANDMANAGEMENT AND THIS IT DOES ONINFORMATION CONTENT.AND, YOU KNOW, SOME PEOPLE WOULDDISAGREE WITH SOME OF THIS BUTIF YOU CAN MAKE A BIT BY BITCOPY OF A DIGITAL OBJECT THATHAS THE SAME CHECKSUM, IT'SSUCCESSFUL BY THE SAME SOFTWARE,HAS THE SAME UUID, EVERYTHINGABOUT IT IS THE SAME THEN IT'SJUST AS AUTHENTIC AS THE THINGTHAT MAY HAVE BEEN GIVEN TO YOU.BUT WHAT HAS CHANGED IS THATYOU'VE MADE THAT COPY, RIGHT?AND SO I THINK THIS IS SORT OFPREMISE -- THE PREMISE METADATASCHEMA TRIES TO CAPTURE A LOT OFTHIS.IT'S A DIGITAL PRESERVATIONSCHEMA.I THINK DANIELLE YOU PROBABLYREFERENCED IT A BIT YESTERDAYAND IT'S BUILT TO CAPTURE HOWOBJECTS CHANGE, WHAT CHANGESAROUND THEM EVEN IF THEYTHEMSELVES DON'T CHANGE.SO, YOU KNOW, WE WILL NEVER BEABLE TO KEEP AD INFINITUM INTO

THE FUTURE A FLOPPY DRIVE, JUSTLIKE A PIECE OF PAPER.THINGS DEGRADE OVER TIME ANDWILL ROT AND FALL AWAY ANDTHAT'S TRUE FOR PHYSICAL MEDIAAND DIGITAL INFORMATION ISDEPENDENT ON PHYSICAL MEDIA BUTTHE ACTUAL OBJECT AS LONG ASIT'S THE SAME AND IS DUPLICATEDIT IS -- IT'S JUST AS AUTHENTICIN MY BOOK.SO AUTHENTICITY BECOMES VERYDIFFICULT BECAUSE IT BECOMESMORE ABOUT HOW IT'S MANAGED INTHE INFORMATION ABOUT HOW IT WASACQUIRED AND MANAGED AND ITSCONTEXT THROUGH TIME OR SO THANI THINK IN SORT OF TRADITIONALPRESERVATION AND ARCHIVES.>> EXCELLENT AND I WOULD JUSTADD THAT SOMETHING MIGHT BEAUTHENTIC BUT IF YOU AREN'TCAPTURING THAT FIXITYINFORMATION AND CHECKING ON ITYOU JUST DON'T KNOW.>> RIGHT.SO A LOT OF THE DIGITALFORENSICS THINGS THAT -- WHAT WEPUT IN THE RESOURCES AS WELL ASTHE ONLINE COMMUNITY, THAT COMESOUT OF THE LEGAL WORLD AND THECRIMINAL WORLD SO A LOT OF THESETOOLS COME FROM AUTHENTICITY INA LEGAL CONTEXT AND THAT'S NOTONE WE OPERATE WITH MUCH WITHAND NONPROFITS AND CULTURALHERITAGE BUT MUCH OF THE DIGITALFORENSIC TOOLS AS WELL AS THEIDEA OF HOW WE INTERACTFORENSICALLY WITH INFORMATIONCOMES OUT OF THIS AUTHENTICITYCONTEXT DRIVEN BY LEGAL RIGHTSAND THINGS LIKE THAT.SO GOOD TO REMEMBER.>>>> YEAH.I THINK WE'LL MOVE ON.

YOU COULD ADDRESS REALLY QUICKLYACTUALLY SOMEONE POPPED UP WITHWHAT IS NEAR-LINE STORAGE IF YOUWANTED TO GIVE A QUICKDEFINITION OF THAT ONE AGAIN.>> SURE.SO WE TALKED ABOUT ONLINE ISVERY IMMEDIATE ACCESS THAT YOUCAN GO RIGHT TO IT, PULLSOMETHING IN, PULL SOMETHING OUTAND OFFLINE IS A DARK ARCHIVEWHICH IS NOT MEANT TO BEACCESSED MUCH AT ALL IF EVER.SO NEAR LINE IS FUZZY BUT IT'SBETWEEN THOSE TWO SO NEAR-LINESTORAGE WOULD BE MAYBE YOUR I.T.DEPARTMENT HAS A SERVEER IFYOU'RE BIG INSTITUTIONS AND YOUCAN REQUEST OF THEM CONTENT THATIS HELD IN THEIR SYSTEMS, INTHEIR STORAGE SYSTEMS.AND THEY WILL DELIVER IT TO YOU,SAY, IN TWO OR THREE DAYS.SO THIS WILL BE THINGS THAT ARENOT, OBVIOUSLY -- DIFFERENTCOPIES MIGHT BE ONLINE FORDISPLAY OR ACCESS BUT PERHAPSTHE PRESERVATION COPY ISN'TACCESSIBLE BY PEOPLE BECAUSEIT'S SORT OF ENDANGERED BECAUSEYOU CAN HAVE LOTS OF USERS GOINGIN AND PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TOONLINE STORAGE.NEAR-LINE IS SORT OF MANAGEDBECAUSE IT'S NOT DIRECTLYACCESSIBLE BY AS MANY USERS.>> LET'S MOVE ON TO LEVELS OFPRESERVATION.WE HAVE HAD A NUMBER OF PEOPLEWHO ARE FROM SMALL INSTITUTIONSSAYING HOW DO I DEAL WITH THISAND MAYBE THIS PART WILL MAKE ITCLEAR TO YOU.>> YEAH.SO, YOU KNOW, AS I MENTIONED INTHE BEGINNING OF THE PEREZSTATION THIS IS SORT OF A

PROJECT A WHICH WHICH -- BYINDSA, THE NATIONAL STEWARDSHIPALLIANCE WHICH CAME OUT OF THELIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND SORT OF-- T BACKGROUND TO THIS ISBASICALLY TO ANSWER WHATDANIELLE WAS TALKING ABOUT WHICHTHESE PRINCIPALS ARE ACCESSIBLEWITH VERY LITTLE JARGON IN HERE,IT'S NOT ONE OF THOSE BIGFRAMEWORK DIAGRAMS THAT I SHOWEDEARLIER THAT IS JUST DIFFICULTTO LOOK AT AND CERTAINLY -- BUTIT COVERS KEY CONCEPTSTHROUGHOUT TODAY AND PROCESSAREAS AND INDSA IS OVER 150INSTITUTIONS OR MEMBERS.I CERTAINLY ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TOJOIN FPBD F THEY'RE INTERESTED.IT'S A COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITYGROUP ON SOME LARGE RESEARCHUNIVERSITIES TO TINY HISTORICALSOCIETIES SO IT'S A VERY DIVERSEMEMBERSHIP SO THIS WAS DRIVEN BYPEOPLE AT ALL DIFFERENT SKILLLEVELS AT ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OFINSTITUTIONS COMING TOGETHER TODEFINE WHAT ARE ACCEPTED BESTPRACTICES THROUGH COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION AND THE CREATIONOF THIS AND IT TRIES TO BUILD ONYOUR BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS ANDCAN BE USED AS A SORT OFSELF-ASSESSMENT TOOL AND WE'LLWALK THROUGH SOME OF HIT IN THENEXT SLIDE.AND AS WE SAID ALL ALONG, WHATIT DOESN'T COVER ISINSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT.IT IS MEANT TO BE ACCESS TOBELIEVE EVERYONE BUT IT CAN'TANSWER TO EVERYONE'S SPECIFICUNIQUE NEEDS AND LEVELS ANDEXPERTISE.IT DOESN'T MAKE SPECIFICTECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDATIONS ASFAR AS PIECES OF SOFTWARE OR

TYPES OF SYSTEMS.IT DOESN'T TELL YOU HOW TO DOSOMETHING SPECIFICALLY ANDPOLICY IS SOMETHING THATEVERYONE WILL HAVE TO DEVELOP ONTHEIR OWN.SO ANOTHER GOAL WAS TO KEEP ITON ONE SHEET OF PAPER SO THEMOST ACCESSIBLE THING TO ANYONEIS HAVING ONE THING THAT YOU CANHOLD IN YOUR HANDS SO I'LL TRYTO WALK THROUGH THE BOXES ANDTALK ABOUT HOW THEY APPLY TOWHAT WE'VE TALKED ABOUT ANDANSWER ANY QUESTIONS.SO YOU HAVE LEVEL ONE, LEVEL TWOLEVEL THREE, LEVEL FOUR.SO THE DOCUMENT IS SCALABLE THENYOU HAVE THESE SORT OF AREAS OFPRACTICE, STORAGE, GEOGRAPHICLOCATION, FILE FIXITY,INFORMATION SECURITY WE DIDN'TTOUCH ON TOO MUCH, METADATA ANDFILE FORMATS.SO YOU CAN USE THIS TO SEE WHEREYOU ARE AS FAR AS DOING DIGITALPRESERVATION BUT ALSO USE IT TOPLAN FOR WHERE YOU WANT TO GETTO AND, OF COURSE, THE LEVELSAND THE AREAS OF PRACTICE AREINTERDEPENDENT SO YOU COULD BEAT DIFFERENT LEVELS FORDIFFERENT ACTIVITIES AND WITHINEACH BOX THERE'S GOING TO BE ACOUPLE OF THINGS THAT ARECONSIDERED COMMUNITY ACCEPTEDBEST PRACTICES FOR DOING DIGITALPRESERVATION IN THIS AREA AND ATTHIS LEVEL.SO WE'LL TALK MOSTLY ABOUT LEVELONE AND TWO AND SO TWO COMPLETECOPYS THAT ARE NOT CO-LOCATED,THAT JUST MEANS TWO COPIES INTWO PLACES WHICH WE HAD A GREATRESPONSE AND THAT'S GREAT ANDFOR DATA ON HETEROGENEOUS MEDIATHAT MEANS BASICALLY WHAT WE'RE

TALKING ABOUT WHEN WE WERETALKING ABOUT PHYSICAL MEDIAEARLIER.GET THE CONTENT OFF THAT MEDIUMAND INTO YOUR STORAGE SYSTEM SOTHERE IS AN EXPECTATION THATPEOPLE WILL BE MIGRATING OFF OFTHINGS THAT CAN BE -- BECOMEOBSOLESCENT OR CAN DEGRADE.SO FLOPPYS, WE HAD A LOT OFTHINGS ABOUT FLOPPYS BECAUSEPEOPLE ARE PRESERVING THEM BUTALSO CAN BE DANGEROUS BECAUSETHEY ARE WELL PAST THEIRLONGEVITY AT THIS POINT.SO THOSE TWO, FILE FIXITY ANDDATA INTEGRITY WE TALKED ABOUTCHECK FILE FIXITY AND IF ITHASN'T BEEN CREATED, CREATE IT.WE TALKED ABOUT HOW TO AT LEASTTHINK ABOUT THAT AND WE'LL HAVEYOU DO IN THE YOUR HOME WORK ANDWE PROVIDED TOOLS IN CASE PEOPLEWANT TO IMPLEMENT IT IN THEIROWN INSTITUTIONS.INFORMATION SECURITY WOULDN'TTOUCH ON TOO MUCH BUT I TALKEDABOUT IT A LITTLE IN TALKINGABOUT ONLINE AND NEAR-LINESTORAGE SO IDENTIFYING WHO HASTHE AUTHORITY TO READ, WRITE,AND MOVE AND DELETE INDIVIDUALFILES, DIGITAL OBJECTS, RIGHT?SO NEAR LINE STORAGE IS TOADDRESS THAT, YOU GIVE FEWERPEOPLE ABILITY TO ACCESS THINGSAND BY MANAGING ACCESS THATHELPS PRESERVE CONTENT PEOPLEARE NOT NECESSARILY THERE TO TRYTO ALTER THINGS INTENTIONALLYBUT, YOU KNOW, WE ALL OBVIOUSLYHAVE LOST FILES PROBABLY ANDOVERWRITTEN THINGS WE HAVE DONE,ACCIDENTALLY DELETED THINGS SOTHERE IS THAT FRAGILITY THAT ITCAN BE MISMANAGED ACCIDENTALLYAND INFORMATION SECURITY TRIES

TO ADDRESS SOME OF THAT.SO KNOWING WHO HAS THOSEAUTHORIZATIONS AND LISTING IT ISLEVEL ONE INFORMATION SECURITY.METADATA IS HAVING AN INVENTORYWHICH WE TALKED ABOUT AND WHEREIT'S LOCATED I TALKED ABOUT THATTHEN ENSURING ITS BACKUP AND NOTLOCATED OF THE INVENTORY AS WELLAS THE DATA.IT'S NOT JUST MULTIPLE COPIESMULTIPLE PLACES OF THE ACTUALDIGITAL OBJECTS, IT'S MULTIPLECOPIES, MULTIPLE PLACES OF THEDOCUMENTATION OR METADATA THATTOLLS YOU WHAT THEY ARE ANDWHERE THEY ARE.FILE FORMATS.I MENTIONED IT'S IMPORTANT FORPEOPLE TO KEEP IN MIND TRYING TOUSE AND ENCOURAGE DONORS ORPEOPLE THAT YOU WORK WITH TO USEOPEN FORMATS.SO THEY ARING A SISZABLE THROUGHTIME.SO THAT'S LEVEL ONE.LEVEL TWO, YOU KNOW, THE IDEA OFTHE LEVELS IS THEY GET MORERIGOROUS BUT THEY SORT OF TOUCHON THE SAME FEATURES SO WE MOVEUP TO THREE COPIES, ONE IS IN AFULLY DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICLOCATION CREATING DOCUMENTATIONABOUT YOUR STORAGE SYSTEM YOU'REACTUALLY CHECKING FIXITY ATLEVEL TWO.USING WRITE BLOCKERS WHICH WETALKED ABOUT.VIRUS CHECKING WHICH WE TALKEDABOUT, INFORMATION SECURITY ISDOCUMENTING THOSE RESTRICTIONSIN LEVEL ONE AND THEN METADATAIS GETS MORE ROBUST AS YOU GO UPTHE LEVELS.THEN HAVING AN INVENTORY OF FILEFORMATS AND USE.SO I WILL STOP THERE BECAUSE I

THINK THOSE TWO LEVELS ARE MOREAPPLICABLE TO EVERYONE ON CALLAND WE'LL JUST -- WE GOT, WHAT,15, 20 MINUTES LEFT?SO I THINK IT WOULD BE GOOD TOTAKE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LEVELSOF PRESERVATION.WE HAVE A POLL IN THE NEXT SLIDESO HAVING EXPLAINED IT AND GONETHROUGH IT WE'LL DO A QUICK POLLTO SEE WHERE PEOPLE THINKTHEY'RE AT.THEN WE CAN TALK ABOUT SOME OF-- WE'LL GO BACK TO THE PREVIOUSSLIDE AFTER THAT.TALK ABOUT THE BOXES ANDSUGGESTIONS THAT ARE INCLUDEDTHERE>> THAT SOUNDS LIKE A GREAT IDEA>> SO THIS IS KIND OF WHAT WEHAD PREDICTED, I THINK.>> YEAH, I MEAN, IT LOOKS LIKE APRETTY -- IT'S A GOOD MIX OF --AND I THINK IT WILL BEINTERESTING TO GET SOMEQUESTIONS FROM PEOPLE NOT YET ATLEVEL ONE CERTAINLY AS TO WHATTHEY SEE AS THE BIGGEST HURDLETO GETTING THERE.AS I WAS TALKING TO DANIELLEBEFORE THERE'S ALWAYS BEEN THETALK ABOUT HAVING A LEVEL 0THAT'S KIND OF AN ONGOINGDISCUSSION BUT IT'S VERYDIFFICULT TO DEFINE WHAT THATWOULD LOOK LIKE AND TELLINGPEOPLE THEY'RE AT LEVEL ZERO ISNOT THE THING TO DO.>> I'D LIKE TO SAY THINGS LIKE"NOT YET AT LEVEL 1.">> (LAUGHS)YEAH.A LOT OF THE DISKIGS WAS WHAT ISLEVEL 1 AND, YOU KNOW, THOSE AREBASICALLY THE BEST PRACTICES.WHAT HAVE THE R THE BARE MINIMUMBEST PRACTICES FOR PRESERVING

DIGITAL INFORMATION?THERE WAS OBVIOUSLY A LOT OFDEBATE PUT ON LEVEL 1 SO WE CANCLOSE THE POLL AND I'LL GET BACKTO -->> I THINK AT THIS POINT WE WERE-- FINAL QUESTION.SO IF PEOPLE HAVE COMMENTS ABOUT-- OR QUESTIONS SPECIFICALLYABOUT HOW THEY MIGHT HELP THEIRINSTITUTIONS GET TO LEVEL 1 FEELFREE TO SHARE THAT BUT WE DODEFINITELY HAVE A FEW THAT WEHADN'T GOTTEN TO EARLIER.AND SO I WANTED TO GET BACK TOSOME OF THEM ONE OF THE THINGSTHAT TIED OVER A COUPLE SECTIONSOF YOUR PRESERVATION WAS WETALKED ABOUT PRESERVING PHYSICALEQUIPMENT BUT NICOLE ASKED THEQUESTION WHAT ABOUT PRESERVINGOR THE LONGEVITY AND/OR ACCESSTO THE CHECKSUMS USED TO CREATEFIXITY.THE ALGORITHMS FOR THOSE.IS THERE DISCUSSION ABOUT THAT>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION WITHTHE PROBLEMS WE MENTIONED ABOUTM.D.-5 SUGGESTS PEOPLE WILL BEUSING IT LESS IN THE FUTURE BUTI THINK IT COMES BACK TO OURSERIES OF NOWS IDEA AS LONG ASTHAT ALGORITHM CAN DO WHAT ITNEEDS TO DO AT THAT TIME WHICHIS AUTHENTICATE A CHECKSUM, YOUCAN THEN SIMULTANEOUSLY GENERATEONE USING A NEW ALGORITHM.SO AT THE SAME TIME YOUAUTHENTICATE THIS DIGITAL OBJECTIS THE SAME YOU CAN THEN USE AMORE UPDATED FIXITY TOOL THATYOU HAVE THAT WILL GENERATEMULTIPLE ONES AT ONE TIME SOYOU'RE NEVER NECESSARILY RELIANTON ONE ALGORITHM.AND THE TOOLS -- ALL THE TOOLSARE DOING, IMPLEMENTING THE

ALGORITHM ITSELF SO YOU'LL NEVERBE DEPENDENT ON A PIECE OFSOFTWARE TO DO IT.>> ANOTHER RING TO REMEMBER ISTHIS KIND OF HARKS BACK TO THEPRESENTATION ON DIGITIZATIONWHERE FOCUSING ON OPEN FORMATSIS A VERY GOOD THING.OPEN AND POPULAR SO IF YOUCHOOSE SOME PROPRIETARYALGORITHM THAT ONLY ONE PROVIDERWILL LET YOU CALCULATE THENUMBER THEN YOU MIGHT HAVE MOREPROBLEMS IN THE FUTURE.>> YEAH, M.D.-5 AND SHA-256 WILLPROBABLY ALL YOU'LL NEED.>> AND THEY'RE BOTH OPEN, WE CANRECREATE NEW SOFTWARE TOCALCULATE THEM THE FUTURE.THIS GOES BACK TO A MEDIAQUESTION IF YOU HAVE A MASTER ORPRESERVATION COPY OF YOUR IMAGE,DOCUMENT, WHATEVER, DOES THEMEDIA WEAR OUT OVER TIME?DO YOU HAVE TO WORRY THATEVENTUALLY YOUR C.D. WILL DIEAND YOU CAN'T COPY THINGS OFF OFIT?>> YES.THAT'S A BIG PROBLEM WITHOPTICAL DISK IS THAT ONE SCRATCHMEANS THE ENTIRE DISK ISINACCESSIBLE SO THAT'S VERYDIFFERENT THAN THE ANALOG WHICHIS WHAT'S EASY TO CHEAPLYPRODUCE.THIS IS ONE REASON THEY ARE SOCHEAP TO PURCHASE.SO THIS REALLY JUST GETS BACK TOTHE MULTIPLE COPIES IDEA.PHYSICAL MEDIA ALWAYS DEGRADESAND AND LOT OF THEM HAVE SHORTLIFE SPANS.>> SO IT'S NOT MUCH THAT THEYWARE OUT THE WAY YOU WOULD THINKOF A TAPE WEARING OUT BECAUSEIT'S BEEN PLAYED A LOT BUT IT'D

JUST BEEN DAMAGED OVER TIME.>> I MEAN, YES, IT DOES WEAROUT.ANYTHING PHYSICAL WEARS OUT THISIS A SAD FACT OF LIFE.BUT, YEAH, AND ACTUALLY DIGITALOBJECTS ALSO -- THE MORE THEYARE ACCESSED THE MORE THEY ARELIKELY TO GET BITROT SO -- BITCORRUPTION GENERALLY WILL HAPPENMORE FREQUENTLY BUT T MOREFREQUENTLY SOMETHING ISACCESSED.THIS IS WHY THE WHOLE REASONPEOPLE CREATE ACCESS ANDPRESERVATION COPIES BECAUSE IFYOU WERE ACCESSING ONE SPECIFICTHING THE WHOLE TIME IT'S MUCHMORE LIKELY TO DEGRADE.SO PHYSICAL MEDIA AND A LOT OFTHROWN TOGETHER THINGS FROM THEEARLY COMPUTER AREA THATACTUALLY DEGRADES OVER TIME ANDMAKES THEM MORE DIFFICULT TOREAD AND ACCESS.>> SOMEONE WAS ASKING ABOUTMULTIPLE COPIES AT THE POINT OFDIGITIZATION AND I THINK HE HADA CLARIFICATION OF THATSOMEWHERE AND I CAN'T FIND ITSOMEWHERE RIGHT NOW BUT JUST INTERMS OF WORK FLOW ARE THERERECOMMENDATIONS FOR HOW TO MAKEMULTIPLE COPIES, MULTIPLE MEDIAET CETERA AT THE TIME YOU'REDIGITIZING MATERIALS?>> YEAH, IT DEPENDS ON HOWYOU'RE DOING DIGITIZATION AND ITHINK JAKE PROBABLY TALKED ABOUTTHIS A GOOD BIT IN HIS EARLIERPEREZ STATION BUT YOU'RECREATING PRESERVATION COPIES ATTHE POINT OF DIGITIZATION ANDGENERATING AN ACCESS COPYRIGHTAFTER THAT OR AT SOME POINT DOWNTHE LINE.SO SCANNING AT PRETTY HIGH

QUALITY, 300 OR 600 DPI ORSOMETHING.THAT'S USUALLY A PRESERVATIONCOPY.SO YOU CAN CREATE ANOTHERPRESERVATION COPYRIGHT THERE,YOU CAN CREATE AN ACCESS COPYAND NEVER USE THE PRESERVATIONCOPY AGAIN.I THINK IT MAKES SENSE TO MAKEIT PART OF THE DIGITIZATION WORKFLOW AS FAR AS MAKING ANOTHERCOPY AND PUTTING IT SOMEWHEREAND ON PAST DIGITIZATIONPROJECTS I'VE WORKED ON, THIS ISWHAT WE DID.YOU WILL SCAN AT A HIGHRESOLUTION AL DAY, HAVE A BIGFILE, MAKING A COPY OF THEPRESERVATION MASTER AND WORKWITH THAT BUT THE ORIGINAL ONEWILL GO ON TO THE SERVER, ON THEA SPINNING DISK INTO YOURSTORAGE SYSTEM.AND THE CLARIFICATION THAT IFOUND AND LOOKS LIKE KRISTENALSO FOUND WAS HE WAS TALKINGABOUT A 200-PAGE DOCUMENT THATYOU'RE SCANNING AND IT FAILS ATPAGE 113.SO PRESUMABLY THE LAST HOWEVERMANY PAGES ARE NOT IMAGED ORTHERE'S SOMETHING THAT CAUSESTHE WHOLE FILE TO FAIL.THIS JUST -- AND IT'S THE SAMEFOR -- ESPECIALLY FOR AUDIO ANDVIDEO.THIS IS WHY SOMEONE, USUALLY AHUMAN BEING, NEEDS TO LOOK ATTHE FILE OR LISTEN TO THE FILEAFTER YOU DIGITIZE IT TO VERIFYTHAT YOUR DIGITIZATION WORKED.>> YEAH, TEXT FILES ARECOMPLICATED BECAUSE IT'SBASICALLY A WHOLE BUNCH OFIMAGES THAT NEED TO BE STITCHEDTOGETHER THROUGH METADATA BUT

THEY ARE -- EVERY SCAN IS ADISCRETE DIGITAL OBJECT SO THEPREVIOUS ONES WOULD NOT BEPROBLEMATIC AND HOPEFULLY YOUCAN JUST REDO WHATEVER HASFAILED>> SO HOPEFULLY BEFORE YOUDESIGNATE SOMETHING AS YOURPRESERVATION COPY YOU'VEVERIFIED THAT THERE IS THEINFORMATION IN IT THAT YOU WANTTO BE PRESERVING.>> YEAH.>> SO THIS IS I THINK GOING TOBE OUR LAST QUESTION AND IT'SANOTHER SORT OF PHILOSOPHICALQUESTION CHERYL McCLELLAN SAYSIF YOU HAD AN EXTERNAL DRIVEWITH A COUPLE THOUSAND JPEGSCREATED OVER A SEVEN-YEAR PERIODOBVIOUSLY YOUR COLLECTION IS ATRISK.EXTERNAL HARD DRIVES GO BADAFTER A WHILE.WHAT NEXT?SO WHAT IS THE NEXT TYPE OFSTORAGE MEDIA THAT WE THINK WILLBE THE SALVATION OR AT LEAST NOWOUR NEXT THING THAT WE PUT ITON?>> RIGHT.SPINNING DISK IS WHAT WE'REGOING TO USE INTO THE FUTURE SOTHAT CAN BE THOUGHT OF A COUPLEDIFFERENT WAYS AN EXTERNAL DRIVEIS USUALLY A SPINNING DISK BUTIT'S GOING TO BE A LARGE SERVERSYSTEM WITH A RAID ARRAY.WHAT NEXT I WOULD SAY AT LEAST ACOPY ON ANOTHER HARD DRIVE ASWELL AS A COPY ON ANOTHER TYPEOF MEDIA.IF IT'S LIKE SPECULATIVE WHAT'STHE NEXT BIG MEDIA THING IT'SGOING TO BE SPINNING DISK INTOTHE FUTURE BECAUSE OF THE COSTSAND OBVIOUSLY A HARD DRIVE HAS

GOTTEN MUCH LARGER BUT ALSO FORI.T. DEPARTMENTS AND SERVERWRACKS SO THE COST HAS GONE DOWNENOUGH THAT I THINK SPINNINGDISKS WILL REMAIN THE STORAGE OFCHOICE BUT IT MIGHT BE CAPE TOBELIEVE TRANSITION FROM EXTERNALAND INTERNAL DRIVES TO SERVERSYSTEM, RAID ARRAYS AND CLOUDSTORAGE.SO IT'S PROBABLY NOT A WHOLE LOTAND IT WOULD BE EASY AND CHEAPTO STORE ON LINE AS A BACKUP.IN CASES LIKE THAT I THINK THECLOUD DOES OFFER SOME ADVANTAGESAS FAR AS COST.AND YOU ARE DEPENDENT ON THOSETHINGS.THE CORPORATE INFRASTRUCTURE ANDTHINGS LIKE THAT.SO YOU WILL HAVE ANOTHER COPYEVEN IF THAT FAILS.>> OKAY SO WITH THAT THANK YOUAGAIN FOR ALL OF YOUR HELP ANDYOUR WONDERFUL PEREZ STATIONTODAY.I WONDER IF YOU COULD JUST SAY AQUICK WORD ABOUT THE HOME WORKWHICH INVOLVES CALCULATING SOMECHECKSUMS.>> RIGHT, SURE.SO WE TALKED ABOUT --ESSENTIALLY WE'RE GOING TO HAVEPEOPLE GRAB A VERY SIMPLE TEXTFILE AND USE AN ONLINE TOOL TOGENERATE A CHECKSUM SO THIS ISBASICALLY JUST UPLOADING ADOCUMENT TO THE SITE AND IT WILLGIVE YOU AN M.D.-5 CHECKSUM ANDTHEN WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO DO ISBASICALLY MAKE A VERY SMALLALTERATION TO THE FILE AND REUPLOAD IT AND COMPARE THE TWOCHECKSUMS.SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO THINK ABOUTWHAT'S GREAT ABOUT FIXITY ANDABOUT THESE ALGORITHMS AND

CHECKSUMS IS THAT THE TINIEST,TYNE NEST CHANGE, LIKE 1 OR 0THROUGHOUT MILLIONS OF THEM THATMIGHT COMPRISE YOUR FILE, IF ONETINY THING CHANGES THEN ACHECKSUM WILL BE DRAMATICALLYDIFFERENT SO THEY WON'T LOOKANYTHING LIKE AY LIKE SO WE'REGOING TO HAVE A SIMPLE EXERCISETO GENERATE A CHECKSUM AND THENCHANGE A FILE AND THEN GENERATEANOTHER CHECKSUM AND MATCH THEMUP.BASICALLY WE'RE DOING A FIXITYAUDIT.>> AND THERE'S SOME ADDITIONALEXERCISES IN A HANDOUT SO IF YOUWANT TO TRY THIS AT A MOREADVANCED LEVEL THERE'SINSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO DO THATAS WELL.>> SO WE LISTED SOFTWARE TOOLSAND YOU CAN DO THE SAME PRACTICEBUT ON A WHOLE DIRECTORY SO YOUCAN DO TEN OR 20 FILES AND DOTHE SAME EXERCISE AND WE HAVE ACOUPLE OTHER EXERCISES SO WORKWITH LEVELS OF DIGITALPRESERVATION DOCUMENT ANDTHERE'S A WEB SITE IF PEOPLEWANT TO COMMENT OR GET MOREFEEDBACK AND OBVIOUSLY MY E-MAILHERE WILL BE AVAILABLE AND I'DLOVE FOR PEOPLE TO GET MORE INTOUCH WITH THAT DOCUMENT AS WELLAS THE PEREZ STATION.SO TO USE THE LEVEL SORT OF THEASSESS WHERE YOU'RE AT AND WHEREYOU THINK YOU CAN BE AND HOW YOUPRACTICE THAT AND WE HAVE ACOUPLE OF OTHER EXERCISES JUSTSORT OF BASICALLY ANSWERINGQUESTIONS TO DETERMINE YOURINSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES ANDEXPERTISE AND HOW YOU CAN BUILDTHOSE AND WHAT QUESTIONS YOUNEED TO BE ASKING ABOUT BUILDING

A STORAGE SYSTEM OR MAKINGBACKUPS.>> WELL, GREAT, I THINK THAT ISALL WE HAVE, KRISTEN.ANYTHING ELSE?>> THANK YOU, DANIELLE ANDJEFFERSON.THANKS, EVERYONE, FOR HELPINGEVERYONE IN THE CHAT AND WE WILLGET ANSWERS TO SOME SPECIFICQUESTIONS MAYBE OUT TO YOUPRIVATELY.AGAIN, JOIN US ON MONDAY AT 2:00EASTERN TIME FOR OUR LAST CLASSIN THIS COURSE.>> THANKS, EVERYONE.