Wheat in Egypt

WHEAT TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR SALES TEAM / FIELD EXPERT

Regulatory and Technical Support Team (RTs)El Sokhna, 26 – 27, Dec 2011

AGRONOMY

Prof. Dr./ Taher Bahgat FayedFaculty of AgricultureAin Shams University


Classification: INTERNAL USE ONLY

WHEATTriticum Sp.

Classification: INTERNAL USE ONLY3

WHEAT

One of the most famous and oldest crops in the world and from the ancient world crops (C3 Plant)


WHEAT CLASSIFICATION:

First: Soft Wheat•It is also entitled the white wheat or bread wheat, it is more spread worldwide. They all belong to the Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivum, it has been originated in the below eastern zone like in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Palestine, etc.

Second: Hard Wheat:It is also entitled red wheat or male wheat or pasta wheat, it belongs to the Triticum durum Triticum durum whereas it has been originated in the Mediterranean countries and more specifically in Egypt , where carbonized grains were found in the Ancient Egyptians’ Tombs for ages varying between 3000 to 5000 years before Christ.Starting from the below eastern countries and the Mediterranean countries, wheat started to spread all over the world.


WHEAT ECONOMICS – LOCALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY

•The largest crop lands worldwide, of 240 million hectares.•The total international production is nearly 700 million tons; (4,7 billion ardeb).•International average production of one hectare is for 3 tons( 8.1 ardeb /feddan).•The largest area nowadays is in India( 28.5 million hectares), followed by Russia then China ( 26 million hectares). But the larges production country is China ( 16.5 %of the total production worldwide), then India; (11.5% ) then Russia ( 9% )and then USA (7%).•The highest average of production for the feddan: England (3.2 tons/feddan) then Germany (3 tons/feddan) then France (2.9 tons/feddan) and then Egypt (2.7 tons/feddan).


WHEAT IN EGYPT

•Wheat cultivated area is 3.1 million feddans, hoping for 4 million feddans.•The production is 8 to 9 million tons while our needs vary between 15 to 16 million tons, accordingly the self-sufficiency is 54% only.•We are still top listed in the countries importing wheat (varying between 9 to 10 million tons yearly).•The governmental subsidiary for bread is 11 billion Egyptian pounds a year.•We have the highest consumption of the individual world wide for wheat is 190 kg/year.•Crop loss ( harvesting, storage, transportation and flour industry )varies between 20 to 30% , whereas 152 million bread loaf is lost /year.


CONTENT

•Crop Setting•Crop Growth•Field Setting•Crop Disorder•Crop Yield•Cropping Environment•Cropping System•Insects Biology•Weed Biology


EGYPTIAN WHEAT VARIETIES :

FIRST:, BREAD WHEAT VARIETIES ( T. aestivum )Sids Group: Sids 1, Sids 12, Sids 13. •It has a long spike , limited tillering, warm temperature tolerant,salinity tolerant , tolerate rusts and burns except Sids 1, accordingly it has been forbidden in the Northern Delta.Sakha Group: Sakha 93, Sakha 94. •It rusts tolerant, salinity tolerant, it can be planted all over the country except for Upper Egypt.Gimaza Group: Gimaza 7, Gimaza 9, Gimaza 10. •It rusts and burn tolerant , suitable for the Delta and in the new reclimated lands.•Misr 1, Misr 2. The recent and best varieties of wheat that can be suitable throughout the whole country.


SECOND: HARD WHEAT VERITIES ( T. durum ):

•It is all related to Middle and Upper Egypt where they are high temperature tolerant varieties.•Like Beni Suef 1, Beni Suef 4, Beni Suef 5, Beni Suef 6•Hard grains with a little darker in color.•The production ( 12-16 ardeb/fed. ) is less than the production of bread varieties in the Delta and middle Egypt .•The production of bread wheat varieties in Delta of Egypt is nearly 16 to 22 ardeb/feddan.


Beni Suef 1 (Hard)

Gimaza 7 (Soft )

Sakha 94 (Soft )


CONTENT



WHEAT PLANT MORPHOLOGY

•Simnal roots or primary roots: they are always hanged to the seeds and the rest of it decomposes.•Advetitious roots or fibrous roots: it buds from the sub-soil nodes of the stem (crown node) and continuously increased in volume throughout the lifetime of the plant.

Selectivity of herbicides between monocot. and dicot. plants depends on differentiation in root system in relation to herbicide placement in soil. Monocot have shallow root system, whereas dicot(weeds) have deep extensive root system.


The rest of the seed

The rest of the seed

The area of the crown node which forming the advetitious roots.

Simnal roots


SECOND: STEM OR CULM

•Its length varies between 50 cm to 150 cm (depending on the variety and the environmental conditions)•Formed of nodes and internodes (most of the durum stems are solid). Stem elongated from the activity of intercalary meristem located at the base of each internode. Buds are carried on all nodes above the land and below it. (Sub-soil surface buds gives out the tillers)

The apical meristemic growing point in Dicot plants, is the most sensitive tissues for foliage application herbicides and therfore Dicot plants are injured whereas growing points of Monocot (intercalary meristem) are protected by leaf sheath and accordingly not injured.


Fully grown wheat plants, note the dry leaves at the below part of the plant (Senescence leaves).


THIRD: LEAVES:

•Leaves formed on each node and composed of a sheath, covering all the internode length except for the terminal internode, a blade is connected to its end. At the connection of the sheath and the blade there is a ligule; it is transparent and its size is between 2 to 4 mm. Both sides of the ligule have auricles: it is the main factor that differentiates between wheat and barley.•Wheat has small hairy auricles, while barley have larger smooth auricles, longer and claw shaped and goes around the internode + leaves of the barley are stronger and a little rough.•Leaves on the stem are alternatal.•Leaves get closer and interferer in the first stages of growth and after floweral induction the internodes increased in length quickly, (elongation stage) where the leaves start going further from each other.Leaf properties in relation to herbicidal selectivity : 1- Leaf width, 2-Leaf angle (upright-horizontal), 3- Leaf surface texture ( smoothy – hairy ) , 4- Waxy (non-polar)leaf surface , 5- Leaf cuticle thickness, and 6- Stomata (sizes and number).


FOURTH: SPIKE:

•Wavy rachis, nodes and internodes, it caries the spikelets alternately on the bases of each rachis node.•The single spikelet has two covers (lemma & palea) that closes up on a similar spikelet micro axle which is the rachilla that carries 2 to 9 alternatel flowers that gives after the pollination and fertilization 2 to 4 seeds.•Wheat plants are self pollinated with range between 96 and 99%


Spike during pollination and fertilization

Spike at maturity


GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT PLANT:


The appearance of the first true leaf from coleoptile. Note the weakness of the seminal roots.

GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT PLANT :

Radicle root and coleoptile of germinated wheat grain and appearance of two seminal roots.


5 leaves are formed as the start plant tillering stage


The age of the three leaves is three weeks



Leaves have been removed to make a longitudinal sector in the internode to show the developing head (3mm in

in length ).

Initiated spike protected by flag leaf sheath ( booting stage )



Maturity (ripening ) stage Pollination and fertilization stage


SPIKE MATURITY STAGES :GROWTH STAGES OF WHEAT PLANTS:

1- Spike at milky stage.2- Spike at dough stage. 3- Spike at ripe stage .


SEED MATURITY STAGES

Milky stage

Yellow milky stage

Soft – dough to hard – dough stages

Ripe stage

Dead ripe stage


DIFFERENTIATING WHEAT AND BARLEY

•The lifetime of the barley is shorter (from 100 to 120 days).•The leaves are much more rougher than that of wheat•Auricles of barley leaves are big and long, smooth and surrounding internodes diameter. While, on the wheat its small and has filaments (hairs).•Flag leaf goes higher in barley and goes around near to the bases of the spike. In wheat the peduncle escaped and goes higher than flag leaf.•Barley spike are rough with hard awns solid more than that of wheat. Rachis of barley spike is regular carrying 2,4 or 6 spikelet rows, whereas rachis of wheat spike is irregular, it carries the spikelets alternately in two rows.•Husks stick too the barley seed while it easily gets separated in wheat.


DIFFERENTIATING WHEAT AND BARLEY

Four rows barley cultivar

Two (2r) and six (6r) rows barley cultivars

Barley Grains


CONTENT



FIRST: WHEAT EDAPHIC REQUIREMENTS:•The suitable soil is ranged from clay to medium loam soil . Wheat growth and production decreases in the sandy land, salty land and the acidic land.•The suitable pH for wheat is 5.5 to 7.5 and this means that Egyptian lands which are nearly acidic; ( level of acidity is 8 or more) will affect the crop growth and productivity.•Second: Preparing the land for seeding wheat:Ploughed twice .(Suitable time for soil acting herbicides application).•Surfacing the land to make a suitable seed bed and to control the irrigation water.•Sowing method: Dry method (Affir) with mechanical seed drill at 15cm width and 2-3cm depth or manually by broadcasting followed by light surfacing to cover seeds.•Seeded area must be divided with small irrigation canals and borders to obtain blocks of 6 x 2m till 7 x 3 m.


PLANTING WHEAT BY HERATI (IRRIGATED OR WET ) SOWING METHOD:

•When shall it be used?• In fields with high weed – seed bank• At lating in planting date• Excess in seeding rate

•The land shall be irrigated properly then left to dry properly with suitable soil moisture sufficient to germinate wheat seeds. Wheat seed broadcasted uniformly on soil surface and at the same day, the soil shall be plowed and then divided into blocks.•Seeding rate for each feddan is 50 kg for the drill machines, and 65 kg for Herati (irrigated) sowing method.


WATER REQUIREMENTS

Number of irrigations in wheat according to growth stages

Growth stages Number of irrigation in winter

Tillering 2Stem extension 1

Heading 1Ripening 1

Classification: INTERNAL USE ONLY32Flooding irrigation

Pivot irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS


CONTENT



Development of zinc deficiency symptoms on wheat

DISORDERS PHENOMENON SEEN DURING GROWTH

Calcium deficiency



Nitrogen deficiency



Phosphorous deficiencyShortage, dryness, and dwarf in

plants growth

Chloride deficiencyThe redness and dryness of leaf

blades



Damage of frosting


CONTENT



CROP YIELD

•Increase rate in the average production of hectares (ton/hectare)

•The role of agricultural researches efforts in Egyptian yield increases rate. •The improvements in other countries in Asia differ than India and China•500% in Turkmenistan; 118% in Uzbekistan, 105% in Kazakhstan, 70% in Iran and 90% in Ethiopia.

Country Year Increase rate

1980 2010

England 5.88 7.69 31%Germany 4.74 7.19 52%France 5.18 7.04 36%Egypt 3.22 6.44 100%


PRODUCTION MAP OF WHEAT IN EGYPTP1 = More than 15 ardeb – 1.7 MfP2 = 10 – 15 ardeb – 0.914 MfP3= Less than 10 ardeb – 1.063 Mf

Heat stress

Salinity stress


HARVESTING


GRAIN STORAGE


CONTENT



THE SUITABLE SOWING DATE:

•Throughout November•Disadvantages of earlier sowing: The early expulsion of inflorescences without giving enough time for flowerer induction and enough time to tillering (reduction in yield).. In addition to an early maturity of the seeds that makes it a prey for the birds.•Disadvantages of late sowing: Shorter time for vegetative growth and tillering and the high temperature will make the pollination and fertilization fail. This is besides that the high temperatures will reduces grain filling capacity and produce a small empty grains.


THE LOCATION OF WHEAT IN FIELD CROP ROTATION:

•Wheat is planted after the summer crops like: cotton – corn – rice – sugar cane – soybean•It would better not to plant wheat after rice because rice affects the soil properties negatively.•It would better be after summer legumes as soybeans or after crops that have strong roots like cotton.Long persistent soil-acting herbicides used in any preceding summer crops may negatively affect germination and establishment of wheat seedlings.


WEATHER REQUIREMENTS

Weather conditions in Egypt:•Egypt is located between the horizontal line 22-32 North and vertically 25-36•Through the season of wheat growth the average of the temperature in the Delta and middle Egypt each between 15 to 18C˚ that is being increased in Upper Egypt up to 22 C˚ which decreases wheat crop yield to the half. •The rains of the North Coast 100 – 200mm is not enough to plant prolonged wheat (which requires at least 250- 300 mm besides the regularity of rains all over the season).•Light photoperiod permit the budding phase and light intensity is enough to reach wheat plant to saturated.•High temperature starts by the end of March and then accombined with hot dusty winds weather in April and May.

WEATHER REQUIREMENTS• The suitability of the weather to the needs of wheat:

Wheat needs warm weather (25 C )to germinate (in November) then a low temperature of 15 to 20 C˚ to a higher efficiency of photosynthesis and floral induction (in December, January and the first two weeks of February) then variable temperature (starting 20 C˚ up to 30 C˚) that save the vitality of the pollination (in the beginning of mid February till the end of the first week in March) then for the formation filling and maturity of grains at the end. (the rest of March, April and May) .


THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND LIGHT ON WHEAT GROWING

Wheat normally nee between 150 and 180 days between planting and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions.


WEATHER REQUIREMENT

•Elevate the location higher than the sea surface, will it substitute the harmful impacts of high temperature on wheat productivity (South Africa, Zimbabwe, 1500 – 1800m higher than the sea surface but with temperature 10 to 18C˚ , during the day in June although its close to the equator ).•Light: Wheat is a long-day plant, therefore flowering begins with the extending in day length at the end of the winter.• And because it is one of CO3 plants, so plants light saturated at 1/3 – ½ of full sun light intensity only and positively respond to CO2 increases.


CONTENT


WHEAT TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR SALES TEAM / FIELD EXPERT


Documents

Wheat in Egypt