VAN NEER, W. & DE CUPERE, B., 2013. Two decennia of faunal analysis at Sagalassos. In: Poblome, J. (ed.) Exempli Gratia. Sagalassos, Marc Waelkens and interdisciplinary archaeology

Reprint from EXEMPLI GRATIA - ISBN 978 90 5867 979 6 - © Leuven University Press, 2013

EXEMPLI

GRATIA

SAGAlASSOS,mARC WAelKeNS ANDiNTeRDiSCipliNARY ARCHAeOlOGY

edited by Jeroen poblome

leUVeN UNiVeRSiTY pReSS


© 2013 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven. Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium).

All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated datafile or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers.

ISBN 978 90 5867 979 6D / 2013 / 1869 / 59NUR: 682

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WAELKENS_BOEK_FINAL.indd 4 24/10/13 15:06


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Two Decennia of Faunal Analysis at SagalassosWim Van Neer and Bea De Cupere

Faunal analysis at Sagalassos began in 1991 with a two week research stay of the first author, who during that excavation season analysed a few boxes of hand collected animal bones that had been retrieved the previous year. Since then, more than 20 additional exca-vation campaigns have taken place during which archaeozoologists were always part of the team. in total, faunal specialists have been present on site during a total of about 250 weeks, and the amount of material grew spectacularly: it is now taking up the space of almost two storage containers. in this contribution we will focus on the archaeozoological studies carried out thus far at Sagalassos, their integration with other archaeological disci-plines, and the methodological studies that were initiated as a result of the possibilities offered by the wealth of suitable faunal material. Attention will be paid to the advantages of working in an interdisciplinary environment, but also to the inherent challenges and difficulties that are sometimes encountered.

General faunal studies and their archaeological integration

Just as with all the other material categories, the faunal remains need to be recorded as the first part of the analysis of the material after it has been excavated. in the case of the animal bones at Sagalassos it has always been a very time consuming task as a result of the large find numbers: thus far more than a million remains (both hand and sieved collected) have been analysed of which about one quarter was identifiable. each excavation season between 6 and 15 man-weeks have been spent on the technical task of identifying and recording of faunal remains, on the organisation and supervision of the sieving proce-dures, on the sorting process of the sieved residues, and on the packing and registration of the enigmatic pieces and sieved bones. The enigmatic material consists of a relatively small number of hand collected remains that cannot be adequately identified in the field with the on-site comparative collection. The sieved material consists of smaller bones of various small taxa (mainly small rodents, birds and fish) that cannot be identified because there is no reference collection of modern skeletons available in the field, or elsewhere in Turkey, to permit reliable identification. For several months after the excavation season the identification work hence also continues in the home laboratory. in years with excep-tionally rich organic layers, such as the floor levels from the late Roman Urban mansion


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in 2001 and the cattle butchery dump inside the Odeon in 2005 and 2006, the identifica-tions were hardly finished (and sometimes not) when the following excavation season started. it is thus obvious that these large amounts of material can be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

Over the years, the scientific research, including the faunal studies carried out at Sagal-assos, received generous funding from various agencies. For the archaeozoology, the iAp (interuniversity poles of Attraction, Belgian Science policy Office), the GOA (Concerted Research Actions of the KU leuven) and the FWO (Research Foundation - Flanders) were of major importance and allowed the employment of faunal specialists as well as financing doctoral students. it is obvious that continued financing depends heavily on the scientific output and that dealing with the initial phase of the research, i.e. the actual excavation and technical treatment of the numerous finds, risks hampering the scientific exploitation and publication of results. Difficulties are not only the large amounts of material, but also the necessity to have context information at the disposal of the faunal specialists, in particular on the dating of the studied assemblages. Chronological information is vital to put the materials in perspective, but this can only happen when pottery, coinage and stratigraphic data have been looked at in an integrated way.

in the ‘early days’ this was still quite manageable, allowing a first general archaeozoo-logical study of the material excavated between 1991 and 1994. This doctoral study1 not only described and interpreted the faunal remains excavated in the period mentioned, but also provided a detailed compilation of contemporaneous faunas in Anatolia. As such this work, which has also been published as a monograph,2 is still of use today when faunal data of the concerned periods need to be put into context. later on, archaeozoological research and publication focussed on particular special find contexts or methodological issues (see below) on the one hand and on the other hand an effort was made to integrate the faunal data with other material categories and architectural data. Such joint studies were carried out at the lower Agora and the Urban mansion where contextual analyses combined architectural data with evidence from pottery, glass, metal objects, macrobot-anical remains and fauna3. The animal remains and some of the other find categories such as the pottery involved very large numbers of specimens. At Düzen Tepe an integrated study was also carried out4. Besides stimulating this type of interdisciplinary work, the Sagalassos project also provided an opportunity for developing methodological research that was of relevance for other sites and regions.

Methodological studies

The cattle remains from Sagalassos show a relatively high frequency of pathologies on the foot elements, mainly bony outgrowths on the phalanges and metapodials. Such defor-mations are seen on many archaeological sites from the Neolithic onward, but they are

1 De Cupere 1998.2 De Cupere 2001.3 putzeys 2007; putzeys et al. 2008.4 Vanhaverbeke et al. 2010; Vyncke 2013.

Wim Van Neer and Bea De Cupere


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particularly prevalent at many Roman imperial sites, including Sagalassos. Although the literature suggested that these pathologies are related to traction work by the animals, no skeletons of modern draught cattle had ever been analysed from an osteomorphological and pathological point of view. The high amount of pathological cattle bones at Sagal-assos and the fact that funding was available triggered the setup of a methodological study. The feet of 18 draught oxen of known age, weight and life history were collected from slaughterhouses in Romania and shipped to Belgium for preparation and study. The monograph published on this study5, as well as the first archaeological application of the method6 are, according to Google Scholar Citations, in the top three of the most cited publications of the present authors. it is in our opinion, thanks to the important funds raised for the Sagalassos research, that topics such as this have been studied in more depth than is usually possible in an interdisciplinary environment.

Another example where a continued scientific investment and financial effort was made is in the study of the fish remains, and in particular the analysis of the provenance of the species. Thanks to the systematic sieving of relevant contexts, a large quantity of fish remains was recovered at Sagalassos. Three broad categories of fish were found, namely Anatolian freshwater fish, mediterranean species and exotic freshwater species. The latter group contains two taxa that can be confidently considered as imports from the Nile, namely the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and a bagrid catfish (Bagrus sp.). The two other exotic taxa are tilapia (Tilapiini indet.) and clariid catfish (Clarias sp.). The geographical distribution of these two taxa includes not only Africa, but also the Syro-palestinian area and southeast Anatolia. Since ceramological and written evidence show that contacts existed with both North Africa and the levant, these aspects do not help to decide the provenance of the fish. A pilot study was therefore set up that attempted to identify the provenance of the Clarias with the aid of ancient DNA.7 in a first instance, tissue samples were analysed of modern catfish from various localities in North Africa, the levant and south-eastern Anatolia. it appeared that the mitochondrial DNA of the modern populations allowed the definition of several haplotypes, each typical for a particular region. in a next step it was tried to extract and amplify ancient DNA from Clarias bones from Sagalassos. This was successful in 6 of the 16 examined samples. Comparison of the genetic information of the archaeological bones and of the modern tissues clearly showed that the fish found at Sagalassos came from the egyptian Nile. The numerically most abundant fish at Sagalassos are Anatolian freshwater fish, which in the initial stages of the research were designated as ‘local freshwater fish’. Verification of the literature showed, however, that the modern ichthyofauna of major parts of Anatolia was still poorly documented and that it was therefore not possible to establish if the fish found at Sagalassos may indeed have come from the local Ağlasun river, the Aksu river, or even farther away. A collaboration was therefore set up with the Eğirdir Fish-eries Faculty of isparta University that aimed at exploring the Anatolian freshwater fish through a series of four surveys carried out in late spring and summer. in total around

5 Bartosiewicz et al. 1997.6 De Cupere et al. 2000.7 Arndt et al. 2003.

Two Decennia of Faunal Analysis at Sagalassos


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200 localities were sampled between 1996 and 1999. This produced results that were of relevance for the determination of the provenance of the Sagalassos fish,8 but in addition pure ichthyological results were also obtained and equally published in collaboration with the Turkish colleagues. These include first records of species9 as well as a revision of a particular group of fish.10 Unlike some of the fish species that were identified at Sagalassos and that have a restricted distribution (i.e. Pseudophoxinus handlirschii only occurring in Lake Eğirdir) there are also taxa with a wide distribution within Anatolia. The most frequent one is the wild carp (Cyprinus carpio) that lived in numerous lakes and rivers. A palaeogenetic approach similar to the one used for the provenancing of the catfish is not possible for carp because the wild form is virtually extinct and has been replaced by domestic carp. As an alternative it was tried to use oxygen and strontium isotopes from the pharyngeal teeth of the carp.11 Comparison of the oxygen values in the archaeological teeth with those of modern carp and water samples from various Anatolian lakes and rivers showed that the carp from Sagalassos originated from a lake, but it was not possible to establish which one exactly. A similar procedure was used with the strontium isotopes, but surprisingly, given the success in provenancing terrestrial animals and man, the results were inconclusive as a result of the large variation in the Sr-isotope ratios within modern fish from the same locality and even within the teeth of a single tooth row of one individual. All the projects mentioned above involved substan-tial fieldwork and sampling also beyond the territory of Sagalassos and this was only possible thanks to the financial means and scientific freedom offered within the project.

The more than 20 years of excavation have produced large amounts of bones from domestic fowl and it was striking that a high proportion of them contained medullary bone, a kind of secondary bone that serves as a calcium reserve for egg shell production during the laying season. Two methodological studies were carried out on these chicken bones. The first one managed to establish that three types or ‘breeds’ of domestic fowl existed by considering, unlike previous studies, only the female animals (with medullary bone) and by applying mixture analysis to them combined with traditional osteometric analyses.12 Another study considered the growth rings and the amount of medullary bone in a series of 55 modern fowl with the aim of testing the hypothesis that the high amount of chicken with medullary bone at Sagalassos (and also at Berenike, a site along the Red Sea coast of egypt) was a result of the slaughtering of older hens at the end of the laying season, as prescribed by classical authors.13 This was, as with the draught oxen, a study on modern specimens in order to better understand archaeological phenomena.

Another study carried out on Sagalassos material that is of wider relevance for the archaeozoological community is the one on the prey remains of eagle owl (Bubo bubo) found in the Roman baths.14 The composition of the discovered assemblages made it possible to

8 Van Neer et al. 2000; 2008.9 Wildekamp et al. 1997; Van Neer et al. 1999.10 Wildekamp et al. 1999.11 Dufour et al. 2007.12 De Cupere et al. 2005.13 Van Neer et al. 2002.14 De Cupere et al. 2009.



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distinguish roosting from nesting sites for the first time in an archaeological context and hence serve as a prime reference for deposits made by these large birds of prey.

Finally, it should be mentioned that within the Sagalassos project two doctoral studies were carried out that dealt with husbandry practices. The one by ingrid Beuls on sheep and goat herding focussed heavily on the possibilities and shortcomings of methods such as microwear analysis and the use of cementum lines for ageing and seasonality determina-tion.15 This work involved intensive fieldwork to observe the feeding behaviour of modern sheep and goat, and, in addition, skulls and skeletons were prepared of 75 animals that served, and still serve, for comparative purposes. The doctoral thesis of Sofie Vanpoucke provided a diachronic reconstruction of pig keeping and was based on the analysis of metrical data, dental microwear and linear enamel hypoplasia.16 The diachronic approach was again only possible thanks to the large amount of material that was available for each period.

Although intrasite comparisons are possible on a diachronic and spatial level, the possibilities are somewhat limited when it comes to intersite comparisons for the simple reason that there is hardly any other contemporaneous site where faunal remains have been so systematically collected during excavation. For the domestic fauna, which can be quite adequately collected by hand, some comparisons within Anatolia are possible when it comes to the analysis of the faunal spectrum and thus the choices made in the husbandry practices. evaluating the role of, for example, fowling and fishing in the subsistence is seriously hampered by the fact that thus far few other classical excavations have carried out sieving of the excavated sediment.

The latest results and prospects for the future

The fortunate situation that the multiperiod site of Sagalossos yielded so much faunal remains of excellent preservation makes it attractive for carrying out pilot projects in close collaboration with colleagues from other disciplines working within the Center for Archaeological Science (CAS) at the University of leuven. As an example, the study on the heavy metal pollution observed in the bones of domestic animals can be mentioned. This study documented different provenances of the main domestic mammals (cattle, pig and goat) through time that can be linked to socio-economic and political changes and developments in the countryside.17 This type of approach had never been used before and the first results were confirmed and even more detailed by an analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes involving no less than 454 animals.18 Work is continuing along these lines, now with sequential isotopic analysis of teeth of sheep, goat, cattle and pig (Frémondeau et al. in preparation) that will allow the reconstruction of livestock mobility and seasonality of husbandry practices. plant remains are also being studied isotopically in order to better understand the whole food web.19

15 Beuls 2004.16 Vanpoucke 2008.17 Vanhaverbeke et al. 2011.18 Fuller et al. 2012.19 Riehl et al., in preparation.



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Thus far the stable isotope analysis of the human remains has dealt with carbon and nitrogen of 49 individuals dated between the Classical-Hellenistic and middle Byzantine periods. Thanks to the continued excavations, especially in the eastern necropolis and, in 2013, in the area of the eastern Suburbia Church, no less than 37 individuals are available for analysis in the meantime. Of the new individuals that will be studied in the near future not only carbon and nitrogen isotopes will be analysed, but also the sulphur isotopes, which will allow better documentation of the aquatic component in the diet and which also has the possibility of recognising immigrants from coastal areas. it will obviously be very challenging to confront this type of information with the palaeogenetic data that are available20 or that will be obtained from the newly excavated individuals. in addition, the traditional physical anthropological analyses will continue to be carried out to establish age, sex and stature of the individuals and to document their health condition through palaeopathological analysis. Of course, information on the type and method of burial, and grave goods will also need to be included in order to approach human identity and diet in an integrated way.

Besides the aforementioned palaeogenetic studies on the catfish and humans, other animal species (pig and cat) found at Sagalassos are also being studied, taking advantage of the good preservation of ancient DNA at the site. in both cases, it was the material of Sagalassos that was first analysed, but each study has been gradually extended both chronologically and spatially in order to address more globally the domestication history of these animals. The results of the pig study document the human mediated spread of domestic pigs from Anatolia into europe during the Neolithic, and the subsequent reintroduction of domestic pigs from europe into Anatolia and the Near east during the Bronze Age, which eventually replaced the local domestic pigs with a Near eastern signature.21 This turnover is also evident in the region of pisidia, where domestic pigs from Sagalassos and Düzen Tepe were analysed, chronologically spanning the 5th

century BC to the 12th century AD and all showing a european maternal signature. Recently, the cats from Sagalassos, but also from other Anatolian, levantine, and North African sites, are being studied with the aim of verifying whether one or more domestication events took place.22

it was, and still is, worth systematically retrieving the animal remains, both by hand-collecting in the trench and by wet sieving. The materials that are stored in the storage containers at the excavation house are a valuable ‘library’ that can be used in the future for additional ‘traditional’ analyses of a osteomorphometric, osteological or palaeopathological nature. They need also to be taken care of in the future so that they can serve for more analyses of a technical nature such as ancient DNA work, stable isotope studies, and possible new techniques such as geometric morphometrics that may well gain importance in the future.

in the examples mentioned above, besides archaeologists, specialists are involved from various disciplines such as archaeozoology, macrobotany, palaeogenetics, stable isotope analysis and physical anthropology. All this expertise is presently available at the University of leuven and this can also be seen as a legacy of marc Waelkens. it was thanks to his initia-tive and efforts that the Center for Archaeological Sciences (CAS) was created in 2005. He realised the potential of the wide variety of disciplines involved in the interdisciplinary work

20 Ottoni et al. 2011.21 Ottoni et al. 2013.22 Ottoni et al., in preparation.



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at Sagalassos and promoted this type of approach to other archaeological sites excavated by teams from the University of leuven. Within this structure of CAS expertise grew and in a next step, in 2010, the project was prolonged for seven years, this time, however, with archaeological sites of the University of leuven no longer being the focus but rather the application of new and multiple methodologies to interesting assemblages. Again Sagalassos triggered research that goes beyond the actual site itself. As for ourselves, it has always been possible to find a good equilibrium between providing the relevant archaeozoological infor-mation from find contexts the archaeologists were interested in and, on the other hand, to exploit particular aspects of the faunal material from a methodological point of view. All this has been very satisfying and we want to express our sincere gratitude to marc for the possi-bilities offered over the years and for the pleasant cooperation that we have enjoyed.

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Documents

VAN NEER, W. & DE CUPERE, B., 2013. Two decennia of faunal analysis at Sagalassos. In: Poblome, J. (ed.) Exempli Gratia. Sagalassos, Marc Waelkens and interdisciplinary archaeology