a newsletter of World Hunger Education Service

VOL. 8 NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 1982

VIS4 FOR V/CE OR V/RTUE?

YoufZZ never run across a more "SunsationaZV Vacation

( A i r Jamaica advertisement)

You've p u t i n a y e a r ' s h a r d work and you want a r e s t , a t ime away from home, t h e job , and t h e weather. I n v i t a t i o n s t o t h e sun, sand, and seas such as the above appear o f t e n t o l u r e n o r t h e r n t o u r i s t s t o sou thern c l i m a t e s . Once t he p layground o f o n l y the very wea l thy , i s l ands , coas ta l c o u n t r i e s , and i n t e r i o r lands b l essed w i t h p l easu rab le a t t r a c t i o n s have beckoned t o more and more t o u r i s t s i n recen t years.

R i s i n g standards o f 1 i v i n g i n the North have en-, ab led more m idd le c l a s s fami 1 i es t o escape $))in- t e r ' s c h i l l o r summer's doldrums f o r an e x o t i c week i n the Caribbean, i n A f r i c a , i n Southeast As ia . C o r r e s p o ~ d i n g l y , c o u n t r i e s w i t h vaca t i on p o t e n t i a l have recognized t h a t they have re - sources t o s e l l i n the t o u r i s t market .

A s u b s t a n r i a l p o r t i o n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t ou r i sm i s an exchange between the f i r s t and t h i r d wor lds , much as t rade i n m i n e r a ! ~ o r t r o p i c a l produce has been. Whi le most i n t e r n a t i o n a l t o u r i s t s s t i l l t r a v e l from one i n d u s t r i a l i z e d n a t i o n t o another , t ou r i sm has become a s i g n i - f i cant e l e ~ n e r ~ t i n the development s t r a t e g i e s o f many t h i r d w o r l d coun t r i es .' T h i r d w o r l d vaca- t i o n spots appear p r m i n e n t l y i n the co rpo ra te p lans o f f i r s t w o r l d t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y execu- t i v e s as w e l l as i n the vaca t i on dreams o f M r . and Mrs. Smith, o r Smythe, o r Schmidt.

Tourism i z a!so a t h i r d wor!d t o t h i r d iedorld exchange. I n Southeast Asia, one q u a r t e r t o more than one h a l f o f t o u r i s t a r r i v a l s i n Hong Kong, Thai land, Singapore, and Malays ia come from o t h e r Southeast As i an c o u n t r i e ~ . ~ I n A f r i c a , some 88 pe rcen t o f t o u r i s t s t r a v e l con- s i d e r a b l e d i s tance3 f rom home, compared t o 1 4 percent i n Europe.

H i1 l i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a t dec i s i ons t o f l y ( o r c r ~ i i s e or s a i l ) i n t o the sun add up t o a m u l t i - b i i l i o n d o l l a r i n d u s t r y , a f f e c t i n g n o t o n l y t he t o u r i s t b u t the balance o f t r ade . I n t e r n a t i o n - a l tour ism accounted f o r $75 b i I 1 i o n i n 1 9 7 9 ; ~ s i n c e then, t ou r i sm has topped even o i 1 ,5 t o take f i r s t p l a c e i n w o r l d t rade. A poor n a t i o n t h a t develops i t s t o u r i s t p o t e n t i a l may tap some o f the t r a d e t o boost i t s f o r e i g n exchange, p u t more o f i t s peop le t o work, and improve i t s roads and p ~ t b l i c se rv i ces . O r such a n a t i o n may f i n d t h a t t he f i n a n c i a l rewards o f i t s t o u r i s t development a r e expor ted, t h a t i t s new, b e t t e r - p a i d employees a r e fo re ign n a t i o n a l s , and t h a t i t s improved roads serve on l y those speeding from ai r p o r t s t o hoteTs.

K 1 ( 5 o u r c t : n c Ulmcss, V o l . 65, Ilo. 7 , J u l y 1982)

The ~ o u r i s t may ga in understanding o f another c u l t u r e - meet ing people as they work and 1 i v e , admi r ing t h e i r a r t s , t a s t i n g t h e i r foods, l ea rn - i n g t h e i r h i s t o r y . More l i k e l y , the t o u r i s t

w i 1 1 s imply t r a v e l f rom one r e - c r e a t i o n o f the w o r l d he a r she l e f t a t home t o another - s tandard ized h o t e l s , imported c u i s i n e , a f t e r - noons by ehe 7001 o r on t h e g o l f course. Yet agai n , the t o u r i s t may go home disenchanted w i t h t r a v e l , d; sgus ted wi t h cheap goods and poor se rv i ce , and d isparagfng o f the c u l t u r e s he o r she has he lped undermine, however u n w i t t i n g l y .

One i r ony o f t ou r i sm i s t h a t i t s development can cheapen and r u i n many o f t he very qua1 i t i e s t h a t made an area a t t r a c t i v e before i t s develop- ment. Local c u l t u r e and 1 i f e s t y l e s a r e o f t e n e a r l y v i c t i m s o f the growth o f hotel.5, g o l f courses, and g i f t markets. Nor a r e a1 1 o f these losses i n t a n g i b l e - h o t e l s 1 l n i n g a wa te r - f r o n t may b a r r i c a d e l o c a l fU3hermen f rom the source o f t h r i r 1 i v e l ihood,'-and g o l f courses remove l and f rom food product ion .

DEVELOP I NG-COUNTRY TOVRI S M

No economic s e c t o r i s f a i I -sa fe , b u t t ou r i sm i s among the l e a s t s t a b l e . As one r e p o r t no tes , "An economy t h a t r e l i e s h e a v i l y on tou r i sm b u i l d s i t s f u t u r e on s h i f t i n g sands."7 A t o u r i s t i n f l u x can stop on a dime a t t he t h r e a t o f p o l i t i c a l d i s r u p t i o n , and the p o p u l a r i t y o f t o u r i s t l o c a l e s can subside as w e l l as surge.

Except f o r the i l i d d l e East, deve lop ing-count ry areas have i n c r e a s i n g l y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n the i m - p r e s s i ve growth o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t ou r i sm over t he pas t 25 years.8 A f r i c a n tou r i sm increased 250 percent i n the decade between 1962 and 1972.9 The Asia-Aust r a l a s i a share o f ~ o r l d t r ade i n t ou r i sm grew by ove r 400 pe rcen t f rom 1950 t o 1975.10 I n the Caribbean - none o f whose i s l ands a r e s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t i n food de- s p i t e a g r i c u l t u r e ' s prominence i n t he i r econo- mies - tou r i sm accounts f o r more than 50 pe r - cent o f GNP i n t h e Bahamas, Cayman I s l ands , Antigua, and o the rs - i n c l u d i n g P res iden t Reagan's recent vaca t i on spot, Barbados. The Caribbean was an e a r l y p a r t i c i p a n t i n t cu r i sm, engaging i n mass tou r i sm s i n c e t h e 1950s. l1

Whi le t ou r i sm s t i l l represents a much sma l l e r p o r t i o n o f GNP i n most d e v e l o ~ i n g areas than i n the Caribbean - l e s s than 10 percent i n a1 1 Southeast Asian coun t r i es except S i ngapofe i n 1978 - the increase i n t o u r i s t r ece ip t s i n such coun t r i es has been s u b s t a n t i a l i n the l a s t 20 years. Singapore i t s e l f r e g i s t e r e d v i r t u a l l y no income from t o u r i s t s i n 1960 and l e s s than $50 m i l l i o n i n 1970. By 1978, toy5ism b rough t n e a r l y $400 m i l l i o n t o Singapore.

Tourism i n Jamaica i s s a i d t o have grown some 24 percent i n the year between May 1987 and A p r i l 1982, as Prime M i n i s t e r Seaga's govern- ment t a r g e t s tour ism, aTong w i t h e x p o r t manu- f a c t u r e and aa ro - i ndus t r y , f o r new investment.

In the F ; r s t t h ree months o f 1932, Jamaica ranked f i f t h i n the w o r l d - measured propor - t i o n a t e l y - i n gross f o r e i g n exchange earned from tour ism.13 J a m a i d s t o u r i s t f o r tunes

a r e n o t e n t i r e l y t y p i c a l . Recent growth must be measured aga ins t p rev ious dec l i nes , d u r i n g former Prime M i n i s t e r Manleyls emphasis on i m - p o r t s u b s t i t u t i o n . But Jamaica's exper ience r e f l e c t s the k inds o f swings tou r i sm can take i n a deve lop ing coun t r y .

Someone must t h i n k tour isnl i s a good idea f o r developing na t i ons . I n f a c t , m u l t i l a t c r a l a i d i n s t i c u t i o n s have been among a c t i v e suppor ters o f t ou r i sm development, w i t h the World Bank Group t a k i n q the lead. Un i ted Nat ions agen- c i e s such as the UN Development Program (UNDP) , the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) , and the l n t e r n a t i o n a l Labor Organiza- t i o n ( ILO) , have a l s o supported the development o f t ou r i sm i n the t h i r d wo r ld , as has the World Tourism 0 r g a n i z a t i o n . 1 4

FORE l GN EXCHANGE

Despi t e an UNCTAD r e p o r t t h a t deemed tou r i sm "a r e l a t i v e 1 e f f i c i e n t earner o f f o re ign ex- change ,"l5 doubts remain. One study repor ted1 y concluded t h a t "some c o u n t r i e s l ose so much on the exchange t h a t they a r e a c t u a l l y s u b s i d i z i n g the ho l i days o f r i c h t o u r i s t s . " 1 6

Measuring economic e f f e c t s means assessing the "leakages" i n f o r e i g n exchanges as we1 1 as the revenues. l 7 Leakages a re the cos ts o f imports necessary t o e s t a b l i s h and ma in ta in a t ou r i sm t rade. P ro f i t s themselves may w e l l be expor ted, p a r t i c u l a r l y where h o t e l s a re owned by i n t e r - n a t i o n a l co rpo ra t i ons . I n a d d i t i o n , improve- ments i n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e - roads, a i r p o r t s , sewers, e l e c t r i c i t y - must be p a i d f o r , and aga in many o f the components w i l l be impor ts . A d v e r t i s i n g and promot ion are c o s t l y as w e l l and cannot be s t i n t e d i f a country i s t o a t - t r a c t t o u r i s t s - and the t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y t h a t precedes them. (Sel I i n g i t s e l f i s an ongoing concern f o r a hos t count ry . I n 1982, 70 pe r - cent o f Jamaica's a d v e r t i s i n g budget wi 1 1 be spent t o a t t r a c t summer v i s i t o r s , as Jamaica attemp t o make i t s t o u r i s t t r a d e year - round. ") As i n any community o r count ry seek ing t o a t t r a c t investment, t a x i ncen t i ves and s i m i l a r rewards must be o f f e r e d developers, aga in a t a cos t t o the government. (A t a l a t e r s tage, d u t y - f r e e goods a t t r a c t shopping t o u r - i s t s - and leave v i r t u a l l y no revenue from t h e i r sa le i n the hos t government's hands.19)

The UN Center f o r Transnat iona ls (UNTC) found t h a t d i r e c t f o r e i g n exchange leakages consumed 21 percent t o 50 pe rcen t o f t o u r i s t r e c e i p t s i n a sample o f f o u r underdeveloped h o s t coun t r i es . I n d i r e c t losses add t o t he d ra in .

"The h e a r t o f mass tou r i sm i s the h o t e l se'ctor," and about h a l f o f t o u r i s m ' s r e c e i p t s acc rue - to t h a t sec to r . Not on ly a re s u b s t a n t i a l imports necessary f o r h o t e l c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t impor t

needs o f h o t e l s cont inue. About a t h i r d o f I i o te l food purchases are impor ts . "Overal I , d i r e c t impor t requ i remen t s seem t o average about 25 percent o f bo th i n i t i a l investment and o p e r a t i n g cos ts " i n the h o t e l sec to r .

I n the meantime, i n t e r n a t i o n a l h o t e l s i n under- developed c o u n t r i e s expo r t n o t o n l y p r o f i t s b u t a l s o i n t e r e s t and some p o r t i o n o f the average 23 percent o f h o t e l s a l a r i e s and wages t h a t a re p a i d t o f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l s ( 7 percent o f h o t e l employees). The World Tourism Organ iza t ion es t imates t h a t from 50 percent t o 75 percent o r more o f gross revenue i n foreign-owned h o t e l s leaves the hos t count ry i n i m ~ o r t cos ts , i n t e r e s t , and p r o f i t s .

Foreign Visitors to Southeast Asia, 1960,1970, end 1979

Source: tnlemalional Unfon of OmCIal Travel Organ~zahons, lnternal~onal Travel Sta11811cs. 1W. 1970. Aman aBVBlcpn?ml Bank. Annual Repan 1979

JOB CREATl ON

"A j o i n t 1979 UNESCO and World Bank Publ i c a t i o n (Tourism: Passport for ~ e v e l o ~ m e n t ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t ou r i sm creates between 3 and 10 percent o f jobs bo th d i r e c t l y through h o t e l s , res tau- r a n t s , t r a v e l agencies, e t c . , and i n d i r e c t l y i n r e l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s such as t r a n s p o r t . Women and young people b e n e f i t most from these employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s and incomes general l y r i s e as a resu l t .112O

Th is imp1 i e d opt imism i s n o t u n i v e r s a l l y re - f l e c t e d . "Almost a l 1 s tud ies . . . d i spe l the no- t i o n t h a t t ou r i sm o f f e r s an inexpensive way o f gene ra t i ng employment ,It r e p o r t s the Southeast As ia Chron ic le . Al though one source notes a c l a i m t h a t i n the Gambia 5000 jobs e x i s t f o r every 1000 t o u r i s t beds , j 2 another c i t e s a study o f h o t e l employment i n East A f r i c a t h a t generat- i n g jobs i n t o u r i s t h o t e l s cos ts two t o t h ree

times the amount needed t o c r e a t e jobs i n manu- f a c t u r i n g o r repa i r s .23 I n the P h i l i p p i n e s i n 1980, o n l y .08 percent o f the l a b o r f o r c e had jobs r e l a t e d t o tour ism, desp i te P res iden t Marcos1 commi tment o f hundreds o f m i l l ions o f d o l l a r s t o t ou r i sm as "an i n d u s t r y t h a t i s c ru - c i a l t o n a t i o n a l d e ~ e l o p m e n t . " ~ ~ S i m i l a r c i r - cumstances p r e v a i l i n the P a c i f i c ; i n 1977-78, 1.2 percent o f Tonga's jobs were i n t he t o u r i s t s e c t o r , 4 percent o f F i j i ' and 8.2 percent o f those i n the Cook I s l a n s . 2 ? ~ ?

SELF-RELIANCE

Few would c l a i m t h a t t ou r i sm c o n t r i b u t e s d i r e c t - l y t o goals o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e f o r deve lop ing c o u n t r i e s . The pr imary advantage tou ted i s the p o t e n t i a l ga in i n f o r e i g n exchange, which can then be a p p l i e d i n o t h e r development p r o j e c t s i n the hos t coun t r y . Tourism does n o t produce f o r domest ic consumption. Aside f rom the s t r i k i n g ques t i on o f how much o f f o r e i g n earnings from tou r i sm remain f o r e i g n , the uses o f revenues generated by tou r i sm may themsel ves be quest ion- a b l e . T o u r i s t s must be fed, watered, t r ans - po r ted , e n t e r t a i n e d , and kep t sa fe . Government expend i tu res r e l a t e d t o these a c t i v i t i e s may n o t o n l y consume newly generated revenues, b u t a l s o d i v e r t i n t e r n a l resources f rom the needs o f the r e s i d e n t popu la t i on . P r i v a t e investment t h a t f lows toward t o u r i s t se rv i ces again d i v e r t s resources t h a t might o therwise be appl i e d t o the p roduc t i on o f goods and se rv i ces f o r l o c a l consumption, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t he absence o f a n a t i o n a l commitment t o s e l f - r e l i a n c e .

FROM THE VIEW OF A THIRD-WORLDER: ADAPTING TO TOURISM

Ratu S i r Kamisese Mara o f F i j i i d e n t i f i e s " p a r t i c i p a t i o n " as the key i n d i r e c t i n g p o s i t i v e l y t he process o f a c c u l t u r a t i o n t h a t accompan i es exposure t o Western values . Among h i s examples a r e i n c o r p o r a t i n g h i s s o c i e t y ' s t r a d i t i o n a l elements i n t o t o u r i s t development t o enhance tou r ism's va lue. For example, he c i t e s the adap ta t i on o f Samoan house c o n s t r u c t i o n " t o make a most a t t r a c - t i v e t o u r i s t h o t e l ( i n Western Samoa) which g ives comfort and coolness, w h i l e a t the same t ime g i v i n g the guests a f e e l i n g t h a t they r e a l l y a re i n a d i f f e r e n t coun t r y , and n o t s imply i n another h o t e l bedroom which i s the same whether i t be i n London, Tokyo, New York o r P a r i s . " Ach iev ing such i n c o r - p o r a t ion depends on ach iev ing " p a r t i c i pa- t i o n " - - j o i n t pa r tne rsh ips i n dec i s i ons about development. Land ownership , he notes , g ives o p p o r t u n i t y " t o demand p a r t i c i p a t i o n , o r some reasonable arrangement, i n many e n t e r p r i s e s where l and i s invo lved. T o u r i s t e n t e r p r i s e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t e d t o t h i s form o f pa r tne rsh ip . . .." From l ~ A c c u l t u r a t i o n i n the South P a c i f i c , " Ratu S i r Kamisese Mara, Ideas and Ac t i on , FAO, Vo l . 141, No. 3, 1981 ,p . 15-19.

I n the P h i l i p p i n e s , where one a n a l y s i s f i n d s t h a t the emphasis on development o f t ou r i sm can on l y be understood as a p o l i t i c a l s t r a t e g y , r a t h e r than an economic one, government f inanc- i n g o f h o t e l development exceeds by 30-40 t imes government expendi tures on pub1 i c housi ng.26 In H a i t i as i n the P h i l i p p i n e s , the r e l a t i o n - s h i p o f t ou r i sm t o t he needs o f p o v e r t y - s t r i c - ken people and the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t ou r i sm t o the maintenance o f a rep ress i ve government beg examinat ion. " I n H a i t i ... the poores t count ry i n the Caribbean, t o u r i s t s pay more f o r a s i n - g l e n i g h t ' s accommodation i n opu len t h o t e l s than many H a i t i a n s g e t p a i d i n a l i f e t i m e . How can such a count ry be descr ibed as a ' t o u r i s t pa rad i se1?" asks the recent Assoc ia te General Secre tary o f the C h r i s t i a n Conference o f ~ s i a.27 The i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t ' s obse rva t i on on the Caribbean, i n an a r t i c l e on the West I nd ies , cou ld be made o f o t h e r t o u r i s t areas i n develop- i n g reg ions as w e l l : "The r e a l i t y o f the Caribbean, the sober ing gut-wrenching pover ty o f the poor ma jo r i t y , the massi ve unemployment, the unacceptable gaps between power and i m - potence i s a s i d e o f the canvas whi ch remains hidden t o the casual t o u r i s t . ' 1 2 ~

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COSTS

A f t e r a decade o f p r i o r i t y concern about t o u r - ism, the P a c i f i c Conference o f Churches (PCC) undertook i n 1981 a study o f the s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l cos ts o f the reg ion ' s i n c r e a s i n g em- phas is on tour ism i n n a t i o n a l development p lans . To o b t a i n the economic b e n e f i t s t ou r i sm i s s a i d t o b r i n g , the study s t a t e s , hos t n a t i o n s w i l l need t o assure g rea te r l o c a l c o n t r o l : " P o l i - c i e s must be enacted t h a t wi I 1 ensure t h a t more jobs w i l l be p rov ided f o r more l o c a l people i n a l l l e v e l s o f the i n d u s t r y , more o f the indus- t r y w i l l be loca l ly -owned and operated, and more l o c a l products w i 1 1 be used, a l l o f which would keep the p r o f i t s o f tour ism i n the coun- t r y , work ing f o r the people o f the count ry .Y29

The PCC1s Study Resource document, "Paci f i c Tourism: Contrasts i n Values and Expecta t ions , " c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e s t he underside o f t o u r i s m ' s supposed benef i t s : 30

Improvements i n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , p a i d f o r by l o c a l taxes, may b e n e f i t on l y the t o u r i s t s and those who happen t o l i v e near t o u r i s t a t t r a c t ions , wh i l e resources a re d i v e r t e d from o t h e r areas. New f a c i l i t i e s f o r re - c r e a t i o n and o t h e r enjoyments o f t e n serve on l y the t o u r i s t popu la t i on . Imports f o r t o u r i s t purchases may be ava i l a b l e t o the l o c a l popu la t i on , b u t they can d i s t o r t a l o c a l economy. Domestic demand f o r the imported goods increases, t o the de t r imen t o f l o c a l i n d u s t r y ( i n c l u d i n g food p roduc t i on ) and p r i c e s are o f t e n i n f l a t e d . Whi le some (peop le) exper ience increased i ncomes, com- muni t y 1 i f e su f fe rs d i v i s i o n s between those newly employed and those l e f t unemployed. M a t e r i a l ism and dependence o f t e n f o l l o w

r a p i d r i s e s i n income, and t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i a l

s t r u c t u r e s d e c l i n e . any o b s e r v e r s , i n - c l u d i n g UNCTAD, have p o i n t e d o u t t h a t r i s i n g incomes i n r e c i p i e n t c o u n t r i e s a r e o f t e n spen t on i m p o r t e d goods, as t h o s e who a r e a b l e , b e g i n t o e m u i a t e t h e l i f e s t y l e s o f t h e i r v i s i t o r s .

N a t u r a l resources may b e p r e s e r v e d , b u t t h e y may a l s o be d e s t r o y e d i n t h e development o f r e s o r t s o r by t h e t o u r i s t s thenise lves - c o r a l r e e f s t a k e n p i e c e b y p i e c e a r e an example o f t h e l a t - t e r . C u l t u r a l l o s s e s a r e a l m o s t i n e v i t a b i e i f c u l t u r a l p r e s e r v a t i o n i s d i r e c t e d t o w a r d t o u r - i s t s ' i n t e r e s t s . The t r a d i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e o f customs and c e l e b r a t i o n s canno t be m a i n t a i n e d when e n t e r t a i n m e n t v a l u e s p r e v a i l . C r a f t qua1 i t y d e t e r i o r a t e s w i t h mass p r o d u c t i o n f o r t o u r i s t s a l e s .

The p o l i t i c a l b e n e f i t s o f improved i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g depend on m e e t i n g t o u r i s t s ' e x - p e c t a t i o n s . Where t h e ind igenous p o p u l a t i o n b e g i n s t o ~ ! a y t o t h e t o u r i s t s ' images, " a u t h e n t i c c u l t u r e ceases t o be t h e p r i o r i t y and g i v i n g t h e t o u r i s t t h e i r money's w o r t h i s t h e new p r i o r i t y ." I n f a c t , p r o v i d i n g t h e t o u r i s t w i t h d o m e s t i c t r a n q u i l i t y necessary f o r a p l e a s a n t , c r i m e - f r e e v a c a t i o n may e x t e n d t o p o i i c i n g a c t i v i t i e s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e r e p r e s s i o n o f t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n .

Most t e l l i n g l y , t h e PCC a n a l y s i s o f t o u r i s m ' s e f f e c t s c o n c l u d e s : "One o f t h e myths o f con- temporary i n t e r n a t i o n a l t o u r i s m i s t h a t i t b u i l d s up peace and f r i e n d s h i p among p e o p l e . Among t h e upper- c l a s s e s t h e r e may be some t r u t h i n t h i s c l a i m . B u t s i n c e commercial t o u r i s m i s e s s e n t i a l l y an e x p l o i t a t i v e i n d u s t r y w h i c h g l a r i n g l y c o n t r a s t s l i f e s t y l e s and economies i t can h a r d l y o r g a n i z e peace and f r i e n d s h i p i n i t s p r e s e n t fo rm. Through t o u r i s m , t h e deve loped w o r l d e x p o r t s i t s l i f e s t y l e t o t h e c o u n t r i e s o f t h e t h i r d w o r l d and s o f u r t h e r e n s l a v e s them. The s o c i a l e f f e c t s o f t h i s movement a r e s u f f i - c i e n t l y n e g a t i v e f o r us t o recommend t h e s e v e r e 1 im i t a t i o n o f t h e t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y i n t h i r d w o r l d c o u n t r i e s . ' '

"Marvellous to t h i n k , Ema, t h a t , j u s t by coming he re for a low-price vacation, we are strengthening a native economy."

TO BUILD A BETTER TOURIST

Shou ld we a! 1 s t a y hope? The P a c i f i c Conference o f Churches names two p r i o r i t i e s f o r a1 t e r i n g t o u r i s m toward g o a l s o f j u s t i c e and s u s t a i n a - b i l i t y . One i s t o remove t h e s t r u c t u r a l b a r - r i e r s i n t h e t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y w h i c h p r e v e n t genu ine i n t e r - c u l t u r a l encoun te rs and : i m i t t o u r i s t s t o r e l a t i o n s based on monetary v a l u e . The second i s " t o educa te t o u r i s t - s e n d i n g coun- t r i e s abou t t h e p e o p l e and the problems o f t h e c o u n t r y they hope t o v i s i t . ~ ' 3 ~ A l t e r n a t i v e t o u r i s m , i n v o l v i a g a u t h e n t i c encoun tei-s between t o u r i s t and h o s t c u l t u r e , i s p o s s i b l e , a c c o r d - i n g t o PCC - w i t h cavea ts a g a i n s t t h e tempta- t i o n t o c a p i t a l i z e on even t h i s forn i o f t o u r i s m and a g a i n s t t h e i n e v i t a b i e push t o w a r d change i n t h e h o s t c u l t u r e t h a t any t o u r i s m b r i n g s . 3 3

I n the Code o f E t h i c r f o r T o u r i s t s , r e p r i n t e d here , s t e p s i n d i v i d u a l t o u r i s t s can t a k e t o m i n i m i z e t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o i l t o t h e problems o f t h i r d w o r l d t o u r i s m a r e suggested.

A Code of Ethics For Tourists

The following code wnm proparad by a group 01 church Isadem from the Chrfsilan Confet'Uf7~8 of Ask.

1. f n v d In a rplrlt of humlllty and wlth a gmuln. demlre to team more aboul the psople of your horl country.

2. 64 wnsttlvely awsre 01 Ihe lccllnga of other people, thur preventing what mlght be oifenslve behavlor on your part. Thlr appllea vety much to photo- Q~.P~Y.

3. Cultlvato the hablt of Ilrtening and obsewlng. rather than merely hearlng and aeelng.

4. Reallze that often the people In the counlry you vislt have nme concepts and thought patterns other than your own; this dms not make them Inledor, only dltferenl.

5. Instead of looklng for lhal "beach pamdlae," d l ~ o v e r the enrichment of Mslng a different way of Ilfe, through olher eyar.

6. Acqualnt yourrslf with lacab cusloms - people will be happy to help you.

7. Instead of the Western pmctlce of Icnowlng all lh. answen', cultivate the hsblt of Ilslenlng.

8. Rsmrnber Ihal you am only one 01 Ib It~ourandr of tourlab vlrl%ng lhlr country and do not expect rpcclal prlvlleger.

9. I1 you really want your srperlsncc Io ba 'a home away from horn: H la faollmh to waste money on lravelllng.

10. When you are mhopplng. member that %blrgaln* you obtnlnsd war 8nly porllble becaurr of the low wages pald to tha maker.

11. Spend llme mflectlngon ywrdalfy expwrknen In m ~Ihmpl to ywr und.nt.ndlnp.

A c o o r d i n a t o r o f s m a l l group t o u r s t o d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s has o t h e r u s e f u l s u g g e ~ t i o n s : 3 ~

FOOT NOTES

*Focus on l e a r n i n g , on b e i n g r e c e p t i v e t o newness.

*Seek o u t c o n t a c t s b e f o r e y o u go - t a l k abou t y o u r v a c a t i o n and y o u r i n t e r e s t i n v i s i t i n g , f o r i n s t a n c e , h e a l t h c l i n i c s , and a l m o s t as- s u r e d l y p e o p l e w i l l b e g i n t o respond: " I know someone who ...." Community o r g a n i z a - t i o n s , i n t e r e s t groups, p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s o c i - a t i o n s , church a f f i l i a t i o n s can a l l l e a d t o c o u n t e r p a r t s i n y o u r d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t r y .

Pursue - and s h a r e - y o u r own i n t e r e s t s as they appear i n t h e c o u n t r y y o u v i s i t . Math t e a c h e r s , d e n t i s t s , and g r o c e r s w i l l each l e a r n more abou t a v i s i t e d c o u n t r y by f o l - l o w i n g up on how math i s t a u g h t , d e n t i s t r y p r a c t i c e d , and f o o d marke ted t h a n anyone can g a t h e r i n t h e s t a n d a r d v a c a t i o n t o u r .

* G e t a l e t t e r o f i n t r o d u c t i o n f r o m y o u r Repre- s e n t a t i v e o r Sena to r t o t h e U . S . Ambassador i n t h e c o u n t r y you w i l l v i s i t . As a c i t i z e n and taxpayer , go t o meet y o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n t h a t c o u n t r y ; ask what t h e Embassy i s d o i n g as y o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t h e r e . Embassy personne l can a l s o h e l p make l o c a l a p p o i n t - ments f o r you, and can h e l p you make connec- t i o n s i n y o u r a r e a o f i n t e r e s t .

I n all v i s i t s , ask because y o u want t o l e a r n . Rely on a p e r s o n a l approach, e s t a b l i s h i n g a r e l a t i o n s h i p r a t h e r t h a n making a p o i n t . Most p e o p l e a r e p l e a s e d t o s h a r e someth ing o f t h e i r j o u r n e y w i t h you; s h a r e y o u r s as we1 1 . S e l f - d i s c l o s u r e , when a p p r o p r i a t e , c r e a t e s bond ing between persons .

* A r r a n g e c o m f o r t a b l e l o d g i n g . I n y o u r z e a l t o i d e n t i f y w i t h t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n , do n o t make c o n d i t i o n s so h a r d t h a t y o u g e t s i c k o r g i v e u p . T h i n k a b o u t w h a t y o u n e e d : a com- f o r t a b l e bed? h o t and c o l d w a t e r ? a p r i v a t e bathroom? d r i n k i n g w a t e r ? r e s t a u r a n t ? some assurance t h a t Engl i s h w i 1 l be unders tood? Decide what you w i l l need a t n i g h t , i f y o u a r e t o v e n t u r e i n t o an unaccustomed c u l t u r e by day. I f necessary , y o u can s e c u r e a room i n a t o p - f l i g h t h o t e l b e f o r e t r a v e l i n g and make o t h e r ar rangements - a pens ion , a l o c a l - l y otdned h o t e l , a f t e r a few days o n s i t e .

*Above a l l , go i n t e n d i n g t o l i s t e n , n o t t o t e l l ; t o l e a r n , n o t t o i n s t r u c t .

Sharon M a r t i n has worked w i t h a v a r i e t y o f r e l i g i o u s and o t h e r n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s a c t i v e on p u b l i c p o l i c y i s s u e s i n c l u d i n g F r i e n d s Committee on N a t i o n a l L e g i s l a t i o n and t h e I n t e r - r e l i g i o u s T a s k f o r c e on U.S. Food P o l i c y . Many o f h e r ass ignments have i n v o l v e d e d i t i n g and w r i t i n g f o r p u b l i c a t i o n s t o i n f o r m and a s s i s t c o n s t i t u e n t s . She i s a member o f t h e W r i t e r s Group o f t h e Church o f t h e S a v i o u r , Wash. D C .

1) ". ..Europe and N o r t h America.. .hos t 85 p e r c e n t o f t h e w o r l d ' s t o u r i s t s and c l a i m 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e revenues.. . ." - "See A f r i c a F i r s t ," Momar Kebe Mdiaye, The IORC Reports , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Research Center , V o l . 10, No. 4 , January 1982, p .7

2) "The Economics o f Tourism," Robert E. Wood, South- e a s t A s i a C h r o n i c l e , I ssue No. 78, A p r i l 1981, p .4

3) Ndiayr2. c i t . 4) "Char te r FI ight Development," Bob S t a n l e y , The IDR

Repor ts , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Research Center V o l . 10, No.4, January 1982, p.5.

5) " T h i r d Wor ld Tour ism: Who Wins, Who Loses?" Ron OIGrady, The Witness, Vo l . 65, No.7, J u l y 1982.p.6

6) ' I . . . t h i s i s t r u e one a r e a on t h e i s l a n d o f T a h i t i where no through pathways were l e f t between h o t e l s f o r t h e l o c a l peop le t o c a r r y t h e i r b o a t s and n e t s t o t h e sea." - " P a c i f i c Tour ism: Con t ras t i n Values and Expec ta t ions , " C y n t h i a 2. Biddlecomb Pac i f i c Conference o f Churches, L o t u Pas i f i k a Pro- d u c t i o n s . 1981. o. 13. . ~

7) "T roub le i n ~a;adise," New I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t , No. 9 December 1980. p .9 . . ,

Wood, G., pp. 2-3. Ndiaye, 9. G. Wood, z. c. , p. 3 . New I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t , p . 10. Wood, 9. c., c h a r t s , p .8 . "Jamaica: An A d v e r t i s i n g Supp t o n Post." J u l y 1982, pp. 5, --

Wash i n y

S t a n l e y , 9. c., p.5. I b i d . m a d y , 9. c., p. 4. See Wood, 9. c., pp. 5-8, f o r a n a l y s i s o f f o r - e i g n exchange leakages, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e h o t e l s e c t o r . Th is summary i s drawn from Wood's a n a l y s i "Jamaica," 9. c., p. 12. Biddlecomb, % G., p. 11. Ndiaye, 9. c ~ t . Wood, 2. c. , p . 7. S t a n l e y , 9. G., p.5. "The R e l a t i o n Between Tour ism and Employment i n Kenya and Tanzania," W a l t e r El kan, J o u r n a l o f Dev- opment S t u d i e s , January 1975, c i t e d by Wood, 9. c i t . , p.7. - "Tourism by Decree," L inda R i c h t e r , Southeast C h r o n i c l e , pp. 30, 27. Biddlecomb, 9: c.. p. 11. R i c h t e r , 9. G., pp. 27, 28. O'Grady, 9. c., p. 6. B iddlecomb, 9, c i t . , p . 1 2 . I b i d . , pp. 1 2 - 1 7 7 6 . S t a n l e y , c., p.5; Wood, 9. c., p. 8. Biddleman, 9. c., p . 30. Biddleman, op. c i t . , pp. 44-49. - - T e l e ~ h o n e i n t e r v i e w w i t h G. Paul Smyth, f o r New Wor ld R e v e l a t i o n s , 2025 Mass. Ave., NU. Washington DC 20036, May 1 1 , 1982.

A way t o f u l f i 1 1 one 's des i res f o r t r a v e l which goes beyond the usual t r i p abroad i s through c a r e f u l l y p lanned c u l t u r a l exchange programs. Such programs come i n a v a r i e t y o f packages : tw inn ing; workshops ; commun i t y s e r v i c e exchanges ; academic programs. They can be found f o r nea r l y any p a r t o f t he w o r l d and f o r any age group. Some l a s t f o r a year o r more, o the rs a r e fo r 10 - 14 days. A11 o f them promote i n t e r c u l t u r a l unders tand ing through i n te rpe rsona l e x p e r i - ences and c rea te o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o f o s t e r w o r l d peace. Some examples are :

1) People t o People l n t e r n a t i o n a l 2240 Pershing Road, S u i t e G-30 Kansas C i t y , MO 64208

A 2 - 4 week i n t e r n a t i o n a l exchange program f o r youth o r a d u l t s .

2) F r i endsh ip Force l n t e r n a t i o n a l 575 South Omni I n t . A t l a n t a , GA 30303

Plane- loads o f people from two c i t i e s s imul taneous ly t r ade homelands and a r e rece ived by hosts i n another count ry f o r 10 - 1 4 days.

3) I n s t i t u t e o f l n t e r n a t i o n a l Educat ion ( I l E ) 808 Un i ted Nat ions Plaza New York, NY 10017

Many i n t e r n a t i o n a l educat ion programs f o r a l l ages. O f f e r s f o r e i g n students o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o study i n the U.S. A lso i nvo l ved i n i n t e r - n a t i o n a l v i s i t o r s program f o r s tudents and p ro fess iona l s . A c t i v i t i e s focus on deve lop ing c o u n t r i e s .

I f you want t o l e a r n o f more such o p p o r t u n i t i e s , w r i t e f o r the A.T. D i r e c t o r y : People t o People - Networks, No. 20, Fa1 I , 1981. From: TRANET, P . O . Box 567, Rangeley, ME 04970. -6F2252.

CLOSER THAN T#€ "A few of us volunteered t o spend a week working w i t h Los Nines* ( t o find the answer t o ) 'Thy do you th ink you can make a d i f f e rence ? ' Poverty can become an abstract ion, and when it: does the nzlmbers can be ovemhelming, There i s no face i n those nwnbers which shows hunger or grat i tude for a cup of soup.

But with Los Uinos poverty i s touchable, cZoser than the misery t o u r i s t s see i n the backroads of t h e developing countr ies . (272e pro jec t ) d i s t r i b u t e s food and crea tes programs for volunteers t o join . 272e group a l so helps form cooperat?:ves for the poor families of Tijuana so they can break out of the c y c l e of poverty.

Those who ask the question, ' W z t good would it do?" must never have been so c lose t o condi t ions i n e i t h e r America's slwns or the Third IJorZd. 272e good i s v e ~ y c lear from t h a t perspect ive . Los f inas volun- t eers feed prdsoners who Pave gone without food for four days; they t z k e soup t o fami- l i e s s i f t i n g through trash t o f ind moldy tortiZZas. Each o f these a c t s makes a

. . . A t t imes, i n T i juarzz, the volunteers were t h i r s t y , hot and hungry--a cause for grumbling i f these sane teenagers had been a t ccunp. r h t h k s Pinos they learned not t o complain t h a t Zunch was only a d ~ j pea- nu t b u t t e r sandt~ich and warm water. At t imes, a l so , t h e volunteers ~ ~ o u t d den3 t h e i r own hunger so t h e o v h a n chi ldyen might have t r e a t s , Zike apples or oranges.

Most uho have touched the poor and known them have f e l t t h a t they t h e m s e l z ~ ~ 0s are r e - sponsibZe for condi t ions many mi les and oceans m a y . The teenagers who went from Berkeley t o Los 1;Iinos l a s t month said they want t o retz-rn i n another summer t o play with the orphanage chi ldren and take dwnp families on an outing a t the beach. Oize of t h m , who v i s i t e d i.!exico before, said she could never go back as ci t o u r i s t again."

From: Berkeley Gazette, p. 13, by Barbara Erickson

*Los minos i s a PVO d i r e c t ass is tance agency. For more information w r i t e : Paul V e i s s . Director. 930 B. Gutierrez

d i f f e rence . S t . , ~ a n t a - ~ a r b a r a , CA 93103. 805/962-9587.

Slave M e of the 80s Uhcn ?'neb) sold h e r v ig in i t y , her familg g o t a wel l . Taw,, works i n a massage parlor i n Baq- kok, and h w famiZy 2i.ves i n a remote v i l lage I:n ~ % i Z a d f s ?JortF,east. Of the $400 her m s - tomer paid Tor her servCces, Taed receiued $100, enough to provfde her family with a dependable supply o f drinking water. I t LUG u n&e ad&- t i o ~ to the house h i l t 10 years before w i t h mmey Tam ' S tZjo older s i s t e r s earned as mis- t r e ~ s e s t o hnerfcan GIs.

Until Tam ' s s i s t e r s went t o work for the ooZd- { e m , the family owned no Zand. T h g l i ved by sharing the work and the harvest on her unc le ' s Zand and by coZZecting food and fuel from the forest . It i2as an a n t who inkrodced Tam7's s f s t e r s t o the sex trade. ,%eir earnfngs radi- cally changed the fmiZy ' s s i tua t ion: the house was fol2oixd by the purchase of 15 acres of r i ce Zand and t u i t i o n payments for the younger sib- Zings t o stay i n selmoZ begond the compulsory fourth grade l eve l .

Now 18, it rdas Tam ' s turn t o uork for cash t o suppbment the farm'ty farm, ~ h i c h produced enough t o ea t onZy ?:n good years. yam foZZovad her s i s t e r to Bangkok, t,*h~re she t r i ed jobs as a cons tmct ion worker, ixmsemaid and m i t r e s s hefore entering n vussage parlor. EventuaZZy SF.B moved on t o becomc a l'coffEe sj:op gir l ," s i t t i n g i n a hotel co f f ee shop t o pick up for- eign curtorners. As a ZaForer and waitress, Tam never earnod more than $50 a month; n0lJ she sends $50-$100 a nont:: home t o her parents rrnd earm $200- $300.

Tam's parents do not k n m h m she earns the money she sen& them. 7 7 - 2 ~ ~ are proud of her success as a "uaitress ", although the ne7;ghbors say it is obv<ozrs that an uneducated young 7rfoman could not earn so much except as a pros t i tu te . T U ~ J conrpleted faurth grade; her ecrnings now keep three youngel- s i s t e r s i n sacorzdaq school. fie cash Tam and her older s i s t e r send home from Bargk.02 i s clouhZe r~hat the fc7miZy earns from i t s famt l a d , nonol~ rented out , yet the family ' s cr~rrent income pZaces it &st slight23 above the poverty l ine as d e f h e d by the bjorld Bank. If the t-wo daughters stopped earr'ing, the fam-i Zy wmZd s l i de .into a precarious stmgg2.e merely t o szi.bsfst.

Th i s e x c e r p t from a r e c e n t a r t i c l e on Bangkok's massage p a r l o u r b r o t h e l s f rom the Southeas t Asia C h r o n i c l e s t a t e s t h a t an e s t i m a t e d 200,000 t o 300,000 women a r e employed s i m i l a r l y t o Taew. Adver t i sements i n Western Europe, " s i n g l e men's t r a v e l gu ides1 ' i n Amer ica, a i r ! i n e t o u r s f o r women i n Scand inav ia , and agency t o u r packages i n Japan leave 1 i t t l e doubt about t he marke t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l sex t ou r i sm , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n South Korea, t he P h i l i p p i n e s and Tha i l and . The a v a i l - a b i 1 i t y o f women as a cheap commodity i s one o f t h e c h i e f g row th i n c e n t i v e s o f t h e t o u r i s t t r a d e .

Ru ra l p o v e r t y produces m i g r a t i o n t o the c i t i e s , where women may become p o o r l y p a i d f a c t o r y workers o r domest i c s e r v a n t s - o r s l i g h t l y b e t - t e r p a i d p r o s t i t u t e s . "Each o f these i s abys- m a l l y b a d l y p a i d and i nsecu re , b u t t he l a s t ( p r o s t i t u t i o n ) i s p robab l y t he most l u c r a t i v e , and sometimes i t i s t he o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e , " says Jane Cot t ingham o f I S I S , a Geneva based women's r i g h t s group.3

Only r e c e n t l y has much t h i s new " s l ave " t r a d e groups have begun e f f o t i o n . Bu t governments problem. One need n o t I n Thai land , f o r examp l a r g e s t source o f f o r e

Foo tno tes

1) "Bangkok Masseuses : Sky ,I1 Pasuk Phongpai ch c l e , No. 78, A p r i l 198 2 ) ' S e x and the Simple The IDRC Repor ts , l n t e -- search Center , Vo l . 10 3) I b i d . 4 ) Ibid. -

a t t e n t i o n been g i v e n t o Churches and women ' s

t s a g a i n s t t h e e x p l o i t a - r e f use t o c o n f r o n t t h e l o o k f a r f o r a reason. e, t o u r i s m i z t h e t h i r d gn exchange.

H o l d i n g up t h e Fami ly t, Southeas t A s i a Chron i - . P D . 15-16. ~ o u ' r i s t , " Rowan Shi r k i e , n a t i o n a l Development Re-

No. 4, Jan. 1982, p.6.

I n t he Ma lays ian i s l a n d o f Penang, t he p r o t e s t poe t C e c i l Rajendra sumrned up the e f f e c ; o f t o u r i s m :

(Quoted f r om " T h i r d Wor ld Tourism: Who Wins, Who Loses?" by Ron OIGrady, The W i tness , Vo1 . 6 5 , No. 7, J u l y 1982, p . 5 . )

The W M Bunk and Tourism Underdeveloped c o u n t r i e s d i d n o t s imply stumble on to tou r i sm as a p rom is ing way t o earn f o r e i g n exchange. B i l a t e r a l and m u l t i l a t e r a l a i d agen- c i e s have p laced i nc reas ing emphasis on tou r i sm as an area o f t echn i ca l ass is tance and l end ing .

The World Bank Group - composed o f the bank i t - s e l f , the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Assoc ia t i on ( I D A ) , and the l n t e r n a t i o n a l Finance Corpora t ion ( I FC) - has taken the lead i n us ing a i d money t o encourage i n t e r n a t i o n a l t ou r i sm i n underde- veloped coun t r i es . I t s emphasis on tou r i sm has been c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i t s general promot ion o f e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d development and has been imple- mented w i t h i n i t s t r a d i t i o n a l framework o f p ro - mot ing p r i v a e ownership o f p r o f i t a b l e e n t e r p r i s e s . r I n a recent conversat ion H . David Davis, World Bank Senior Tourism Special i s t o f the Urban P o l i c y Department o u t l i n e d the geographic loca- t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f the p r o j e c t s r e l a t e d . t o tour ism. There a re 24 p r o j e c t s i n 18 coun- t r i e s i n c l u d i n g 8 i n the Medi terranean, 3 i n Mexico, 2 each i n Dominican Repub l ic and Ivory Coast, and one each i n Barbados, Honduras, Kenya, Gambia, Senegal , Tanzan i a, Nepal , Korea, I ndo- nes ia . He exp la ined t h a t 13 o f these were i n f r a - s t r u c t u r e development as the main component, t h a t 5 were r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f supe rs t ruc tu res , 1 das i n h o t e l t r a i n i n g , b u t many o f the p r o j e c t s have t r a i n i n g components. There a re two general types o f i n f r a s t r u c t u r e development: one i s t o b u i l d a t o u r i s t complex master p lan , one i s t o add i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o an a l ready e x i s t i n g tou r i sm area, such as the p r o j e c t i n Tun i s ia . 2

Dur ing the ten years t h e Bank supported tou r i sm these 24 p r o j e c t s were loaned $450 m i l l i o n , re - p resen t i ng a t o t a l investment o f $1.5 b i l l i o n . "We're g e t t i n g o u t o f t h i s business o f t o u r - ism," M r . Davis sa id . When asked why, he re- p l i e d , "The Bank used t o be i nvo l ved i n a very broad f i e l d o f sub jec t s b u t have had t o drop some t h i n g s , t o l i m i t themselves. In probably no t more than 30 c o u n t r i e s o f the 120 t h a t the Bank g ives loans t o i s t ou r i sm re levan t . Tourism i s n o t very impor tant i n a l o t o f coun t r i es . "

M r . Davis r a i s e d two p e n e t r a t i n g quest ions when asked about the s o c i a l l y nega t i ve problems which seem t o increase when tou r i sm expands i n deve l - op ing c o u n t r i e s . He sa id , "One must ask i f these problems res ided i n the na tu re o f t ou r i sm . . . o r i n any economic development. O r pu t i t another way: which i s more nega t i ve - tou r i sm o r b u i l d i n g a s t e e l m i l l ? " "The o t h e r i s t h i s , " he sa id , "Would you p r e f e r t o ma in ta in your c u l - t u r a l p u r i t y ( t o a deve lop ing coun t r y ) o r ea t? " The choice i s o f t e n one o r the o the r .3

FOOTNOTES

1) For u s e f u l background on The World Bank, see Teresa Hayter , A i d as Imper ia l i sm (Great B r i t a i n Penguin, 1971) and Steve Wassimen e t a l (ed . ) , The Tro jan Horse: A Radical Look a t Fore ign A i d -- (Sari Franc isco: ~ a m ~ a r t s ~ r e s s , l F 4 ? 7 -

2) "A loan f o r t ou r i sm may take the form o f Bank f i n a n c i n g f o r an i n t e g r a t e d program o f i n - f r a s t r u c t u r e works - road o r a i r p o r t const ruc- t i o n , p r o v i s i o n o f water o r power supp l i es , e t c - i n an area whose main e x i s t i n g a c t i v i t y i s tour ism, o r where tou r i sm i s the most p romis ing a c t i v i t y .I1 IBRD Annual Report , 1969, p. 18. -- 3) Telephone i n t e r v i e w between L inda Worthing- ton, WHES s t a f f , and H. David Davis, J u l y 15, 1982, Washington, D C .

why Be XI Tourist? Tourism i s o f t e n g r a f t e d o n t o s o c i e t i e s where the s tandard o f l i v i n g i s very low compared t o t h a t enjoyed by t h e t o u r i s t s , and where extreme pover ty i s s t i l l widespread. In such a s i t u a - t ion, the presence o f f ree-spending vacat ioners , no longer bound by the r u l e s o f t h e i r dai l y r o u t i n e , can be a p a r t i c u l a r l y j a r r i n g phenome- non t o the un invo lved observer . The gap between the l i f e - s t y l e o f the r i c h t o u r i s t s and t h a t o f the poor i n h a b i t a n t s i s perhaps most n o t i c e a b l e where the most popu lar form o f t ou r i sm - la rge sca le r e s o r t s - e x i s t s .

The t y p i c a l t o u r i s t ' s main purpose f o r t r a v e l today i s " g e t t i n g away from i t a l l . " The r e s o r t p rov ides the environment t h a t would most a l l o w t o u r i s t s t o re lax , t h a t i s t o escape p ro fess ion - a l , c i v i c and f a m i l i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , those demanding c o n t r a i n t s o f d a i l y l i f e i n an indus- t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y . Th is escape i s a s e c u r i t y va lve , a l e t t i n g - o f f o f steam and a chance t o "recharge one 's b a t t e r i e s . "

T h i r d w o r l d coun t r i es a t t r a c t t he Western t o u r - i s t as be ing a p o t e n t i a l parad ise , myster ious o r e x o t i c , "something d i f f e r e n t . " The journey i s n o t usual l y made t o have an opportun i t y t o en- counter another people and c u l t u r e , b u t t o es- cape. Resort h o t e l brochures t h a t g i v e credence t o the longed- for vaca t i on i n e v i t a b l y leads the t o u r i s t i n search o f t h i s dream o f parad ise . However, one such p l a c e i s l i k e another t o m s t t o u r i s t s who i n d i c a t e t h a t they seek mainly "sun, sand, s u r f and sex." Most o f these p lea- sure-seeking t o u r i s t s cou ld e a s i l y have gone t o another d e s t i n a t i o n . They are on l y vaguely i n - t e r e s t e d i n the count ry they go t o - as long as i t doesn ' t i n t e r f e r e w i t h the vacat ion .

Another i n f l u e n t i a l m o t i v a t i o n f o r t r a v e l i n g beyond r e s o r t s i n one 's own count ry t o the re- s o r t s o f the t h i r d w o r l d i s the d e s i r e f o r p res- t i g e . I n i n d u s t r i a l na t i ons , where l i f e i s f a s t and c l u t t e r e d , people seek p r e s t i g e and respect from o the rs t o make them fee l 1 i ke more than j u s t a cog i n the wheel o f the system. Some w i 1 1 go t o g rea t lengths t o f i n d t h i s sense o f s e l f .

( ~ r o m P a c i f i c Tourism: Cont ras ts i n Values and E x ~ e c t a t i o n s bv Cvnth ia 2 . Biddlecomb. P a c i f i c - , ~ o k f e r e n c e o f Chukches, P.O. Box 208, Suva, F i j i , pp. 19-21 .)

RESOURCES Art ic les & Books

" A c c u l t u r a t i o n i n t h e South Paci f i c , " l dea5 and A c t i o n , Freedom f r011i Hunger Campai gn /Ac t i o n f o r Development, Food and A g r i c u l t u r e o r g a n i z a t i o n % ) , 1776 F S t r e e t , KW, !. lashington, D C 20437. ( ~ r e e / 6 / ~ r . ) .

" C h a r t e r F l i g h t Development" by Bob S t a n l e y and "Sex and t h e S imp le T o u r i s t " by Rowan Shi r k i e , Tile - I D R C Repor ts , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Research Center , V o l . 10, No. 4, January 1382, communication^ C i v i s i o n , IDRC, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada L1G 3H9.

"Economics of h t e r n a t i o n a l T o ~ ~ r i s m , " ( ~ o l . 9 ) Annals o f Tour i sm Research, U n i v e r s i t y o f Wiscons in - -- Spout , Dept. o f H a b i t a t i o n a l Resources, Menomonie, W I ~ m i v i d u a l ; $ 1 5 / i n s t i t u t i o n s . )

P a c i f i c Tour ism: C o n t r a s t s i n Values and E x p e c t a t i o n s by C y n t h i a Z. B idd lecomb, P a c i f i c Conference --- o f Churches, L o t u P a c i f i c a P r o d u c t i o n s , 1981, P.O. Box 206, Suva, F i j i . Cable PAC1 FICONS. 6opp.

"The R e l a t i o n Between Tour i sm and Employment i n Kenya and Tanzania" by W a l t e r E lkan, J o u r n a l of Development S t u d i e s , January 1975, F rank Cass and Co., L t d . , Gainsborough House, 11 Gainsborough Road, London E1L ZRS, England.

Sou theas t A s i a C h r o n i c l e , ! ssue KO. 78, A p r i l 1981, Sou theas t A s i a Resource Cente r , P.O. Box 4000-D, B e r k e l e y , CA 94704. 415-548-2546. ( B i - m o n t h l y / $ 1 5 i n s t i t u t i o n s ; r e p r i n t s o f s i n g l e i s s u e s , $1.50.

" T r o u b l e i n P a r a d i s e ' ! e d i t e d by Wayne E l lwood , New I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t , No. 94, December l9EO, 113 A t l a n t i c Ave., B r o o k l y n , NY 11201. ( ~ o n t h l y / $ 2 2 i n d i v i d u a l s ; $56 i n s t i t u t i o n s ) .

"Tour ism: The As ian D i lemma" and "Thi r d Wor ld Tour ism1' ed. by Ron O'Grady, Repor t o f Workshop on Tour ism, M a n i l a , P h i l i p p i n e s , 1980. C h r i s t i a n Conference o f A s i a , 480 Larong 2, Toa payoh, S ingapore 1231.

Tour ism: B l e s s i n g -- o r B l i g h t , b y George Young, Penqu in : Grea t B r i t a i n , 625 Madison Ave. , NY 10022.

"Tour ism: E x p o r t i n g People" by Ron O'Grady , & D i s c i p l e , March 15, 1981, Box 179, S t . L o u i s , MO 631 66.

Tour i sm Management, Sc ience 6 Technology Press , Box 63, Westbury House, B e r r y S t . , Gui l f o r d S u r r e y , GU2 SBH, England.

Tour ism: Pass o r t for Development, ed. by Emanuel De Kandt, Wor ld Bank, P.O. Box 37525, Washington, D C 2 6 6 9 . 9 5 ~ r e ~ a i d ) .

Tour i sm Po l i c y , September 1981, pub1 i s h e d annual l y by OECD, 1750 P e n n s y l v a n i a Ave., NW, Washington, C C 2 0 0 0 6 . ($17.50) .

Organizations

l S l S (women's I n t e r n a t i o n a l l n f o r m a t i o n and Communicat ion S e r v i c e ) , Case P o s t a l e 301, CHI227 Carouge, S w i t z e r l a n d .

Produced a d o s s i e r on sexua l t o u r i s m .

The f o l l o w i n g U n i t e d N a t i o n s agenc ies a1 1 have resources , r e p o r t s and documents from s t u d i e s and p r o j e c t s on t o u r i s m :

l n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour O r g a n i z a t i o n (ILO), ILO L i a i s o n O f f i c e , 300 E. 4 4 t h S t . , New York, NY 10017. Organi zes t r a i n i n g and e d u c a t i o n programs f o r t r a d e s r e l a t e d t o t o u r i s m , funded by U n i t e d N a t i o n s Development Programme (uNDP). I n f o r m a t i o n O f f i c e r : E r s k i n e C h i l d e r s .

UNESCO (UN E d u c a t i o n a l , S c i e n t i f i c and C u l t u r a l o r g a n i z a t i o n ) , 918 1 6 t h St . , NW, Wash.DC 20006. S t u d i e s h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s w i t h a v iew t o t h e i r t o u r i s t p o t e n t i a l .

UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development) , U n i t e d N a t i o n s , New York, NY 10017. S t u d i e s on t o u r i s m p o l i c y .

Wor ld Tour i sm O r g a n i z a t i o n ( w T O ) , ~ ~ Avenida d e l G e n e r a l i s i m o , Apar tado de Correos, 36.000 Madr id . The o v e r a l l UN agency w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t o u r i s m .