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Example-1: An m1 = 485-gram brass block sits in boiling water (T1 = 100 C). It is taken out of the boiling water and placed in a cup containing m2 = 485 grams of ice water (T2 = 0 C). What is the final temperature, TF, of the system (i.e., when the two objects have the same T)? (cbrass = 380 J/kg.K; cwater = 4184 J/kg.K)
a. TF < 50 C b. TF = 50 C c. TF > 50 C Solution:Heat flows from the brass to the water. No work is done, and we assume that no energy is lost to the environment.
Remember: Q = CT = mcTBrass (heat flows out): Q1 = U1 = m1c1(TF-T1) Water (heat flows in): Q2 = U2 = m2c2(TF-T2)
Energy is conserved: Q1 + Q2 = 0Solve for TF: TF = (m1c1T1+m2c2T2) / (m1c1+m2c2)
= (c1T1+ c2T2) / (c1+ c2) = 8.3 CWe measured TF = _____ C.
QT1m1
T2m2
Example2 : The Speed of Molecules in AirAir is primarily a mixture of nitrogen N2 molecules (molecular mass 28.0 u) and oxygen O2 molecules (molecular mass 32.0 u). Assume that each behaves as an ideal gas and determine the rms speeds of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules when the temperature of the air is 293K.
Solution
For Nitrogen…
Example 3: A container of an ideal gas has a moveable top. The top has an area of 0.01 m2 and is 50 cm above the bottom of the cylinder. A mass of 200 kg is placed on the container, which compresses the gas by 20 cm. The gas in the container is initially at atmospheric pressure (1.01 x 105 Pa) and 20oC. What is the new temperature of the gas?
nRTPV nRTPV
2
22
1
11
TVP
TVP
Solution
1 2
1 1 2 2
V Ah and A AV Ah and V Ah
15.27311 cTT K15.293
1 0 101P P kPa
AFPP 02
AmgPP 02 kPa2.297
The following relations have been used
11
1222 VP
TVPT K6.51710
122
AhPTAhP
10
122
hPThP
CT 2442
The new temperature
Ex.4 : The process shown on the Pressure-Volume diagram is an
(A) adiabatic expansion.
(B) isothermal expansion.
(C) isometric expansion.
(D) isobaric expansion.
P
Vo
Ex.5: In an isochoric process, there is no change in
(A) pressure.
(B) temperature.
(C) volume.
(D) internal energy.
Ex-6: The process shown on the Temperature-Volume graph is an
(A) adiabatic compression.
(B) isothermal compression.
(C) isochoric compression.
(D) isobaric compression.
T
Vo
Ex-7: When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,
(A) ΔU = 0
(B) W = 0
(C) Q = 0
(D) none of the above
Ex-8: An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the gas
(A) increases to twice its original value.
(B) increases to less than twice its original value.
(C) increases to more than twice its original value.
(D) does not change.
Ex-10: When the first law of thermodynamics, Q = ΔU + W, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,
(A) ΔU = 0.
(B) W = 0.
(C) Q = 0.
(D) none of the above
Ex-11: A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this cycle?
(A) PV
(B) 2PV
(C) 3PV
(D) 4PV
P
2P
V 2V 3V 4V
Ex-12: An ideal gas initially has pressure Po, at volume Vo and absolute temperature To. It then undergoes the following series of processes:
Po
2Po
Vo 2Vo 3Vo
I. Heated, at constant volume to pressure 2Po
II. Heated, at constant pressure to pressure 3Vo
III. Cooled, at constant volume to pressure Po
IV. Cooled, at constant pressure to volume Vo
I
II
III
IV
Po
2Po
Vo 2Vo 3Vo
I
II
III
IV
2To
Find the temperature at each end point in terms of To
nRTPV nR
VPT ooo
To
6To
3To
Po
2Po
Vo 2Vo 3Vo
I
II
III
IV
Find the net work done by the gas in terms of Po and Vo
ooVP2W
Net work equals net area under curve
Ex-13: A sample of gas expands from 1.0 m3 to 4.0 m3 while its pressure decreases from 40 Pa to 10 Pa. How much work is done by the gas if its pressure changes with volume via each of the three paths shown in the Figure below?
Path A: W = +120 JPath B: W =+75 JPath C: W =+30 J
Example-14Example-14
A cylinder of radius 5 cm is kept at pressure with a pistonof mass 75 kg.
a) What is the pressure inside the cylinder?b) If the gas expands such that the cylinder rises 12.0 cm, what work was done by the gas?c) What amount of the work went into changing the gravitational PE of the piston?d) Where did the rest of the work go?
SolutionGiven: M =75, A = π× 0.052, ∆x=0.12, Patm = 1.013x105 Pa
a) Find Pgasatmg as P
AMgP = 1.950x105 Pa
b) Find Wgas VPW
xAPW g a s = 183.8 J
c) Find Wgravity m g hW = 88.3 J
d) Where did the other work go? Compressing the outside air
Example-15 a) What amount of work is performed by the gas in the cycle IAFI?
b) How much heat was inserted into the gas in the cycle IAFI?
c) What amount of work is performed by the gas in the cycle IBFI?
a r e a e n c lo s e dWWIAFI = 3Patm
= 3.04x105 J
WQU U = 0
W = -3.04x105 J
Q = 3.04x105 J
V (m3)
Example-Example-1616Consider a monotonic ideal gas which expands according to the PV diagram.
a) What work was done by the gas from A to B?b) What heat was added to the gas between A and B?c) What work was done by the gas from B to C?d) What heat was added to the gas beween B and C?e) What work was done by the gas from C to A?f) What heat was added to the gas from C to A?
V (m3)
P (kPa)
25
50
75
0.2 0.4 0.6
A
B
C
Solutiona) Find WAB
b) Find QAB
V (m3)
P (kPa)
25
50
75
0.2 0.4 0.6
A
B
C
WAB = Area = 20,000 J
•First find UA and UBMonotonic Gas:
32
32
U nRT
PV nRT
U PV
UA = 22,500 J, UB = 22,500 J, U = 0
•Finally, solve for QU Q W Q = 20,000 J
c) Find WBC
d) Find QBC
V (m3)
P (kPa)
25
50
75
0.2 0.4 0.6
A
B
C
WBC = -Area = -10,000 J
•First find UB and UC
PVU23
UB = 22,500 J, UC = 7,500 J, U = -15,000
•Finally, solve for Q
WQU
Q = -25,000 J
e) Find WCA
f) Find QCA
V (m3)
P (kPa)
25
50
75
0.2 0.4 0.6
A
B
C
WAB = Area = 0 J
•First find UC and UA
UC = 7,500 J, UA = 22,500 J, ∆U = 15,000
•Finally, solve for Q
Q = 15,000 J
g) Net work done by gas in the cycleh) Amount of heat added to gas
WAB + WBC + WCA = 10,000 JQAB + QBC + QCA = 10,000 J
This does NOT mean that the engine is 100% efficient!
Example-17
Imagine that we rapidly compress a sample of air whose initial pressure is 105 Pa and temperature is 220C (= 295 K) to a volume that is a quarter of its original volume (e.g., pumping bike’s tire). What is its final temperature?
2211
222
111
VPVP
TNkVPTNkVP
B
B
1
2
1
2
12
1
1121
2
11
2
112 T
TVVT
TVPTNk
VVP
VVPP B
constVTVT 122
111
For adiabatic processes:
Rapid compression – approx. adiabatic, no time for the energy exchange with the environment due to thermal conductivity
constTP /1also
KKKVVTT 51474.12954295 4.0
1
2
112
Example-18: Finding the Work
An ideal gas with = 1.4 occupies 4.0 L at 300 K & 100 kPa pressure. It’s compressed
adiabatically to ¼ of original volume, then cooled at constant V back to 300 K, & finally
allowed to expand isothermally to its original V. How much work is done on the gas?
1A A B B
ABp V p VW
741 J
AB (adiabatic):
0BCW BC isochoric):
ln ACA
C
VW n R TV
CA (isothermal):
1.4 1100 4.0 1 4
1.4 1
kPa L
AB A
B
Vp pV
1
11
A A AAB
B
p V VWV
ln 4A Ap V 555 J
work done by gas: ABCA AB BC CAW W W W 186 J
Example-19: A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy decreases by 465 J. Over the same time interval, 236 J of work is done on the system. Find the energy transferred from it by heat.
465 236 701U Q WQ U W J J J
Note: Sign convention for Q : Q>0 system gains heat from environment
Example-20:. Diesel Power
Fuel ignites in a diesel engine from the heat of compression (no spark plug needed).
Compression is fast enough to be adiabatic.
If the ignit temperature is 500C, what compression ratio Vmax / Vmin is needed?
Air’s specific heat ratio is = 1.4, & before the compression the air is at 20 C.
1T V const
1 / 1.4 1273 500273 20K KK K
1 / 1
max min
min max
V TV T
11
Ex-21: Two cylinders at the same temperature contain the same gas. If B has twice the volume and half the number of moles as A, how does the pressure in B compare with the pressure in A?(A) PB = 1/2 PA
(B) PB = 2 PA
(C) PB = 1/4 PA
(D) PB = 4 PA
(E) PB = PA
Ex-22: A gas cylinder and piston are covered with heavy insulation. The piston is pushed into the cylinder, compressing the gas. In this process, the gas temperature
A. doesn’t change.B. decreases.C. increases.D. there’s not sufficient information to tell.
Ex-23: During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energy?
A) zero
B) 2.5 J
C) 5.0 J
D) 10 J
The Laws of Thermodynamics