The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 6-7/2006-2007, ?-??.

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The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia

Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorská

Keywords: Roman architecture, Temple, Sanctuary, Pannonia, Hungary, �st-4th centuries AD

Abstract: This study presents research findings in the field of history and the theory of architecture, particularly in the field of research and the architecture of temples and sanctuaries from Roman Era in the province of Pannonia. Panonnia corresponds to the territory of modern Hungary. This study omits sanctuaries from the period of Early Christian Church.

IntroductionThe province of Pannonia was established at the beginning of the �st century during the

rule of Emperor Augustus. It’s territory comprised of areas that are today part of western Hungary up to river Danube, the eastern part of Austria, the south part of Slovenia and Croatia’s territory in the basin of Drava and Sava rivers as well as part of Slovakia (Bratislava-Rusovce and surroundings).

As the Romans expanded their empire and established new provinces they organized the administration, economy, judiciary and religion of the newly established provinces. Consequently, obligatory official state religion became the basic cult in newly established towns and military camps. The primary cult was an Imperial cult, followed by the cult of Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva), while other deities were also revered according to their function, e.g. Mercurius by merchants and traders, Nemesis for luck in the games, Silvanus for protection, Appollo Grannus as a guardian of springs.

Besides official Roman religion, new foreign cults had spread and were adopted by native populations in the course of the 2nd and 3rd century. These cults were for the most part imported by military groups, traders and artisans from eastern regions of Roman Empire (Persia, Syria, Egypt). The sanctuaries devoted to the cults of Isis, Magna Mater, Jupiter Dolichenus and Mithras indicate an eventual acceptance of eastern cults into Roman Society.

The published literature provides the basis for a depiction of temples and sanctuaries in the period from 2nd to 4th century at following localities of Pannonia territory: Aquincum, Brigetio, Gorsium, Savaria, Scarbantia, Fertőrákos, Vetus Salina, Sárkeszi. Sanctuary remains were found on different sites within a single locality: civil town, canabae, vicus, military fort or separate cult area. Remains of sanctuaries were typically uncovered in stand-alone structures and on numerous occasions such remains were also found in the complex of buildings with a room dedicated to cult purposes. Such structures were most common in the military forts of the auxiliary units (auxiliary fort – castellum).

Domestic Cult – Celtic TraditionAs the Celts were native inhabitants of some occupied territories, their influence is seen

in the architecture as well. The building type of temple or sanctuary according to the Celtic tradition is more common in western provinces: south Britannia, Gallia and Germania. Such temples presented a central disposition, typically of a square, circular or polygonal shape, open in the east direction. According to Celtic tradition, worship was carried out by making circles around the building, thus the cella (shrine) was surrounded by the portico (porch). The portico was formed of sequence of columns, columns on short walls or a wall that was typically of the same shape as the cella structure. The porch was in most instances open from the outside�.

� Altjohann 2000, 237.


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Fig. 1. Plan of the sanctuary Gallo-Roman type, (after: Aquincum. Rimania v Budapešti. Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 90).

Fig. 2. Hypothetical reconstruction of the sanctuary Gallo-Roman type, (after: Aquincum. Rimania v Budapešti. Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 89).

Fig. 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of the sanctuary Gallo-Roman type, (after: Aquincum. Rimania v Budapešti. Budapest 2003, 37, Fig. 88).

Fig. 4. Temple called “Janus” in Autun. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).

Inside the cella was a statue or statues of deities to whom the building was devoted. Statues were occasionally placed on pedestals. The mass of the Celtic cella was elevated, and it had dominant position almost like a tower. The roof was frequently covered with ceramic tiles. Above the porch was a single pitch roof. Celts often clustered several temples together and thus created temple areas, which were surrounded by wall.

The oldest documented sanctuary in Pannonia, the so called Celtic “circular”, was located in the civil town of Aquincum. Only the layout of the sanctuary is preserved (Fig. �). The sanctuary was built in the �st century and was most likely destroyed in the 2nd century during the Marcomannic Wars. It was built to express devotion to the Celtic mother goddess. The cella of this sanctuary has a circular layout with the diameter of 7.8 m. It was standing on a tall podium in the shape of a �5-sided porticus. The cella was accessible through �2 stairs and it was situated in a closed court. The literature proposes various hypotheses that reconstruct the original design2. Proposal No. � (Fig. 2) and No. 2 (Fig. 3) illustrate alternative solutions for the mass and the roof of the building.

2 Aquincum. Rimania v Budapešti 2003, 37.


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The temple of Janus in present day Autun, France is a noteworthy example of this structural type (Fig. 4, 5). Its 24 m high walls are still preserved. The cella was nearly square with the dimensions of �6.35 m × �6.80 m. Only half of the cella is still preserved. Fig. 6 presents its perfect reconstruction drawing3. In the walls remained beam openings of the single pitch roof that was situated under three windows. The roof covered the 5.30 m wide round gallery.

The Capitoline TriadThe Romans requested that the provincial

natives respect the official Roman religion, most importantly the deity of Capitoline Triad: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. The main temple of this cult was the shared temple on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. This temple served as a model for sacred centers created in other cities and military camps. The Temple of the Capitoline Triad was placed along with other public administration buildings on the forum in cities throughout the provinces.

The remains of a Capitoline Triad temple were found in the civil town of Aquincum (present day Budapest). The temple was constructed at the beginning of the 2nd century on north side of the forum. The access to the temple was from the street through the hall with the sequence of columns. There was also a square that served as a gathering place for citizens attending religious services. The altar was situated in front of the temple, and the stairs located in front of the altar led to the temple entrance. The statues of the Capitoline

Fig. 5. Temple called “Janus” in Autun. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).

Fig. 6. Hypothetical reconstruction of the temple “Janus”, (after: Altjohann 2000, 239, Fig. 200).

Triad stood in the cella of the sanctuary. The temple walls were decorated by painting on a red base. Attached to the temple building were the conference rooms accessible from the square. The original structure was demolished in the 4th century. It was aligned at the level of a podium and a new temple was constructed together with the city council building4 (Fig. 7).

The sacred area, area sacra, the center of the imperial cult in Pannonia Inferior, was situated near the town of Gorsium (present day Tác). It was set apart from the town in a manner known from Gallia (Lugundum) and Hispania (Tarraco). “To honor the emperor, each province of the Roman Empire established similar central sacred areas (area sacra Provinciae)”5. Gorsium became a center of the imperial cult in Pannonia Inferior and as such it organized annual meetings of the provincial council (concillium provinciae). The area sacra served for meetings of representatives of province towns as well as for religious ceremonies. Public buildings such as templum provinciae, curia, regia, as well as other cult buildings (temples and sanctuaries) were located there. The

3 Altjohann 2000, 239.4 Póczy �976, 38.5 Fitz 2002, �68.


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Fig. 7. Aquincum, Forum of the civil city. In the middle temple of Trias Kapitolium, (after: Hajnóczi Gy.: Pannónia római romjai. Budapest: Múszaki konyvkiadó, 1987, 104).

Fig. 8. Plan of Area Sacra in Gorsium, (after: Fitz 2004, 199, Fig. 2).


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entrance to the sacred area was symmetrically lined up with two sacred wells (nymphaeum) decorated by relief with statues of local Pannonian water deities. The complex was entered through the stairs. The porticus and the building divided into five long rooms were situated in the front. In the middle of the complex was another space leading to a room with the standing statue of the ruling emperor. The sacred wells prove a connection between the local and official religion. The temple of the Capitoline Triad was also found in the complex (Fig. 8, building XII on the plan. See building with column pronaos and three cellas.) The head of the statue of Jupiter was found in the middle cella6. Recently uncovered architecture provides only a partial representation of the sacred area7 (Fig. 9).

The building inscriptions inform us about the existence of some sanctuaries whose architectural remains are yet to be uncovered. The temple of the Capitoline Triad from Brigetio (today Komárom-Szőny) renovated by L. Antonius Sabinus and his wife is an example of such sanctuary8.

The town of Savaria (today Szombathely) was established in the �st century as a trading center on Amber Road. It is presumed that the temple of the Capitoline Triad existed on its forum. The archeologists made this prediction on the basis of uncovered statue fragments of Jupiter and Juno, as well as on altar inscriptions devoted to the Capitoline Triad9.

A forum, public buildings and a temple of the Capitoline Triad were all built in Scarbantia (today Sopron) in the first half of the 2nd century. Parts of temple walls, columns, post basis, and fragments of floor tiles of stone plate were uncovered there�0. The temple was a podium style temple and it was situated asymmetrically in northeastern corner of the forum��. The

Fig. 9. Area Sacra in Gorsium, Rekonstruction, (after: Fitz 2004, 201, Fig. 4).

6 Fitz 2004, 205.7 Fitz �998, 25.8 Barkóczi �95�, 33.9 Póczy �976, �4.�0 Gömöri 2003, 88.�� PHA �995, 27.


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temple dimensions were 30 × �0 m. Marble fragments of the monumental standing statues of the Capitoline Triad deities were found in three rooms located in northern part of the temple�2.

MercuriusMercurius was the patron of trade and

commerce. The sanctuary of Mercurius was uncovered near the eastern city wall of Savaria. This sanctuary was constructed in the �st century and it included a portico that surrounded a hall with dimensions of 20 × 20 m. The sanctuary was rebuilt several times and in the 4th century served as an imperial cult temple�3. The hall was triple-aisled. The reconstruction drawing of this sanctuary by Gy. Hajnóczi depicts a hall with elevated mass and a gable roof covered with ceramic tiles.

The sanctuary used by the �st century, domestic population was located next to a governor palace in canabae of Aquincum. The sanctuary was square-shaped and consisted of one cella�4. Romans devoted it to Mercurius in the course of renovation. This type of sanctuary is reminiscent of the Gallo-Roman building type�5 (Fig. �0, ��).

The circular building from the second half of the 3rd century is preserved in the trade center macellum in the civil town of Aquincum. It was put up into the court of the peristyle. The circular building is a pseudo-monopteros structure and possibly served as a small sanctuary. The body of building was entered through several steps�6.

Nemesis – the Goddess of GamesThe Goddess Nemesis was believed to bring

respectively good and bad luck. Her sanctuary was located near the western gate outside of an amphitheater in the civic town of Aquincum. The building originates from the 2nd century and was decorated by paintings�7. A building inscription, which mentions a sanctuary situated near an amphitheater in the vicinity of Bécsi domb, is the only preserved evidence about the sanctuary of Nemesis in Scarbantia�8.

Fig. 10. The sanctuary of Mercurius in Savaria, plan, (after: Scherrer 2003, 70, Fig. 12).

Fig. 11. The sanctuary of Mercurius in Savaria, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Scherrer 2003, 70, Fig. 12).

�2 Póczy �976, 22-30.�3 Hajnóczi �987, 65, Fig. 59; PHA �995, �7.�4 Szilágyi �956, 26.�5 Szilágyi �956, 74.�6 Hajnóczi �987, ��0.�7 PHA �995, 44.�8 PHA �995, 28.


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Fortuna Augusta - the Goddess of Good Fortune

Military success, bountiful harvest, and fertility were all ascribed to the goddess, Fortuna. Her cult had spread to private houses, military units, and craftsmen guilds. Fortuna with the added attribute “Augusta” belonged to the emperor’s court. The open sanctuary of Fortuna Augusta was located on the south side of public spas in the civic town of Aquincum. The sanctuary was situated in a small fenced area, and the goddess’ statue was placed in aedicule. Fig. �2 replicates the architecture of a structure where the goddess would have stood�9.

Silvanus

Silvanus, god of the forest and meadows, originated in Italy, and did not belong to the official cults. His cult was strongest in Pannonia. Building that served for cult purposes, two statues of Silvan and altars dedicated to Silvan were uncovered in the complex of area sacra in Gorsium (Building XXII)20.

The Sanctuary of SpringThe sanctuary of spring was located behind

the column hall in Gorsium. This structure was destroyed during the Marcomannic wars2� (building XXXIV; Fig. 13).

The Imperial CultA provincial temple (Templum Provinciae)

devoted to the imperial cult was situated in Gorsium. It stood on a podium and its entrance stairs led to the open column space with four columns (pronaos) and fronton. These stairs

Fig. 12. The sanctuary of Fortuna Augusta in Aquincum, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Hajnóczi 1987, 109, Fig. 132).

Fig. 13. The Sanctuary of Spring in Gorsium. (Photo: J. Minaroviech).

are still preserved. It is presumed that the entrance to the cella was in the middle of building’s eastern part. Researchers found that the building’s orientation was moved in the course of its two construction phases. The main cella was divided into three parts. It was placed in the old temple, which consisted of two rooms. Most recent research indicates that the dimensions of the temple are �3 × 26 m. The uncovered evidence indicates that the construction of the temple originated during the rule of Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century22. One sanctuary, which honored Emperor Marcus Aurelius (Building XVIII), was situated in northeastern part of the area sacra23.

�9 PHA �995, on the map No. �3, 49; Hajnóczi �987, �09, Fig. �32, �33.20 Fitz 2004, 205.2� Fitz �998, 25; 2004, 203.22 Fitz 2004, 204.23 Fitz �998, 25.


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The Governor’s palace (legatus Augusti pro praetore) was constructed during the rule of Emperor Trajan in the 2nd century in the military town (canabae) of Aquincum. A sanctuary of the imperial cult stood on the court in the middle of the palace. Its building had square-shape layout and was located on podium with dimensions 8.8 × 9 m including stairs. Four columns formed a pronaos in front of the cella. As the town ceased to exist in the 4th century, the sanctuary was consequently lost24 (Fig. �4, �5).

Oriental Cults Oriental religions and cults gradually

spread through the entire Roman Empire. Mystery cults mostly worshiped in small closed communities that were not opened to the rest of population. New worshippers were accepted into the cult through a special initiation ceremony. Written sources and archeological findings from the period confirm that cults attracted an extensive number of new members25.

Isis Isis, the goddess of protection and

creation, is of Egyptian origin (ancient Egyptian goddess Eset). She was revered as a heavenly ruler of the world who gives people grain, crops, and keeps order in families and throughout the world.

A sacred area of goddess Isis was found in Savaria. It originated after the year 188 AD with the arrival of new inhabitants from the eastern provinces. The porticus (vestibule hall) was the entrance building to the area. The roof structure was carried by a set of six 7 m tall columns. An interior court with dimensions of 70 × 50 m was surrounded by a sequence of rooms. A sanctuary devoted to Isis was placed symetrically in the centre of the sacred area.

Fig. 14. Sanctuary of the imperial cult in Aquincum, (after: Szilágyi 1956, Fig. XXXIX).

Fig. 15. Sanctuary of the imperial cult in Aquincum, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Szilágyi 1956, Fig. XXXIX).

24 Póczy �976, 48.25 Altjohann 2000, 24�.

This podium temple of a prostylos-tetrastylos type (with four Corinthian columns in the front) consisted of a pronaos and a naos with two cellas. The temple was entered through the stairs placed in front of the structure. An axially situated large altar for celebration of worship services and ceremony of sacrifice was situated in front of the temple. The open space next to altar allowed large crowds to participate in these services. A marble lintel and frieze decorated with sculptural reliefs are preserved to this day and serve as a testimony to links between imperial cult and Egyptian religions. Relief shows Victoria, Fortuna Abundantia, an Isis riding dog named Sothis


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and a statue of Mars Harpocrates26. Iseum was extended in the 3rd century when additional sanctuaries devoted to Eastern deities were placed into the sacred area (Fig. �6, �7).

Jupiter DolichenusThe cult of Jupiter Dolichenus originated

in the town of Doliche, situated in one of the Syrian provinces (today Dülük, region Commagene in southeastern Turkey). Many temples devoted to Jupiter were situated in this town. Jupiter is one of the deities worshiped by the soldiers. The cult started to spread through the Roman Empire at the beginning of the 2nd century and its status peaked under the rule of Sever’s dynasty (�92-235 AD). Jupiter Dolichenus is in essence an idealized character of Baal under Mithraic metaphoric meaning. He is typically shown as a figure standing on a strong bull and holding a double axe and lightning bolts symbolizing his great strength, power and fortitude. Statues of Jupiter without the bull are also preserved27.

The remains of the Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary were uncovered 300 m from the southwestern edge of a Roman legionary fortress (castrum) in Brigetio. The building was

Fig. 16. Sanctuary of Isis in Savaria, plan, (after: Hajnóczi 1987, 68, Fig. 63).

Fig. 17. Sanctuary of Isis in Savaria, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Hajnóczi 1987, 71, Fig. 68).

26 PHA �995, 20.27 Kvetánová - Višňovský 2007, 29.


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8 m long, 4 m wide and in its center were three stone columns that divided it into three parts. Similar columns stood in front of the doorway. Additionally, two rock-hewn columns with decorated capitals were uncovered approximately �0 m from the sanctuary. One cannot claim with certainty that they belonged to this temple28. The sanctuary was uncovered and documented by Armin Milch in �900.

The remains of the sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus were uncovered in the vicus territory at the distance of 89-90 m from the northwestern corner of the auxiliary camp in Vetus Salina (today Adony). Construction of the building is dated to around the end of the 2nd century in the period after the Marcoman wars. The inner dimensions of the sanctuary were �6 × �7 m. The 70 cm wide north wall of the sanctuary was built of clay and is preserved. Conserved clay floor of the sanctuary as well as fragments of fired clay and bricks provide

nie sú odvolávky na obr. 18-20

Fig. 18. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Hajnóczi 1987, 113, Fig. 142).

Fig. 19. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, hypothetical reconstruction, (after: Szilágyi 1956, Fig. XLI).

the basis for identification of these remaining walls. In the proximity of the sanctuary, remains of three other buildings were excavated29. Dimensions of the sanctuary suggest that this cult had a high number of adherents.

28 Milch �900, 28.29 Bánki �98�, 95-��8.


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Sanctuary (Building XXXII) uncovered on the west side of large square in Gorsium was also devoted to the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus30.

MithrasA cult of the Persian god of the sun,

Mithras, was one of the oriental mystery cults that spread across the entire Roman Empire. Sanctuaries of Mithras had a uniform shape. Legend says that Mithras was born of the rock (petrogenitus), thus his sanctuaries were made to resemble caves. For this purpose followers used natural caves, or constructed underground structures or above-ground spaces in the shape caves. The plan of the cella was divided into three parts with the central part being lowered into the ground. The access to the central part was restricted to mystery cult followers that were initiated into the upper hierarchy. Followers at lower cult positions kneeled in an elevated space located on the left and right sides of the cella. Uncovered fragments of animal bones support

Fig. 20. Sanctuary of Mithras in Aquincum, plan and reconstruction, (after: Póczy 1994, 47, Fig. 39).

conjecture that the ceremony was accompanied by rich feasting. The sanctuary of Mithras was uncovered in the Fertőrákos locality near Scarbantia. Its

layout was trapez-shaped and the entryway was situated on the wider side in the north part of the building. Its east and south walls were carved into rock while west part was built of bricks. The vault was built of bricks, while the cella was lowered into the ground and the structure was covered by a gable roof. A relief of Mithras, in the act of killing a bull, was chiseled into the rock. High ranking military officers from Carnutum, who owned land in the area at the turn of the 3rd century, were founders of this cult site. The cave was used as an Early Christian Church columbarium in the second half of the 4th century3�.

It is estimated that numerous cult sanctuaries devoted to Mithras were situated in the civil town of Aquincum. They originated in the 2nd and the 3rd century when traders and soldiers from eastern provinces settled in this region. Names of three of those sanctuaries are known: Symphorus Mithreum32, Victorinus Mithraeum33, and Tribunus Laticlavius.

In addition, the chapel of the god Mercurius was attached to the sanctuary of Symphorum Mithreum34. The sanctuary of Mithras was located in the peristyle house of Tribunus Laticlavius, who was deputy of a military tribune. Remains of cult frescos and altar stones were uncovered at this site35. Another sanctuary of Mithras was discovered in the year �943 near the sanctuary of Jupiter Dolichenus in the military town (canabae) of Brigetio36. Its plan remains are unpublished.

30 Fitz 2004, 206.3� PHA �995, 29.32 PHA �995, on the map No. 27, p. 49.33 PHA �995, on the map No. 25, p. 49.34 PHA �995, 52; Póczy �976, 46.35 Zsidi 2004, 2��.36 Barkóczi �95�, 34.


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Magna MaterA construction inscription related to the building of a sanctuary devoted to Magna Mater

was found in the civil town of Brigetio37.

SummaryThe process of romanization had an influence on the indigenous religious tradition of

the provinces. In some territories, indigenous cults merged into Roman cults; in others they formed new cults. The architecture of temples and sanctuaries reflected life in a province. The progress of romanization eventually resulted in a unified architectural composition. Uncovered documents about cult architecture in Pannonia substantiate claim that a variety of temple types existed in the Pannonia provinces. Yet, only a few of these are preserved to this day. Sculpture fragments or inscriptions about construction activity are often the only remains of a temple i.e. a plate with the building inscription describing the sanctuary of Silvanus in Scarbantia38.

Temples can be categorized according to their type of architecture. Three temple types are most common.

The first type is a Gallo-Roman temple in the Celtic tradition. It’s a temple with a central interior space surrounded by a portico. The layout of a Celtic circular sanctuary situated in a closed court in the civil town of Aquincum is one preserved example of such a sanctuary in Pannonia. A square-shaped sanctuary uncovered in the governor’s palace in canabae in Aquincum is another partially preserved structure of this type.

Another example of the Gallo-Roman type is a circular structure of the pseudomonopteros type uncovered in a civil town. It possibly served as a small sanctuary. The entry into the building was through the stairs. The structure was constructed in the second half of the 3rd century and was situated in the macellum (market center of a town)39. Several examples of this temple type are known in Gallia (present day France) i.e. locality of Autun and the Ancient town of Argentomagus, a sacred area (present day Saint-Marcel).

The classical temple is the second architectural type. This was the most dominant temple type in Pannonia. It was modeled after Greek and Etruscan styles.

The building was rectangular and was located on the podium. The sidewalls and back part of the temple were closed. Access to the building was designed on the shorter front side. The temple consisted of two main parts: inner chamber – naos, and porch – pronaos. The statue of a venerated deity was typically situated in the inner chamber. Temples devoted to the Capitoline Triad cult were constructed according to this type. The temple of the province (templum provinciae) in Gorsium, the temple in civil town of Aquincum, and the temple in Savaria were all constructed according to this type.

The temple of Isis illustrates a fusion of Italian and Oriental styles – the architecture of the temple is emblematic of the Italian type, but the relief of an oriental god appears on the frieze of the building. The best preserved temples of this type are: Maison Carréé in Nîmes, and temple of Augustus and Livia in Vienne in France.

The third architectural type is mithraeum. Temples of Mithras in all provinces of Roman Empire were built according to the same scheme with a uniform long shape. They were made to resemble cave, and were often situated underground. The plan of the cella was divided into three parts with the central part being lowered into the ground. The entrance to the central part was through stairs. Mystery cult members at lower ranking positions kneeled on sides of the cella. Temples of Mithras are preserved in the following localities: Aquincum, Fertőrákos, Brigetio.

37 Barkóczi �95�, 33-4.38 Póczy �976, 24.39 Hajnóczi �987, ��0.


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The architecture of the temples in Panonia allows us to observe fusion of local and imported impressions and building forms. Architectural evidence uncovered to date reveals wide variety of temple styles constructed throughout Pannonia and one can reasonably expect that additional sacred structures will eventually be discovered in this territory.

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Zabern, 237-40.Aquincum. Rimania v Budapešti. Budapest 2003, 37.Bánki, Zs. �98�. „Heiligtum des Jupiter Dolichenus in Vetus Salina“. In Alba Regia. Annales Musei Stephani Regis XIX:

95-��8. Székesfehérvár.Barkóczi, L. �95�. Brigetio. Dissertationes Pannoniae Ser. II. No. 22. Budapest. Fitz, J. �998. Area sacra in Gorsium. In Religions and cults in Pannonia. Székesfehérvár, 25-8.Fitz, J. 2002. “Tác, Gorsium (Fejér megye)”. In Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon 1999. Budapest, 254-5.Fitz, J. 2004. “Gorsium”. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia II. Situla 42: 204. Ljubjana.Gömöri, J. 2003. “Scarbantia”. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia I. Situla 4�: Ljubjana, 8�-92.Hajnóczi, Gy. �987. Pannónia római romjai. Budapest: Műszaki könyvkiadó.Kvetánová, I. –Višňovský, P. 2007. “Jupiter Dolichenus alebo Mars?” In Pamiatky a múzeá 2007, 2: 29-32.Milch, Á. �900. „A bregetiumi Jupiter-dolychenus szentély“. In A komáromvármegyei és városi Múzeum egyesület 1900.

évi Értesítője XIV: 27-35. Komárom.PHA �995 = Pannonia Hungarica Antiqua. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány.Póczy, K. �976. Pannoniai városok. Budapest: Athenaeum Nyomda.Póczy, K. �994. Aquincum, the Roman town in Budapest. Budapest: Budapest Historical Museum.Scherrer, P. 2003. “Savaria”. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia I. Situla 4�: 53-80. Ljubjana.Szilágyi, J. �956. Aquincum. Budapest: Akadémiai kiadó.Zsidi, P. 2004. „Aquincum. Ergebnisse der topographischen und siedlung-historischen Forschungen in den Jahren

�969-�999“. In The autonomous towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Pannonia II. Situla 42: 209-22. Ljubljana.

Ing. arch. Jana Minaroviech-Ratimorská, PhD. Fakulta architektúry STU Nám. Slobody �9 SK-8�2 45 Bratislava [email protected]

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The Architecture of Roman Sanctuaries in Hungarian Pannonia