Territories under the Antilles Episcopal Conference (Including

A p p e n d i x 1 : T e r r i to r i e s u n d e rt h e A n t i l l e s E p i s c o pa lC o n f e r e n c e ( I n c l u d i n g

P o p u l at i o n F i g u r e s )

The Roman Catholic Church in the English-, Dutch-, and French-speakingCaribbean (except Haiti) comprises five Provinces, consisting of twenty-oneecclesiastical units: five Archdioceses, fourteen Dioceses and two IndependentMissions.

Ecclesiastical units Population % RC RC population % of AEC

Province of St. Pierre andFort-de-France

Archdiocese of St. Pierreand Fort-de-France(Martinique)

414,516 90 373, 064

Diocese of Basse-terre andPoint-a-Pitre (Guadeloupe)

426,493 95 405, 168

Diocese of Cayenne (FrenchGuyana)

220,000 75 165, 000

Province of St. Pierre andFort-de-France Total

1,061,009 89 943,233 39

Province of Port-of-SpainArchdiocese of Port-of-Spain

(Trinidad and Tobago)1,338,000 29 393, 372

Diocese of Willemstad:Curaçao 130,801 80 104, 641Aruba 110,000 81 89, 100St. Maarten 56,410 39 22, 000Bonaire 10,797 77 8, 314Saba 1,350 58 783St. Eustatius 2,272 25 568

Subtotal Diocese ofWillemstad

311,630 72 225, 405

Diocese of Paramaribo(Suriname)

493,000 23 113, 390

Diocese of Georgetown(Guyana)

750,000 8 60, 000

Diocese of Kingstown(St. Vincent and theGrenadines)

121,000 13 15, 730

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(Continued)

Ecclesiastical units Population % RC RC population % of AEC

Diocese of Bridgetown(Barbados)

295,000 4 11, 800

Province of Port-of-SpainTotal

3,308,630 25 819,697 34

Province of CastriesArchdiocese of Castries

(St. Lucia)167,000 90 150, 300

Diocese of Roseau (Dominica) 67,000 90 60, 032Diocese of St. George’s

(Grenada)106,000 53 56, 180

Diocese of St. John’s- Basseterre:Antigua and Barbuda 86,000 10 8, 772St. Kitts and Nevis 51,000 11 5, 610British Virgin Islands 24,000 15 3, 600Anguilla 14,108 3 423Montserrat 5,140 NA NA

Subtotal Diocese ofSt. John’s-Basseterre

180,248 10 18, 405

Province of Castries Total 520,248 55 284,917 12

Province of KingstonArchdiocese of Kingston

(Jamaica)2,728,000 4 109, 120

Diocese of Mandeville (Jamaica)Diocese of Montego Bay

(Jamaica)Diocese of Belize City and

Belmopan (Belize)320,000 50 160, 000

Mission Sui Iuris of the CaymanIslands

48,000 3 1, 440

Province of Kingston Total 3,096,000 9 270,560 11

Province of NassauArchdiocese of Nassau

(Bahamas)335,000 22 73, 700

Diocese of Hamilton (Bermuda) 66,000 15 9, 900Mission Sui Iuris of the Turks

and Caicos Islands22,352 20 4, 448

Province of Nassau Total 423,352 21 88,048 4

Grand Total AEC 8,409,239 29 2,406,455 100

Note: NA, Not availableSource: http://www.aecrc.org; Data on religion (2008).

A p p e n d i x 2 : S o c i o - E c o n o m i cData o f A E C C o u n t r i e s

Country Gender breakdown Lifeexpectancy

Infantmortality

Literacy(%)

Gendergap index(rank)

M F

Anguilla 0.94 1 80.53 3.54 95 NAAntigua and

Barbuda0.91 1 74.25 17.49 85.8 NA

Aruba 0.90 1 75.06 14.26 97.3 NABahamas 0.96 1 65.72 23.67 95.6 0.7128

(36)Barbados 0.94 1 73.21 11.05 99.7 0.7176

(31)Belize 1.0025 1 68.19 23.65 76.9 0.6536

(93)Bermuda 0.94 1 80.71 2.47 98 NABonaire 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NABritish

VirginIslands

1.05 1 77.07 15.2 97.8 NA

CaymanIslands

0.96 1 80.32 7.1 98 NA

Curaçao 0.85 1 76.25 6.5 97.6 NAFrench

Guiana(Cayenne)

1.12 1 75 10.40 83 NA

Dominica 1.02 1 75.33 14.12 94 NAGrenada 1.02 1 65.6 13.58 96 NAGuadeloupe 0.97 1 79 8.41 90 NAGuyana 1 1 66.43 30.43 98.8 0.7090

(38)Jamaica 0.98 1 73.59 15.57 87.9 0.7037

(44)Martinique 0.98 1 80.5 6.0 NAMontserrat 0.96 1 72.6 16.46 97 NA

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(Continued)

Country Gender breakdown Lifeexpectancy

Infantmortality

Literacy(%)

Gendergap index(rank)

M F

Saba 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NASt. Eustacius 0.93 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NASt. Kitts and

Nevis0.99 1 72.94 14.34 97.8 NA

St. Vincentand TheGrenadines

1.03 1 74.34 13.62 96 NA

St. Lucia 0.96 1 76.25 13.8 90.1 NASt. Maarten 0.92 1 76.03 9.76 96.7 NASuriname 1.03 1 73.48 19.45 89.6 0.6407

(102)Trinidad and

Tobago1.02 1 67 23.59 98.6 0.7353

(21)Turks and

Caicos1.01 1 75.19 14.35 98 NA

Note: NA, not availableSource: http://www.prolades.com/amertbl06.htm; (PROLADES is the Spanish acronym for LatinAmerican Socio-Religious Studies Program, located in San Pedro, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica);http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/articles/facts_and_figures_2009_0.pdf

A p p e n d i x 3 : H I V a n d A I D S C a s e sa n d R e l at e d D e at h s i n t h e A E C

Country Living with HIV/AIDS Deaths due to AIDSduring 2009

All people Adult (15–49 years)prevalence %

Anguilla NA NA NAAntigua and

Barbuda682∗ NA NA

Aruba NA NA NABahamas 6,600 3.1 <500Barbados 2,100 1.4 <100Belize 4,800 2.3 <500Bermuda 163 0.3 392†

Dominica 300 0.2‡

Guyana 5,900 1.2 <500Grenada§ 1%Jamaica 32,000 1.7 1,200St. Lucia 260∗∗ 0.12 217††

St. Kitts and Nevis 270‡‡ 0.55St. Maarten 579§§ Between 1 and 2%Curacao 1,184§§ Between 1 and 2%Suriname 3,700 1.0 <200St. Vincent and 408 0.4 223

The Grenadines (1984–1999)Trinidad and

Tobago15,000 1.5 <1,000

Turks and Caicos NA NA NA

∗Total number of cases between 1985 and 2007, Millennium Development Goals Report2009, http://ab.gov.ag/; †2005; ‡2003, http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_country_progress_report_dominica_en.pdf; §http://www.bb.undp.org/index.php?page=grenada;∗∗2005 data; ##Deaths since 1985, http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_country_progress_report_st_lucia_en.pdf; §§Between 1985 and 2007, http://www.undp.org.tt/NA/MDGReportCURandSXM.pdf; ‡‡Cumulative total from 1984 to 2006, http://www.nachaskn.org/HIVinstkittsnevis.asp; http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/st_vincent_and_the_grenadines_2008_country_progress_repor_en.pdf; St. Vincent data source, http://www.paho.org/english/dd/ais/cp_670.htmNote: NA, not available.

A p p e n d i x 4 : O v e rv i e w o f K e yS o c i o - p o l i t i c a l a n d E c c l e s i a lO c c u r r e n c e s i n t h e C a r i b b e a n

a n d i n t h e W i d e r Wo r l d,1 9 4 8 – 2 0 1 1

Year Broad social context Ecclesial events and documents

1948 UWI started on MonaCampus, Jamaica.

Benedictine Training Schoolstarted in Trinidad.

First Meeting of Bishops of theBritish West Indies.

1950 Jamaican Gladstone OrlandoStanislaus Wilson, PhD., MA,BA (Hons.), BD, DD, DCL,BCL, FRSA, Dip. Soc. Sc.(Diploma in Social Science)was elevated to monsignor(ordained in 1931 by HisEminence William CardinalVan Rossum, by specialpermission of his HolinessPope Pius XI).

1952 St. Michael’s Seminary startedin Jamaica.

1955 The first tourist hotel was builton Sint Maarten; it containedonly twenty rooms.

1957 François Duvalier, known as“Papa Doc,” won thepresidency in Haiti. (He latercreated a dictatorship and in1964 declared himself“President for Life”. Heweakened the Roman CatholicChurch through his supportfor Vodun).

The name “Antilles EpiscopalConference” was adopted.

AEC supported CatholicChaplaincy at UWI, Mona.

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(Continued)


1958 AEC becomes full member ofCELAM; Decision taken toinclude Dutch Antilles andSuriname, the French Antilles,Bermuda, and the Bahamas.

1959 Cuban Revolution led by FidelCastro.

1960 Rioting on Martinique overlack of island authority.

1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Inauguration of AquinasCentre to serve Catholics onthe UWI, Mona

1962 West Indies Federation goesformally out of existence.

Jamaica and Trinidad andTobago become the firstindependent countries in theEnglish-speaking Caribbean.Ina referendum held inMartinique, Guadeloupe,and French Guiana, themajority of voters supportthe constitutional status(introduced in 1946) of theseterritories as French overseasdepartments/regions ratherthan a move toward greaterautonomy or independence.

Second Vatican Council(Vatican II) is opened by PopeJohn XXIII.

1963 The Chaguaramas peninsula inthe northwest of the island ofTrinidad, which was used as aUS naval base since the 1940s,is returned to the control ofthe now independent state ofTrinidad and Tobago.

Curaçao began its offshorebanking in 1963 with anagreement with the UnitedStates that was beneficial forboth parties.

Giovanni Battista Montinielected Paul VI.

1964 The United TheologicalCollege of the West Indies(UTCWI), a merger of threetheological schools, is formallyfounded. It becomesoperational on a single campus(Mona, Jamaica) in 1967.

253

1965 Anti-Chinese riots in Jamaica. Vatican II is closed by Pope PaulVI. Publication of Gaudium etSpes [Joy and Hope], PastoralConstitution on the Church in theModern World.

1966 Barbados and Guyana becomeindependent.

The Emperor of Ethiopia, HaileSelassie, visits Jamaica and iswelcomed by the Rastafariancommunity who considers himdivine (God Incarnate, the BlackMessiah, the Second Advent orReincarnation of Christ). SamuelE. Carter, SJ, became auxiliary inJamaica.

HIM Haile Selassie of Ethiopiavisited Jamaica.

1967 A rebellion in Anguilla starts afour-year period of protest againstthe island being a part of afederation with St. Kitts andNevis. This period is known as theAnguillan Revolution, whichincludes a referendum in whichAnguillans vote for separationfrom the federation as well as a(nonviolent) occupation of theisland by British paratroopers.

Populorum Progressio(Development of Peoples),Encyclical by Pope Paul VI. Thechanges introduced by VaticanII begin to be implemented in theCaribbean with the introductionof laymen and laywomen aslectors. This marks the beginningof increased lay involvement in theRoman Catholic Church’s liturgy,ministries and administration.

Roman Catholic Church andWorld Council of Churches forma joint Committee on Society,Development and Peace(Sodepax). It has been disbandedin 1980.

1968 UWI lecturer Walter Rodneybanned from Jamaica. He was aGuyanese historian and theintellectual leader of the BlackPower movement in theCaribbean. The ban leads toriots in Jamaica as well asdemonstrations in Trinidad,Barbados, Guyana, and inCaribbean communities inNew York and Montreal.

A new labor union in Antiguastages a mass demonstration inFebruary, followed by a generalstrike in March, demandingrecognition of the union and

II Conference of CELAM (LatinAmerican Episcopal Conference),held in Medellin (Colombia).Theme: Church and HumanLiberation.

Gordon Anthony Pantin(1929–2000) is consecrated thefirst locally born Archbishopof Port of Spain, Trinidad(1968–2000).

254

(Continued)


protesting foreign dominanceof the economy. TheGovernment of Vere C. Birdcalls a state of emergency.CARIFTA, the Caribbean FreeTrade Area, is created toprovide continued economiclinkages between theEnglish-speaking countries ofthe Caribbean following thedissolution of the WestIndies Federation in 1962.CARIFTA is superseded byCARICOM in 1973.

The Kourou Space Centre inFrench Guiana becomesoperational. The first satellitelaunch takes place in 1970.

1969 May. A labor strike at the oilrefinery in Curaçao evolves intosocial protests and rioting.May 30, 1969 is a keylandmark in Curaçaoan historyas the events of that day fuel asocial movement in the 1970sthat results in more rights andgreater influence overthe political process forAfro-Curaçaoans.

October. The CaribbeanDevelopment Bank isestablished with headquartersin Barbados.

Formation of CADEC(Christian Action forDevelopment in the (Eastern)Caribbean).

St. Michael’s Seminaryrelocated to lands adjacent tothe UWI and UTC.

Statement on the Black PowerMovement by the Bishops ofthe AEC.

1970 Government of ForbesBurnham (Peoples NationalCongress) in Guyana turns to“cooperative socialism”,nationalizing large parts of theeconomy, taking control of themedia, and militarizing thestate. Guyana becomes aRepublic.

The Seminary of St. JohnVianney and the UgandaMartyrs on Mount St. Benedictin Trinidad and Tobago,established in 1943, isdesignated as the RegionalSeminary to prepare priests toserve in the various Dioceses ofthe AEC.

255

February. For fifty-five days, laborunions, urban unemployed,students, and Black Powerexponents in Trinidad and Tobagoprotest against the establishmentsof business, Church, andstate. Known as the FebruaryRevolution or Black PowerRevolution, the protest starts witha Black Power demonstration andincludes a mutiny in the DefenceForce. The Government of EricWilliams calls a state of emergency.

1971 Octogesima Adveniens, ApostolicLetter and call to action on socialproblems by Pope Paul VI.

French Antilles join AEC asobservers Roman Catholic Synodof Bishops held in Rome,resulting in the publication of thestatement Justitia in Mundo(Justice in the World).

Caribbean EcumenicalConsultation on Developmentheld in Trinidad and Tobago.Publication of the seminalIn Search of New Perspectives byRev. Idris Hamid, dealing withCaribbean theology anddevelopment. Peruvian Catholicpriest Gustavo Gutierrez Merino,considered the father of LatinAmerican liberation theology,publishes his seminal Historia,politica y salvacion de una teologiade la liberacion (A Theology ofLiberation: History, Politics,Salvation).

1972 Price of oil rises. The Trinidadianeconomy experiences a boom(1972–78).

PNP wins General Elections inJamaica. The four independentcountries of Barbados, Jamaica,Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobagoestablish diplomatic relations withCuba.

The Turks and Caicos got theirown local government and heldtheir first elections in 1976.

256

(Continued)


1973 The Bahamas gains independence.March. During a period ofcivil unrest in Bermuda, theUK-appointed Governor andPolice Commissioner areassassinated by people who havebeen linked to the militant BlackBeret Cadre, a small BermudianBlack Power group.

Caribbean Conference ofChurches (CCC) is established atits inaugural assembly held inJamaica (Archbishop Carter asAEC President influential in thisprocess). CADEC becomes itsdevelopment arm.

The Catholic CharismaticRenewal is introduced intoTrinidad.

Wilhelm Michel Ellis(1926–2003) becomes the firstlocally born bishop of the Dioceseof Willemstad (1973–2001).

CARICOM, the CaribbeanCommunity and CommonMarket, is established by theTreaty of Chaguaramas.

1974 Grenada becomes independent.

Government of Michael Manley(Peoples National Party) inJamaica opts for “democraticsocialism” and expands the statesector.

1975 First Lomé Convention on tradeand aid between the EuropeanUnion (EU) and African,Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP)countries (1975–80).

Suriname achieves independenceCuba sends troops to Angola.

Justice and Peace in a NewCaribbean, first Pastoral Letter ofthe Bishops of the AEC. EvangeliiNuntiandi, Pastoral exhortationon evangelization in the modernworld by Pope Paul VI.

Secretary of the Vatican’sCongregation for theEvangelisation of Peoplesrecognized the AEC as one of thefirst to obtain recognition by theHoly See.

1976 Trinidad and Tobago becomes aRepublic.

November. Statement on theCatholic Charismatic Renewal, bythe AEC Bishops.

1978 Dominica becomes independent.

November. Guyana receivesconsiderable international

Year of three Popes: Paul VI, whopassed away on August 6; JohnPaul I, from August 26 toSeptember 29; and John Paul II asof October 16.

257

attention when over 900 almostentirely American members(including more than 300children) of the Jim Jones-ledcult called Peoples Temple die ina mass suicide/murder inJonestown and nearby PortKaituma in the northwesternpart of the country.

1979 St. Lucia and St. Vincent and theGrenadines gain independence.The New Jewel Movement ledby Maurice Bishop takes overgovernment in Grenada after anuprising. The “Peoples’Revolutionary Government”establishes a mixed economy andreceives considerable aid fromCuba. This period is known asthe Grenada Revolution(1979–83).

April. La Soufrière, a volcano onthe island of St. Vincent, eruptscausing extensive agriculturaldamage and the evacuation ofthousands of inhabitants.

Sir William Arthur Lewis(1915–91) of St. Lucia, Directorof the Caribbean DevelopmentBank and a former ViceChancellor of the University ofthe West Indies, wins the NobelPrize in Economics. He wasthe first person from theEnglish-speaking Caribbean towin the Nobel Prize (in anycategory) and the first person ofAfrican descent in the world towin the Nobel Prize in acategory other than Peace orLiterature.

III Conference of CELAM, heldin Puebla, Mexico. Theme:The Present and Future ofEvangelization in Latin America.

Redemptor Hominis (Redeemerof Humanity), Encyclical by PopeJohn Paul II.

January. On his very firstinternational pontifical trip, PopeJohn Paul II visits the Bahamas(together with the DominicanRepublic and Mexico).

IX General Assembly of theOrganization of American States(OAS) passes a resolution callingupon all states to recognize theCaribbean as a Zone of Peace.

258

(Continued)


1980 Walter Rodney is assassinated inGuyana.

Anguilla secedes from St. Kittsand Nevis to become (andremain) a separate BritishOverseas Territory, while St. Kittsand Nevis goes on to become anindependent state in 1983.In Dominica, elections are won bythe Dominica Freedom Party andEugenia Charles (1919–2005)becomes the English-speakingCaribbean’s first female primeminister, the first woman electedin her own right as head ofgovernment in the Americas, andthe world’s longest continuouslyserving female prime minister(1980–95).

The publication of the Sante Fedocument—a US foreign policydocument to counteract theinfluence of liberation theology inLatin America.

December. The CCC sponsors aConsultation in Barbados onCaribbean Theology andDevelopment: Issues in the 1980s.

A military coup in Surinamebrings Desi Bouterse to power.

The conservative EdwardSeaga-led Jamaica Labour Party iselected into office in Jamaica.

1981 Start of the Third UN Decade ofDevelopment, later known as the“Lost Decade” because of thedebt crisis and lack of growth inthe Third World.

Laborem Exercens (On HumanWork), Encyclical by Pope JohnPaul II.

Second Lomé Conventionbetween the EU and the ACP(1980–85).

A group of American andCanadian self-styled“mercenaries” attempts tooverthrow the government ofEugenia Charles in Dominica butfails.

259

The OECS, Organisation ofEastern Caribbean States, isestablished by the Treaty ofBasseterre.

Antigua and Barbuda and Belizebecome independent states.

1982 The price of oil falls. Theeconomy of Trinidad and Tobagocrashes.

True Freedom and Development,second Pastoral Letter of theBishops of the AEC.

October. The Regional SecuritySystem (RSS) is established inwhich four member states of theOECS and Barbados pledge eachother assistance for the defenseand security of the easternCaribbean sub-region. TheUS invasion of Grenada in 1983includes RSS forces. The RSS,based in Barbados, cooperateswith the CARICOM RegionalTask Force on Crime and Securitysince 2001 and forms part of theUS-Caribbean Basin SecurityInitiative (CBSI) since 2009.

The CCC publishes Peace:A Challenge to the Caribbean.

St. Kitts and Nevis become anindependent state.

The Reagan Administration of theUnited States launches theCaribbean Basin Initiative, aprogram of trade, investment andaid that excludes Cuba andGrenada. The United States alsoincreases military aid to friendlygovernments in the region.

The General Assembly of theCCC calls on the CCC to requestthe UN to declare the Caribbeana Zone of Peace.

Fifteen opponents of the militaryleadership in Suriname areexecuted.

1983 St. Kitts and Nevis gainsindependence.

March. Pope John Paul II visitsBelize.

Maurice Bishop and others leadersof the People’s RevolutionaryGovernment in Grenada areassassinated by rivals. TheGrenada Revolution collapses.

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Military invasion of Grenada bythe United States supported bythe conservative governments ofAntigua and Barbuda (V.C. Bird),Dominica (E. Charles), St. Kittsand Nevis (K. Simmonds),St. Lucia (J. Compton),St. Vincent and the Grenadines(M. Cato), Barbados (T. Adams)and Jamaica (E. Seaga).

1985 February. Pope John Paul II visitsTrinidad and Tobago.

1986 January 1. Aruba separates fromthe Netherlands Antillesfederation, gaining internalself-governance while remainingwithin the Kingdom of theNetherlands.

December. The thirty-yeardominance of Trinidad andTobago’s governance by thePeople’s National Movement(PNM) ends as the party loses theelection to the National Alliancefor Reconstruction, led byA. N. R. Robinson, whosubsequently becomes primeminister.

“Baby Doc” Duvalier ousted andexiled from Haiti.

July. Pope John Paul II visitsSt. Lucia.

1987 SollicitudoReiSocialis (On SocialConcern), Encyclical by PopeJohn Paul II.

1988 September: Category fivehurricane Gilbert hit Jamaica andother Caribbean islands includingthe Cayman Islands, Haiti, andSt. Lucia The United States brokerelations with Curaçao foroffshore banking due to problemswith the drug trade.

1989 The PNP won the elections inJamaica

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1990 On Friday July 27, 1990, 114members of the Jamaat alMuslimeen, led by Yasin Abu Bakrand Bilaal Abdullah (located at theRed House) attempted to stagea coup d’état against thegovernment of Trinidad andTobago. Forty-two insurgentsstormed the Red House (the seatof Parliament) and took the primeminister, A. N. R. Robinson andmost of his Cabinet hostage. Aftersix days of negotiation, theMuslimeen surrendered onAugust 1, and were taken intocustody.

May. Pope John Paul II visitsCuraçao.

1991 Aristide ousted in Haiti. CentesimusAnnus (On theHundredth Anniversary),Encyclical by Pope John Paul II.

1992 Derek Walcott (1930), a poet,playwright, writer, and visual artistfrom St. Lucia, wins the NobelPrize for Literature

The People’s Progressive Party(led by Cheddi Jagan) wins theelections in Guyana, ending thedominance of the country’sgovernance by the People’sNational Congress (led by ForbesBurnham) during the 1970s and1980s.

The West Indian Commissionpresents its report, Time forAction, to CARICOM withproposals for advancing the goalsof CARICOM by both deepeningand widening regional integration.The establishment of theAssociation of Caribbean States in1994 is partly in response to thereport.

August. Hurricane Andrew causessevere damage to northwesternBahamas, destroying manyhouses, leaving some 1,700people homeless, and causing fourdeaths.

Caritas Antilles, a Catholic relief,development, and social serviceorganization reporting to theAEC, establishes its headquartersin St. Lucia. It is a member ofthe Caritas Internationalisconfederation which isheadquartered in Vatican City.

May. Evangelisation for a NewCaribbean, Pastoral Letter of theAEC Bishops.

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(Continued)


1993 August. Pope John Paul II visitsJamaica.

1994 July. The Association of CaribbeanStates (ACS) is established withheadquarters in Trinidad andTobago.

Its aim is to promote consultation,cooperation, and concerted actionamong all the countries andterritories in the Caribbean andcircum-Caribbean.

February. The First Conferenceon Catholic Theology in theCaribbean is held in St. Lucia.

July. Evangelising Family Life for aNew Caribbean, Pastoral Letter ofthe AEC Bishops.

Caribbean Contact, theprogressive, monthly, regionalnewspaper of CADEC/CCC thatwas immensely popular in the1970s and early 1980s, isdiscontinued.

1995 July. Suriname became a fullmember of CARICOM. It was thefirst non-English-speakingcountry to join the regional body.

July. Two-thirds of Montserrat’spopulation was forced to flee theisland because of an eruption ofthe previously dormant SoufriereHills volcano. The volcanoremains active today, but on areduced scale, damage beingconfined to the southern part ofthe island (the exclusion zone).A provisional government centerwas established and a new airportbuilt in the north.

Evangelium Vitae (The Gospel ofLife), Encyclical by Pope JohnPaul II.

August. Statement Calling forLifting of Embargo against Cubaand for Dialogue between US andCuba, by the AEC Bishops.

1998 The University of the West Indies(UWI) celebrated its 50thanniversary of establishment.It was founded in 1948 as theUniversity College of the WestIndies (UCWI) at Mona inJamaica, in special relationshipwith the University of London.Today (2012) it has physicalcampuses in Barbados, Jamaica,and Trinidad and Tobago, and anOpen Campus.

UTCWI holds a Consultation inJamaica on An Evaluation ofCaribbean Theology. Fides et Ratio(Faith and Reason), Encyclical byPope John Paul II.

May. The Cathedral of Castries,St. Lucia, the largest in the AECregion, is elevated to the status ofa minor basilica during itscentenary celebrations.

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August. A referendum is held inNevis. Although the majority ofvoters choose independence, thevote falls short of the two-thirdsmajority needed for the option ofindependence from the federationwith St. Kitts to succeed.

September. Hurricane Georgescuts right across the Caribbean,making landfall in Antigua andBarbuda, Guadeloupe, St. Kittsand Nevis, the Virgin Islands,Puerto Rico, the DominicanRepublic, Haiti, Cuba, and theUnited States. The Caribbeanislands most impacted by thelong-lasting hurricane in terms ofdamage and deaths were: Antigua,Barbuda, St. Kitts, Haiti, andespecially the DominicanRepublic.

Cuba made history by hosting avisit from Pope John Paul II andpermitting him to be broadcastwithout censorship. He urged theisland to break away fromsocialism, but also urged othercountries, particularly the UnitedStates, to end trade restrictionsagainst Cuba.

Jamaica became the firstEnglish-speaking Caribbeannation to qualify for theFIFA World Cup.

1999 November. Hurricane Lennyforms in the western Caribbeanand maintains an unprecedentedwest-to-east track for its entireduration, severely affecting manyCaribbean countries while directlyhitting the Leeward Islandsarea (especially Anguilla,St. Maarten/St. Martin, andAntigua and Barbuda).

2000 The CBI program is expandedthrough the US – CaribbeanBasin Trade Partnership Act(CBTPA), which continues ineffect until 2020.

The Archdiocese of Port of Spaincelebrates its 150th anniversary.

The Archdiocese of St. Pierre andFort de France celebrates the150th anniversary of itsestablishment as a Diocese(It became an Archdiocese in1967).

November. Capital Punishment,Pastoral Letter of the AECBishops.

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November. On the Ministry ofCatechetics, Pastoral Letter of theAEC Bishops.

December. Two men attackedworshippers in the minor Basilicaof the Immaculate Conception,Castries, St. Lucia. They identifiedthemselves as Rastafarians. Twelvepersons were seriously injured anda seventy-two-year old nun laterdied from her injuries.

2001 Caribbean Court of Justice wasestablished. The Caribbean Courtof Justice (CCJ) is the Caribbeanregional judicial tribunalestablished on February 14, 2001by the Agreement Establishing theCaribbean Court of Justice. Theagreement was signed on that dateby the CARICOM states of:Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados,Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica,St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia,Suriname, and Trinidad andTobago. In April 2005, CCJ isinaugurated at its seat in Trinidadand Tobago. The CCJ hasoriginal, compulsory, andexclusive jurisdiction forinterpreting the Revised Treaty ofChaguaramas (the basis forCARICOM) and is a court of lastresort in civil and criminal mattersfor those member states thatchose to accede to this optional,appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ.

April. The Bush Administration ofthe United States introduces theterm “Third Border” to refer tothe Caribbean region, in the sensethat it considers its borders withCanada, Mexico (its First andSecond Borders), and theCaribbean important todefend against perceivedmigration-related security threats.

265

During the Cold War (1945–89),the Caribbean and Latin Americawere referred to as America’s“backyard.”

Trinidad-born V. S. Naipaul winsthe Nobel Prize for Literature.

With the signing of the RevisedTreaty of Chaguaramas (see1973), CARICOM replaces theoriginal idea of a CommonMarket with the goal of a SingleMarket and Economy and clearsthe way for a Caribbean Court ofJustice.

2002 The British Overseas TerritoriesAct establishes the name of BritishOverseas Territories (BOT) forthe non-independent territoriesthat fall under the jurisdiction ofthe United Kingdom, replacingthe previous terms BritishDependent Territories and CrownColonies. The BOT in theCaribbean are: Anguilla,Bermuda, British Virgin Islands,Cayman Islands, Montserrat, andTurks and Caicos Islands. By theBOT Act of 2002, inhabitants ofthe BOT in the Caribbean havefull UK citizenship with residencyrights in the UK.

The Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development,consisting of the developedcountries, blacklists forty-sevencountries, including fifteen in theCaribbean (especially thenon-independent Caribbeanterritories of the UK and theNetherlands) that are deemedoffshore financial centers orcorporate tax havens. The OECDclaims that these financial centersencourage tax evasion, cause theOECD tax losses, and facilitatemoney laundering and thefinancing of terrorism. In thewake of the OECD report and

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(Continued)


9/11 (the terrorist attacks onNew York and Washington, DC,of September 11, 2001),Caribbean countries andterritories, cooperating within theCaribbean Financial Action TaskForce (CFATF), agree to takeappropriate measures to avoidblacklisting and sanctions by theOECD countries.

2003 December. In a referendumorganized in Martinique andGuadeloupe, the electorate rejectsthe proposed transformation ofthese two overseas regions ofFrance into new autonomousregions with more responsibilityand less financial assistance fromFrance.

November. Crime and Violence:Justice and Peace Shall Embrace,Pastoral Letter of the AECBishops.

Stewardship and the Revitalisationof Parish Life in the Caribbean,Pastoral Letter of the AECBishops.

2004 Hurricane Ivan causedcatastrophic damage to Grenadaand severe damages to GrandCayman, Jamaica, and parts ofCuba.

Venezuela and Cuba launch theBolivarian Alliance for the Peoplesof Our America, best known by itsacronym in Spanish, ALBA. Today(2012) ALBA’s eight memberstates include Dominica (since2008), St. Vincent and theGrenadines, and Antigua andBarbuda (both since 2009).

November. The CCC publishesGuidelines for CaribbeanFaith-Based Organisations onDeveloping Policies and ActionPlans to Deal with HIV/AIDS.

2005 April. The Caribbean Court ofJustice (CCJ), established in2001, is inaugurated at its seat inTrinidad and Tobago. The CCJhas original, compulsory andexclusive jurisdiction forinterpreting the Revised Treaty ofChaguaramas (the basis forCARICOM) and is a court of lastresort in civil and criminal mattersfor those member states that

April. Caring for the Earth—OurResponsibility, Pastoral Letter ofthe AEC Bishops.

April-May. After twenty-six yearsas Pope (the second longestdocumented pontificate), PopeJohn Paul II dies and is succeededby Pope Benedict XVI.

December. Deus Caritas Est (Godis Love), the first Encyclical byPope Benedict XVI.

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chose to accede to this optional,appellate jurisdiction of the CCJ.

June. Venezuela launchesPETROCARIBE, an agreementthrough which several Caribbeanand circum-Caribbean states canpurchase Venezuelan oil onpreferential terms. All CARICOMstates except Barbados andTrinidad and Tobago aresignatories.

2006 January. Signing of Treatyestablishing the CARICOMSingle Market.

The Archdiocese of Castriescelebrates the 50th anniversary ofits establishment as a Diocese(It became an Archdiocese in1974). The Archdiocese ofKingston celebrates the 50thanniversary of its establishment asa Diocese (It became anArchdiocese in 1967).

Portia Simpson-Miller becameJamaica’s first female primeminister.

2007 JLP won elections in Jamaica aftereighteen years of PNP rule

March-April. The West Indieshost the Cricket World Cup. Thefifty-one tournament matches areplayed on eight English-speakingCaribbean islands.

2008 March. The Gift of Life, PastoralLetter of the AEC Bishops.

April. The Diocese of Willemstadmarks its golden jubilee (Fiftiethanniversary of establishment).

August. The Diocese ofParamaribo marks its goldenjubilee.

October. A new small Seminaryfor French-speaking Caribbeanseminarians is opened atSaint-Jean Bosco in Gourbeyre,Guadeloupe.

Hurricane Dean hit theCaribbean: devastated theCayman Islands.

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2009 August. Because of allegations ofsystemic corruption by the localgovernment of the Turks andCaicos Islands (a British OverseasTerritory), the United Kingdomsuspends self-government andreintroduces direct UK rule. TheUK-appointed Governor becomesresponsible for the government ofthe Turks and Caicos Islands andfor putting “affairs back in goodorder.” CARICOM, of which theTurks and Caicos Islands are anassociated member, condemns themeasure taken by the UK.

January-March. Labor unionsand related organizations inGuadeloupe strike for a period offorty-four days, demanding asalary increases for low-incomeworkers in the context of recent,sudden price hikes for food andpetrol on the island.

Caritas in Veritate (Charity inTruth), Encyclical by PopeBenedict XVI.

2010 Kamla Persad-Bissessar sworn inas Prime Minister of Trinidad andTobago on May 26 and is thecountry’s first female PrimeMinister.

April. The Benedictine monasteryin Bartica, Guyana, is closed. Themonks are transferred to Trinidadand Tobago’s Mount St. BenedictAbbey.

May. The Regional Seminary ofSt. John Vianney and theUgandan Martyrs on MountSt. Benedict in Trinidad andTobago is closed for a period ofthree years for the purposes ofimproving the facilities andenrolment, increasing residentfaculty, and developing itsfinancial base. During this period,AEC seminarians will enroll in theSeminario Pontificio Santo Tomásde Aquino, Dominican Republic.

July. The Archdiocese of Nassaucelebrates the 50th anniversary ofits establishment as a Diocese(It became an Archdiocese in1999).

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January. In referenda inMartinique and French Guiana,increased local autonomy for theseoverseas regions of France isrejected by large margins: 80 percent of the voters in Martiniqueand 70 per cent in French Guiana.

The Cathedral of Sts Peter andPaul, Paramaribo, Suriname, wasre-consecrated, after being closedfor twenty-one years. It’s thebiggest and tallest woodenstructure in the westernhemisphere.

October. The Netherlands Antillesfederation is disbanded. Curaçaoand St. Maarten both gaininternal self-governance withinthe Kingdom of the Netherlands(a status similar to that of Aruba,which gained it in 1986). Bonaire,St. Eustatius and Saba eachbecome an integral part of theNetherlands as a “specialadministrative body” (overseasmunicipality) of the Netherlands.

2011 January. UTCWI and theCaribbean Association ofTheological Schools hold aConference on CaribbeanTheological Education: Mappingthe Contours of the Future.

April. Catholic Education in theTerritories of the AEC, PastoralLetter of the AEC Bishops.

May. World Council of ChurchesInternational Ecumenical PeaceConvocation to end the Decadeto Overcome Violence held inKingston, Jamaica, on theUWI Mona Campus.

Portia Simpson-Miller and thePNP win elections in Jamaica.

Prepared by June Wheatley, adapting and expanding upon the overview for 1962–83 prepared byPeter Jordens for Chapter 4 (in this volume). Additional sources include: http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/history/socialism.politics/index.html

A p p e n d i x 5 : T h e A n t i l l e sE p i s c o pa l C o n f e r e n c e : E a r ly

Day s

M i c h a e l J a m e s

The very first meeting of the bishops of the then colonial British West Indies,later to become the Antilles Episcopal Conference (AEC) with the incorpo-ration of the French and Dutch West Indies, took place on January 21–22,1948, in Kingston, Jamaica. Among those attending the meeting wereArchbishop Finbar Ryan, OP, of Port of Spain, Trinidad; Bishop ThomasEmmet, SJ, of Jamaica; Bishop George Weld, SJ, of British Guiana; andBishop Antoine Demets of Roseau, Dominica. The only Caribbean-bornattendee was Jamaican Fr. (later Msgr.) Gladstone Wilson in his position asthe Secretary to the Conference.

The meeting took place at a time of major social and political changesaround the world, particularly in the British Empire. The “winds of change”had brought independence to India and Pakistan, and independence move-ments had already taken root in the colonial Caribbean.

The major issues addressed at this first meeting of the incipient AEC,included the relationship of the Catholic Church in the region to the fledg-ing University College of the West Indies (UCWI), which later becamethe University of the West Indies (UWI). The bishops agreed that theyshould offer the fullest cooperation in the development of higher educa-tion in the region. Bishop Emmet, noting that it would probably take along time before the University could provide adequate buildings and facil-ities for its premedical course, proposed exploring the possibility of makingthe services and facilities of the Jesuit-run St George’s College in downtownKingston available to the budding University until it could develop its campusat Mona.

It was also noted that Dr T. W. J. Taylor, principal of the University Col-lege, would welcome the cooperation of the Catholic Hierarchy, includingthe establishing of a Catholic Chaplaincy to the University and the CatholicChaplain joining the teaching faculty. Very early discussions on possible philo-sophical and theological inputs to the University would be later realized in theestablishment of close links between UWI and the academic programs of theCatholic St. Michael’s Seminary in Jamaica and St. John Vianney Seminary

272 A p p e n d i x 5 : T h e A n t i l l e s E p i s c o pa l C o n f e r e n c e

in Trinidad, the ecumenical United Theological College of the West Indies atMona, and the Anglican Codrington College in Barbados.

Catholic involvement in early West Indian university education was alsorecognized by the AEC in 1948 as an important aspect of promoting greaterlocal Catholic involvement in the social, political, and public life of the region.The bishops at that inaugural meeting also addressed as urgent the devel-opment of a local diocesan Catholic clergy, made even more urgent by thegrowing nationalism in the region and the general trend of the Europeanpowers to cede greater self-determination to their colonies.

In 1943, the Benedictine Order had started a training program for localcandidates to the priesthood for its monastery community in Trinidad.Archbishop Ryan, however, obtained permission from the Vatican to opena Seminary for training diocesan priests at a site just below the Monastery in1948 and with great foresight predicted that it would become the “CentralReligious Seminary” for the whole of the West Indies region. The Seminaryofficially became the AEC Regional Seminary of St. John Vianney and theUganda Martyrs in 1970, and has trained scores of Caribbean priests aswell as larger numbers of lay university theology students. (Teaching at theSeminary has been suspended for a period of three years from June 30,2010, for the purposes of improving the facilities and enrolment, increas-ing the resident faculty, and developing the financial base for the RegionalSeminary.)

The Conference was represented by Archbishop Ryan as an Observer atthe first Continental Meeting of Bishops of Latin America and the Caribbean(CELAM) in Rio de Janeiro in 1955 and the following year approved thestatutes for the AEC whose objective was “to study problems of commoninterest pertaining to the Catholic Church in the area.” The decision wastaken in 1957 to adopt the name “Antilles Episcopal Conference” mak-ing way for it to broaden its membership across the region. The bishopsalso agreed to set up a Permanent Secretariat in Kingston, Jamaica. TheAEC Secretariat would remain in Kingston until 1990 when, at the initia-tive of the then President Archbishop Kelvin Felix of Castries, St. Lucia,the AEC took the decision to move the Secretariat to an AEC-acquiredproperty in Port of Spain, Trinidad, and to appoint a full-time generalsecretary.

By 1957, with full AEC support, a Catholic Chaplaincy headed by Fr. LouisGrenier, SJ, was established at UCWI Mona to serve the nascent Univer-sity whose student population was then just 480 from across the Caribbean,including 80 Catholics. Fr. Grenier had argued convincingly for the estab-lishment of a “first class Catholic Student Centre” on the grounds thatthe present students in years to come would be occupying the very topposts in government, business, and the professions across the Caribbean.A permanent, modern “Aquinas Centre” to serve the needs of the Uni-versity community was inaugurated 1961 (Today it is St. Thomas AquinasChurch).

A p p e n d i x 5 : T h e A n t i l l e s E p i s c o pa l C o n f e r e n c e 273

In 1958, the AEC became a full member of CELAM, while thedecision was taken to also work towards a broadening of the regionalconference to include the Dutch Antilles and Suriname, the French-speakingterritories of French Guyana, Martinique and Guadeloupe, the Bahamas, andBermuda. In 1963, the first non-English-speaking bishop Stephen Kuijpers ofParamaribo represented the Dutch Antilles at an AEC Annual Plenary Meet-ing (APM). In 1971, the French Antilles joined the AEC as observers. (Theywould confirm their status as full members at the AEC meeting in 1983 inCayenne, French Guyana.) The first AEC APM hosted by a non-English-speaking territory, Martinique, in 1975, was attended by the Secretary ofthe Vatican’s Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, ArchbishopLourdusamy, in tribute to the pioneering role of the AEC, which by 1956 hadbecome one of the first Episcopal Conferences to receive official recognitionby the Holy See, well before the holding of Second Vatican Council.

In 1968, Archbishop Samuel Carter of Kingston, Jamaica, was electedthe first Caribbean-born president of the AEC, succeeding ArchbishopJohn McEleney. When Archbishop Carter was re-elected two years later,Archbishop Anthony Pantin of Port of Spain was elected vice presidentand Bishop Anthony Dickson of Bridgetown, Barbados, Episcopal Secretary,prompting the AEC to note that “for the first time in the history of the Con-ference since its inception in 1957, all the officers are West Indians—twoJamaicans and a Trinidadian” (Press release November 12, 1970).

A Trinidad Catholic News article on the 1971 APM of the AEC quotedfrom the bishops’ press release:

The most notable change in the Church in the past five years had been theWest Indianization of the episcopacy. Since Archbishop Carter of Jamaica wasordained bishop in 1966, there have been 10 local priests elevated to the rankof bishop. Two of these were in the French Territories, another seven in theEnglish-speaking lands and a West Indian Bishop (Bowers) in Ghana has beentransferred to Antigua.

(Catholic News, July 12, 1971)

Archbishop Carter, while president of the AEC, was also a key figure in theformation of the Caribbean Conference of Churches (CCC). As the chairmanof the 1969 Steering Committee for the formation of the first regional ecu-menical body worldwide, Archbishop Carter led the Roman Catholic Churchinto full membership; this followed the unanimous decision by the AEC tobecome a founding member of the CCC. The year 1969 also saw the AECtaking an increasingly active role in responding to the urgent social, cultural,and political problems facing the region, including addressing controversialissues such as the Black Power movement in the Caribbean.

In 1975, the AEC published its widely-cited pastoral Justice and Peace ina New Caribbean (JPNC). In it the Caribbean bishops fully endorsed the

274 A p p e n d i x 5 : T h e A n t i l l e s E p i s c o pa l C o n f e r e n c e

conclusions of a landmark 1971 Synod in Rome, attended by AEC PresidentArchbishop Carter, and declared that the most important statement to emergefrom the Synod was the following:

Action on behalf of justice and participation in the transformation of the worldfully appear to us as constitutive dimension of the preaching of the Gospel,or, in other words, of the Church’s mission for the redemption of the humanrace and its liberation from every oppressive situation.

(Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean §4)

“These,” the AEC stated, “are strong and clear words. They mean that wecannot separate action for justice or liberation from oppression from proclaim-ing the Word of God. The expression of our religious faith must go hand inhand with our active promotion of justice” (JPNC). And they continued,

It follows immediately from this that the work of the Church cannot be con-fined to the sacristy or the sanctuary. On the contrary, it is the Church’svocation to be present in the heart of the world by proclaiming the GoodNews to the poor, freedom to the oppressed, and joy to the afflicted. Christclearly proclaimed that this was his own mission. It must therefore also be themission of the Church He founded.

(Justice and Peace in a New Caribbean §4)

Even as the Conference spoke out on social and human rights issues, it wasalso calling on the Church in the Caribbean to practice what it preached.In 1972 following its Grenada APM, the AEC called on all educators, parents,and teachers in Catholic schools across the region “to strive by word, exam-ple, projects as well as suitable courses to inculcate in their pupils, principlesand practice of social justice” (Press release number 4, November 11, 1972).They invited “Boards of Management, administrators and other authorities inour Catholic Schools to make it possible for parents and teachers both reli-gious and lay, to participate in the decision making processes of our schools,”and they urged “these same parents and teachers to accept this challenge.”Another press release from the same meeting called for full transparency:“We accept the principle that the annual income and expenditure and theholding in real property and in financial assists and liabilities of dioceses,parishes, church organizations and religious institutes should be open to pub-lic knowledge” (Press release number 1, November 12, 1972). ArchbishopPantin of Port of Spain was among those who led by example in moving fromhis residence in Port of Spain to live in Laventille, one of the poorest andmost marginalized and ostracized communities in Trinidad. This and otheractions demonstrated that the Catholic Church in the Caribbean had comeof age.

This brief account of the early days of the AEC has shown a cleartrajectory:

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● The Church discerned the movement of the Holy Spirit in the historicalliberation struggles throughout the region, and played a prophetic role, thatis, it attempted to re-interpret the developing social and economic events inlight of the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the teaching tradition of the CatholicChurch.

● The Church mobilized and organized its human and material resources inthe mission of justice and peace throughout the region.

● Similar to the political leaders of the pre- and post-independence era,Church leaders identified closely with the pain and struggles of theCaribbean people, and carved out its prophetic role in the liberationmovement.

● The Church’s missionary efforts for justice and peace in the region were intandem with the missionary work of the Universal Church.

● The Church confidently asserted itself and played a significant role in theformation of the future religious and political leaders of the region.

This is the meaning of the expression “to come of age.” Despite the Churchof the region still being considered by some as “missionary,” this accountpresents evidence that the Church is growing in maturity, that is, taking own-ership and responsibility for the mission of Jesus Christ to the people of theregion.

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N ot e s o n C o n t r i bu to r s

Editors

Donald Chambers is a pastor of the Holy Cross Church, Kingston, Jamaica,and former lecturer/formator at the Regional Seminary, St. John Vianneyand the Uganda Martyrs, Trinidad. He holds theology degrees from the Uni-versity of the West Indies, Mona; Xavier University, New Orleans; and theGregorian University, Rome. He is currently also the regional director of thePontifical Mission Societies for the Antilles Episcopal Conference of Bishopsand lecturer of St. Michael’s Theological College, Kingston.

Anna Kasafi Perkins is a former dean of studies at St. Michael’s Theolog-ical College, Jamaica. She holds degrees from the University of the WestIndies, Mona; The University of Cambridge; and Boston College. She is cur-rently the senior programme officer, Quality Assurance, University of the WestIndies, Mona, and an adjunct faculty at St. Michael’s Theological College. Herresearch interests include faith and political life, sex and sexuality, theology andculture.

Jacqueline Porter is currently a lecturer in Religious Education and Spanishat the St. Joseph’s Teachers’ College in St. Andrew, Jamaica. She taught Scrip-ture at St. Michael’s Theological College and coordinated the Sunday SchoolProgramme at her Church for many years. She holds degrees from the Uni-versity of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica, and Franciscan Universityof Steubenville, Ohio.

Contributors

Gerald M. Boodoo, a native of Trinidad and Tobago, is currently associateprofessor of theology at Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit, Pittsburgh,USA. A former dean of studies at the Regional Seminary of St. John Vianney,he also is a founding member of the Conference on Catholic Theology inthe Caribbean Today and of Caribbean Catholics of North America. Hehas served on various committees and groups in the Catholic TheologicalSociety of America and is a member of EATWOT (Ecumenical Associa-tion of Third World Theologians) and the World Forum on Theology andLiberation.

Peter Bunting is the general secretary of the People’s National Party and theminister of national security and member of parliament Central Manchester

296 N ot e s o n C o n t r i bu to r s

in Jamaica. His private sector career has been spent in finance and banking.Peter earned a Bachelor of Engineering (Mech.) from McGill University andan MBA from the University of Florida.

Clyde M. Harvey is a parish priest and a lecturer at the Seminary of St. JohnVianney and the Uganda Martyrs, Trinidad, an affiliate college of the Univer-sity of the West Indies. He teaches courses in the Ethics of Human Sexualityand the Study of Religions. He is a graduate of the University of the WestIndies, the Catholic University of Leuven, the University of Lancaster andthe Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. He is the recipient ofa National Hummingbird Award.

Michael James is a Roman Catholic deacon who has served as the AssistantEditor of the Catholic Standard, Guyana, and Associate General Secretary ofthe Caribbean Conference of Churches.

Peter B. Jordens is a native of Curaçao where he has been a freelanceconsultant and writer since 1998. He holds a master’s degree in RegionalPlanning from Cornell University, United States of America (1991). His inter-ests focus on Caribbean political economy, theology, and spirituality in thecurrent postmodern, secularized, and liberal context. He is a participant inthe regional Conference on Catholic Theology in the Caribbean and coor-dinates a religious/spiritual discussion group in Curaçao. He has recentlypublished The ‘Our Father’ Prayer: Our Solemn Promise to Collaborate withGod (in Papiamentu).

R. Anthony Lewis is associate professor and dean of the Faculty of Educa-tion and Liberal Studies at the University of Technology, Jamaica, where heteaches French, English, and writing. A PhD in linguistics (translation) fromthe University of Montreal, his research interests include translation theoryand non-standard languages, creolization and nationalism as well as HIV andsexuality in Afro-American communities. He has worked with the Gay, Les-bian and Bisexual Community (GLABCOM) outreach program at JamaicaAIDS Support for Life and serves as the secretary to the board of direc-tors of the Caribbean Vulnerable Communities Coalition, a pan-Caribbeannon-governmental organization working with groups most affected by HIVand AIDS.

Christopher Llanos obtained his doctorate in religion and society fromHarvard University. He specializes in the ethical dimensions of public policy,and has done research and writing on migration and its moral dimension. Hecurrently lectures in theological ethics at St. Michael’s Theological College inJamaica.

Peter McIsaac, SJ, is a currently the regional superior of the Society of Jesusin Jamaica. He holds degrees in philosophy from the University of Torontoand in theology from the Catholic University of East Africa, and Regis Col-lege of the Toronto School of Theology. He is a lecturer at the St. Michael’s

N ot e s o n C o n t r i bu to r s 297

Theological College in Jamaica, and a director of the Diaconate Programmefor the Archdiocese of Kingston.

Gerry McLaughlin is a member of the Society of Jesus who earned his MA inphilosophy and Licentiate in Theology from Boston College in the 1960s. Hebegan living in Jamaica before Independence in 1962. He was a pioneer inthe Jamaican Credit Union and Cooperative Movement, parish priest, CivilServant in the Ministry of Housing. Currently he is an assistant to the newlyinstalled Archbishop of Kingston.

Malcolm Rodrigues is a Guyanese Jesuit priest, who has spent a large partof his life at the University of Guyana in the Faculty of Natural Science, laterholding the post of deputy vice chancellor for two years. He has been involvedin broad church work, serving the faith and promoting justice. At present, heis working on the rights of the indigenous peoples and has been appointed tothe Commission of Indigenous Peoples.

Danielle Roper is a Jamaican doctoral student in the Spanish and PortugueseDepartment at New York University. She holds degrees in Performance Stud-ies from New York University and in Hispanic Studies from Hamilton College.She is also the 2006 recipient of the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship.

Lester Orville Shields is a member of the Society of Jesus. He holds aPhD in pastoral counseling. He is Catholic chaplain at the University of theWest Indies, Mona (UWI), and the University of Technology, Jamaica. He isemployed full time as a psychologist in the counseling unit of the UWI HealthCentre. He also lectures in pastoral counseling at St. Michael’s TheologicalCollege.

Sylvia Rose-Ann Walker (PhD with distinction) is a teacher educator whoholds the position of assistant professor, Language and Literature, at theCentre for Education Programs at the University of Trinidad and Tobago.She is certified in tertiary-level teaching, is a practicing Catholic, and identi-fies transformative pedagogy, ethics, and literary theology to be her primaryresearch interests.

Duncan Wielzen, PhD, is currently a pastoral worker in The Hague, theNetherlands. He holds degrees from the Catholic University Leuven, andRadboud University, Nijmegen. His area of expertise is Liturgical Studies andRitual Studies.

I n d e x

AIDS, 68CCC, 211Faith-based organizations

(FBOs), 210, 211Morality, 204, 209, 212, 214People, living with, 9–10, 211Same sex practice, 207Sex workers, 203, 206, 207, 209Stigma and discrimination, 9, 29,

56, 67, 101, 201, 203, 204,210, 215

see also HIVAntilles Episcopal Conference, 1, 4,

8, 36, 41, 61, 75, 95, 101, 103,107, 118, 128, 151, 155, 167,179, 183, 202, 219, 233

anti-Chinese Riots, 5Aparecida, 65, 71, 108, 109, 113,

175see also (Catholic) church

(Arch) bishopsCarter, Samuel, 21, 41, 49, 174Clarke, Edgerton, 21Lourdusamy, Simon, 273McEleney, John, 50, 273Pantin, Anthony, 273, 274Reece, Donald, 21Romero, Oscar, 175Ryan, Finbar, 271, 272Singh, Benedict, 62, 167

Benedict XVI (Pope), 36, 83, 87,99, 110, 112, 205, 206

Caritas in Veritate, 87see also Vatican documents

Bishop, Maurice, 64Black Power, 41–59

African clothing, wearing of, 58attack on church, 43, 47, 48Black Panthers, 42, 52Caribbean, 51–7Césaire, Aimé, 7Church reaction, 44–5, 49–51, 57Fanon, Franz, 7, 53, 186Government response, 45–7, 55Graffiti, 53Henry, Claudius, 54impact, 47influence of Marcus Garvey, 52–3Islam, 57Jamaica, 54–5James, CLR, 7, 53liturgy, 58Malcolm X, 42, 45, 53Padmore, George, 53Rat Island Black Power

Conference, 43State of Emergency, 56Trinidad and Tobago, 55–7United States of America, 52–4women’s role, 55

body of Christ, 195–6, 201–2Boodoo, Gerald, 7, 22, 30, 31, 83,

179–199Bunting, Peter, 26, 117–26

CADEC, 58CAFFE (Citizens Action for Free

and Fair Elections), 175Campbell, Roy, 50Canon Law, 158, 162, 163

Code of Canon Law, 143capitalism, 3, 19, 24, 58, 76–9, 81,

83, 86

300 I n d e x

capital punishment/death penalty,131–2ff

CaribbeanAntilles, Greater, 4Antilles, Lesser, 4definition, 4Diaspora, 4, 6, 7, 160ethno-historical, 4Francophone, 6, 8, 17, 118identity, 5, 8, 20, 28, 31, 52, 77,

80, 106, 184, 185–9immigrants, 6-7Nedelanderphone, 8religion in the, 18transnational, 4, 6, 15, 17

Caribbean community(CARICOM), 20, 219

Caribbean Council of Churches(CCC), 21, 58

see also (Catholic) churchCaribbean Court of Justice, 133Caritas Antilles, 86Caritas Internationalis, 86Caritas in Veritate, 87Carmichael, Stokely, 42, 45, 52

Toure (Ture), Kwame, 47, 52Carter, Samuel E. (Archbishop), 21,

41, 49, 66, 174Cartey, Wilfred, 233, 236catechesis

Adult Sunday School, 151Catechetical Institute of Jamaica

(CIJ), 150catechetics, 144–5evangelization, 143guidelines, 27, 145liturgy, 148ministry of, 27, 144stages of, 147–50

catechetics, 144, 148(Catholic) church, xvi, 1, 21, 26, 32,

37, 49, 57, 62, 65, 79, 81, 86,95, 128, 141, 145, 156, 163,183, 189, 211, 220, 224, 226,

227, 228, 233, 238, 271, 272,273, 274

see also Aparecida; CharismaticRenewal; Antilles EpiscopalConference; body of Christ;(Arch) bishops; CaribbeanCouncil of Churches (CCC),Catholic identity; CatholicSocial Teaching; catechesis;CELAM (Latin AmericanEpiscopal Conference);Parish, Church; dogma;Eucharistic prayer;Eucharistic presence;evangelization; hospitality;liturgy; Magisterium; Pastoralauthority; Pastoral care;Pastoral Circle; preferentialoption for the poor;education, principle ofsubsidiarity; restitution;stewardship; sexuality;tradition

Catholic education, 152–4responsible citizenship, 37

Catholic identity, 19, 184–6, 189,190, 191, 193

Catholic Social Teaching, 50, 75,84, 134, 143

see also capitalism; common good,the; justice; socialism;(Catholic) church

Catholic Standard Newspaper, 65CELAM (Latin American Episcopal

Conference), 30, 65, 71, 79,83, 84, 103, 106, 107, 108,109, 171, 176, 177, 272, 273

see also Aparecida; (Catholic)church; Medellín

Chambers, Donald, 30, 167–78Charismatic Renewal, 33, 34Christian Action for Development in

the Eastern Caribbean, 58see also CADEC

citizen, 121

I n d e x 301

civic duty, 125Coke, Christopher, 72

see also Duduscolonialism, xv, xvi, 6, 18, 23, 48,

52, 79, 169, 170effects, 6, 33, 48, 52, 169historical Roots, 18

common good, the, 24, 27, 30, 66,72, 76, 85, 129–36, 168, 181,238, 240, 242

see also (Catholic) church;Catholic Social Teaching

communism, 24, 76, 79, 81, 83compassion, 29, 97, 137, 202, 205,

215conscientization, 123–4Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano

(CELAM). see CELAM (LatinAmerican EpiscopalConference)

contextualized doctrine, 127Cooper, Carolyn, 46creation, 9, 30, 76, 79, 81, 101,

104, 109, 110–112, 124, 180,194, 195, 209, 223, 224, 227,241

crime and violence, 1, 16–18, 27,29, 85, 130, 157

challenge to the church, 169contextual reality, 168main causes, 168reactions, 168, 170relationship to faith, 175solutions, 169, 176, 235, 266theological pastoral response, 168

Cuba, 15, 35, 46see also Embargo, Cuba

cultural values, 62, 108, 113, 162Curacao, 245, 249

Departments de’outre-mer. seeGuadeloupe; Martinique;French Guyana

deterrence, 134, 136

development, 24, 37, 50, 58, 62,63, 64, 70

sustainable, 81, 227trickledown theory, 63underdevelopment, 31

Dick, Devon, 45dogma, 127, 206

see also (Catholic) churchDonders, Petrus, 105Dudus, 72

see also Coke, ChristopherDutch Antilles, 273

ecological awareness, 195, 227school of liturgy, 31, 227stewardship, 111, 181, 194

education, 36Black Power, 42, 50catechesis, 143, 147Catholic education, 36, 152–153Catholic Social Teaching, 84contribution of the Catholic

church, 37, 50, 57, 105philosophy of Catholic education,

153popular education, 124principle of subsidiarity, 122–3role of Catholic education, 37sexual, 69

emancipation, 22, 41, 50, 58, 81from oppression, 169political emancipation, 142

Embargo, Cuba, 33–6environment

deforestation, 222ecological: (crisis, challenge,

problem), 31, 220, 221, 222,223, 225, 228

ecosystem, 222, 223, 225, 228environmental, problems, 219,

221, 225erosion: land, 222rising sea levels, 222waste, 122, 222, 226

ethic of life, 130, 134, 135, 234

302 I n d e x

Eucharistic community, 184see also (Catholic) church

Eucharistic prayer, 195see also (Catholic) church

Eucharistic presence, 197, 198Evangelium Vitae, 213evangelization, 23, 25, 30, 33, 89,

103–4, 107, 109–11, 144, 149,152, 213, 242, 256–7

catechesis, 144of culture, 25, 109, 111definition, 144family Life, 33, 81, 85, 183, 262inculturation, 25, 111new evangelization, 25, 30, 104,

107, 109, 112–13, 165, 179,183, 237, 240

popular religiosity, 109see also (Catholic) church

family planning, 68Natural Family Planning (NFP),

33Farrakhan, Louis, 20freedom, 23, 50, 52, 78, 87, 96, 98,

106, 107, 167, 169, 170, 172,173, 176

true freedom, 24, 32, 75, 78,125, 143, 147

French Guyana, 273

Garifuna, 5Garvey, Marcus, 7, 53

influence, 52–3message, 53

Gaudium et Spes, 49, 50, 66, 80,130, 234, 240

see also Vatican documentsgay, 207

see also homosexuality; lesbian;MSMs

gender, 9, 67, 80, 86, 96, 239Gospel, 25, 28, 30, 37, 50, 62, 87,

104, 105, 149, 151, 152, 165,180, 202, 240

faith, 144

Gospel principles, 108, 109, 112Gospel values, 113, 131, 152,

183, 213government, 2, 7, 15, 23, 35, 36,

44, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57,59, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 76, 81,96, 97, 122, 133, 134, 171,180, 209, 219, 225, 226

Grenada, 9, 10, 14, 25, 43, 57, 64,82, 87, 160

see also communism; Bishop,Maurice

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 8Guadeloupe, 16, 117, 119, 243Guevara, Che, 46Guyana, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14,

18, 19, 20, 30, 43, 46, 47, 51,58, 61–72, 96, 110, 124, 167,176, 194, 237

see also politics; People’sProgressive Party (PPP);Peoples National Congress(PNC); violence, domesticviolence

Haiti, 1, 15, 58, 184Hamid, Idris, 48, 58

Troubling of the Waters, 48Harvey, Clyde, 32, 155–66, 176HIV

abstinence, 205and Aids, 202–4condoms, 68, 205, 206, 212epidemic, 205, 206, 208heteronormativity, 208HIV-positive, 68, 201, 204, 205incidence, 9, 207John Paul II, 213Men who have Sex with Men

(MSM), 203, 204, 207, 208ostracism, 202prevention, 205, 208, 214punishment from God, 202, 203,

204social taboo, 204

I n d e x 303

transmission, 9, 29, 204, 205,206, 209

women, 9see also AIDS

homosexuality, 22, 28, 29, 32, 95,97

behavior, 97Caribbean response, 99, 100, 208celibacy, 100consensual homosexual activity,

28homonegativity, 99homophobia, 99, 207homosexual. see gayJamaica Forum for Lesbians,

All-sexuals and Gays(J-FLAG), 96, 97

legislation, 97Men who have Sex with Men. see

MSMsame sex unions, 98. see also

homosexual unionsshame, 101sin, 98, 207

homosexual unions, 98, 101hospitality, 151, 193–4

see also (Catholic) churchhuman dignity, 23, 76, 79, 80, 81,

85, 86, 87, 98, 107, 169, 171,173, 224, 234

see also Catholic Social Teaching;women, the cross

humanist, secular, 24, 78, 79human rights, 18, 24, 53, 72, 80,

97, 131, 132, 133, 134, 208,210, 215

incarnation, 25, 111, 153, 172, 181,189, 195

inclusiveness, 67inculturation, 25, 26, 104, 108,

111–13, 175, 190see also Gospel

indentureship, 5, 105, 106independence, 6, 22

church, 125effects of US policy, 82

individualism, 78, 119–21, 142integral human development, 76,

85, 87interfaith relations, 190–3

Jagdeo, Dianeauthentic, 172–3inauthentic existence, 173–5relationship, quality of, 172

Jamaat al Muslimeem, 20see also Black Power; Muslim

Jamaica, 1, 6, 9–10, 17–22, 26, 41,43–7, 50, 59, 63, 67, 96, 99,100, 120–2, 124–5, 128, 134,150–1, 155, 167, 207–10,226–7, 235

Jamaica Council Churches, 21Jamaica Labour Party (JLP), 46

see also JamaicaJamaican Language Bible

Translation (Jiizas: Di Buk WeLuukRait Bout Im), 25

John Paul II (Pope), 213Evangelium Vitae, 213, 238Redemptor Hominis, 175Redemptoris Missio, 108, 213

Joint Pastoral Letter, 62Jordens, Peter, 24, 75–94justice

“community of justice”, 137distributive justice, 76, 85, 86,

132injustice, 3, 8, 24, 41, 56, 75,

105, 106, 118, 167, 169,175, 215, 228, 239

justice and peace in theCaribbean, 3, 8

see also Catholic Social Teaching

Kenosis, 172, 177

lesbian, 29, 96–7, 98, 207, 210Lewis, R. Anthony, 29, 100, 201–18Lex talionis, 131

304 I n d e x

liberalist, 24, 78, 82liberation, 24, 63, 76, 77–85, 96,

125, 166, 170–2, 208, 238see also salvation; redemption

limbo, 184liturgy. see (Catholic) churchLlanos, Chris, 31, 219–32local government reform, 122–3Lost Decade (1980s), 25, 82, 83, 87

Magisterium, 105, 127, 129, 137see also (Catholic) church

Manley, Michael, 54Maroons, 5, 110

Jamaica, 5Suriname, 110

Martinique, 5, 7, 16, 18, 19, 53,119, 227

Mashramani, 68materialism, 142Maya, 110, 111McIsaac, Peter, 7, 27, 127–39McLaughlin, Gerry, 7, 22, 41–59Medellín, 61, 68media and ICT, 8, 14–16

cable TELEVISION, 16cultural penetration, 16internet technologies, 16mobile phone, 15, 16satellite, 15, 254television, 15, 16, 53

mission, 19, 21, 28, 104, 106, 108,110, 113, 130, 137, 141, 144,148, 149, 151, 153, 168, 170,182, 191, 213, 237, 241, 242

MSMs, 203–4, 208Muslim, 19–20

native religion, 19, 58African-Caribbean religion, 104,

109impact, 53Obeah, 58Orisha, 58Rastafarianism, 6, 18relationship to Christianity, 18

revivalism, (listed as Revival), 18Shango, 18, 58Spiritual Baptist, 18Vodun, 58, 184, 186, 189, 192,

251Winti, 18, 58

neocolonialism, 56, 77Nobel Laureates, 7

Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC), 7

Lewis, Arthur, 7Naipaul, VS, 7Walcott, Derek, 7, 186, 233, 235,

236

Pan-African movement, 51United Negro Improvement

Association (UNIA), 53parish, church, 182, 184

see also (Catholic) churchparticipation, 26, 62, 68,

119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 144,145, 147–9, 153, 182,194, 237

Pastoral authority, 129see also (Catholic) Church

Pastoral care, 75, 95, 97, 98, 101,131, 157, 239

see also (Catholic) churchPastoral circle, 220

see also (Catholic) churchPastoral strategy, 136Paul VI (Pope), 34, 50, 61, 83, 87,

109, 144, 193, 242Peoples National Congress (PNC),

64see also Guyana

People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 65see also Guyana

Pereira, Joseph, 46Perkins, Anna, 1–37, 41–59, 205Persad-Bissessar, Kamla, 9Plutonium shipments, 31, 220, 226,

227political activities, 122

I n d e x 305

political authority, 122political tribalism, 125politics

church and, 61elections, 6, 46, 62, 65–8,

119–21“Paramountcy of the Party”, 64racial tension, 61shared governance, 23, 66–7

popular religion, 103–4, 112–13evangelization, 109–10role in creation, 104role in inculturation, 25shared cosmovision, 25

popular religiosity, 25, 103, 104,109

Porter, Jacqueline, 27, 141–54post-colonial, 186–90postmodern, 78, 82, 187, 213

postmodernity, 87poverty, 8, 16, 17, 44, 56, 58,

76, 107, 113, 136, 159,162, 169, 222, 223, 226,229, 240

preferential option for the poor, 85Public Order Act (1970), 47public policy, 132, 212, 296

Rahim, Jennifer, 239Rastafarianism. see native religionreconciliation, 138redemption, 174, 175, 181, 195religion

African-derived expressions, 19Caribbean Catholics of North

America (CCNA), 22double belonging, 19ecumenical, 21, 49, 58, 62, 82,

83, 89, 127, 168, 255, 269,273

evangelical Churches, 63, 83Nation of Islam (NOI), 20, 53non-Christian, 109, 191skepticism, 21see also native religion

restitution, 130–2, 136–7revenge, 131Rodney, Walter, 43, 45–6, 54,

55Rodney riots, 45, 55, 57

Rodrigues, Malcolm, 23, 61–74,237, 240, 241

Roper, Danielle, 7, 26, 117–26Roper, Garnett, 5, 16

St. Lucia, 5, 6, 7, 10, 86, 99, 155,209, 210, 227, 272

salvation, 24, 76, 78, 104, 107, 113,128, 144, 197, 213

see also redemptionSanta Fe Declaration, 63secular, 24, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85,

102, 142, 155secularism, 86, 109secularization, 86, 142, 237

sex, 8, 9, 29, 205, 206, 207, 209,214

sex work, 208–9sex workers, 209

sex tourism, 209see also AIDS, sex workers

sexual abuse, 32, 70, 155, 157,159–60

in church, 162–3clergy and, 164cultural practices and, 162eastern Caribbean, 160–2

sexuality, 209, 210Shearer, Hugh, 45, 54Sherlock, Hugh, 44, 45, 48Shields, Lester Orville, 28,

95–102Simpson-Miller, Portia, 9slavery, 50, 128

Bishops’ condemnation, 105fight against, 50historical impact, 5, 8, 18, 29relationship to love, 172social system, 169triangular trade, 105

306 I n d e x

slavery—continuedUnited States, 42violence, 168West Indies, 42

Small Island Developing States(SIDS), 81, 223

Smith, Ashley, 49social exclusion, 17, 65socialism, 2, 62, 64, 83state, the, 27, 44, 51, 54, 80, 131,

213, 240intervention, 82islamic, 57leaders, 129legitimate authority, 43, 51political posturing, 133, 134responsibility, 64, 124, 132–4tyrant, 239

stewardship, 25Christian dimension, 95definition, 195hospitality, 31inculturation, 111–12liturgy, 19, 111, 181primary sacrament of God’s love,

195see also (Catholic) church

subsidiarity, principle of, 26,118–23, 125

see also Catholic Social Teaching;(Catholic) Church

sufficiency, 76, 81, 87Suriname, 4, 5, 6, 10, 18, 22, 58,

61, 67, 82, 105, 110, 111see also Maroons

sustainable development, 81,227

tradition, 32, 80catechesis, 143Catholic Social Teaching, 1, 25,

234church, 223definition, 127see also (Catholic) church

Trinidad and Tobago, 5–7, 9, 10,15, 17–23, 31–2, 47–57, 61,67, 72, 97, 172, 209–10,227–8, 236

UNIA (United Negro ImprovementAssociation). see Garvey,Marcus

United Nations, 33, 56, 80, 221,223

United States of America (USA), 4,6, 7, 15, 18, 25, 33, 35, 51, 52,53, 55, 57, 64, 72, 82, 87, 156,158, 209

Vatican documentsCaritas in Veritate, 87Evangelium Vitae, 213Gaudium et Spes, 49, 50, 66, 80,

130, 234, 240Redemptor Hominis, 175Redemptoris Missio, 108, 213

Vatican II, 24, 34, 72, 80,109

violence, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27,29, 30, 42, 44, 48, 62, 67, 69,70, 71

The Challenge of Violence,167

crime patterns, 17domestic violence, 18, 69–72drug trafficking, 65extra-judicial killing, 17garrisonization, 17homicide, 16, 17, 206interpersonal conflict, 17–18property crimes, 17slavery and, 168“subculture of violence”, 17transnational crime, 17vigilante justice, 17

Walker, Sylvia Rose-Ann, 32,233–42

Wielzen, Duncan, 7, 25,103–16

I n d e x 307

Williams, Eric, 7, 47, 56, 57, 255Wilson, Gladstone, 271women

abuse, 18, 69–72, 162common-law union, 33the cross, 173exploitation, 239–40HIV, 9, 204

leadership, 9relationship network, 16sex work, 208unemployment, 9

worldview, 113cosmovision, 25, 110, 111ecological, 222–3utilitarian, 110