20
SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia To cite this version: Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia. SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur. [Rapport Technique] RT-0201, INRIA. 1997, pp.16. <inria-00069970> HAL Id: inria-00069970 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00069970 Submitted on 19 May 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non, ´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´ etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´ es.

SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur

  • Upload
    inria

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur

Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia

To cite this version:

Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia. SURPRISE: manuel utilisateur. [Rapport Technique]RT-0201, INRIA. 1997, pp.16. <inria-00069970>

HAL Id: inria-00069970

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00069970

Submitted on 19 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinee au depot et a la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publies ou non,emanant des etablissements d’enseignement et derecherche francais ou etrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou prives.

ISS

N 0

249-

0803

ap por t t e ch n i qu e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

SURPRISE: Manuel Utilisateur

Hassan Shekarforoush, Josiane Zerubia

N˚ 0201

Mars 1997

THEME 3

������������� ��������������������� �"!#�$�����%

&('*)+)+'*,.-#/10324'*5�68795+79:�)+/�;=<?>*79) @A'B,10DCE035+:�F1@A'�;G;

HJILK�M�NPO�QSRUT3VWN XZY\[GVZ]_^\T�IL^\M`M�N�aAM�Yb[cI4]_TLN\d]eM�Ygf\N h djiL^bTLTLk N h dL["^\TLT4Yg]lhZhWYbT4["N+h

mnXZ^go8N�Vpm9qsrtHJRur

vwYgxLx*^bXWVJVWN [cI4TL]ey3zLN{T�|�}3~g}4�{Q���YbXZhs� �\�3�{Q�� �`x4YbfbN h

�(�j�+�������BrL�wv�m�v�Rurt����rt�wxBN Xua�XWk+hu^\�_zLVW]e^bT=iLN��lY{v�Ybit]e^bM�k�VWXZ]_N�N"V�itNE�eY{mnIL^bVW^\M`k�VWXZ]_NJitN+hRUM�YbfbN hrLY�VWN �_�e]_VZYg]eXZN h{�nT3VWXZN��lYb[�k�N hc��N huV$zLT�Yg�efb^bXZ]_VWILM�N�y\z4]�xBN XWM�N�V�itN�XWN+["^bTBh8VZXWzL]eXZN=zLT4N`]eM�Ygf\N���I4YbztVWNXZk hW^b�eztVZ]_^\T���x4YgXWVW]eXwi�� zLTLN`huk+y\z4N�T4[�N�i�� ]_M�Ygf\N h�Ybk�XZ]_N TLTLN+h�^bz�hZY�VZN��e�_]_VZYb]_XZN h  *¡�N�VuVWN=Yg�efb^bXZ]_VWILM�N$N"¢jax4�_^\]£VZNs�eN hwitk [ Yg�lYgfbN+hJhu^\z4h8a�xL]_¢tk��e]ey3zLN+h�N T3VWXZNs�eN hJ]eM�Ygf\N hpi�� zLTLNPhWk y3zLN T4["N{x*^bzLX�YbzLfbM�N�T3VZN�Xp�lY`iLN�TtahW]_VWk�i�� k [cI4YbT3VW]e�_�e^bTLTBYgfbN\ �q�ztVZXWN M`N T3V�it]£V+d¤]e��xBN XWM�N�V�i�� k+[cI4YgT4fbN�X{�lY�XWk+hu^\�_ztVZ]_^\T¥VZN�M�x*^bXZN��e�_N�i�� zLTLNhWk y3zLN T4["N$i�� ]eM�YbfbN$["^\T3VWXZN�zLT4N$XWk+hu^\�_ztVZ]_^\T(hWx4Y�VZ]eYb�_N{xL�ez4hp]eM�xB^\XuVcYgT3VWN\ 

¦ §4¨+�"©cªb«¬���­rtzLxBN Xua�XZk hW^b�eztVW]e^bT¤djk+[cI4YgT3VW]e�e�_^\TLT4Ygf\N�M=zL�_VW]_a�[ YgT4Yb��dtXZN [�^bT4huVWXZz4[GVZ]_^\T

®e¯n°u±�²e³A´"µ8²¬¶g·g²¬¸�¹

;�ºZ»½¼�»½¾8¿cÀcÁAÂ�¼AÃGĽ»+ÅÆÀ+º ÅÈǽÁ�ÅÆÀ+º É_Á;G;�ºZÊ8¾8Á�Ë+̽ÅÆÀ"Â�¼AÃGĽ»+ÅÆÀ+º ÅÈǽÁ�ÅÆÀ+º É_Á

Unite de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Cedex (France)

Telephone : 04 93 65 77 77 – Telecopie : 04 93 65 77 65

��� � ��� �#��� ��� !#�p% �������(���

��� � ¨����Lªb¨b�BrL�wv�m�v�Rurt�­�Art��x*N�XWa�XWk+hu^\�_ztVZ]_^\T�itN��eY�v�Ybit]e^bM�k�VWXZ]_N�N"VnitN?�lY�m�IL^gVZ^bM�k"VZXW]eN�itN+h#RUM�YbfbN hrLY�VWN �_�e]_VZYg]eXZN h?��T\VZXWN �eY\["k N hc�n]lh�YbT�Yg�efb^\XW]_VWILM�pIL]l[cI�[�YbT�*N�z4hWN i�VW^�XZN [�^bT4huVWXZz4["V�YPIL]efbI�XWN+hu^\�_ztVZ]_^\T]eM�Ygf\N�z4hW]_TLf Y¥hWN y3zLN T4["N(^ ���e^�� XZN hW^b�eztVZ]_^\T YgN�XZ]lYg�?^\X`hZY�VZN��e�_]_VWN(]_M�YbfbN h  ¥HJILN�M�N"VZIL^ti�N"¢txL�e^b]_VZh]eT3VWN Xua��¬XZYbM�N{hWz�ta�xL]_¢tN��hWIL]�� VZh��¬^bXw]eT4[�XWN+YbhW]_TLf`VZILN�hZYgM�xL�e]_TLf�iLN�T4hW]£V��\ JRUT�^gVWI4N�X��E^bXciLh dtVWILN`huxBY�VW]lYg�XZN hW^b�eztVZ]_^\T�]lhpN�TLIBYgT4[�N i����VWXcYbit]eTLf�^ ��VZILNsVWN M`x*^bXcYg��XZN hW^b�eztVZ]_^\T¤ �����9©���§������b� rjzLx*N�XWaAXZN hW^b�eztVW]e^bT#d3M=zL�_VW]_a�[cI4YbTLTLN �¤hWYbM`x4�_]eTLf4dtXZN [�^bT4huVWXZz4["VW]e^bT

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* O

, -/.1032 45276 8 -:9<;3=?>@276

ACB ��D �4�FE¬«GE � �HE¬� ��� ��I �jª BKJ �ML$�ON B�P QRTS §9��� �VU*¨�ªHW#§XE¬�YE �(« �3�[Z � ���4�F\3¨����j�H] A^A_a`cb �4�#¨����j����§ � �j� � b �#¨dE¬«eE¬� �L¨dE¬§�U AV_

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

� ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* �

��� 9@>�� 4���� 9<;� �

rt��v�m�vpRurL�DN+h8V1N�T3VZ]_K XWN M`N T3V�k+["XZ]£V1N�T�¡ N"V1xBN ztV�"VZXWNEztVW]e�e]ehWk�N TPVZXW^\]eh�M�^titN h1it]��*k XWN T3VZh�itk [�XW]_VZhi4YgT4h?�_N+h?[cI4YbxL]£VZXWN+h�hWzL] ��YbT\Vch� ���� ]_T3VZN�X � Yb["NwztVW]e�_]lhZY�VWN zLX+dbk [�XW]_V?N T�Hw¡�����H�� ���bN�XchW]_^\T �   ~\�Gd �¬^bzLXZTL]4z4TN T��3]eXZ^bTLTLN M�N�T3VJ[�^bT��j] �j]lYg�9N"V � Y\["]e�_NP�`ztVZ]_�e]lhuN X  

¡�N$M�YgTjzLN ��N huVwit]��3]lhWksN T�VWXZ^b]lhE[cIBYgxL]_VWXZN h��� �¤N S W ��Z�E¬¨���� A x*N�XZM�N"VwitN$hWN � YgM�]_�e]lYgXZ]ehWN�XpY��bN+[w�eN$�e^bfb]l["]eN��A 

� �¤N S W ��Z�E¬¨���� R itk+["XZ]£Vp�eNP[cIL^b]_¢(itN+hJx4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h  

� �¤N S W ��Z�E¬¨���� _ itk+["XZ]£Vp�eN h�iL] �9k�XZN�T3VZhJM�^titN+h�i�� ztVW]e�_]lhZY�VW]e^bT�itz��e^bfb]l["]eN��A 

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

� ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* �

� ��������� � �

� 2 � - 8 ;�0�;�- ><;�6 2?> -�� 2 � ��� � � � � ���

�sYgT4h(["N�VuVWN¥xLXWN M�]_K XWN �\N�Xchu]e^bT�itNDrt��v�m�vpRurL��� �\N�Xchu]e^bT.�b  }\�"dnVW^\z4h��eN h��B[cIL]eN�Xch�itz �e^bfb]l["]eN��iL^b]��bN�T3V �VWXZN?]eT4huVZYg�e�ek h�iLYgT4h�eN�M �M�N�XWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN\ ½¡�NEXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN?hWN�XcY�YbxLxBN �_kE["]_a�iLN hZhu^\z4h����! #"$ #%&��'9 

�wTLN �¬^\]ehsy3zLN��eN h(�B[cIL]eN�Xchshu^\T\Vs]_TBh8VcYg�e�_k+h�dB�_N`xLXZ^bfbXcYgM�M�N$x*N�ztV "VZXWN=�eYbT4["k=x4YgX��eY(["^bM�M�YgTBitN ��½� � Z �HE¬� �B t¡�N"VWVWNw[�^bM�M�YgT4itN�Y*)�[cILN�YgztVZ^bM�Y�VZ]ey3zLN M�N�T3V��_NwM`N Tjz�xLXW]eT4[�]_x4Yb�4itz��e^bf\]e[�]_N �#� �\^b]eX,+-%&.� �\ _�½�G 

/0%&.21�b e� � � �����O� *k#%�43 # 5��H� ��� � ��� � �����

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

� ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

¡�N=M`N Tjz¥["^\T\VZ]_N T3V�hu]_¢ B^\ztVW^\T4hwN�V�zLT4N��e]ehuVWN�iLN h�]_M�Ygf\N h�[cIBYgXZfbk�N+h� 9¡�N"VuVZN��e]ehuVWN=N huV L]eN�T�k��j]£aiLN�M�M�N�T3V �j]eitN�Ybz`iLk�LztV+ 3¡�I4Y\y\z4N B^\ztVW^\T=x*N�ztVEhuNEVWXZ^bz �bN�X1N T�iLN�zt¢`M`^titN+h �\Yb[GVZ] �\kJ^bz�itk hZYb["VW]��bkb �wT B^\ztVW^\T itk+hWY\[GVZ] �\k�YbzLXcY(hW^bT �eY BN ��Y )�[cILk�N�T�x4Yb�_N����b^b]eX{x4YgX$N�¢tN�M�xL�eN`�eN *^bztVZ^bT B � �HZ �HE¬� �i4YgT4h + %&.n n�\ _�½�G  �#Y�itk+hWY\[GVW]���Y�VZ]_^\TDi�� zLT B^\ztVW^\TD]eM�xL�_]ly3zLN�y3zLN=�A� ztVW]e�_]lhZY�VW]e^bT�itz B^\ztVW^\T¥T¤� Y�x4YbhiLN�huN T4hP���A� k�VZYgx*N�Y\[GVWz4N��e�_N�itz�x4XW^\fbXcYgM�M�N ��x4YbX$N"¢tN�M�xL�eN��lYgT4[�N�X$�lY�XWN+["^bTBh8VZXWz4["VW]e^bT�itN��A� ]eM�Ygf\NhWzLx*N�XWaAXZk hW^b�eztVZ]_^\T(Y���YgT3VpitNP[cI4YgXZfbN X��eN hJ]eM�Ygf\N hpi�� N�T3VWXZk�N\ 

�n^\]e[�]¤zLTLNPitN+hW[�XW]extVZ]_^\T�itN$[cI4Y\y3zLN B^\ztVW^\T�iLYbT4hp�eN{M`N Tjz�x4XW]eT4["]ex4Yb� ���� E¬ªHW�E � ���*¡�N B^\ztVW^\T�it^\TLTLN�Y\[�[�K h?�PVW^\ztVWN+h?�eN h �¬^bT4["VW]e^bT4hEitN�M�YbTL]exLzL�lY�VW]e^bT(itN �B[cI4]_N XZh  \�nT

YgxLx4z��\YbT\VwhWzLXs["N *^bztVZ^bT��eNPM�N�Tjz +�]e[cI4]_N X�Ygx4x4YgXcY��¤V{YgztVZ^bM�Y�VZ]ey3zLN M`N T3VwhuzLX���� k [�XZYbT�� �b^\]_X+ %&.n 9�b È~b�" j¡�N�M`N Tjz�["^\T\VZ]_N T3V��\y3z4YgVWXZN�*^bztVZ^bT4h d\z4TLNw�e]ehuVWNsitN h �B[cIL]eN�Xch?iLz�XWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN�Y\[GVZzLN��

/2%&.21��b È~ � ��������� ���03�� #e� *

N"V{zLTLN�[�Y\huN=^���eN=T4^bM�itz itN�XZTL]eN�X �*[cIL]_N XshWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLT4k=N+h8V{Y )�[cILkb 9��T�YbhZ["N T4hWN�zLX�xBN XWM�N"VitN$x4YbXZ[�^bzLXZ]_XE�eN$XWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWN{Yb["VWzLN �� 

��T �B[cIL]eN�XsxBN ztV "VWXZN�huk �_N+[GVW]e^bT4TLk=hW^b]_VsxBYgXszLTLN�hu]eM�xL�_N`xLXZN hZhu]e^bTDitz *^bztVZ^bTDf\YgzB[cILN�itN`�eYhu^\zLXZ]ehJhWzLXp�_N{TL^\Mitz �B[cIL]eN�XpiLYbT4hJ�eY`�e]ehuVWN\dLhuz4] �j]eNsxBYgXJzLTLN{xLXZN hZhu]e^bT�huz4XE�eN *^bztVZ^bT B �j« �jª�©¨dE¬§�U"U ���jdhW^b]_V$x4YgX$zLT4N�it^bz�4�_N�xLXZN hZhW]_^\T itz *^bztVZ^bT�f\Ybz4[cILN�itN��lY�hu^\zLXW]lh$hWzLX$�_N�T4^bM iLz�B[cIL]eN�X+  �¤N{itN�XZTL]eN�X0�B[cIL]eN�X�hWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLT4k�N+h8VJVW^\z�o8^bz4XZhJY )�[cILk{N T(XZ^bzLf\N�iLYbT4hJ�lY��e]ehuVWN{N�Vpi4YgT4h�eY�[�YbhWNPitz �B[cI4]_N Xwhuk �_N+[GVZ]_^\TLTLkb BRU�#N+h8Vwx*^\hZhW]�L�eNPitN�hWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLT4N�X�xL�ez4hW]_N zLXch �B[cIL]eN�Xch�hW]_M=zL�_VZY�aTLk�M�N T\V+d#N T XZk�x*k"VcYgT3VP�eN h$M �M�N+h$k"VcYgx*N hPitk+["XZ]£VZN hP[�]£aUitN+hWhWz4h  #rj]��eN �B[cIL]eN�XPhWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLTLk�N+h8VzLT�XZk�x*N�XWVW^\]_XZNbdjYg�e^bXch��eNsXWk+huzL�_VZYgVEhWN�XcYPzLT�[cI4YgT4fbN�M�N T\VJitNsXWk xBN XuVZ^b]eXWNwY��\N [p�A� Y )�[cI4Ygf\N�i�� zLTLN

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* �

TL^bz �bN��e�eNs�e]lh8VZNPitN �B[cIL]eN�Xch� � ¨�¨ �+U*¨YE¬§XU�� �^#�� ��V' ���H��� ��� #%�^!)����! # H� � � 3��V��*�� � * � �k' �03�� #e� *'�'�� � 3�!$# ����� ' � � � � 5 5^��������!'k�+*M� ��� ��+! �� � �3¨ §9� ����� ��� H*' #%� ' � H#��H����!���! * � �� �&#�� �H! H#%* ��� ����! ��� 'O#��[��� �k'���� ��H*��[�H!N�U � E�� ��� � � �X#%� �� � � � 5^*����* ����� � ���H��*k!$#%* �M��� �+! #%�&#('��H! � �+* 5��H*��+� � � ''���� � ��� � *k* ���+* ��¤N+h �B[cIL]eN�Xch�hWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLTLk+hsxBN z �bN T\V �VWXZN`[cI4YbXWf\k h�N�T YgxLxLz��\YgT3V$huz4Xs�eN B^\ztVW^\T ���3¨ §9� ����hu]["N zt¢ hW^bT3V�itN+h �B[cIL]eN�Xch�i�� ]_M�Ygf\N h�iLN �¬^bXZM�YgV�RUTLXZ]_M�Ygf\N+�" �!�T x*N�zLV(Ygz4hZhW]wYgTLTjzL�eN�X�VZ^bztVZN h�_N+h�hWk��eN [GVZ]_^\T4hJN �9N ["VWzLk N hpN T�YbxLxLz��3YgT3V�huz4Xp�_N *^bztVZ^bT � U"U��« ���3  �¤N{xLXZ^bf\XZYbM`M�NsXWN�VW^\zLXWT4NYgzDM`N Tjz¥xLXZ]_TB["]ex4Yg�1YgxLXZK h��lY(hWk��eN ["VW]e^bT¥itN+h B^\ztVW^\T4h����3¨ §9� ��^\z � U"U��« ���3 #rt]��eN B^\ztVW^\T� �3¨ §9� ��Y�k�VWk�[cIL^b]lhu]AdYb�_^\XZh$VW^bzBhP�eN h �*[cIL]_N XZh�huk �_N+[GVW]e^bT4TLk h=huN XW^\T\V�Y*)�[cILk h=iLYgT4h��eY��_]lh8VZN hitN hP]_M�Ygf\N hP[cIBYgXZfbk�N+h{itz�M`N Tjz x4XW]eT4["]ex4Yb��d#Y��\N [`k�f3Yg�eN�M�N�T3V$zLT Y\hW[�N�T4hWN�zLX$x*N�XZM�N"VWVZYgT3V�itNx4YgXc["^\zLXZ]_X��eY=�_]lhuVWNb L��T�XZN ��YgT4[cI4Nbdthu]9�eN *^bzLVW^bT � U"U��#« � �`YPk�VWk$[cIL^b]lhW]�djYg�e^bXch?�eNsxLXW^\fbXcYgM�M�NXWN�VW^\zLXWT4N{Ybz(M�N T3z�xLXZ]eT4["]ex4Yg�¤hZYgTBh?VZN�TL]eXw[�^bM�xtVWNPiLN hphWk��eN [GVZ]_^\T4hJN �9N ["VWzLk N h  

�¤N *^bztVZ^bT P#" �Lª � ��x*N�XZM`N�V������ ztVZ]_�e]ehZY�VZN�zLX=i�� N��9Y\["N XPzLT �B[cIL]eN�X�hWk��eN ["VW]e^bTLT4kb #�wT huN zL� �La[cIL]eN�X��¬x4Y\h �¬^\XZ[�k�M�N�T3V`zLTLN�]_M�Ygf\N+��xBN ztV "VZXWN(N ��Yb["k����lY �¬^b]lh�  �¤N�xLXZ^bfbXcYgM�M�N�itN M�YgT4itNYgztVZ^bM�Y�VZ]ey3zLN M�N�T3Vp�eY�[�^bT �4XZM�Y�VZ]_^\T(itN$�A� zLVW]e�_]lhWYgVWN zLX�Y���YgT3V�i�� N��9Y\["N Xp�_N �B[cIL]eN�X�[cI4^b]lhu]A 

� � $ ªHW � ��� �¤N+h�]eM�YgfbN+h�[cI4YbXWf\k�N hwiLYgT4hw�eY��_]lh8VZN=itz�M�N T3z¥xLXW]eT4[�]_x4Yb�#TLN`hu^\T3Vwx4Ybh�YgztVZ^bM�Y�VZ]£ay3zLN�M�N�T3V{Y )�[cILk�N+h� �w^\T4[gd9x*^bzLXsY )�[cILN XwzLTLN=]_M�YbfbNbd*�A� ztVZ]_�e]lhWYgVWN�z4Xsit^\]£V{[cIL^b]lhW]_X�z4TLN=]eM�Ygf\NiLYgTBh=�lY �_]lhuVWN�x4YgX�zLTLN�hW]_M�xL�eN�xLXZN hZhu]e^bT iLz *^bztVZ^bT­f\YgzB[cILN�iLN(�lYDhW^bz4XW]lh�huzLX��eN(T4^bM itN��� ]eM�YbfbN\d*hWzL]��3]eNPx4YbXwzLT4N�xLXZN hZhu]e^bT�hWzLXs�_N B^\ztVW^\T � $ ªHW � �j  ��� ]eM�YbfbN�[cI4^b]lhu]eN�hWN�XcY�Y )�[cILk NN�T�I4YbztVw��f\Ybz4[cILN$itN$�A� k+["XcYgT¤ Lm�^bz4X�itk�xL�lYb[�N�Xp�A� ]eM�Ygf\N{Y*)�[cILk�N\dL]_� � YgztV�ztVZ]_�e]lhuN X��_N&% �p]eT4it^��M�YgT4YbfbN�X('��e^t[�Yg�A 

� ` �jªHW � ��� �����3�wTLN�]eM�YgfbNJx*N�ztV "VWXZNp�e]�*k�XZk�N�itNw�eYs�e]ehuVWNwiLN hn]eM�YgfbN+hn[cI4YgXZfbk N h d½N�T�[cIL^\]ehW]ehZhZYgT3V��� ]eM�YbfbN$["^\XWXZN hWx*^bT4iLYbT3VWN�i4YgT4hp�lY`�_]lhuVWNbdBhuzL]��j]�x4YgXp�A� Yb[GVZ] ��YgVW]e^bT�itz B^\ztVW^\T ��k [cI4YbXWf\N�X+ 

� ¨�¨ �+U*¨YE¬§XU�� �"�X� #�� �)� � �� 3��+�H*��*� 5+���+! * �k'k! � * ! H��+ ��+*'c�-, 3���� � � H�+*F�H*k*.��! � *�� � �-,0/3��+��� � � 5X� � 3��* � � 3 �+*'����+*'k�+*�� � #�� �)� � � !�� 5 5X����� * 'k�+*�� �1� ��+! ��3254 ��� � ! �76�� �8� H! * � 3�� ���Y#e� * �9 � 5^* .��* �����[�O� ��[�H������* �c���+! :� ��!$#<;������ ����! � � 3 �� ��*��[�H! # H� 5+��*[� �=����+! ��3� �H� 3��V� ���� � '���+*k#(' � H� ��� �������+� �H! # H��5��H* � �>� ��+! ���' ��� �H*��#%!)� �

� L � ���4�F\3¨ � � ��¡�N B^\ztVW^\T(x*N�XZM�N"Vwi�� Yb[ ["k iLN�X�YgzL¢�x4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN hEitz�xLXW^\fbXcYgM�M�N �� �A� Yg�_VW]_VWz4itNPiLN$�eY�[�YbM�k�XcY� �A� YgTLf\�_N$i�� ]_TB["�e]_T4Yb]ehW^bT�itN{�lY�hu^\zLXZ[�NsiLN$�_zLM�]eK�XZN>?A@ B�C�D7B�E#iLN�fbXZk h� �A� YgTLf\�_N$i�� Y:F ]_M=ztV�itN$�eY�hW^bzLXc["N{itN$�ezLM�]_K XWN>?G@�HJI)K7BLC�I�K7B�E9itN�f\XWk+h� �eN hsitk+[�Yg�lYgf\N h�hu^\z4h8a�xL]_¢tk��e]ey3zLN+hwitN`[cI4Yby3zLN=]_M�Ygf\N�[cI4YbXWf\k�NbdBx4YgXsXcYgxLx*^bXWV���z4TLN=]eM�Ygf\N

iLN�XWk��¬k�XZN�T4[�N�� y3zL]?hWN�VWXZ^bz �\N�k�f3Yg�eN�M�N�T3V$x4YgXZM�]?["N+h$]eM�YbfbN+hZ�" NM�]eN�T�k��j]eitN M�M`N T3V d¤�eN hiLk [�Yb�eYbfbN+hEiLNs�A� ]_M�Ygf\N$itN$XWk��¬k�XZN�T4[�NshW^bT3VpTjzL�lh�huz4] ��YgT3Vp�eN h�itN zt¢(Yg¢jN+hPO�N"VRQ9 

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

�+} ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

��^\XWM�]lhs[�N h�x4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h d4]e� ��Y�itN zt¢¥YgztVZXWN+hwxBYgXcYgM�K"VZXWN+hwy3zL]nhu^\T3VsY )�[cILk+h�YbztVW^\M�Y�VW]ly3zLN"aM�N�T3V��B�eY��lYgXZfbN zLXpN�T�TL^\M LXZNPitNPx4]£¢tN��lhpN�Vw�_N�TL^bM LXWNPi¤� ]eM�YgfbN+h�[cI4YbXWf\k�N h  4¡�N h�itN�zt¢�x4YbXZYgaM�K"VWXZN hphW^bT3V �L¢tk hwYgztVZ^bM�Y�VZ]ey3zLN M`N T3VJN�VpTLNPhu^\T3VJxBYbhpYb[ ["N+hWhW]�4�_N$�`��� ztVZ]_�e]ehZY�VZN�zLX+ 

� ¨�¨ �+U*¨YE¬§XU���9 � ' #��[��� �k'���� � �^!$*.��'����!K! H��+ ��+*'�'k� 5 5 H'� ' ��! * �(3�H*k*� � '� ! ��� � ��� �!)��#%�%� � �� � �k'k!3� �[* �k' 5 H��'��*�k#%�&#%! ������� �+! #%�&#('��H! � �+* � � ���*k# ����* 3 � 3�# �

� B � �HZ �HE¬� � �+�wTLN �¬^\]ehy3zLN�VZ^bz4h#�_N+h¤x4YbXZYbM`K�VWXZN h9^\T\V�k"VZk?Y��9N ["VWk h d��lYpXZN [�^bT4huVWXZz4[GVZ]_^\T$itN?�A� ]eM�Ygf\N��I4YbztVWN=XWk+hu^\�_zLVW]e^bT�x*N�ztV "VZXWN=�eYbT4["k NPN�T¥YbxLxLz��3YgT3V�hWzLX{["N *^bzLVW^bT# �sYgT4hs["N`[�Y\h�d4VW^bzBhw�eN hYgztVZXWN+h B^\ztVW^\T4h�hWN�XZ^bT3V�itk hZYb["VW]��jk h dnN"V�zLT4N �¬N�T �VWXZN�huN XZY�YgzLVW^bM�YgVW]ly\z4N�M�N�T3V�Y )�[cILk N�hWzLX��� k [�XZYbT¤dtx*N�XZM`N�VuVcYgT3Vw�`��� ztVW]e�e]ehZY�VZN�zLX�i�� ]eT\VZN�XZXW^\M�xLXWNs�lY�XWN+["^bTBh8VZXWz4["VW]e^bT���VZ^bztV�M�^\M`N T3V  

��� ��E ¨�¨ ����¡�N *^bztVZ^bT�xBN XWM�N�VpiLNPy\z4]£VWVWN�Xw�_N{xLXZ^bf\XZYbM`M�N\ 

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* �\�

� ��������� � �

� � 8 8 2 � 9 ��� � ;�6 ;3> 03276 �1- ><- 8 = 9@>@276��

+ %&.� 1~L _��M�^bT3VZXWN��eN�M�N�Tjz itN h�x4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h  ¡�N�XWVZYg]eT4hPi¤� N T\VZXWN�N zt¢�^bT3V d#Ybz itk�xBYgXWV d#itN+h ��Y�a�eN�z4XZhEx4YbX�itk � YbztV  LH^bztVZN$M�^jiL] �B[ Y�VZ]_^\T(itN$x4YbXZYbM�K"VWXZN h�x*N�ztV �VWXZN{hW^b]_V�["^\T �4XZM`k NshW^b]_V�YgTLTjzL�ek�N{N TYbxLxLz��3YgT3VJXWN+hux*N ["VW]��bN�M�N T\V�hWzLXp�eN B^\ztVW^\T���� N�VJ�eN *^bztVZ^bT � U"U��#« � �j 

/0%&. 1�~L _� � � � �^� � �k' 5��H* �:���! * �k'

HXW^\]ehJxBYgXcYgM�K"VZXWN+h�^\T3VpiLN h��Yg�eN�zLXchJx4YbX�itk � YbztVwYgz�itk�xBYgXWV��� ��� Yg�_VW]_VWz4iLN{iLN��lY=[ YgM�k�XcY �3�lY ��Yg�eN�z4XExBYgXJitk � YbztVpN huV � }b}b}\}b}$M y3zL]¤[�^bXZXWN+hux*^bTBi�YgxLxLXZ^½¢t]_M�Yga

VW]��bN M`N T3Vw�=�A� Yg�_VW]_VWz4itNPiLN�rtm�!sH{ *¡�N{x4YbXZYbM`K�VWXZN�x*N�zLV "VWXZN$M�^tit] �BksxBYgXp�A� ztVZ]_�e]lhWYgVWN�z4X  

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

�½~ ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

� ��� YgTLf\�_N`i�� ]_T4[��_]eT4Yb]ehW^bT itN=�lY�hu^\zLXZ[�N=itN`�ezLM�]_K XWN �9[�N��e�_N�a�[�]N+h8V$�A� YbTLfb�eN�N T3VWXZN=�lY�it]eXZN [GVZ]_^\TDitN�eY=hu^\zLXc["NwitN��_z4M`]eK�XZN�N�V��lYPxL�lYgT O Q�iLYgT4h��eNwXZN�xLK XWN�itz(M�^bT4itN\ jrt]B^\T�huzLx4xB^3huNsy\z4Nw�lYPhW[�K�TLN^ 4hWN�X �jk�NpN+h8V�VZ^bz�o8^\zLXchnk [��eYb]_XZk�N�i�� N�T�IBYgztV���[g  YL  i� \iLz�M M�Nw[��bVWkwy3zLN��eNw[ YgxtVZN�zLXG�GdbYb�_^\XZh?["N"VYgTLf\�_NshuN XZY$VW^bzgo8^bzLXch?N T3VWXZN�}PN�VJ�\}�itN fbXZk h  \H^bztVZN�YbztVWXZN ��Yg�eN�z4X�N T(itN IL^bXch?itN{["N�VE]eT3VWN X ��Yg�e�eNN huVJiL^bT4[w]_T4hWN�TBhuk Nb  �#Y �½Yb�_N zLXEx4YgXJitk � YbztVJN huVJ�\}�itN fbXZk h d\["N{y3zL]�["^\XWXZN hWxB^\T4i��Pz4T�k [��eYb]_XcYgf\Nhuz4] ��YgT3V��A� Yg¢tN��4 

� ��� YgTLf\�_N�i¤� Y7F�]eM�ztViLN��eYwhu^\zLXZ[�N�itN��ezLM�]_K XWN ��x*^bzLX^ tVZN�TL]eX#[�N"VYbTLfb�eNbd ^bT{xLXZ^go8N"VWVWN��lYpit]eXWN+[GVZ]_^\TitN`�eY�hu^\zLXc["N�hWzLXs�_N`xL�lYgT�O Q�N"V{^bT�M�N+huzLXZN`��� YgTLf\�_N=N�T3VWXZN��lY�iL]_XZN ["VW]e^bT¥x4XW^bo8N"VWk NPN"V{�eN`[��gVWkxB^3hu]_VW]��nitN$��� Y�¢tN8O# 

�#NwM�N�Tjz�iLN hEx4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h�Y*)�[cI4N�YgzLVW^bM�YgVW]ly\z4N�M�N�T3V��eNwT4^bM itN�VW^bzLVWN h��eN h�]_M�Ygf\N h�i�� N T3VWXZk�Nbd3�eN�zLXT4^bM 4XWNPN�V��eN�zLXwVZYb]_�e�_N=N�T�T4^bM 4XWN�iLN�xL]_¢tN��lh� 4�wN���YgT3Vs[cI4Y\y3zLNPTL^\M ]e� ��Y�iLN�zt¢�[�Y\huN+hw��XWN M`x4�_]eX���eN h�iLk [�Yb�eYbfbN+h�N T\VZXWN��eN h�]eM�YgfbN+h�huzL]���YgT3V��_N+h�itN�zL¢­Y�¢tN h�O N�V>Q9 ��wTLN�itN�["N+h�]_M�Ygf\N h�it^\]£V "VZXWNVZ^bz�o8^\zLXch?xLXZ]lhuN{["^\M`M�NsXWk��¬k�XZN�T4[�N`��[g  YL  i� tY��bN+[witN+h�xBYgXcYgM�K"VZXWN+h�itN{itk+[�Yg�lYgf\NwTjzL�lhZ�"  �¤N+hEiLk [�Yb�eYbfbN+hiLN h�YbztVWXZN h1]eM�YgfbN+hnit^b]��bN T3V "VWXZN�[�Yb�e[�zL�ek h1x4YbXnXZYbxLxB^\XuV?�{[�N"VuVZN�]eM�YbfbNpitN�XZk �¬k XWN T4["N\ \¡�N h�iLk [�Yb�eYbfbN+hhW^bT3V�hWzLxLx*^\hWk h"VZXWN$hW^bz4hua�xL]£¢tk �_]ly3zLN h{�¬T4^bT�N�T3VW]eN�XG�G 

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* �+O

� ��������� � �

� � - � 9@>@276 8 � 45276 4 � � 9<;�0�;�6 - 9@;� �

�#N hpitN zt¢�[cI4Ygx4]£VZXWN+h�x4XWk+["k iLN�T3VZhJitk+["XZ] �\N�T3VE�A� ztVW]e�_]lhZY�VW]e^bT�itz��_^\fb]l["]eN������A� Yg]litN$itN{M`N Tjz4hJitk�XZ^bzta�lYgT3Vch�  H#^\ztVWN��¬^b]lh�dLrt��v�m�vpRurL� xBN ztV "VZXWN{k f\Yg�eN�M�N T\VpztVZ]_�e]lhuk$N T�itN zt¢�YbztVWXZN hJM�^titN+h �

� ��^titN(iLN �B[cIL]eN�X �m�^bz4XP�eYbT4["N X��eN�xLXZ^bf\XZYbM`M�N�iLYbT4h�[�N�M�^jiLN�]_� � YgzLV`["XZk�N X�itN zt¢ �*[cIL]_N XZhiLYgTBhJ�_N$XZk�x*N�XWVW^\]_XZN ���! #"$ #%&��'9 �¤N=xLXWN M�]_N X �B[cIL]eN�Xsit^b]_Vs[�^bT3VWN TL]eXw�eN h�T4^bM�hwitN+hw]eM�Ygf\N hw��[cI4YgXZfbN X�Y��bN [P�_N+hw[cILN M`]eT4hs["^\M=axL�eN"VZh   �¤N{TL^\MitN{[cI4Yby3zLNs]eM�YbfbN{it^b]_V�"VZXWN{]eT4it]ly\z4k{hWzLXJzLTLN{�e]_f\TLN{it] �9k�XZN�T3VZN{hWzL]��j]_N{x4YbXEz4TXWN�VW^\zLXs[cIBYgXZ]_^bV  Bm1YbXsitk�� YgztV+d¤["N �B[cIL]eN�X{it^b]_V �VWXZN`YbxLx*N��ek %���� �4�_N\  VZM�x 'c #��^bT4[bd�hWYbz ��]_TBit]e[ Y�aVW]e^bT�["^\T\VZXZYb]_XZNbd½�eNJxLXW^\fbXcYgM�M�N�[cILN XZ[cI4N�XcY��eN h1TL^\M�h1itN+h1]_M�YbfbN hni4YgT4h��eN2�*[cIL]_N X % ��� �B�_N\  VZM`x�'c 

�¤NPitN zt¢t]_K M�N �B[cIL]eN�XpN huV��eN �B[cIL]eN�X�itN+hpx4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN hJy3zL]#it^\]£Vw[�^bT3VWN TL]_X�hWzLXwiLN hJ�e]_f\TLN h�iL] �9k"aXWN T3VWN hJ�eN hJxBYgXcYgM�K"VZXWN+hEi4YgT4hJ�A� ^\XZiLXWN$hWzL] ��YbT\V �� �lY`�eYbXWf\N�zLXpitN+hJ]_M�YbfbN hJN T(T4^bM 4XWN$itN$xL]_¢tN��lh� �eN{TL^bM LXZN{iLN hp]eM�YgfbN+hJi�� N T3VWXZk�N� �A� Yg�_VW]_VWz4itNPiLN$�eY�[�YbM�k�XcY� �A� YgTLf\�_N$i�� ]_TB["�e]_T4Yb]ehW^bT�itN{�lY�hu^\zLXZ[�NsiLN$�_zLM�]eK�XZN� �A� YgTLf\�_N$i�� Y:F ]_M=ztV�itN$�eY�hW^bzLXc["N{itN$�ezLM�]_K XWN� iLk [�Yb�eYbfbN{huz4] ��YgT3Vp�A� Yg¢jN8O �u��K�XZN{]_M�YbfbN+�� iLk [�Yb�eYbfbN{huz4] ��YgT3Vp�A� Yg¢jN8Q �8��K XWNs]eM�YbfbN½��  e e 

m1YgX�itk�� YgztV+d4["N �B[cI4]_N X�it^b]_V "VZXWN$Ygx4xBN �_N X�%8x�� �4�_N\  VZM�x 'cdtN�VwhWYbz �1]_T4iL]e[ Y�VW]e^bT�["^\T3VWXcYg]eXWN\dj[b� N+h8ViLYgTBhp["N �B[cIL]eN�X�y3zLN{�eN$xLXZ^bfbXcYgM�M�N�[cI4N�Xc[cILN�XcY��eN hJxBYgXcYgM�K"VZXWN+h� 

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

� � ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

+ %&.n 4O4 _�{N�V(+-%&.� 4O4  ~=M�^bT3VWXZN�T3V�itN+hJN"¢tN�M�xL�eN h�iLN{[�N hpitN zt¢��*[cIL]_N XZh  

/0%&.21BO4 _� ��� # 3�� #e� * ��� ' #�� �)� � ' � ��� � � � !�� 5 �

/0%&. 19O4  ~ ��� # 3�� #e� * ��� '05��H* ��� � ! * � '>� 5�� � � � !�� 5 �

��TLN �¬^b]lh�[�N h�itN�zt¢ �B[cI4]_N XZh�["XZk�k h�["^\XWXZN ["VWN�M�N T\V+d4^\T�xBN ztVs�lYgTB["N�X��_N�xLXW^\fbXcYgM�M�N{VW^\ztVshW]_M`axL�eN�M�N�T3V�xBYgX��lY�["^\M�M�YbT4itN#%WhWzLx 'G Bm1YgXs["^bT3VZXWNPhW]#�eN hwTL^bM�hw[cI4^b]lhu]lh�x*^bzLXs["N+h�itN�zL¢ �*[cIL]_N XZhTLN�hu^\T3V`x4Y\h`�_N+h�TL^bM�h`x4YgX�itk�� YgztV+d�Yg�e^bXch��A� ztVW]e�_]lhZY�VWN zLX�it^\]£V�]_TBit]ey3zLN X��_N zLX�TL^bM YgxLXZK h=�eY["^\M`M�YbT4itN �

hWzLx�aA]�� �*[cIL]_N X�itN{TL^bM�h�i¤� ]eM�YgfbN+h��Ja�x�� �*[cIL]_N XpitN$x4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h�

�¤N+hJ]_M�Ygf\N hEXZN ["^\T4huVWXZzL]£VZN hJhW^bT3VJVW^bzgo8^bzLXchpYgxLx*N��ek�N+h %uhWzLx�c  ]_T4XW]�'cdj^ ���N+h8Vp�eN{T3z4M`k XW^�i�� ]_VWk�XcY�aVW]e^bT¤ $��^bTB[wx4YbXJN"¢tN�M�xL�eN��A� ]_M�Ygf\N�XZN [�^bT4huVWXZzL]_VWNsYgxLXZK hE��]_VWk XZYgVW]e^bT4hJhWN�XcY�hZYgz �\N�f3YgXcitk�hu^\z4hE�_NTL^bM %uhWzLx4�4  ]eTLXZ] 'G  ��YbT4hp["N{M�^titNbdt�eN$xLXZ^bfbXcYgM�M�NwT4Nsx*N�zLV�x4Ybh�"VZXWN{]eT3VWN�XZXZ^bM�xLz¤dthZYgz �1hu]�^\TVWzLN$�eN$xLXZ^t["N hZhWz4h� 

� ��^titN�itN�["^\M`M�YbT4itN ��iLYbT4h$["N�M�^titNbd9VZ^bztVZN�]_T �¬^\XWM�YgVW]e^bT¥T4k ["N+hWhZYg]eXZN�x*^bzLX{�lYgT4[�N�X{�_N�xLXZ^gafbXcYgM�M�Nbd\N huV �¬^bzLXZTL]eNwit]eXWN+[GVZN�M�N�T3V?x4YbX?�lYP["^\M�M�YbT4itN�%WhWzLx 'G �n^b]l["]BzLTLNsitN hZ["XZ]_xLVW]e^bT�["^\T4["]lhWNitN$�lY`[�^bM�M�YgT4iLN �

��"f����

�������������� �������������������� �"!$#%�&#('���!)���+* � �

huz4x�� HpM��=i���� H ���=h��� H �¬x��h���� H ���=i���� HpT4h �=i���� H�Y�� ����� H�h � ����� HJV�� ���

@ HpM �E��tM`^titNPi¤� ztVZ]_�e]lhWYgVW]e^bT@ Hp] ��� �4�_N\  VZM�x�E �$�B[cIL]eN�X�itN$TL^\M�hpi�� ]eM�Ygf\N h@ Hpx�x � �B�_N\  VZM`x�E � �*[cIL]_N X�itN{x4YgXcYgM�K�VWXZN h@ H � H$�E��j�eYbXWf\N�zLXpitN+hJ]_M�Ygf\N h$��it^b]_V "VZXWN �$� }3�@ HpTBh8H$�E �tT4^bM 4XWN$itN$[�YbxtVWN zLXch$� it^\]£V �VWXZN ��� �+�@ H�Y H$�\  }:E �j��� Yg�_VW]_VWzBitNPitN$�lY`[ YgM�k�XcY�� it^\]£V �VWXZN �$� }\�@ H�h8H$�\  }:E �t�A� YbTLfb�eN{i�� ]eT4[��_]eT4Yg]lhW^bT ?�@ }4d �\}�E@ HJVP� � }4 _��E �j��� YgT4fb�eNsi�� Y:F ]_M=ztV @�H$� � }4d_� � }:E

�#Y ��Yg�eN�zLXp]eT4it]ly3zLk�N$x*^bz4X�[cI4Yby3zLN{N�T3VZXWk NsN+h8Vp�lY ��Yg�eN�zLXJx4YbX�itk � YbztV  

m�^bzLXJ�lYgT4[�N�XJ�eNs�e^bf\]e[�]_N ��iLYgT4hJ[�NsM�^titN\dt]_� � YbztV�[cIL^b]lhu]eXJ}=x*^bz4XE�eN{M�^jiLN{i¤� ztVZ]_�e]lhWYgVW]e^bT �%Ua�M�}�'G 9�nT4hWzL]£VZN=�eN`xLXW^\fbXcYgM�M�NPXZN�T3VWXZN�iLYbT4hszLT¥M�^titN�]eT3VWN XZY\[GVW]��?x*^bzLX{itN M�YbT4itN Xs�(��� ztVZ]£a�_]lhZY�VWN zLXw�eN hwTL^bM�h�Yg]eT4hu]�y3zLNP�eN hwiLk [�Yb�eYbfbN+h�hu^\z4huaAxL]_¢tk��e]ey3zLN+h�itN+h�]eM�YbfbN+h�i�� N�T3VWXZk�N\  �#Y�huzL]_VWNN huVw["^\M`M�N$iLYbT4hJ�_N$M�^titN$xLXZk [�k itN T3V  

!�T�xBN ztVwYgz4hZhW]�^ tVZN�TL]eX�itN$�A� Yb]eitN{x4YbXp�eY�[�^bM�M�YgT4itN$hWzLx�a��

f�g �h�ikjkiYl

�+� ��� ���+�����H*���*�H�V' �

��"f����

Unite de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LES NANCY

Unite de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES CedexUnite de recherche INRIA Rhone-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN

Unite de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY CedexUnite de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Cedex

EditeurINRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399