28.

24.

25.

26.

)'7

29.

30.

31.

32.

3y't-,.r1*..1t ,t-lr

2()- Hurterlt. F- (11'lr)'- !]asirar!,)+h)t-r- i.4er,}c:-- DFe i*e:srr.::g, _ r..-r\|:r-;r--grrVl:a-.':r,:'t-. .r\r. r[n, pp.21. llustctlt, n. (1985). '['hc ponnate tliatoms. Strauss and Cramer,glg pp.(an

English translation of *Die Kieselalgen. Teil 2. with supplement by N.Jcnsen)

22. Jowett, J. and M. Duncan (1990). FIow variability in New Zealandlrivers andit's relationship to in-stream habitat "nh

Uiota. New Zealand J. of Marineand Fresh water l{esearch 24: 305-31"t.

23. Ktwescka, B. antl M. Olech (1993). Diatom community in the Vanishng ancl()rnithologist Crecl< King George Island, South lands, Antarctica.! :vd robiol . 269 127 $: 327-333.I(hondkcr, l.{. and Md. A. Kabir (199s). phytoplankton primary productionin a mesotr,rphic ponds in subtropical Bangladesh. Hydrobiol. l,}iz 3lg-gl.Kiss, K.T. and S.I. Genkal (1993). Winter blooms of centric diatoms in theriver Danube and it's side arms near Budapest (Hungary). Hydrobiol.269127O2 317-325.Kohler, J. (1994). origin and succession of phytoplankton in a river-lakesystem (Spree, Germany). Hydrobiol, 289: 72-83.Periisak, J. and M. Dokulil (1994). Meroplankton lake (Neusiedersee,

Au-rtriar and Hungary). Hydrobiol. 2892 23-42.Pankow, H., H.A. Al-saadi, M.F. Iruq and R A. M.IIadi (1929). on thealgal flora of the marshes near Qurna (Southern lraq). Willdenwia g:493-s06.Prescott, G.w. (1973). Algal of the western Great lakes areas. Dubuque,W.C. Brown Co.,977 pp.Rout, J. and J.P. Gau:'(1994). composition and dynamics of epilithic algaein a forest stream at shillonng (India) Hydrobiol.2gl: 6l-74.Sabter, S. and J. R. Roca (1990). Some factors affecting distribution oi'diatom assemblages in pyrenean springs. Freshwater Biol. 242 493-s07.Shaban, A. A. (1980). An ecological study on the phytoplankton of DokanIake. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Sulaimaniyah,Iraq (in Arabic).rtr'etzel, R.G. (1983). Limnology. 2nd ed. Saunders college publishing,Philadelphia BSBpp.

r il

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REFERENCES

1. Al-Kaisi, K.A. (1964). Studies on the algae of a water system in lraq. Ph.D.Thesis, Univ. Coll, N. Wales, Bangor. UK.

2. Al-Kaisi,ICA.(1976). Contribution to the algal flora of the Rice-fields ofSouthern Iraq.Nova Hedwigia 27 z8 1 3-827,

3. Al- Ghafily , A. K.(1992). Ecological study on phytoplankton in Razzazahlake, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Baghdad, Iraq (in Arabic) .

4. Al-Lami, A. A.,H. A. AI-Saadi and T. I. Kassim (1997). Limnological featuresof Qadisia lake, northwest Iraq. Al-Mustansiriya. J. Sci. (in press).

5. Al-Saadi, H.A.(1993). Primary productivity of phytoplankton in Iraqi aquaticecosystems. Marina Mesopotamica 8(2)t 254-276 (in Arabic).

6. Al-Saadi, H.A. and A. A. Al-Lami (1992). Seasonal variation ofphytoplankton in some marsh areas in southcrn lraq. J. Coll. Educe. forWomen, Univ. Baghdad. 3:56-61.

7. Al-Saadi, H.A., A. A. Al-Tamimi and A. A. Al-Ghafily (1995). Diurnalvariation of phytoplankton and related ecological ;rarameters in Razzazahlake, Iraq. Basrah J. Sci. 13(1): 4l-48

8. Al-Saadi, H.A. and A. A. Al-Lami and T. L Kassinr(1996). On algal ecologyand composition in Garmat Ali river, Iraq. ILegulatcd Ili"crs. l2(l): 27-28.

9. AI-Shcikh IIussain, L. A.W., B.K. Maulood, and Ni.i..\ulaiman. (l9fl9). Astrrdy on non-diatom flora ofSawa saltcrn arca, Iraq..I. Il. S. R.20 (2): -313-321.

10. Anon (1983a). State and prospection of Fisheries in Habbaniya lake. Finalreport Polebervice Cons. Ergin. Warsaw-Poland. State FisheriesOrganization, Baghdad, Iraq.

11. Anon (1983b). State and prospection of Fisheries in Razzazah lake. Finalreport Poleservice Cons. Ergin. Warsaw-Poland. State FisheriesOrganization, Baghdad, Iraq.

12, Anon (1983c). States and prospection of Fisheries in Therthar lake. Final

13.

11.

report Poleservice Cons. Ergin. Warsaw-Poland. State FisheriseOrganization, Baghdad, Iraq.Rcnnion, H. (1994). A diatom - phosphorus (ransfer shaliow cut:-ophic

ponds in southeast England. Hydrobiol . 275/27(t:391-410.C'hiu, II.M., I. ,I. Hodgkiss and B. S. Chan (1994). Ecological stutlies of

phytoplankton in Tai Tam Bay, Honk Kong. Hydrobiol. 54(2) 99-f08 .

Desikachary, T. V. (1959). Cyanophyta. New Delhi, London Acad. Press,686pp'Dettaan, H., H.L. Hoogveld, T. DeBoer, J. Voerman, J. R. Moed, H,A,

Kramer and J. Schrotenboer (1988). Manipulation of chemistry andphytoplankton by hydrological intervention: a whole lake experiment in thenorthern Netherlands. Freshwater Biol., 20, 395-406.Gasse, F., J.F. Talling and P. Kilham (1983). Diatom assemblages in eastAfrica: classification, distribution and ecology. Revue ges Hydrobiol.Tropicle. 16:3-34.Gcrmain, H. (1981). Florc des Diatom'ccs. Diatomophvccac acu tlouce s ct

samatres du Massif Armoricion ct des contr'.-rcs voisines d'[,uropcoccidental. Paris, Soc. Nouv. Ed, Boub'e 2,444 pp.Hadi, R. A. M. (1981). Algal studies of rhe River USK. Ph. D.Thesis, Univ.

Coll. Cardiff.

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chlorophyll-a concentrations in the surface water cfthe studiedstations of Qadisia lake o-o Total cell count, o oBacillariophyceae . o - - o Chlorophyceae, o - - o Cyanophyceae,\r \. I I -l

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N.sigma (Ktietz.) W.SmithN.sigmoidea (Ehr.) W.SmithN.stagnorum RabhN.tryblionella HantzschRhoicosphenia curvata (Kiietz.) Grun.Surirella sp.S.ovalis deBrebissonS.ovata Kietz,

CHLOROPHYCEAEActinastrum sp.A. hantzschii LagerheimAnkistrodesmus sp.A. falcatus G.S.West (A.Braun)Carteria sp.Characium limneticum-LemmermannChlamydomons sp.Chlorella vulgaris BeyerinckA. parvulumClosterium sp.Coelastrum astroideumCosmarium hammeriCrucignia sp.Dictyosphaerium sp.D.pulchellum WoodGolenkinia radiata (Chod.) WillleG. paucipina West & WestLagerheimia quadriseta (Lemm.) G.M.SMicractinum sp.M. pusillum FreseniusMonoraphidium sp.Oocystis sp.Pandorina morum (Muell) BoryPediastrum sp.P.duplex MeyenP.integrumP.simplex (Meyen) LemmermannP.tetrasScenedesmus bijuga Trub.LagerheimS.dimorphus (Turb.) KiietzS.quadricauda (Turb.) deBrebissionTetraedron sp.T.minimum (A.Braun) HansgingT.pcntacdricum West & WestOedogonium sp.

++++

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0.010.05it.4+

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TaxaSlation

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C.cistula (Hemprich) Grun.C. lanceolata (Ehr. V.Heurcklat Grun.C. microcephala GrunolvCl. parva (W.Smith) CleveC. 1rrostrata (llrekle_v) Cleve

' C. tumida (deBrebisson) VanHeurchC. ventricosa KiietzCymbella sp.Diatoma elongatum (Lyngby.) AgaradhD. vulgare BoryDiploneis ovalisD. pseudovalis Hust. Hustedt PatrickFragilaria acus KtietzF. construens (Ehr.) Grun.F. ulna (Nitzschi) Ehr.(iorr phoneis olivacea LyngbyU onrphonema an gust:rtunr Kiietz ltabhG. constrictum (Ehr.) CleveG. olivaceum LangbyG. parvulum (Kfietz) Grun.Gomphonema sp.Gyrosigma sp.Hantzschia amphioxys (Her.) Grun.Navicula sp.N. cryptocephala KiietzingN. gracilis Ehr.N. Ianceolata (Agardh) Ehr.N. phyllepta KtietzNitzschia acicularis (Ehr.) W.SmithN. arnphibia (]runowN.tpiculata (Greg.) GrounorvN. dissipata KiietzN. dubia W.SmithN. filiformis (W.Smith) Husted.N. frustulum Kiietz. RabhN. gracilis HantschN. hungarica GrunowN. ignorata KrasskeN. intermedia HantzschN.linearis W.SmithN.microcephala Grun.N. obtusa W.SmithN.palea (Kiietz.) W.SmithN.pusilla (Kiietz.)N. rostellata Hustedt

0.01+

0.02++

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0.030.0r0.010.01

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+

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++

0.60.60.2++

0.010.23

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1.40.330.0r0.1++

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0.060.03

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1,7

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0.20.5++

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0.2

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Table 1.: The identified algal taxa at the surface water of studied stations inQadisia lake. * - present at percentage < 0.01o/o,other wise indicated.

CYANOPHYCEAEAnabaena sp.Aphanocapsa biformis A.Br.Chroococcus sp.Lyngbya sp.Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenb) NesgM.punctata MeyenMicrocystis sp.Oscillatgria limnetica LemmermannO. tenuis C.A. AgardhOscillatoria sp.Raphidiopsis indica Singh, R.N.Spirulina ma.ior Kuetz

EUGLENOPHYCEAEEuglena sp.

DINOPHYCEAEGlenodinium quadriden (Stein) SchillerPeridinium cinctum (MUl1.) Ehrenberg

BACILLARIOPHYCEAECentralesAulacoseria granulata (Ehr.) RalfsCyclotella comta (Ehr.) KfietzC. glomerata BachmannC. Kuetzingiana. ThwaitcsC. meneghiniana KiietzC. ocellata Pant.C. stelligera CI-U. Grun.Stephanodiscus astrea (Ehr.) Grun.

PennalesAchnanthes minutissima AgardhAmphora sp.A. Coffeaformis AgardhA. Commutata Grun.A. Ovalis KiietzAnomoeoneis exilis (Ktietz) CleveCocconeis pediculus Ehr.C.placentula Ehr.Cymatopleura solea (Breb.) SmithCymbella affinis Kiiefzing

+

++

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5.2I

6.85

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0.02

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0.01+

1.30.5+

0.01

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1.40.04

0.1

0.1

40

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2.3I

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255

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0.04

6

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0.04+

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104

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seasonal varistion probably causedby lower growth in summer and by enhancedlosses (seilimatanon, gncnn;, ani photorcrpffinm). In fre prerentstuity,thealgal cell number which consist mostly by diltoms, showed generally two peaks,during spring and autumn in all studied stations @ig.2). Al-Ghafily (1992) andAl-Saadi et al. (1996) also reported that diatoms bloom was found mostly inspring and autumn in Razzazah lake and marsh areas, southern [raq,respectively.

As mensioned previously the diatom was the dominant group in their cellnumber at the surface water of the lake . The number was declined toward sou thwith atrnual average of 71.8o/o,,57.3' anrJ 53.4"/o from the total algal celi numberat Sts. L,Q and 3, respectively (Fig.2) . Green algae then blue-green were followedin their cell number dominancy. The diatom cell number dominancy was the casein all studied Iraqi lakes such as Habbaniya lake ( AI-Kaisi 1964),Dolaiir lake(Shaban 1980 ) and Razzazah lake ( Al-Ghafily 1992) .

Along the water column, the diatoms were also the dominant group intheir cell number, followed by green algae then blue-greens. Such pattern waslthecase during most studied period at the surface water as well as through the watercolumn. Similar results were found in other lraqi lakes (Al-Kaisi 1964, Shaban1980, Al-Ghafily 1992),

There was few variation in the total cell number among thc studied waterdepths in the lake (Fig.3). Two main peaks were obtained during spring (March-May) and autumn (September-October ), along the water column .

Chlorophyll-a values were in a similar manner with the total cell number,that they also declined toward South (Fig.2). They ranged between 2.02-68.5,0.58-17.92 and 0.28-10.41 pg.l-r for Sts.l,2 and 3, respectivety. Such relation betweenthe total algal cell number and their chlo.oit ytt-, concentrations was also'obtained in other lakes such as Dokan lake in Iraq ( Shaban 1980 ), and northernNether lands (Dettaan et al. 1988 ). According to the chlorophyll-a concentrationsand the total algal cell number in Qadisia lake, it could be concluded that the lakemay be considered as oligo to mesotrophic ( wetzel 1983, Al-saadi 1993 ).

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This dominancy of diatoms in algal community was reported in all studied Iraqilakes, such as Habbaniya lake (Al-Kaisi 1976, Anon 1983a ), Dokan lake ( Shaban1980), Rlazz,azah lake ( Anon 1983b, Al-Ghafily 1992, AI-Saadi et ai. 1995y,Therthar lake (Anon 1983c), as well as marsh areas (Al-Saadi and At-Lami 199i,Al-Saadi et al. 1996).

On the surfacc water, 118 taxa were idcntificd in St.2, whercas g5 and 67taxa rvcre in st.1 and St.3, rcspcctivcly. Such rinding co.ld cxplained duc to thefact that at st.2, the water has less nutrient content and reratively deeper whichmay introduce better environment to the algal diversity (wetzel 1ig3, il-Lami etal. l'.997). In the meanwhile, a totar of 29 taxa wcre identified in st.2 only while gspecies were identified in St,1 only (Table l).

only few species were identificd within the surface water which are common inall studied period. (8 months and more), namery .lchniniliiitrrri*t^r,chlamydomonas sp. chrorerta vurgaris , cycrotefia ocelata , Nitzschia patea aniFragilaria aczs . Meanwhile', only two species were identified during most of the'studied period (9 months; arong the waier column in au studied walr depths inst'2, namely clrlorelta vurgaris and Frag aria acas. During 6 months o".o"",only fely specics wcre identified along thc watcr column in St.2, namelyAulocoseria grunulata , Navicula cryoticephata , Cocc.neis plr""ntuto

^iiNituchia- pal-9a . A granulata rvas found to bc the nrrsl. tlominant species inP.a,zzaz.ah lake ( Al-Ghafily 1992, Al-Saadi ct al. 1995).

The gcnus Nituchia is ^represented

in the present tvork by thehighestspecies number (22 species ) fo,owed by cymberta (10 species 1,

pidiastrui andCyclotella-( 6 species each ), and Navrcala15 species j .

Some of the identified species in the present study are originated mainlyfrom benthic form' simirarry, severar studies on phytoprankton ii r."qi "qr"ii""area illustrated that, such as in Razzazah lake 1nr-c-han\ D92)ano Garmat atiriver (Al-saadi et at'1996) . chrorococcares and Desmidaceae such ". ,p..i..

"t^"lTq-a.-r,Trrry, S:r.*d:!y!:,,pediastrum and Cosmariumshowed in plrrf.toororm rh Habbaniya take (AI_Kaisi 1964 ), and Dokan lake (Shaban tggb;. these

genera were also found in eadisia lake at iire present investigation .Tlre total ,algal cell number in the lake .rnu,

",rrrgid between 0.15x106_521.25x I06 cell,l-1. These number were dcclinctl to*"rA south t Fig.2). St:ltion Ihad thc highest c_elr numbe r rangetr between O.zsxt o6-szt.zsx iota.ilii i"ii",".Jby st.2 ( 0.43x106-2.3sx106 relti:r ). Then st.: io.ri_lri _ri.lri."."ir.t:i.'r,,li'natlern cguld be exprained by the ecorogicar charactcrs of thc lake at thc sturticdstations. station I found to have higrier concentrations of the nutrients such asnitrate and phosphate due to the inhr.n". ofthe Euphrates river inflow northpart ( Al-Lami et al. 1997 ).

The algal r"uaonrl variation-, blooming and succession are affected bymany environmental factori, and that reviewed and discussed .rea.ry uy reve.iauthors ( Jawett and Duncan 1990, Kawescha and orcch rss:, ne"nion r99a,:hiu e_t^11.1991). As suggcsted by many authors (Gassc et at. 1983, Sabater andRoca 1990), the species composition of ptytopiantton asscmblage could berelafed to some dominant enrironmen?ai factors such a, t"irp..utu."r,conductivify, pH and the ratio of menovalent to divalent ions. In i"il";;;rcgion, the first pursc of diatoms initiates in spring scason wrren sufficieni light,nutrier! an-d lempe rature are available, green alga'l out burst occurs in summeri:$^ tryt of blu-e - greens takes place in.late summlr to autumn (Kiss and Genkal1993, Rout. and Gaur 1994, Khondker and Kabir 1995). Recentiv. Kohl".ii;;;ipropos..ed that succession in Iakti mostty ""*artJ

-*i,i;; ;TJil:;il: ilJ

102

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INTRODUCTION

Quite many papers appear in different parts of the world in regard to

atgat ab*undant, disi.in.rtion, periodicity (Chiu et al' 1994' Pedisak and Dokulil

ig'gl, t<ot t., 1994). Meanwiiie, severai ecological works have been published on

differentlraqilakesorreservoirssuchas,Habbaniyatake(Al-Kaisi1964)'Uotu., t"t " (3nana, 1980), Razzazah take (At-Saadi et al' 1995)' Sawa lake (AI-

St "it* ffu..uin et at' 1989), as well as Marsh areas (Pankorv et al' 1979' Al- Saadi

"nO at-lu*i 1992, Al-Saadi et al' 1996)' Whereas' no single work is exist on thc

^igrl a* of Qadisia lake. Therefore, the present work was attempt to give the

blrsicinformationofthespatialandseasonalvariationofthelakephytoplankton.Qadisia lake is a reservoir established recently (1987)' That the Euphrates

.i".. purr", through. The area is under the effect of hot desert climate with

;;;d. rainfall of 12? mm per annum, ranged h^etween 45-200 mm as an average

;iH"y;;il; air temperaiures range betieen 8'8'C (January) to 34'1' C (JuIv)'

"oa tl. reiative humidity 2g-glyo. ihe limnological characters of this lake were

;;"Jy given by AI - Lami et al: (1997) as they -stated

that the Qadisia lake water

i;- il"rh i alkaline with pH range 1.2-- g. ,well a-erated and hard. According to

ii..i"r"J of nutrient , thelake wi-s considered as oligo to mesotrophic .

The lake dam (57m height) is captured watei of 24m depth (except the.9'8

x 10e dead storage). rr,. ioiultpu"iry is 9'8x10e m. '.The area of the reservoir is

iol-uf r maxim,im length of 50 tt"' ut -a*iml'- width of 20km) receiving water

;;;fi; t.';i'urJ ii*fi"gi'g at 200 *'' s"c'' as annual average'

Only few aquatic piuo?t *"tt -found' mainly Myrj ophytlum vetticillatum'

Potantogeton crkpus, P. Pectinatus - allld Naias armata'

MATERIALS AND METHODS

.Three stations were selected in Qadisia lake, stalion I represents t-h-e n9r.th

onrt. stxion' i- tir"-miuol" p".i""Jr,i,i", 3 the southern part (Fig.l)' Monthly,

i:tt"#;"; ;;;";;tl"t;J i'o' 'u"h

station for l2 months starting Januan

1993,using phytoplankton ';; (.20-;; ;tth size ) w.hich was lowered just beneath

the water surface for uuo.rt -

ii -

-ioutcs for qualitative study. Extra six watcr

samples represent different i"ptit ii"s's'ro'li and 20 meters) at station 2 only'

using Van Dorn wateruu-pf"li" dtter tOO iiters o{ water in phytoplankton net

for each depth an<l fix"a '"'iti Lugol's iodine-solution' Sedimentation technique

was used for the quantit'ti*" tt"iy t ff adi 1981 )' The diatoms were cleaned by

using hot nitric acitl ""d ;;;"1tJ ;y microtransect method' Whereas' the algae

other than diatoms ,o"." "oroi.a

ry haemacytometer methods, Identilication of

algal species *o. tonfi't-td-Ly t"n"tut -'"iut""t' (Hustedt 1930' 1985'

A;;."i; 1981 , Desikachary 1959' Prescott 1973 )'

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Atotalof126taxawereidentifiedinQadisialakewhichdominatedbl'diatoms with 75 taxa tSS'Sy"l, foilowed by green atgac (36 taxa' 28'67o) an'd bluc

:';;;; ^tii" Oz tuia, t's;i1' whereas' t-he pvrrophl-ceae and euglenophvceae

were represented by only two and one species' respectively' Such pattern of

dominancy in the atgal gt;;t; f;;o ii ttre-ttrreeitudied statioqs ( Table I )'

l0l

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ABSTRACT

Monthly water samples for twelve months starting January 1993 weretaken from,.three selected station in Qadisia Ia!<e to repre.srnt ncrth, middle andsouth parts to study the"phytoplanl<ton'composition arid distr!bution. { total of126 taxa were identified; dominated by diatoms (:9.5'7o), followed b1' green(28..6p/o) and blue - green algae (9.5%). Achnanthes minutissima ,Chlamydomonassp., Chlorella vulgaris , Cyclotella ocellata , Nituchia palea and Fragilaria acuswere the common'species'in the"surfacewater of all studied stations. Meanwhile,Chloretb'vtdgarb' a,rrl& Wibrio''rrcuf;were.theronrmorrspecies along the waterssfupsn(aeven diftrent&pffs). T'btotal''cell'num"berrailged between 0.15x 106-52f.25x .106 cell.l-r, witffiimodiatseasonat peaks'(spring and autumn), and wasd*lintd*ts\il.ord'$outh .'Diatomsryere also dumi'nate* irrtheir cell number (>537ofrom the"total)i"ilrso&Surffi&gk '11r4teFtdumn. Chlorophyll-a concentrationsrvere in similar pattrrn''of*thei"total cell number and ranged between 0.28-68.5pg.l-l .Accordingly the'lake*cnuld be :6nsi6sred as oligo to mesotrophic.

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