SENIOR RESEARCH Final LL

Bahir Dar University

College of agriculture and environmental science

Department of natural resource management

Senior research project on:-

Assessing the impact of quarrying on the landscape and soil in zenzelimakebele

By

Mulugeta Fiseha

MuluyeAyal

Temesgen Esrael

Advisor- AsnakeMekuriaw (PhD) June, 2015

BAHIR DAR

ETHIOPIA

Assessing impact of quarrying in zenzelma Kebele 2015

Table of content page

Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………....3

Acronyms and abbreviation ……………………………………………………..

Abstract...................................................................................................................4

List of table …………………………………………………………………….....5

List of figure……………………………………………………………………...6

Chapter one

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..….7

1.1 Background……………………………………………………………………7

1.2 Statement of the problem………………………………………………………7

1.3 Objectives………………………………………………………………………7

1.3.1 General objectives …………………………………………………………8

1.3.2 Specific objectives ………………………………………………………....8

1.4 Research questions……………………………………………………………...8

1.5 Scope and limitation of the study………………………………………….......8

1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………..8

Chapter two

2. Literature review................................................................................................9

2.1 Definition of quarrying ...........................................................................................9

2.2 Impacts of quarrying................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Impacts of quarrying on the land escape............................................................9

2.2.2 Impacts of quarrying activity on the vegetation ..............................................10

2.2.3 Impacts of quarrying on the air(atmosphere)....................................................10

2.3 Social impacts of quarry...........................................................................................11

Chapter three

3 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………….....11

3.1 Description of the study area ………………………………………………………..11

3.1.1 Location ………………………………………………………………………….....11

3.1.2 Population……………………………………………………………………..........13

3.1.3 Climate……………………………………………………………………………...13

3.1.4 Topography ………………………………………………………………………....13

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3.1.5 Soil type……………………………………………………………………………..13

3.1.6 Land use …………………………………………………………………………......13

3.2 methodology of the study …………………………………………………………......14

3.2.1 Data type, source and data collection method…………………………………….....14

3.2.2 Sampling techniques ………………………………………………………………...14

3.2.3 Methods of data analysis…………………………………………………………......14

Chapter four

4. ResultandDiscussion.....................................................................................................15

4.1 Result............................................................................................................................15

4.1.1 Demographic characteristics.....................................................................................15

4.2 Discussion ....................................................................................................................15

4.2.1 Impacts of quarrying in crop land ...............................................................................17

4.2.2 Impacts of quarrying on land escape ..........................................................................19

4.2.3 Socio economic impacts of quarrying .........................................................................21

Chapter five

5. Conclusions and Recommendation .................................................................................23

5.1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................23

5.2 Recommendation.............................................................................................................23

6. Reference ………………………………………………………………………….........25

Appendix ..............................................................................................................................26

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very grateful to Dr.AsnakeMekuriaw for his full guidance, timely advice and valuable

suggestions in completing this senior research.

Next we would like to thanks the staff members of natural resource department

Finally we would like to thanks all who were volunteer for our interview or the community of

zenzelima kebele, and agriculture office of the kebele

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ABSTRACT

This senior research presents analysis of the impact of quarry on land escape, crop land and

crop yield and local resident. The study area is located in amhara region, bahir dar zuria

woreda, zenzelma kebele, (Ethiopia), In addition, questioners were prepared both close and open

ended type to deal the impact of quarry on resident; around the quarry site , with in the quarry

and to analyses the impact and its beneficial use for generation of income from quarry. The

questioner survey analyzed through frequency percentage and shows the impact becomes

maximum during its operation. The data were collected from different target groups in order to

get the actual information about impacts of quarrying. We have analyzed the data by using

tables and percentage interpretation; we have seen the socio economic impact, impact on the

land escape, impact on the crop yield and the environmental impacts of quarrying.

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List of table page page

Table:-1 Distribution of respondent by demographic characteristics………………..1

Table:-2 List of land owner in the study area ……………………………………….15

Table:-3 Environmental variables under the impacts of quarrying ……………..……16

Table:-4 The reason why they do quarrying ………………………………………….17

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List of figures page

Chapter three

Figure:-1 the study area photograph (one side)………………………………………...12

Chapter four

Figure: -2 buffer zone due to quarrying and cracking…………………………………..18

Figure:-3 buffer zone length……………………………………………………………..18

Figure:-4 land which is changed in to uncultivated ……………………………………..19

Figure:-5 land escape change after quarrying ………………………………………...…..20

Figure:-6 changed land from cultivated to non-cultivated………………...……......,…....21

Figure: -7 extraction and transportation of stone …………………………………….…..22

Figure: -8 Labour participation in the excavation ….........................................................…22

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

During the last 20 years, the production and use of building stone has steadily increased

worldwide, and today stone has reached a position as one of the world’s most important mineral

resources for many countries (Hayleyesus, et al, 2000).

A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. The end product

materials from the quarries include marble, gravel, granite, dimension stone and limestone which

are regarded as inevitable in modern civil engineering and construction works. It is also known

that stones, over the century have played vital roles in the entire lives of the human race. It

supplies mineral to meet many of the societal needs, since stone products are needed essentially

in concrete buildings such as houses, bridges and roads. Quarried blocks of stones are used when

cut, shaped and carved for facing buildings. Hence, quarrying being the only source of these raw

materials is a major activity in many parts of the world where mineral deposits such as hard rock

and sand and gravel are available.

For some nations it is the main sectors by contributing income for their GDP. However, it has

been perceived in many ways that quarrying has quite a number of effects on the environment.

The environmental effects of quarrying include air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution and

damage to biodiversity (Demola et.al, 2013). Air pollution causes nose and eyes irritations for

humans and blocks and damages the internal structures of plants leading to stunted growth and

sometimes death. The excavation of quarry minerals involves noise, particularly the blasting

methods. Also, quarry involves the emission of significant amount of waste. These wastes can

contaminate and imbalance freshwater ecosystem (Demola et.al, 2013).

1.2 Statement of the problem

The quarry operation has wide range of problem which needs conducting research on the site

(study area) to identify the degree of impacts and to take remedy measure. It is difficult to take a

sustainable mitigation measure without detail investigation of the impacts. Moreover, the quarry

is located within the urban center where there are institutions such as residential houses and

school and, which can reinforce and diversify the problem. The process of quarrying has the

following problems, sound pollution, air pollution, injury because of fly rocks, land escape

change, land degradation (Enatfenta, 2007).

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Quarrying (dimension stone) is a common and day to day activity of the communities in

Zenzelma Kebele, Bahir Dar Zuriaworeda, West Gojamzone,Amhara regional state. Government

of Ethiopia and the regional government have impact assessment strategies for any types of

economic activities, especially if they have relation with the natural environment. This study is

carried out to assess the impact of quarrying activities on the socio-economic activities, and the

land escape in the kebele.

1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 General objectives

The main objective of this study is to assesses theimpact of quarrying activities on the physical

environment and socio-economic activities of ZenzelmaKebele.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

to identify the environmental components affected by querying practices

To assesses the socioeconomic impact of quarrying in the Kebele

To assesses the impact of querying on the landscape of the activities

1.4 Research questions

What is the socioeconomic impact of quarrying in the study area?

What is the environmental impacts of quarrying

Which environmental components are highly affected by querying practices?

1.5 Scope and limitation of the study

The study aims to assess type of impact due to quarrying activities in the area. Its scope is

limited to Bahir Dar ZuriaWereda in ZenzelmaKebele. This is because of limited availability of

resources and time; it is also limited to assess the physical impact of the activities.

1.6 Significance of the study

Its significance is to provide information for the stakeholders who are enabled to take effective

measures and to feed it to the policy makers to improve the environmental and resource

management strategies of the area and formulating mitigation measures.

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CHAPTER TWO

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Definition Of Quarrying A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. The end product

materials from the quarries include marble, gravel, granite, dimension stone and limestone which

are regarded as inevitable in modern civil engineering and construction works. It is also known

that stones, over the century have played vital roles in the entire lives of the human race. It

supplies mineral to meet many of the societal needs, since stone products are needed essentially

in concrete buildings such as houses, bridges and roads (Bamgbose, et al, 2013).

In the simplest term a rock quarry is a place where little size rocks are made from bigrocks.

Although the basic process is the same, each quarry is different and some of thething in this

paper may not apply to all operation. Before starting of quarry operation many preparations must

be made. First the geologist must find a place where there is a large supply of rocks beneath the

earth surface. Then the quarry can be igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. In order to

get the rock beneath the surface of the earth clearing of the land is the first operation step. Once

the land cleared and prepared it will be ready to begin extracting the rock (Enatfenta, 2007).

2.2Impact of Quarry Operation on EnvironmentThere are wide ranges of potential environmental impact caused by quarry operation. Those

impacts are land escape change, change to the visual scene, erosion, habitat loss, loss of flora and

fauna and stability problem, noise, vibration, dust, security problem, effect on the amount and

quality of water, high traffic and waste materials are the common problem in the development of

quarry operation(Bamgbose,et al,2013). The descriptions of some of the impacts are as follow,

2.2.1 Impact on Land Escape and Stability

A land escape comprises the visual feature of an area of land including physical elementssuch as

land form, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements such as lighting and weather

conditions and human elements (human activity) or the built environment(Gerhard, 2003).

Stone quarry operations result in extensive manipulation of the landscape and of the ecosystems

of indigenous to their sites. Disturbance to the natural contour of the topography has

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repercussions, not only for those communities in the immediate vicinity, but also for those

adjacent. Quarrying presents prime conditions for accelerated erosion because the top soil

environment required for establishment of stabilizing vegetation is eliminated. Once quarry

resources are exhausted or operations cease, the landscape has often been degraded to an extent

that decolonization by pre-disturbance communities is difficult, if not impossible. The most

obvious environmental impact of quarry operation is the conversion of land use. Hence the

operation involves wide range of activity starting from land clearing to excavation and making

abandoned. All operation is in relation to the land and it will damage the different landscape

element that give scenic value, (harmony and silence) (Enatfenta, 2007)

The natural condition of the land is changed because of excavation and extraction of the material.

This leads for unstable slope and land slide, rock fall, erosion. The slope will be deteriorated and

become unstructured which result sliding, plane and wedge mode of failures (OECD, 1998).

2.2.2 Impact of the quarry activities on the vegetation

The major environmental hazard from the quarry is the effect of dust and this will be dependent

on:

a) The concentration of the dust particles in the ambient air and its rate of deposition.

b) The type of vegetation.

c) The leaf surface type of the vegetation.

d) Degree of penetration of the dust particles into the vegetation.

e) The size distribution of dust particles

f) The chemistry of the dust such as the active dusts from laterite (G.A.Lameed.et al, 2010).

2.2.3 Impact on the Air (Atmosphere)

The effect of air pollution on health and the environment is of growing concern Worldwide.

Increasingly rigorous legislation, combined with powerful societal pressures, is escalating our

need for impartial and authoritative information on the quality of the air we all breathe. In quarry

operation air discharges exhaust from a diesel generator and dust. The dust associated with the

operation of these quarrying generated through, drilling /blasting, loading into haul trucks, and

transported to processing site. This quarrying dust would degrade air quality in the surrounding

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area. Even with controls in place, dust generated by the quarry operation would negatively

impact the health and wellbeing of area residents (Enatfenta, 2007)

2.3 Social Impacts of Quarry

Past finding indicate that due to the plantation of a quarry there is a change in land use and in

economicactivity leads to increase in population change the habit, culture belief and value of the

local resident (Herteze 2000).

The world health organization suggests that noise can affect human health and well-being in the

following ways: creating feeling of annoyance, disturb sleep, interfere with communication

particular listening, interfere with learning, cause antisocial or aggressive behaviour and cause

hearing loss (WHO,1992)

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Materials and methods

3.1. Description of the study area

3.2. 3.1.1 Location

ZenzelmaKebele is found in Amhara region, west gojam zone, Bahir Dar zuria woreda. It is 7km

North-west of Bahir Bar city; it is bounded by Lake Tanain West, RobitKebele in North, and

TentakerkoKebele in the East and WereKebele in the south (Agricultural Centre of Zenzelma).

Figure:-1 study area photograph

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3.1.2 Population

According to ZenzelmaKebele development agent and health extension, there are about 1782

households (1494 male headed and 288 female headed) and total population of the Kebele is

about 10,614. About 49% are males and the remaining 51% are females. Regarding religion, the

majorities are Orthodox Tewhido Christian follower and some people followers of other

religions such as (Muslim, protestant, Adventist and others).

3.1.3Climate

Area is characterized by weyin adega agro climatic zone. It received an average annual rainfall

of 1421mm with considerable seasonal variations. In the summer (kiremt or June, July and

august) season there is high amount of rain fall (this mean annual rainfall calculated between

2000-2012) and the months may is the most dry and June, July and August are rainy seasons.

The average annual temperate of the area is 19.50c (maximum, 21.8oc) and (minimum, 17.3oc)

(Climate.Data.org, 2015).

3.1.4 Topography

The elevation of the Kebele is 1917masl. Most of the study area is dominated by flat slope; the

astronomical location of the area is 11.38 north latitude and 37.10 east longitude (GPS DATA)

3.1.5 Soil types

The dominant soil type and soil color of the area is nitsoil, red and dark brown color. These types

of soil are reaching in organic and inorganic materials and it is suitable for agricultural activity

and other forms of economic activities (based on our field survey).

3.1.6 Land use or production system

Like the other rural parts of the country farmers in the study area depends on crop and livestock

production. Mostly they produced the following types of crop:-maize (Zea Mays), millet

(panicum miliaceum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and teff(Eragonestic teff), they are used only

rain fed farming except their chat production. There is 4135ha of total area in the Kebele, from

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this 193ha s for annual crop,391ha is for major crop, 345ha is covered with irrigation, 264ha is

used for settlement or residential area and the remaining 565ha is used for range land

Methodology of the study

The study was intended to identify and describe data obtained from the sample Kebele of

Zenzelma in Bahir dar city administration to assess the impacts of quarrying activity on the

physical environment and socio-economic activities. Thus in this chapter the above mentioned

concept (variable) were analysed with related selected background characteristics qualitatively

and information obtained from the qualitative data. From a total 25 interviewed sample

respondents who were randomly selected from the Kebele. All of them were interviewed and the

analysis was made based on the data obtained from those respondents, focused group discussion

key and informal interview and observation

Based on the nature of the study, we used descriptive survey methods of research these types of

research method are concerned with the gathering of information for the purpose of description

and interpretation.

3.2.1 Data type, sources and data collection method

Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected from primary and secondary data source.

Qualitative: - personal observation, informal and formal interview by using semi-structured and

open ended questionnaires. The primary data was collected from development agent, land

owners, excavators, users, environmental stakeholders and direct interviewing these. The

secondary data source is documents, office reports, published and unpublished materials,

literature review and processing materials.

3.2.2 Sampling techniques

The study was conducted in Bahir Dar zuria wereda at Zenzelma kebele. This Kebeleis

purposelyselected because to minimize time, transport cost etc. Then simple random sampling

method is applied to select a total sample size and due to homogeneity in culture religion and

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language of thecommunity in the study area. We have selected total sample of 25 people from a

total households of 1782, from these respondent 20 were male and the remaining 5 were females.

3.2.3 Method of data analysis

The data collected from the respondent were analyzed by using both quantitative and quantitative

methods. Qualitative data was analyzed by descriptive statistical tools like frequency

distribution, percentage and tables. Qualitative data was analysed by using techniques like

narration and discussion and also the data was analyzed by direct observation on the impact of

quarrying activities.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1Demographic characteristics

The quarrying activities in the area are not manageable, there is no specified stakeholder, their

target (excavator) is only gaining economic benefit, and they did not examine the other related

problems of the activities. Quarrying activities in Zenzelma Kebele has different impacts on the

communities, environments (water, landscape, crop productivities,) but there is no action which

is taken to minimize the impact of these activities even if it needs great emphasis.

Table: - 1 Distribution of respondents by demographic characteristics

Characteristic Category Frequency of respondents Percentage of respondent

M F Total M F Total

Age 15-24 7 1 8 28 4 32

25-34 6 2 11 24 8 32

35-44 4 1 5 16 4 20

45-64 3 1 4 12 4 16

Total 20 5 25 80 20 100

Family size 1-3 7 1 8 28 4 32

4-6 8 2 10 32 8 40

7-9 5 2 7 20 8 28

total 20 5 25 80 20 100

Jo/occupation Farmers 6 4 10 24 16 40

Quarrying 6 __ 6 24 __ 24

Both 10 1 11 40 4 44

Total 20 5 25 80 20 100

(Source-our survey, 2015)

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4.2 Why farmers practice quarrying

The most serious reason for quarrying, according to the response of the respondent, 32% of the

excavator is excavate it in order to get money or income (table 2), the other reason is the need of

construction materials and the other initiative reason is there is no legal frame work which is

obligator the excavator to excavate it properly or sustainably because there no awareness about

the its environmental impact.

Table:-2 Reason why farmers practice querying

Reason Frequency Percentage

Yes No Yes No

Income need 8 1 32 4

Need of construction

material

6 1 24 4

Absence of legal

frame work

3 2 12 8

Lack of awareness 2 1 8 4

(Source –our survey, 2015)

4.2 Environmental Impacts of Quarrying

According to the respondent, about 24% of the respondents believed that quarrying has negative

impact on the crop yield (Table 3) because when the quarrying pit is excavated it takes the crop

land and there is also a buffer zone around the pit which is impossible for tillage (fig.2). The

other reason for crop yield deceasing is the soil disturbance during pit excavation and stone

transportation, at this time there is mixing of upper and inner part of the soil since the inner soil

does not contain the appropriate soil nutrient, which are essential for crop growth and

productivity, other 20% of the respondent says quarrying have impact on air quality because

during excavation and transportation there is huge amount of dust emission,12% of the

respondent says that quarrying have great impact on the land escape, they believed that in

Zenzelmakebele there is land escape change because of quarrying activity, after quarrying the

land going to unsuitable for cultivation and easy movement on it. On the other hand 8% of the

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respondent says quarrying can be case for land degradation or for soil disturbance and others

respondent worried about health problems due to quarrying. The impacts of quarrying on crop

yield are not limited by the above but it also affects the soil suitability and fertility. During our

field observation we have taken measurement of pit size by taking a samples of 5 pit randomly

from the study area. According to our measurement (2.5, 2, 2.45, 3.5, 3.25 diameter) the average

diameter will be 2.75 meter, so average areas of the pit is, A=π r2=3.14 *(2.75)2 =23.57m2. So,

quarrying take huge amount of land from the cultivated part and the minimum buffer zone length

is about 2 meter

Table: -3Environmental Variables under the Impacts of Quarrying

Variables

negatively

affected

Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes No Yes No

Crop yield 6 1 24 4

Air 5 1 20 4

Land escape 3 2 12 8

Soil/stability 2 1 8 4

Health of

people

2 1 8 4

Total 19 6 76 24

(Source –Field survey, 2015)

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Figure:-2 Buffer zone due to quarrying and land cracking

Figure:-3 Buffer zone lengths

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Average buffer area


Figure:-4 Lands which changed in to uncultivated due to quarrying

Quarrying is a major economic activity in Zenzelma kebele due to this there are different problems which arise from this activity those can be negative and positive

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.

Figure .7 Extracting and transportation of the stone

FIGURE.8 Labour participation during excavation of stone (during data collection)

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4.2.2 Impacts of quarrying on land escape

The impacts of quarrying on land escape is happened due to excavation of deep pit in order to

get huge amount of stone, at that time there will be land escape change due to the soil and the

excavated pit, at the time of observation we have seen the depth of sample pit at the study area

(3, 2.5, 1.5, 4, 3.25 meters deep) the average depth 2.85meter, due to this the impacts of this

activities on the land escape is not easily avoidable. The other reason is that the excavator dose

not refill the pit after quarrying,

Figure:-5 Land escape after quarrying

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Figure:-6 Changed land from cultivated to non- cultivated

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CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION The study shows that most of the farmers directly or indirectly participate in quarrying activity in

order to get income. However, quarrying has substantial impacts on the socio-economic activities

and on the physical environment (during land clearing and excavation activities). It also

substantially reduces crop land which would, in turn, affects crop land production. Generally the

quarry operation leads to destruction and degradation of the land, air pollution, accident, land

escape change, and crop land change.

5.2 RECOMMANDATION

The quarry activity need proper legal binding permit and regulation including

environmental impact statement document which mention the environmental impact.

The quarrying area should be separated from other area like cultivation, grazing,

residential, road and the other.

The society should be aware about the adverse impact of quarrying

The excavator should refill the pit after excavation

During the excavation it is better to watering the pit and area to prevent the dust emission

The government need to apply immediate mitigation measure to minimize the

environmental impact of quarrying

Quarrying activity in Zenzelmakebele need proper attention of all stakeholders, so each of

these should participate actively to reduce the adverse impact of quarrying in Zenzelma

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6. REFERENCE

1 Abebe Dinku. 2005. The need for standardization of aggregates for concrete

production in Ethiopian construction industry, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

2 Ademola, A.O. 2013. Challenges of quarry activities among rural dwellers, Nigeria

3 LameedG. A. and Ayodele, A. E. 2010. Effect of quarrying activity on biodiversity:

Case study of Ogbere site, Ogun State Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental

Science and Technology.

4 Enatfenta Melaku. 2007. Impact assessment and restoration of quarry site in urban

Environment: the case of Augusta quarry, Addis Ababa university, Ethiopia

5 Haileyesus Walle, Sintayehu Zewde& Tom Heldal. 2000. Building stone of central

and southern Ethiopia, deposits and resource potential

6 William Birch and Hugh Datson. 2006. Reducing the environmental effect of

aggregate quarrying: dust, noise & vibration, University of Leeds, England

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Appendix

Bahir Dar University College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Natural Resource Management.

Questionnaires interviews

Personal information of the respondent

Name______ title_____ department (jobs) ____ sex____ age ____ family size_____

Part I: - environmental protection agency (legal organization)

1) Are their legal policies about quarrying? ___________________________________________________________________

2) How do you see the environmental impact of quarrying? ________________________________________________________________________

3) What types of mitigation measures do you set to minimize the impact of quarrying? (by the agency)________________________________________________________________

4) How can you estimate the environmental impact of quarrying (negative)? ________________________________________________________________________

5) Is there any new proposed policy to control the impact quarrying in bahirdarzuria?

Part II:- For the excavators’ or labours

1) Do you think quarrying has a problem on the environment? _____________________________________________________________

2) When you have started quarrying? Is it your cultivated land? If no, do you have agreement with the land owner? What types is it? _______________________________________________________________________

3) What was your previous work? ________________________________________________________________

4) cost of extracting one stone _____________________________________________________________________

5) How much do you get per day? Do you have other source of income? Or what is the main stay for your family? ________________________________________________________________________

6) Is it highly important for your life? _________________________________________7) If this quarrying is stopped, what will be your work/ do you have another job option?

____________________________________________________________________

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8) Do you have legal permission? ________________________________9) Have you ever faced problems with related to quarrying? Accident, health problems and

the like _______________________________________________________________________

10) What do you think about the adverse impact of quarrying? Simple, heavy, not visible? ______________________________________________________________________Part III:-for farmers or owner of quarrying site

1. How much hectare of land do you have? ________________________2. Is it suitable for quarrying? _________________________________________3. Do you excavate stone from your cultivated land? Do you permit for others? If

yes the no. of pit/hectare? If you have permit, for how many person? How long years? _________________________________

4. How much birr do you earn from the excavators? From your land/ha/_do leave the pit open? _________________________________________

5. What types of mitigation measures do you practice after quarrying, to minimize the impacts of the activities on the crop land? ___________________________________________________________

6. How do you understand the impact of quarrying on the crop yield? _________________________________________________________________

7. Do you observe the impact of quarrying on the crop yield before and after quarrying? ______________________________________________________________

8. Which one is more profitable? Quarrying or crop__________________________________________________________

9. Do you cultivate the land after quarrying? _______________________________________________________________

10. Is there any problem which arises from quarrying pit? ____________________________________________________________Part IV:-for the area communities

1) Do you have quarrying site? If yes2) What is your perception about quarrying?

__________________________________________________________3) Is it your first income source or not? If yes how much income do you get?

Is it more or less than other income source? _______________________________________________________

4) Do you worried about impact of quarrying? _________________________________________________________

5) Is there any environmental change before and after quarrying? _________________________________________________________

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6) What types of problems arises from the quarrying pit during summer season? _________________________________________________________

7) Is there any health problem in the area because of quarrying? ________________________________________________________

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Annex-1Table:2. List of land owner in the study area

No Names of land

owner

La

nd

size

Purpose of the land

Cultivati

on

Quarryi

ng

Crop

productio

n

1 AlemayehuChalach

ew

2.5 2.25 1/4

2 AlebelYehunie 3 2.75 1/4

3 EsubalewAlemie 2 2 __

4 TalegetaTaye 1.5 1.5 __

5 KoyachewAmbesse 3 2.5 1/2

6 TseganewAmare 2 2 __

7 BelayhunAnteneh 4 3.75 1/4

8 TaleamlakeMelkam

u

2 1.75 1/4

Total 20 1.5

(Source –our survey, 2015) the quarrying site area includes the buffer zone of the

quarrying pit

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Documents

SENIOR RESEARCH Final LL