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Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a market class that belongs to the Durango race, and its geographic origin

is the semiarid highlands of Mexico (Singh et al., 1991; Brick and Grafton, 1999). Other market classes of economic importance included within the Durango race are great northern, pink, red, and anazasi commercial classes. Pinto bean seeds have a fl attened rhombohedric shape and are classifi ed as medium-size seeds with a weight between 30 and 40 g 100 seed–1 (Brick and Grafton, 1999). Seeds have

Registration of ‘Lariat’ and ‘Stampede’ Pinto BeansJuan M. Osorno,* Kenneth F. Grafton, Gonzalo A. Rojas-Cifuentes, Robert Gelin, and Albert J. Vander Wal

Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., NDSU Dep. 7670, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050. Registration by CSSA. Received 18 Mar. 2009. *Corresponding author (juan.osorno@ndsu.edu).

Abbreviations: BCMNV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus; BCMV, bean common mosaic virus; CDBN, Cooperative Dry Bean Nurseries; CSU, Colorado State University; MRPN, Midwest Regional Performance Nursery; MSU, Michigan State University; NDAES, North Dakota Agri-cultural Experiment Station; NDSU, North Dakota State University; PAYT, Pinto Advanced Yield Trials; PPYT, Pinto Preliminary Yield Trial; PVT, Pinto Variety Trials; TARS, Tropical Agricultural Research Station; UNL, University of Nebraska–Lincoln; UPRM, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; WSU, Washington State University.

a light-brown background with an irregular mottled dark-brown pattern and, very often, a yellow corona (Freytag and Debouck, 2002; Bassett, 2007).

The northern Great Plains accounts for 52% of the total dry bean production in the United States (USDA National Agriculture Statistical Service, 2008). Most of this produc-tion is located in the Red River Valley of the North, which spans the border between the states of North Dakota and Minnesota. Central and western North Dakota also have signifi cant production in certain counties. North Dakota is the largest dry bean producer in the United States, while Minnesota is the third-largest producer, accounting for 42 and 10% of the total production in 2008, respectively (USDA National Agriculture Statistical Service, 2008). Pinto bean is the most important market class grown in the United States. Consequently, the main market class grown in North Dakota is pinto bean, with 74% of the total state production. From 270,000 ha of dry bean harvested in North Dakota in 2007, 4.7 million metric tons of dry beans were produced, representing an approximate value of $241 million (USDA Economic Research Service, 2008). However, dry bean production is facing critical challenges in the United States and is falling short of the demand for the crop in both national and international markets. The recent demand for biofuels and the highly variable com-modity prices are signifi cantly impacting the area planted with dry beans, as evidenced by the 8% drop in dry bean planted area in the United States in 2008 (USDA Economic Research Service, 2008). As acreage decreases, yield must increase for the crop to be competitive and meet demand (Beaver and Osorno, 2009).

Published in the Journal of Plant Registrations 4:5–11 (2010).doi: 10.3198/jpr2009.03.0143crc© Crop Science Society of America677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USAAll rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or trans mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.

ABSTRACT‘Lariat’ (Reg. No. CV-293, PI 654383) and ‘Stampede’ (Reg. No. CV-292, PI 654382) are two new high-yielding pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars adapted to the northern Great Plains. These cultivars were developed by North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2007. Both cultivars have commercially acceptable visual seed traits (size, shape, and appearance). Both Lariat and Stampede growth habit is Type IIb (upright, short vine), and both possess high lodging resistance. Both lines exhibit good and synchronous plant dry-down before harvest (both plant and pods mature concurrently). Multilocation testing across more than 30 environments has shown their superior performance compared with commercial cultivars commonly grown in the region. Lariat and Stampede are both signifi cantly superior in seed yield to ‘Maverick’ pinto bean (the main pinto cultivar grown in the region), and similar to ‘Buster’ pinto bean, one of the highest seed yielding cultivars commercially available. The improved plant structure, combined with its synchronous dry-down, suggests that these lines could be suitable for direct harvest, given appropriate equipment, fi eld conditions, and operator care. Both lines are resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean rust [caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger]. These cultivars represent new and better alternatives for pinto bean growers of the northern Great Plains.

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Genotypes from race Durango usually have higher yield potential than lines from other races such as Mesoamerica, Jalisco, and Nueva Granada (Kelly et al., 1998). Early land-races and most cultivars from this race have an indetermi-nate prostrate growth habit, or CIAT Type III (Singh, 1982). Data from the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery (CDBN), a trial planted every year in several locations across the United States and Canada, indicated superior yield performance of Type III genotypes when compared with Type I and II (Stewart-Williams and Myers, 1995; Singh et al., 2007). How-ever, Kelly and Adams (1987) showed that although Type III cultivars exhibited highest yield in Michigan, they were less stable because of susceptibility to white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]. Mature vine indetermi-nate plants (Type III) tend to have a dense leaf canopy and to lodge on the ground, resulting in bean pods being very close to the ground level. This makes them unsuitable for direct harvest and more prone to diseases resulting from the cold, wet microenvironment induced by the closed and lodged canopy (Grafton et al., 1988; Miklas et al., 2006).

Upright plant architecture in dry bean has a strong infl uence on the effi ciency of direct harvest (Smith, 2004) and disease avoidance due to increased airfl ow between rows (Miklas et al., 2001). Type II genotypes are preferred for direct harvest since bean pods stand higher from the ground and avoid seed loss and shattering during mechani-cal harvest. Yield losses are highly variable since it depends on several factors, such as the growth habit (genotype), fi eld and environmental conditions at harvest time, equipment set up, and operator care. Despite the reported yield losses (Gregoire, 2007), some growers have been using direct har-vest in recent years, especially for navy and black beans, in which Type II cultivars are quite common. Production of upright cultivars (Type II) has been more complicated for other market classes such as pinto and great northern because historically, most cultivars available are Type III, given its genetic background. Examples of these include

‘Othello’ (Burke et al., 1995), ‘Maverick’ (Grafton et al., 1997), ‘Buster’ (Seminis, Kimberly, ID), and ‘GTS-900’ (Gentec Inc., Twin Falls, ID). However, breeding efforts focused on inter-racial crosses and introgression with other gene pools have allowed the development of pinto lines with more upright architecture (Type II) and competitive yields (Kelly, 2000). Data suggest that the losses are somehow compensated by the time and costs saved when only one harvest pass is needed instead of two for the conventional method (Smith, 2004). However, the economics of dry bean production is diffi cult to estimate because of widely fl uctuating prices and price differences among market classes, resulting in highly variable profi ts. Although plant architecture plays a key role in the effi ciency of direct harvest, several other factors, such as equipment set up, seed moisture, ground conditions, and operator care, also play an important role (Smith, 2004; Gregoire, 2007).

Given the environmental conditions in the northern Great Plains, bean diseases are frequently found and are the main limitation for optimal crop productivity (Knodel et al., 2008; Schwartz et al., 2005). Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases are commonly found, either alone or in

conjunction with several other pathogens, signifi cantly affecting yield potential. Additionally, certain adverse environmental conditions such as fl ooding, frost, micronu-trient defi ciency, and drought in some instances can also affect productivity. Stringent seed quality requirements within each market class for shape, color, size, and cook-ing and nutritional quality also make genetic progress slow (Singh, 1999).

Most of the dry bean production in the northern Great Plains is located in the Red River Valley. This environment represents a unique region, quite different from most other dry bean–growing areas in the United States. Almost all production in North Dakota occurs under rainfed condi-tions, soils are very heavy (2:1 expansible clays) with high organic matter content, and the growing season is very short (~90–105 d). These environmental conditions repre-sent a challenge for growers and for using cultivars devel-oped to be used mainly in other regions. There is a need for cultivars that can better withstand diseases, abiotic stresses, and maturity constraints in the region. Therefore, geno-types improved specifi cally for North Dakota, Minnesota, and surrounding regions will better meet the productivity expectations and will allow growers to remain productive and competitive in the global economy, delivering high-quality beans to consumers throughout the world. The new pinto cultivars Lariat (Reg. No. CV-293, PI 654383) and Stampede (Reg. No. CV-292, PI 654382), developed by North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) in 2007, will help ensure competitive yields for growers in the northern Great Plains.

Materials and MethodsLariat was a selection from the cross 99-031 with the pedi-gree T1255/‘Aztec’//‘Winchester’/3/P96753/4/Maverick. This hybridization series, which began in 1996 and was com-pleted in 1999, was an attempt to combine earliness with erect architecture, desirable seed characteristics, and disease resistance. Pinto bean breeding lines T1255 and P96753 were obtained from Dr. James D. Kelly, Michigan State University. Line T1255 possesses very good erect architecture but is late maturing. Line P96753 is both early and erect, but seed char-acteristics are not a typical pinto bean. Aztec is a short, erect, early bean with low yield potential and is susceptible to both bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and rust [caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger] (Kelly et al., 1992). Winchester pinto bean (Rogers/Syngenta Seeds, Inc., Boise, ID) combines erect architecture with disease resistance (BCMV, rust, and intermediate resistance to white mold) but possesses the “green stem” trait (poor dry-down) and has some undesirable visual seed quality traits (shape and size). Maverick pinto bean has excellent seed traits, is early with good dry-down, and has shown considerable yield stability in North Dakota (Grafton et al., 1997). Maverick is resistant to rust but is susceptible to BCMV.

The resulting F1 population (99-031) was grown in an off-season nursery near Blenheim, New Zealand (1999–2000), and harvested in bulk. The F2 population was grown as spaced plants in a fi eld near Hatton, ND, in 2000, and

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Stampede pinto bean was a selection from the cross des-ignated as 99-182, with the following pedigree: 94-029-01-01/BDM-RMR-14. This hybridization series, which began in 1996, was an attempt to combine erect architecture of navy bean and unique disease resistance genes with desir-able seed characteristics of a pinto bean. The fi nal cross was completed in 1999, and its pedigree is slightly more com-plex than Lariat since it includes more parental lines. Line 94-029-01-01 is a NDSU breeding line selected from the cross 88-075-08-01C//4-91-1/92BG-141. Line 88-075-01C is derived from the cross of two other NDSU breeding lines (87-070-01/87-049-01). Each one of these two lines was developed from the following crosses: 87-070-01 = T295//T667/5-375; and 87-049-01 = CO81-12034/T295. Lines 4-91-1 and 5-375 are breeding lines from the USDA–ARS program at Beltsville, MD, for broad-spectrum resistance to bean rust in pinto bean. Line 92BG-141 is a line from the USDA–ARS genetics program at the Tropical Agricul-tural Research Service, Mayaguez, PR. This line was derived from a population improvement program involving inter-specifi c hybridization between dry bean and scarlet run-ner bean (P. coccineus L.), which is a source of white mold resistance. Lines T295 (pinto) and T667 (navy) are breed-ing lines obtained from Dr. James D. Kelly, Michigan State University. Pinto bean breeding line CO81-12034 was obtained from Dr. Mark A. Brick, Colorado State University. BDM-RMR-14 is a germplasm line jointly released by the USDA–ARS, Beltsville, MD, and North Dakota and Michi-gan Agricultural Experimental Stations, combining mul-tiple broad-spectrum rust resistance (Ur-3, Ur-6, and Ur-11) and BCMV and BCMNV resistance (I and bc-3) for the pinto seed class (Pastor-Corrales, 2003; Porch, 2009).

Crosses were made in the greenhouse between 1996 and 1999. The F1 population (99-182) was grown in an off-sea-son nursery near Blenheim, New Zealand (1999–2000), and harvested in bulk. The F2 population was grown as spaced plants in a fi eld near Hatton, ND, in 2000. Single-plant selections were made in the F2 generation; line 99-182-05 was selected because of its architecture, pod load, plant vigor, maturity, and lack of foliar diseases. The F2:3 line (99-182-05) was planted as a row in an off-season nursery near Isabela, PR, during winter 2000–2001. Line 99-182-05 was selected as an F2:3 row for architecture, vigor, productivity, lack of visible foliar pathogens, and maturity at the winter nursery site. The row was harvested in bulk and F2:4 seed was planted at three North Dakota sites (Erie, Hatton, and Johnstown) in a row arrangement in 2001. On the basis of visual appearance for architecture, yield potential (pod load), maturity, plant growth habit, and lack of disease symptoms at these three locations, single-plant selections were made in the row at Hatton. Line ND020351 was then grown as an F4:5 line in an off-season nursery near Isabela, PR, in 2001–2002. Simultaneous evaluation for reaction to BCMV, BCMNV (NL-3 strain), bean rust (a composite col-lected from North Dakota fi elds), and anthracnose (race 73) was made in the greenhouse in Fargo, ND. Line ND020351 was selected and bulk harvested on the basis of visual per-formance, architecture, and apparent lack of disease symp-toms. Given its superior performance and characteristics,

single-plant selections were made in the F2 generation. Line 99-031-02 was visually selected because of its upright architecture, pod load, plant vigor, maturity, and lack of foliar diseases. The F2:3 line (99-031-02) was planted in a row in off-season nursery near Isabela, PR, during winter 2000–2001. Line 99-031-02 was selected as an F2:3 row for architecture, vigor, productivity, lack of visible foliar patho-gens, and maturity at the winter nursery site. The row was harvested in bulk, and F2:4 seed was planted in 2001 at three North Dakota sites (Erie, Hatton, and Johnstown), in a single row (3.6 m) for phenotypic observation. On the basis of visual appearance for architecture, yield potential (pod load), maturity, plant growth habit, and lack of dis-ease symptoms at these three locations, single-plant selec-tions were made in the row at Hatton. Line ND020069 was then grown as an F4:5 row in an off-season nursery near Isabela, PR, during winter 2001–2002. Line ND020069 was selected on the basis of visual performance and apparent lack of disease symptoms. Simultaneous evaluation for reaction to BCMV, bean common mosaic necrotic virus (BCMNV) (NL-3 strain), bean rust (a composite collected from North Dakota fi elds), and anthracnose (caused by Col-letotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. & Magnus, race 73) was made in the greenhouse in Fargo, ND. Line ND020069 was bulk harvested at the winter nursery as an F4:6 line and was included into the Pinto Preliminary Yield Trials (PPYT) at Hatton, Carrington, and Johnstown, ND in 2002. Given its superior performance (within top 5%), line ND020069 was moved up to the Pinto Advanced Yield Trials (PAYT) and tested at Hatton, Carrington, and Johnstown, ND, during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons (Table 1). Simultane-ously, ND020069 was tested again for reaction to BCMV and BCMNV (NL-3 strain) in the greenhouse.

In 2005 line ND020069 was entered into the commer-cial Pinto Variety Trials (PVT), which is grown in more than 10 locations across North Dakota. Simultaneously, 50 plants from a 200-plant purifi cation nursery grown near Hatton, North Dakota were selected for similar phenotype and seed was bulked. This formed breeder seed, which was then grown in Blenheim, New Zealand during the winter 2005–2006. During the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, ND020069 was again included within the PVT across more than 10 locations in North Dakota (Table 1), and the Midwest Regional Performance Nursery (MRPN), which is grown in four states (North Dakota, Michigan, Nebraska, and Colo-rado), for additional testing outside the North Dakota–Min-nesota region. In 2008 ND020069 was included in the PVT at nine locations in North Dakota (Table 1), as well as in the CDBN, which was planted across 12 locations in the United States and Canada. Given ND020069’s superior per-formance across most environments, it was decided to rec-ommend the release ND020069 as a cultivar. Therefore, in 2007 Foundation seed of line ND020069 was grown near Quincy, WA. In fall 2007, line ND020069 was approved for release and named as Lariat pinto bean. In summary, Lariat was tested from 2002 to 2008 at more than 35 environ-ments mostly across North Dakota, but also in other states such as Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, Washington, and Wyoming.

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line ND020351 was directly included in the PPYT as an F4:6 line at three locations in North Dakota (Hatton, Car-rington, and Johnstown) during the 2002 growing season. Given its superior performance, ND020351 was moved up to the PAYT at Hatton, Carrington, and Johnstown, ND, during the 2003, 2004, and 2005 growing seasons (Table 1). In 2004 random seed of ND020351 was simultaneously tested for reaction to BCMV and BCMNV (NL-3 strain) in the greenhouse. In addition, ND020351 was also included in the MRPN during the 2005 growing season. In 2006, in addition to the PAYT, ND020351 was included in the PVT across seven locations in North Dakota (Table 1) and the MRPN in the states of Michigan, Nebraska, and Colo-rado. During the same year, 100 plants from a 200-plant purifi cation nursery grown near Hatton, ND, were selected

for similar phenotype and seed bulked. This formed the Breeder seed. During winter 2006–2007, Breeder seed of ND020351 was grown near Blenheim, New Zealand. In 2008, besides being included in the PVT at nine locations in North Dakota (Table 1), it was also included in the CDBN, which was planted across 12 locations in the United States and Canada. Given ND020351’s excellent performance across environments, it was decided to recommend the release of ND020351 as a cultivar. Therefore, in 2007 Foun-dation seed of line ND020351 was grown near Quincy, WA. In fall 2007, ND020351 was approved for release and named Stampede. In summary, Stampede was tested from 2002 to 2008 at more than 35 environments mostly across North Dakota, but also in other states such as Colorado, Idaho, Michigan, Nebraska, Washington, and Wyoming.

Table 1. Seed yield of ‘Lariat’, ‘Stampede’, and three commercial pinto bean varieties (‘Maverick’, ‘Buster’, and ‘GTS-900’), across 30 environments (years × locations) in North Dakota.

Year Trial† Location‡ Lariat Stampede Buster Maverick GTS-900 Mean§ CV§ LSD0.05§

———————————————— kg ha–1 ———————————————— %

2003 PAYT Hatton 1347 1392 1347 1145 1280 1254 16 313

2003 PAYT Johnstown 1044 1661 1134 977 1100 1156 44 NS¶

2004 PAYT Hatton 2046 2110 1965 1617 1729 1763 15 NS

2006 PVT Forest River 1718 1833 1990 1807 1617 1796 9 236

2006 PVT Hatton 2060 2231 2531 2122 1201 1987 15 573

2006 PVT Prosper 2997 2885 3312 2705 3020 2829 14 584

2006 VT Langdon 4771 4704 4221 4165 4053 3954 11 685

2006 VT Minot 3357 3065 2765 2705 2548 2622 8 292

2006 VT Carrington-D 1044 1448 1156 1291 1639 1306 21 382

2006 VT Carrington-I 3390 3873 3637 3413 3514 3227 7 337

2006 ADM Northwood 2492 1864 2200 2054 1516 2163 20 618

2006 ADM St. Thomas 2818 3065 3278 2649 2851 2943 12 504

2007 PVT Forest River 3042 2728 3042 2335 1695 2604 12 449

2007 PVT Hatton 2840 2818 3334 3312 3098 2964 14 595

2007 PVT Prosper 2739 3098 2851 2762 3199 3963 8 337

2007 VT Carrington-D 3839 3278 3289 3390 2795 3256 9 393

2007 VT Carrington-I 4412 3446 3536 3727 3166 3340 11 528

2007 VT Langdon 3996 3839 4210 3783 3716 3985 9 606

2007 VT Cavalier 4412 4311 4367 4232 4064 3494 6 348

2007 VT Minot 1615 1942 2436 1920 1414 1931 18 483

2008 PVT Forest River 3087 3469 2941 2313 2582 2986 10 437

2008 PVT Hatton 2851 2840 3098 2616 2223 2649 9 326

2008 PVT Prosper 3009 2728 2627 2402 2718 2661 14 516

2008 VT Carrington-D 1995 1924 2167 – 1847 1823 14 360

2008 VT Carrington-I 3571 3138 3214 – 2941 2504 9 369

2008 VT Langdon 3541 2977 3040 2080 3080 2759 9 565

2008 VT Cavalier 3067 3050 3653 2288 3058 2912 6 298

2008 VT Hettinger 636 701 577 618 604 578 23 185

2008 VT Oakes 3457 3449 3876 3057 3563 3233 9 405

2008 VT Williston 3593 2755 3311 1924 2454 2690 16 594

Mean across 30 environments# 2826a 2754a 2837a 2479b 2476b 2677 10 149†PAYT = Pinto Advanced Yield Trial, PVT = Pinto Variety Trial, VT = Variety Trial, ADM = Archers Daniels Midland Co.‡Carrington-D = dryland trial, Carrington-I = irrigated trial.§Mean, CV, and LSD are from the whole experiment (all entries) at each environment.¶NS, not signifi cant.#Different letters indicate signifi cant differences at the 0.05 probability level.

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trial conducted in Nebraska that included 277 entries (Urrea and Porch, 2009). In this trial, which included landraces, germplasm accessions, experimental lines, and released cultivars, Stampede was the top-yielding genotype.

Lariat is homozygous for the dominant I allele (Porch, 2009), which confers resistance to BCMV, as confi rmed by Dr. Phil N. Miklas (personal communication, 2007) from the USDA–ARS at Prosser, WA (Table 2). In green-house tests, using a collection of bean rust made locally, Lariat expressed a necrotic and small pustule reaction typi-cal of the reaction conferred by the dominant resistance allele Ur-3 (Porch, 2009). The gene was later confi rmed by evaluations made by Dr. Marcial Pastor-Corrales from the USDA–ARS at Beltsville, MD (Pastor-Corrales, personal communication, 2007).

Stampede is homozygous for the dominant I allele, which confers resistance to BCMV (Table 2). Tests conducted by Dr. Phil N. Miklas, USDA-ARS, Prosser, WA, indicated that Stampede also has the recessive bc-3 gene (Porch, 2009), which confers resistance against BCMV and BCMNV, but a few susceptible plants were found (less than 5%), which suggest that this gene is not fi xed (homozygous recessive). Progeny tests are being performed to produce new breeder seed that is homogeneous for the bc-3 gene. In greenhouse rust tests using a mixture of rust isolates collected locally, Stampede expressed a necrotic reaction typical of the reac-tion conferred by the dominant resistance alleles Ur-3 and Ur-11 (Porch, 2009). However, gene confi rmation made by Dr. Marcial Pastor-Corrales (personal communication, 2007), using the races commonly found in the northern Great Plains suggested that only Ur-3 was present.

A new rust race was discovered late in the 2008 growing season in Traill County in North Dakota (Markell, 2009). Greenhouse screening of commercial cultivars commonly grown in the region showed that most of them, includ-ing Lariat and Stampede, were susceptible to this new race (Markell et al., 2009). This is not surprising since most of the resistant cultivars possess the same resistance gene (Ur-3), which is not effective against the new race. However, a second screening with a larger number of plants per cul-tivar allowed detection of some segregation for bean rust resistance in Stampede. Therefore, purifi cation is under way to obtain homogeneous resistance to this new threat. This is interesting since the parental line BMD-RMR-14 is

CharacteristicsLariat and Stampede are medium-late–maturing (100 and 96 d, respectively), high-yielding pinto beans (2826 and 2754 kg ha–1), with commercially acceptable seed size (38.6 and 37.9 g 100 seed–1), shape, and appearance (Tables 1 and 2). The seed is highly uniform in size, slightly larger than that of Maverick pinto bean, and of similar appear-ance. The seeds of Lariat and Stampede have a very light background, with light-brown mottle and a yellow corona. Lariat and Stampede have white fl owers, dark green leaf color, erect plant type (Type II upright, short vine), and good lodging resistance (Table 2). Both lines exhibit very good synchronous plant dry-down before harvest (both plant and pods mature concurrently). The plant structure is erect, with pods located throughout the plant canopy. The improved plant structure, combined with its synchro-nous dry-down, suggests that these lines may be suitable for direct harvest, given appropriate equipment, fi eld con-ditions, and operator care.

When growing conditions are too wet and soil N is highly available, Lariat may lean toward a prostrate growth habit due to high biomass and seed weight. In some cases, wet conditions combined with the fl oppiness tendency may create the optimal conditions for white mold develop-ment. Even with these conditions, however, seed yield and agronomic performance of Lariat was superior in several trials. Preliminary results indicate that Lariat appears to be very effi cient in N uptake compared with other cultivars and different N levels (Eckert et al., 2009). Field observa-tions suggest that Lariat usually develops a deeper and broader root system that may allow effi cient nutrient and water uptake. Considering the recent increases in fertilizer costs, a cultivar such as Lariat would be an excellent option when trying to reduce input costs.

Data show that performance of Stampede is very stable across environments (Table 1), and it retains the upright plant architecture features optimal for direct harvest across most locations. The upright architecture also promotes white mold avoidance due to better airfl ow among rows and within the canopy. In addition, Stampede has shown very good tolerance to drought conditions as observed in Foundation seed production fi elds in Idaho and Washing-ton, dryland versus irrigated variety trials at Carrington, ND (Kandel, 2009; Osorno et al., 2008), and in a drought

Table 2. Comparison of ‘Lariat’ and ‘Stampede’ pinto beans with commercial check cultivars for agronomic and disease reactions averaged across 35 environments in North Dakota.

Cultivar Maturity 100-seed weight

Plant height

Growth habit† Lodging‡ Rust§ BCMV§ Anthracnose§

Race 7 Race 73d ± SE g ± SE cm ± SE 0–9

Lariat 100 ± 11 38.6 ± 5 66 ± 9 IIa 1 R R R S

Stampede 96 ± 10 37.9 ± 4 62 ± 11 IIa 2 R R R S

Buster 94 ± 11 36.5 ± 5 51 ± 12 IIIa 7 R R R S

GTS-900 99 ± 11 35.2 ± 5 57 ± 15 IIb 4 R R R S

Maverick 95 ± 9 34.3 ± 4 57 ± 13 IIIa 8 R S R S†Growth habit is based on CIAT scale (Singh, 1982), where I = determinate bush; II = upright, short vine (IIb tendency toward fl oppiness); III = prostrate vine (IIIa will be erect in certain environmental conditions); IV = indeterminate climber.

‡Lodging visual scores, where 0 = 100% erect and 9 = no erect plants.§BCMV, bean common mosaic virus; R, resistant; S, susceptible. Rust evaluation did not include the new race (Markell, 2009).

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contributing 50% in the fi nal cross of Stampede and has three genes for rust resistance, as mentioned above. Selec-tion was mainly focused on Ur-3 since it was known to provide resistance to the races present in the region, but probably not for the other two genes (Ur-6 and Ur-11). Viru-lence tests suggest that genes Ur-5 and Ur-11 provide resis-tance against the new race (M. Pastor-Corrales, personal communication, 2008). Therefore, Ur-11 could be the gene conferring resistance to this new rust race in Stampede.

Canning tests for Lariat and Stampede were made at Michigan State University, where a visual scale from 1 to 7 is used. Scores from 1 to 3 are considered as unacceptable, 4 is acceptable, and 5 to 7 are highly desirable. In these tests, Lariat and Stampede were classifi ed as acceptable, with a score of 4 (data not shown).

A combined analysis made with 30 common environ-ments in which both Lariat and Stampede were grown along with three commercial checks (Maverick, Buster, and GTS-900) showed signifi cant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among the lines (Table 1). Genotype × environment interaction was also highly signifi cant. Mean separation tests using F-protected LSD showed that two groups could be formed (Table 1), one including Buster, Lariat, and Stampede as the highest-yielding cultivars, and a second tier group includ-ing Maverick and GTS-900.

After its release in 1996, Maverick rapidly became the main pinto cultivar grown in North Dakota. In the last decade, more than 50% of the pinto acreage in North Dakota was grown with Maverick (Knodel et al., 2008). However, bean growers are looking for new and better alternatives. Data show that Lariat and Stampede are able to produce approximately 300 kg ha–1 more than Maverick. Assuming $0.66 kg–1 of seed, this is a gain of almost $200 ha–1. Therefore, they have the potential to become the new main cultivars grown in the region. Although Buster is an excellent-yielding cultivar, many growers and processors have expressed concerns regarding seed quality (shape and size), which has limited its success in the region (despite being available for several years now).

In addition, data from trials made at other locations outside North Dakota showed the superior performance of both Lariat and Stampede in several locations. In the 2008 CDBN, for example, Lariat and Stampede were among the top-fi ve highest-yielding pinto lines when averaged across the 10 locations (Hang and Rayapati, 2009). Similarly, Lariat and Stampede were two of the top highest-yielding lines in the MRPN in 2007 across four states (data not shown).

Compared with Lariat, seed yield and performance of Stampede was usually more stable when averaged across environments (Table 1). However, as mentioned above, when Lariat was in optimal growing conditions, it was always superior to Stampede and most of the commercial checks. Stampede is earlier than Lariat by 4 d on average (Table 2). This may be of critical importance in the north-ern Great Plains given the short growing season. However, since growers will ultimately decide which cultivar they prefer and fi t their needs, the NDAES decided to release both cultivars.

AvailabilityBreeder and Foundation seed of Lariat and Stampede will be maintained by the NDSU Foundation Seedstocks Pro-gram. For both cultivars, an application has been obtained for cultivar protection under Title V of the Plant Variety Protection Act. A seed sample has been deposited in the USDA–ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preserva-tion and will become available for distribution after expira-tion of its U.S. Plant Variety Protection. Small quantities of seed of Lariat and Stampede for research purposes are avail-able from the corresponding author for the fi rst 5 years. If Lariat and Stampede are used for research or contribute to germplasm enhancement or development of breeding line or cultivar, appropriate acknowledgment of the researchers and institutions responsible for development of Lariat and Stampede will be highly appreciated.

AcknowledgmentsWe would like to express our gratitude to the following persons and institutions: Robin Lamppa (NDSU– Plant Pathology) for inoculum preparation, Dr. Phil Miklas (USDA-ARS) for BCMV evaluation, Dr. Marcial Pastor-Corrales (USDA-ARS) for rust evaluation, Dr. James Kelly (MSU) for canning tests and testing of lines in Michigan, Dr. Jim Beaver (UPRM) for the winter nurseries at Puerto Rico, and the Northarvest Bean Growers Association and the North Dakota Dry Edi-ble Bean Seed Growers Association (NDDEBGA) for their long-term economic support. We also thank to Drs. Carlos Urrea (UNL), Mark Brick (CSU), and An Hang (WSU) for the cooperation and coordina-tion of the multistate yield trials.

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