DISORDER

ANXIETY

TRAIT ANXIETYSTATE ANXIETY

Panic disorder

Phobia

Social Phobia

Agoraphobia

Specific phobias

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Obbessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Post-Traumatic Stress disorder

Mood episodes

Major Depressive

Manic disorder

Hypomanic Disorder

Mood / affective disorders

Dysthymic disorder

Bipolar I disorder

Bipolar II disorder

Cyclothymic disorder

Dissociative / Somatoform disorders

dissociative amnesia

dissociative fugue

reference:

depersonalization disorder

dissociative identity disorder

Hansell, J. & Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

CRITERION

Fear of wide opened spaces or crowded places.

Anxiety that occurs in a particular context or is overly intense on a continuum of mild to severe.

Tendency to repond to a wide variety of general anxiety. Individuals feel anxious most of the time.Tendency to have a continuum level of anxiety when in specific situations.Constant pervasive anxiety. Inability to control anxiety.

Acute attacks of extreme terror or panic that makes them want to run or obtain help.

A persistent and exaggerated fear of a particular (NOUN) object or situation.social situations where one is in the presense of others and may be judged and observed.

Injection-blood-injury-type: fear of needles, blood, injuries. Natural environmental type: tornados, weather, heights. Situational: elevators, airplanes, enclosed places. Animal phobias: snakes, thoughts and rituals repeated over and over again to avoid anxiety types feelings.

when an individual experiences an event that is life threatening or serious injury involved and it is associated with a feeling of helplessness, extreme fear, and or horror. Post because the occurred a month or more prior to the symptoms

a mood state that involves cognitive, motivational, and physical aspects.

major depressive, manic episode, and hypomanic episode

depressed mood most of the day nearly every day, weight loss/gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, restlessness, fatigue, loss of motivation to socialize or upkeep hygiene, thoughts of suicide, lack of concentration, organized thought and low self-efficacy.

inflated self esteem, eccesive talking, racing thoughts, extremely distracted/able, decreased need for sleep, extreme need to accomplish goal orientated activities (sometimes worthless or silly)

at least 3 of the criteria from manic episode disorder. Episode is not as severe and will not interfere with daily functioning.

depression that is not as severe as major depression but chronic as it last up to 2 yrs in adults and up to 1 yr in children/adolescents.combination of manic and major depressive episodes

combination of hypomania and major depressive episodes.

combination of hypomania and major depressive mood swings, less severe than bipolar I & II but occure chronically for a period of 2yrs. pathologically disruptive state in consciousness effecting memory, sense of identity or all three. This condition is assocaited with traumatic experiences and is the brains self defense mechanism. (p.246) Aomatoform suggests that psychological affect physiological states. p.257

a feeling of detachment from mind and body.

inability to recall personal information, particularly of traumatic or stressful nature.spontaneous or unexpected travel as if by another identity. Unable to remember personal information, past, and identitiy.

aka: multiple personality disorder. Two or more distant identities controlling the conscious mind and body of an individuals behavior.

Hansell, J. & Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

SYMPTOMS

sleep disturbance, fatigue, irratability, muscle tension, difficulty concentrating.

severe fear of fearing another panic attack. Shortlived extreme anxiety. Lasts about 1/2 an hour. Sweating, trembling, shaking, a feeling of being choked, tachycardia, depersonalization and derealization.

Persistant irrational fear of a situation or object.

usually occurs after a panic attack and will continue from fear of experiencing another panic attack in public.

unwanted thoughts, anxiety producing intrusive inappropriate thoughts.

Intrusive, repetative, dreams and thoughts of the event reoccuring as they did the first time. Avoidance of reminders and cues of insident from fear of reliving the incident. Estrangement from others, a withdrawl associated with a numbing feeling in regards

attempted or thoughts of suicide.

elevated or depressive mood states that last for more than 2wks and involve motivational, cognitive, and physical states.

racy thoughts with not much logic. Individuals may go on shopping sprees, use drugs, or impulsive sexual relations. Extreme energy accompanied by a relentless need to accomplish worthless and sometimes silly tasks. Episode interferes with normal daily extreme spurt of energy associated with a high level of self confidence and need to accomplish goals. Shortlived and does not interfere with daily functioning.

feeling of hopelessness, tired or fatigued, under/over eating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low self esteem, difficulty concentrating and making decisions. Two or more of these without treatment episodes of mania and depression will occure more often. When not manic and not depressive the individual still suffers from one state or the other.

similar to bipolar I but instead of manic its hypermania which does not last as long. Most individuals return to normal mood. After several episodes hypermania develops into manic and diagnoses changes to Bipolar II.moods swing from highs to lows. Not as severe as bipolar I & II. Can worsen over time.

symptoms are associated with anxiety disorders but dissociation is the main symptom.

watching oneself , almost in 3rd person form.

resulting from traumatic epxerience. Inability to remember personal information. spontaneous travel without personal identity. A short vacation from the self per se, creating new identities with new life-styles, social groups, and even occupation./ impare social and occupational functions. Generally occur in those individuals who have suffered a traumatic moment, suffer from amnesia the host: the person who acts out the personality and identity of the actual individual, may be the one who voices group opinions, holds down the job or collects group identity opinions. Persecutary personalities act out aggressive and hostile behavior, the Protector personality may do just that protect the other identities/individual from possible threat and that may be mind and body. writng,

Hansell, J. & Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

ADVANTAGES (RELIABILITY)

diagnosies is likely to be valid because 2 or more doctors/clinicians are likely to diagnose the same symptoms.

research has been conducted that proves that depression can be biologically inherited. The endocrine and hormonal system in the body may act out another type of role in the the body. Research shows that hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and cushings disease cause depression (P. 182) research conducted on developmental stages suggest that stress during childhood, resulting from instability and neglect can lead to HPA malfunction, which releases cortisol into the bloodstream.

DID has been a controversial topic of discussion because some theorist believe that DID is a result of severe child abuse whereas other theorist believe that DID can be suggested through hypnosis. P.258-9

LIMITATIONS (VALIDITY)

Not all doctors/clinicians agree with the DSM IV TR because this requires doctors/clinicians to categorize all disorders and the doctors do not feel that all disorders can be categorized.

anxiety, mood/affective, and dissociative/somatoform disorders.

the monoamine hypothesis states that depression can be related to insufficient monoamines in the neurons. Monoamines are a type of neurotransmitters that deliver messages into the synaptic cleft. Monoamines are similar to dopamine, seratonin, and norepinephrine, which all stimulate the brain. (p.184)

research studies on heredability of bipolar display that twins and even adopted twins rank 43 of 87% in identical and 6 in 39% in non identical. Limitations exist because researchers have not been able to figure out which gene bipolar is found in.

studies conducted on individuals with DID show that research may be biased based on childhood traumatic experiences, age, and memory. Also because some believe that DID is a result of childhood traumas, it is not safe to say yet that "correlation does not prove causation" in other words because it happens to be associated with does not mean that it is a direct

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RELATIVISM

Diversity makes a difference in diagnosing anxiety disorders. Cultural diversity may alter the symptoms and may categorize many symptoms with the same disorder.

classification of mood disorders have changed over time and date back to 2600 B.C.E.

tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat depressive disorders. MAOIs which are first generation because the were used in the 50s inhibit the enzymes that oxidize monoamineshence enhancing neurotransmission. SSRIs are second generation antidepressants because the came out in the 80s and block the reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).of serotonin from the synapse. Tricyclics are a first generation and increase the availability of serotonin and epinephrine (p.183). other form of therapy for highly suicidal /depressive patients is electro

research studies show a connection between creative genes and bipolar disorder.

culturally relative: South Asia: spirit possesion which is compared to dissociative amnesia or fugue. Africa, Middle East and Asia: possesion trance similar to fugue. Eskimos and central america: amok Africa, S. U.S. and bahamas: falling out or blacking out. these are are forms of dissociative disorder and associated with traumatic or stress issues.p 256. Historically relative because dissociative disorder is

APPLICATION BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

benzodiazepines are normally used in treating anxiety disorders.

In relation to phobias. The limbic system plays the role of memory tied with emotion, which in anxiety is fear. P136

paroxetine (SSRI) and venlafaxine (SNRI) are commonly used to treat GAD. When these drugs are ineffective Azaspirones can substantially reduce GAD symptoms. panic disorders are normally treated with antidepressant medications, especially SSRIs and tryciclic antidepressants. For those individuals that do not respond well to SSRIs, reboxetine is prescribed. Intervention methods such as in vivo or covert desensitization are used to rid individuals

The sympathetic system acts out a response of fight or flight. During panic attacks this response is activated uneccarily and that is what we call a panic attack. P136

Social phobia is usually treated with Beta-Blockers. Beta-Blockers tend to reduce the activity of noepinephrine. Another medication that is used for situational treatment is

some treatment methods for learned abnormal phobias include relaxation therapies combined with desensitization.

Other intervention methods such as exposure and response prevention are used to illiminate or reduce OCD symptoms.In most cases benzodiazepines or neuroleptics (often prescribed in psychosis) help reduce the symptoms of OCD, PSTD, ASD. Intervention methods such as prolongedimaginal exposure are used to reduce anxiety associated with traumatic experiences in

genetic, neurochemical, and hormonal traits. Twins have a vulnerability to depression and mood discorders because of genetics. Neurochemical because the lack of monoamines production in the brain and that travel trhough the synaptic cleft. Hormonal because hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing’s, research shows that these disorders cause or are connected with depression. an over active HPA axis and extreme stress release cortisol into the bloodstream,

Lithium is a common medication used in conjuction with other anticonvulsent medications such as carbamazepine,valproate, lamotrigine, or gabapentin. (lithium is a natural mineral salt discovered in the 1960s) . Supplemental treatments can help such as vit. B9, B12, Omega-3, SAMe, St. Johns Wort, neuropeptide Substance P. (p.190) Interpersonal Psychotherapy IPT is a constructive therapy method that incorporates object relational, cognitive, and behavioral

psychotherapy and hypnosis is used to recall lost memories or memories stored in other personalities or perspectives/ Schema based cognitive intervention (SBCI) cognitve intervention focusing on rhe connection between Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that overcompensating to protect EMS. Then trying to correct distorted EMS. p.267 Benzodiazepines (anxiety medication) helps retrieve lost memories. some antianxiety meds

EMOTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVEmodeling because children and some adults tend to copy or mimic behavior. Operant because anxieties can be learned through negative reinforcement

cognitive perspective suggests that individuals with depression or mood disorders develop cognitive schemas (negative perception of oneself).

behavioral perspectives suggests (skinner) that depression and mood disorders are directly related to positive reinforcement.

biological perspectives focus on the study of hallucinogenic drugs such as Ketamine, THC, and LSD and their affects on dissociative disorders and affects as well as how they affect the limbic system.

cognitive perspectives suggest that individuals may self -hypnosis or rather self-hypnotize themselves in order to remove themselves from the severe abuse.

behavioral perspective suggests that operant conditioning is associated with dissociative disorders. Because individuals respond to positive and negative reinforcement. In some situations the individual may split or dissociate from themselves due to the high levels of abuse. almost as if watching another person being

DISORDER CRITERION

Bulemia Nervosa

Substance Abuse

Eating disorder not otherwise specified

a disorder that does not meet the criteria for bulemia or anorexia

Anorexia Nervosa

Refusal to maintain normal body weight, which is 85%.

restricting type anorexia

individuals retrict the amount of food intake.

binge-eating/purge-eating anorexia

lose weight by abusing diuretics and purging. Differs from bulemia because they will lose more than 15% of body

Binge Eating Disorder (BEDS)

a particular eating disorder not assoc. with anorexia or bulemia is BEDS binge and eating disorder. This disorder is associated with Obesity. Over eating associated with purging to avoid weight gain.

a disruptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically impairment or distress by one or more of symptoms in a 12 month period. P. 315

stimulants

Depresants

Hallicinogensother drugs

Paraphilias

Substance Dependence

3 or more of the following in a 12+ month period: tolerance, withdrawl, larger or longer increments of use, inability to discontinue or control use, too much time spent in obtaining or discontinued use of substance, inability to follow through with work, recreational, or social activities bc of use, cocaine, amphetamines, Methylphenidate, Phenmetrazine, other stimulants (Adipex, Bacarate,Cylert, Didrex, Sanorex,choral hydrate, barbituates, methaqualone, benzadiazepines, alcohol, codeine, morphine, heroin, methadone, opium, other drugs (Demerol, Dilaudid, LSD, Psilocybin, DOM, STP, MDA, MDMA, ECTASY, MMDA, TMA, Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust), Tetrahydrocannibinol (THC), hashish, GHB, Steroids.

Sexual dysfunction

persistent problems with sexual interest, sexual arousal, or orgasm in a context of normal sexual relationships occuring in both genders. Can be subtyped as due to psychological factors, combined factors, general medical condition, or substance induced. persistent sexual desires and preferences that are considered abnormal within context. Sexual sadism and exhibitionism, which are both generally diagnosed in men.

Sexual Aversion

DISORDER CRITERION

Vaginismus

Dyspareunia

exhibitionism

Gender Identity Disorder (GID)

men (twice as many as women) feel uncomfortable in their gender bodies and wish to change sexual organs to become the opposite sex.

Sexual Desires Disorders

alll disorders up to or causing distress or

Hypoactive Sexual Desires

persistently deficient for sexual fantasies, and deficient desire for sexual activity, causing distress or interpersonal difficulty. constant avoidance of genital sexual contact causing distress or interpersonal

Female Sexual Arousal disorder

inability to maintain, obtain, or become sexually lubricated-swelling response to sexual excitement in the genital area as to causing distress or

Male erectile disorder

aka: impotency. Inability to maintain, attain or become erect for sexual excitement as to causing distress or

Female orgasmic disorder

delay or absence of sexual orgasm. Inability to have a

Male orgasmic disorder

delay or absence of sexual orgasm. Inability to have a

Premature ejaculation

small amount of ejaculation prior to or too early on in sexual encounter. Usually

persistent involuntary spasm of the outer 3rd layer of the vaginal region that interferes with sexual intercourse. P.374genital pain associated with intercourse.exposing ones genitals to unsuspecting strangers.

voyerism

fetishism

Sexual sadism

Pedophilia

Frotteurism

impulse control

persistent sexual arousal from watching an unsuspecting person undress, disrobe, sexual arousal from inanimate objects.

Transvestic fetishism or transvestism

men become aroused by wearing womens clothing.

the need to act out or imagine, inflict pain on another for sexual pleasure.

sexual masochism

opposite of sexual sadism. The need to suffer psychologically or physically to be aroused sexual attraction or sexual activity to children who are in most cases male who rubs up against strangers in public that by turn causes sexual

personality disorders

disorder is caused by extreme personality traits that are not acceptable in society, are unable to control and impair normal day to day functions.

paranoid personality disorder

extreme distrust and suspiciousness. Feelings that people are out to get them, they are being followed, their lover is cheating on them, etc.

schizoid personality disorder

detachment from social relationships and emotional expression. Loners in society. solitary activities, lack of personal need for relationships.

Schizotypal personality disorder

diagnosed as eccentric behavior, cognitive and perceptual distortions, discomfort in close relationships.

Antisocial personality disorder

diagnosed as a disregard, violation of, rights of others.

Borderline personality disorder

pattern of instability in interpersonal relationship, self-image, emotions, impulsity, and self

Histrionic personality disorder

extreme emotional, superficial, attention seeking behavior.

Narcissistic personality disorder

diagnosed as grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Avoidant personality disorder

diagnosed as social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative

Dependent personality disorder

diagnosed as a clinging to others, with extreme need to be cared for.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

diagnosed as the need to control ones personal environment with meticulously cleanlieness, orderly fashions. May be associated

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS ADVANTAGES (RELIABILITY)

Another is one that people chew the food and then spit it out. P.283lowered metabolism, dehydration, lowered blood pressure, possible perm. Damage to reprod. Syst., menstral cessation. P.282

doctors and theorist can communicate better about precatagorized diagnosis of anorexia or eating disorders. P.288

electrocyte imbalance, corrosion of teeth, anemia, dehydration, enlargement of salivary glands, etc. p.282inability to fullfill work, school, or home related activities. Use of substance in dangerous situations. Substance abuse leading to legal issues. Alienation from social groups because of substance use.

increase CNS activity.

slow central nervous system (CNS).

alter sensory perception.

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS ADVANTAGES (RELIABILITY)

LIMITATIONS (VALIDITY)

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RELATIVISM

the categories created for eating disorders are narrow and not all individuals with eating disorders fall into these categories. P.288

cases of anorexia were found to be historically relavent as well as culturally, in many cultures througout history. P.298

cases of bulemia were documented in the second half of the 20th century associated with the western

Limitations exist because there is no connection between particular behaviors linked to substance abuse/dependancy as described in DSM.

historical relativism exists througout history as do the variations of what is considered to be drug abuse and misuse. Earlier misuse was associated with a personal problems of morals.

LIMITATIONS (VALIDITY)

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RELATIVISM

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVEEMOTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

biological perspective focuses on genetic factors, neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities, and structural brain abnormalities because anorexia and bulemia are associated with low levels of seratonin. P.304

the cognitive-behavior theories focus on positive reinforcement for a potentially negative behavior. When an individual begins to lose weight he or she may be flattered with comments regarding the weight loss, encourageing more negative behavior- anorexia or eating disorders. p.296

the biological component suggests that substance use is associated with self-medication of biochemical deficiencies with a focus on genetic factors. P.355

cognitive and behavioral components focus on tension reducing, classical conditioning, negative beliefs and expectancies of drug abuse disorder. P.348

biological components focus on temporal lobe epilepsy, brain tumors or injuries, and degenerative diseases, whereas individuals later develop paraphiliac

cognitive and behavioral components focus on classical conditioning and social learning (observed deviant or abusive sexual relationships can later

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

there isnt too many studies completed with solid evidence of biological association with GID but researchers tend to believe that temperment traits are associated with GID as well as findings that the hypothalamus in some transexual men are the same atypical size of womens hypothalamus. (slightly

EMOTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

cognitive perspective suggests that paranoid personality disorder development is associated with childhood schemas.

biological components focus on the innate trait of "difficult" temperment at birth /infant stage associated with a specific environmental influence.

cognitive -behavioral perspective suggests that individuals with schizoid personality stray away from relationships because they are painful and complicated. Individuals seek isolation to avoid human relationships

BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

behavioral components focus on the three pilars of behavioral theories. Operant, classical and modeling. P.348

behavioral evidence suggests that cross-dressing can be shaped through operant conditioning by family and or social groups. P.401

BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE

behavioral perspectives focus on self-fullfiling prophecies. We justify what we act out as what