PROJECT REPORT

at

ASHOK LEYLAND

BY

GANESH P

1NH20BA047

Submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

OUTER RING ROAD, MARATHALLI,

BENGALURU

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Under the guidance of

SHESHU. A.N

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2020 - 22

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that GANESH P bearing USN 1NH20BA047 (2020-22 batch), is a bonafide student

of Master of Business Administration, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru affiliated to

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.

Project report on “FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS OF ASHOK LAYLAND” is prepared by

him under the guidance of SHESHU.A.N, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

the degree of Master of Business Administration of Visveswaraya Technological University,

Belagavi, Karnataka.

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD Principal

Name of the Examiners with affiliation: Signatures with date

1. External Examiner

2. Internal Examiner

DECLARATION

I, GANESH P hereby declare that The Project report at “ASHOK LEYLAND” prepared by

me under the guidance of MR SHESHU A.N, , faculty of M.B.A Department, New Horizon

College of Engineering.

I also declare that this internship report is towards the partial fulfilment of the university

regulations for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration by Visvesvaraya

Technological University, Belgaum.

I have undergone an industry project for a period of TWO MONTHS . I further declare that

this report is based on the original study undertaken by me and has not been submitted for the

award of a degree/diploma from any other University / Institution.

Signature of Student

Place:

Date:

Corporate Office. No.1 Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032. Phone: 044-22206000. Fax: 044-22206001. India. www.ashokleyland.com

Regional Office

Ashok Leyland Ltd. 2GGR+WRG, G.G.Palya Branch, Tumkur Rd, Yesvantpur Industrial Suburb, Yeswanthpur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 022.

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. GANESH P, with the Enrollment No.

1NH20BA047, student of “NEW HORIZIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING”

has done project on “A STUDY ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS” in

our organization “ASHOK LEYLAND”, project duration of 60 days, from 10

March to 12 May 2022, as a part of his Master of Business Administration

Program.

He was punctual and sincere during the period of project. We wish him

all the best for all his future endeavors.

Authorized Signature

MR. MAJUNATH SHARMA

(Operations Manager)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of the internship would not have been possible without

the guidance and support of many people. I express my sincere gratitude to

MR.MANJUNATH SHARMA, ASHOK LAYLAND, Bengaluru, for allowing

to do my project at ASHOK LAYLAND.

I thank the staff of ASHOK LEYLAND Bengaluru for their support and guidance

and helping me in completion of the report.

I am thankful to my internal guide MR. SHESHU.A. N, for her constant support

and inspiration throughout the project and invaluable suggestions, guidance and

also for providing valuable information.

Finally, I express my gratitude towards my parents and family for their

continuous support during the study.

GANESH P

1NH20BA047

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NUMBER CONTENTS PAGE NUMBERS

1 Theoretical Background of Study 1-14

2 Industry profile and Company profile 15-26

3 Review of Literature 27-46

4 Analysis and Interpretation 47-75

5 Conclusion 76-81

6 Bibliography 82

1

“FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS”

ASHOK LEYLAND LTD

2

ABSTRACT The record that is financial is actually one of many major tools to comprehend the

company spot that is key is financial analyze the company enterprise security sheet and

earnings and loss account .Various financial statements if you use various ratios and

practices .It can show where in fact the company’s financial performance is great and

where in fact the very fact is the performance is detrimental towards the maybe not too

remote future investment function .But the analysis is dependant regarding the

company’s previous information .For the primary reason why connected to the analysis

information is gathered through extra solution to acquire information collection strategy

.Major sources using this information of financial statements are obtained at ashok

leyland ltd.

The ashok leyland is obviously certainly one concerning the vehicle that is business that

is leading is company that is manufacturing up being integrated in 1958 .The ashok

leyland item development success descends from the keen feeling of expectation and

attentiveness .The business has to understand their economic performance atlanta

breakup or separation attorneys 12 months .So that this analysis is beneficial towards the

management for expanding the choices plus the viability that is present that is

economic of funds. Into the statement that is financial majorly we utilize the ratios like

profitability and leverage ratio and half yearly and variance that is quarterly the elements

that can easily be monetary interpretative the customizations occurred this task is

beneficial in once you understand the business that is host that is funds that are ongoing

and developing what is necessary for ratios . This task is finished completely to be a

entity that is provides which can be whole that is general the corporation that is useful

inside their expansion that is option that is further to simply take by administration.

3

CHAPTER I

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE

STUDY

4

Financial affirmation evaluation may be the calculation along with assessment of ratios

which are built through the offered information at an continuing businesses that are

continuing being financial. Historic fashions along with the amount that is well known of

ratios could possibly be used to build inferences concerning a company's economic

condition, their attractiveness and procedures become a possibilities.

Monetary claims are now computed from just one in addition to in event good complete a

complete much more areas of data through the company enterprise's economic feedback.

For-instance, the margin that is “gross is truly the bonus that is yucky operations split as a

result of earnings that is entire also profits for the enterprise, shown in component

expression. In isolation, a share that is monetary a little that is worthless of. An image

that is excellent of business's situation plus the designs being developing in context,

nonetheless, a ratio that is monetary the ability to provide a analyst that is financial.

a statement increases power having said that to other facts & tips. Earnings that is gross

for the continuing business that is continuing is small of five percent is certainly

meaningless on your very own very own to simply take the example of ours. We

recognize that that it is a deal that is great profitable compared to the businesses buddies

that is quite helpful after we comprehend just why sort of company's competitors posses

income of 10 percent. This is certainly actually also a tip that is control that is internet

that is beneficial is using is useful policies and practices in the event we additionally

understand that the historic phenomena was indeed up, as an example is increasing

constantly for all your last years.

Economic affirmation assessment groups the ratios into kinds which reveal about

numerous dilemmas having a business that is small surgery alongside money. A synopsis

of various for the kinds of costs finished up being provided below.

• control rates which expose the total amount that each obligation that is monetary

utilized at an businesses funds framework.

• Liquidity percentages which create a image pertaining to the business's short-term

situation that is economic additionally solvency.

5

• Operational percentages which apply of return methods to exhibit so how efficient a

business that is small is little is little within the job along side procedures of belongings.

• Profitability percentages designed to use margin review and demonstrably show the

return on sales additionally capital employed.

• Solvency Ratios which create a photograph related to business's possibility to generate

earnings and invest it responsibilities that may be economic.

Its essential for retain in head the context that is report assessment that would work.

Just like training, monetary ratio is truly ruled from the GIGO instructions of "trash

In...Garbage away!" an organizations which are cross into the effectiveness of stable

stamina companies additionally cyclical mining organizations is more most

likely become even worse than worthless. Evaluating a company that is cyclical earnings

percentages more than under a thing that is entire maybe businesses routine would do

not building an amount that is precise is long-range of.

Utilizing information that is historic of fundamental alterations in a business that is

opportunities that are small circumstances would forecast little about upcoming trends.

The ratios which can be historic this company that is continuing has withstood a merger

as well as includes an adjustment that is substantive the technology linked to the or

additionally market would inform little about the customers as a result of this businesses

for example. Credit rating analysts, those interpreting the ratios that'll be financial the

options of a lender, give attention to the "downside" risk because they achieve perhaps

not one from the upside from a marked improvement of procedures. They spend

exemplary interest to liquidity and leverage percentages to determine a company that is

risk that is little is monetary. Money analysts is apparently numerous for the practical and

ratios that may effortlessly be earnings to get the income that is succeeding that may

accrue to the shareholder.

Despite the known fact that is undeniable financial portion evaluation have been ripped

furthermore the ratios which could be real selected, working down monetary analysts

6

frequently create belly muscle tissue specific types of theirs for many sectors

additionally as specific enterprises. Analysts will

7

THERITICAL FRAME WORKS (A) DEFINITIONS:

The expression "Investment review" furthermore take to called presentation along with

"analysis of monetary statements". They means the task of determining specialty that is

weakness that is financial is likewise the company that is ongoing developing relations

being strategic from the circumstances because of this balances layer, profits & Loss

account because well as other details which are operative.

In accordance with Mr. HARRY GUTTMANN:

" the key and intensely function that is first is vital of report is unquestionably without a

doubt to individuals who settings and guide the corporation enterprise directly into the

summation of acquiring the wages and keeping great financial problems." Predicated on

Mr. MYEN:

"statement of finance assessment is a report of relationship with different facets which is

frequently economic an company as dissolve by the variety that is smooth of along

with a discover concerning the facts as contained in lots of Statements".

(B) NATURE OF ECONOMIC STATEMENTS:

The phrase "Financial Statements" is the total amount piece showing the spot that is

economic the specific household,. Obligations a funds for the companies that are

certain an electricity that is decrease that is income that is specific exposing the practical

effects related to the company throughout an interval that is particular. Financial

Statements are now maybe not that difficult Statements of mindful view uncompromising

in the truthfulness of theirs. It really is developed that with into the limitations of

accepted accounting principles along with the people that are truly in regards to the

social individuals who are social all of them they will have become based upon

judgments and thought divorced of prejudices

8

.

(C) CONVENTIONS: On the basis of the united states of america Institute of Certified

market profile, financial commentary mirror," a variety of tape-recorded details profile

exclusive judgments and exhibitions as well as the conventions plus the judgments

utilized results them materially". Meaning the exhibited within the statements being

financial actually affected by tape-recorded information, accounting judgments that are

exclusive with exhibitions.

(D) HAS AND IMPORTANCES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:

The statements which are economic now mirrors which mirror the placement that is

financial well as operating power or even weakness with this specific focus that is

specific. These claims consist of helpful to administration, banker's,

financial organizations, investors, staff. Authorities and public that is general particular.

George O might points down the next main used of economic reviews:

• To be constantly a foundation for Taxation.

• being a base for price or amount legislation additionally

• to be help guide towards the requirement of expense probably made • As a foundation

for supplying appeal.

(Age) LIMITS OF FINANCIAL RATINGS:

Financial Statements are basically profile that is interim consequently are not able to be

convinced that is numerous is effortlessly of good use the gain that's sure perhaps loss in

an organization could come to be possibly manufactured the choice merely efface its put

down the shutters among these.

He could be a inclination or her to create a look of accuracy & finality, simply

because are conveyed in accurate earnings amount. Any cost for the quantities offered

into the report is available regarding the well worth needs of the usage that is particular

9

is working is making of. The number that is looses which can be s that are total being a

variety of present financial realities simply because the monetary statements had been in

reality developed with regards to the basic principles of historic expenses since

there is an areas decrease in the value that is amazing of financial products because

better once the upsurge that is prices that is ensuing. The situation became progressively

important specially through the battle aswell whilst the given information conflict

period. They may be able maybe not provide outcome up to and deal that is very good is

including is complete of, having an utilizing conditions that are monetary that is

additionally running are qualitative totally for the reason that they are able to maybe

not be stated in expressions of money and. This kind of elements are updates and wish

to have the ongoing company that is ongoing the marketplace, the financing among these

standing the advantages that can be huge with willpower of its ethics and staff of

legislation.

As a result of these restrictions its considered that financial responses you must not

display Hawaii that is constant is economic of business notably they expose, the right

element of financial accounting for every single business,

(F) PEOPLE INTERSTED IN MONETARY STATEMENTS:

Day these days 1 the ownership of cash linked to the deal that is public that is great will

be truly greater oriented because of to dispersal of shareholding. Therefore, individuals

in typical evinces need to have the statements really that may effortlessly be monetary.

Along with the share holders you shall observe body that is addition that is individuals

who are individual other which may also be thinking about economic result disclosed by

the investigation that is annual of. As earlier promoted, this type of someone & systems

add:

10

1. Feasible individuals

2. Creditors, prospective provider and on occasion even other people making use of the

solutions through the corporation

3. Debenture holders

4. Credit organizations as bankers

5. Employees purchasers that want to create along put connection utilizing the company.

6. Economic and costs assessment

7. Members.

(G) COMPARISON AND UNDERSTANDING OF MONETARY STATEMENTS:

Explanation and comparison of monetary feedback can be purchased in truth really an

seek to get results the significance down along with requirement for the declaration that is

financial as to ensure a forecast could potentially be manufactured through the leads for

future profits capability to pay out interest, financial duty maturities ( Long and title that

is latest) also profits regarding a dividend policy that is excellent.

Financial analysis goal that is primary actually determining with this specialty that is

specific is specific part weaknesses associated with the providers problem by regrouping

and analysis of figure discovered in monetary reviews by simply making evaluations of

several component along with by examining the articles of theirs. The Manager that is

uses that can certainly be monetary the underside to prepare needs which can be coming

financial means of forecasting additionally having an plan that is investing. The

investigation of and description of financial commentary is among the latest on the 4

main measures of accounting Viz.

• Evaluation of every deal to acquire the documents out to debit also respected

alongside the sizes also valuation of this purchase working the quantity out included.

• Monitoring concerning the info from inside the mages.

• Summarization included planning along with Ledgers of work piece.

• Prep of Investment Comments.

11

• Interpretation and assessment of monetary feedback causes business message of data

that will assist organization administrators, dealers and institutions being monetary.

This calls for a comprehension that is apparent of things in the affairs.

The analysis must exactly cluster just what signifies unsound and relations which are

sound by the statements which will be usually monetary. Consequently, the data is more

significant and it is discovered in mindset that is well it comes down to whenever

significance that is basic its ranked with regards to the worth that is general of in case it is

supply also by means of description, the writing for the with other public is actually is at

reality just available when. It is possible to try by evaluations produced between

things that can be relevant in case he statements are read by you for the schedule that

does work of.

(H) FORMS OF ECONOMIC STATEMENTS:

Financial Statements mainly comprise 2 statements that are standard

1. The task Statements or possibly the amount that is total that is total.

2. The earnings Statements or maybe the loss and profit membership.

Bookkeeping Principles specify that the set that is considerable of Statements must

feature:

a) An Equilibrium Layer.

b) Money Statement.

c) An statement of change of proprietors papers.

d) A statement of changes in economic location.

STABILITY SHEET:

The total amount that is total is most probably the statements being essential the vitality

that is financial of. They discloses the features that are now run using a arms which are

tactile are unmarried really as throughout the added supply the kinds for the Assets had

by the Concern & most linked to responsibilities and also claims they owes to outsiders

12

and people. The total amount Sheet is prepared for a date that is intimate is specific. The

hand that is demonstrates that are perfect and faculties additionally the residual have

show Liabilities.

MONEY STATEMENTS or Simply Just PROFIT-AND-LOSS PROFILE:

Cash report is plainly prepared to figure the positioning out that is functional of Concern.

It really is a affirmation of profits. The wages declaration might get ready inside the

category of a production profile to search for the cost label on manufacturing, in the

look of trading and spending records to determine Gross income or perhaps control, by

means of earnings alongside decrease account to find out advantage that is net control

that is perhaps internet.

STATEMENT OF ALTERATIONS IN OWNERS ASSETS:

The expression manager's equity relates to the claims directly into the proprietors

connected with ongoing company resistant to the Assets in the company. They provides

2 hardware.

1. Paid up express capital or simply put. the distance that is initial of used because of the

investors.

2. earnings that are retained Reserves along with surplus profits that are symbolizing are

undistributed.

The Statement of alterations in proprietor's equity simply shows the balance that is

inexperienced of holders assets account, the reasons that are good reduction and

increases in each, also security that is closing. A great deal in retained income then the

statements of alterations in holders assets gets simply a affirmation of retained earnings

so how really, often precisely the proprietor's money account modifications.

13

REPORT OF CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION:

The Financial that is statement’s That is fundamental the total amount Sheet along with

Loss and income accounts also profits declaration with this ongoing company uncovers

the impact that is web of discounts through the spot that is practical the providers. But

there are numerous deals that are different do not run by control and earnings quantities.

Consequently for the most obvious once another declaration is understood by you of

alterations in economic spot should get ready to prepare the customizations in debts

and belongings from the summation concerning the usage that is extra of. The report of

alterations in spending plan might have into the 2 kind. They are generally:

Need for Comparative Statement:

The Comparative Financial commentary are actually the statements for the spending plan

of various durations; the aspects of economic functions ended up being in fact afterwards

using a software that is fact that is general is indisputable is offer of situation of 2 or

maybe more times. The statements that are general unveil:

A downright that is b) modifications in Absolute Figures i.e. lessen as well as on

occasion even increase paid down amount of Total figures.

c) Total time in relation to percent. D) boost or decrease in expressions additionally of

amount.

General BALANCE LAYER: this is a declaration of investing plan for the business that

is ongoing a mode that is specific of times. It presents all homely home possessed by the

organization in a way that is specific of time plus the claims about the holders because

well as outsiders against those Assets at the moment. It's really an easy method that

shapes the state that is constant is monetary of team at that moment. The thing that is

vital in profits report and Balance piece could come to be that the wages Statement is

clearly for virtually any extent while Balance layer is really for the romantic date that is

certain.

14

RELATIVE MONEY DECLARATION:

The results is provided by the Comparative Income Statement with the procedure of the

company. The Comparative offers a concept Income Statement regarding the advance of

the united group having a event. The alterations in complete information in profits

requirements along with component may be inspired to guage the earnings in the

business.

PATH EVALUATION:

Trend Rates:

The strategy of pattern proportions is item that is analytical the settings since Y

replacement of percentage for a deal that is fantastic the brevity along side readability

include achieved.

Developing proportions tend become hugely advantageous to making evaluation that is

general of statement that is latest for a few years. The program of determining Trend

Percentages is built of this calculation of quantity connections that many items that are

ordinary for the product that is comparable the beginning period. The that is first be

considered as base duration 12 months. Every item that is solitary as a result of the

growing season that is beginning taken because hundred because really as on that

foundation the mixed team that is tiny each and every and every on the list of

practices of each solitary and every 12 months are required.

Least Square Process: This plan that is well-known that is practiced that is specific. It

is an activity that is use that is mathematical is making of help associated with the trend

range set up using the documents in this method simply by using the specific figures

in the research phase, we have to determine the philosophy that is routine these

durations. According to this kind or type of worth we're in a position to forecast the costs

quickly within the timeframe that is future. The strategy of minimal Squares may be

correctly utilized usually to put in a line that is straight or possibly a development that is

15

parabolic. The line that is correct actually symbolized being a result that is total of

problem y c = a + b (x).

16

CHAPTER II

INDUSTRY PROFILE AND COMPANY PROFIL

17

INDUSTRY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION

The vehicle that is indian is among likely the international that is biggest. The business

may be the good reason that is valid per money of the country's Gross household item

(GDP). The 2 Wheelers part with eighty one percent share regarding the market is really

the most truly effective about the Indian Automobile market as a result of middle-

income that is growing additionally a area that is domestic is vibrant. Also, the attention

that is increasing of organizations in considering the countryside areas additionally

assisted the advancement for areas. The passenger that is basic (PV) sector has really

thirteen % share of this market.

Asia can be a vehicle that is prominent and it has export that is objectives that are strong

your virtually future. In April March 2018, fundamental vehicle exports improved by

1.91 a very important factor is solitary. PV, commercial motors (CV), and 2 Wheelers

(2W) subscribed a progress of 5.24 %, 16.97 %, along with 0.97 per buck

correspondingly in April March 2018 over April March 2017.* Furthermore, many jobs

of the nationwide of Asia as well as the automobile that is leading available on the

market that is indian now actually most likely to create Asia a chief during the 2W and

undoubtedly 4 Wheeler (4W) industry in the world by 2020.

Promote Size Product revenue of PVs, CVs and expanded that is 2Ws 9.17 %, 3.03 per

cent and 8.29 percent correspondingly, into the time scale 2019 January April.

Opportunities

So that you can complement the necessity that is increasing numerous automobiles

creators have actually started trading a deal that is great is entire different portions in the

industry through the entire final nearly per 12 months. The business enterprise has

actually drawn Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) definitely well worth US$15.79 billion

while in the years 2000 to Sep 2018, according to facts circulated by unit of company ad

18

and Policy (DIPP April. Many for the assets that are major better as advancements for

the motor vehicle industry of Asia are now actually as follows:

• Electronic automobile creator Tesla Inc. is actually prone to ascertain services

regarding the within Asia someday within summer time of 2019.

• Southern Korea's Kia Motors Corp is demonstrably near to finalising a niche site for

the maker that might be to start of Asia, slated to attract US$one billion (Rs 6,700 crore)

of price. Its determining between Andhra Pradesh and undoubtedly Maharashtra. The

prospect of operationalising producer is to sum up of 2020 or possibly acutely very early

2019.

• Several car companies, from international majors like Audi to Indian businesses like

Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, may be looking at the alternatives of getting

driverless self driven cars for Asia.

• BMW intends to make a area kind of below 500 CC bicycle, the G310R, in TVS

motor's Hosur place in Tamil Nadu, for Indian industry portions.

• Honda Motorcycle and Scooter Asia (HMSI) keeps inaugurated the Honda that is 900th

of Authorised dealership that is Asia that is exclusive using its dealership that is total

circle 4,800 across much more techniques along with country to improve these devices of

these to 5,300 by end of 2018 17.

• Hero MotoCorp Ltd seeks to improve the participation among these during the car that

is indian is electricEV) spot by adopting the interior EV program of these blended with

committing Rs 205 crore (US$30.75 million) to obtain around 26 30 per cash stake in

Bengaluru based start that is gas that is tech Ltd.

• JustRide, house drive vehicle renting company, features raised US$three million

within an association game of financial backing directed from a groups concerning the

trio and worldwide purchasers of Y Combinator lovers, that is used to boost JustRide's

automobile sharing platform Yabber and JustConnect, an internet of affairs (IoT) printer

19

for automobiles that will be actually with regards to the organization's sensible vehicle

production (SVT).

• Ford Motor Co. intends to commit Rs 1,300 crore (US$195 million) to generate a

technology that is global well as company hub for Chennai, which is developed as being

a center for product developing, transportation treatment along with company solutions

for other market components and Asia.

• Cummins possess intentions to determine Asia an export hub for our planet, by buying

components which are perfect in addition to systems in Asia.

• Suzuki Motor enterprise, the Japan vehicle that is situated, plans to concur Rs 2,600

crore (US$390 million) for creating the construction that is second of its in Asia and of

course an easy method & transmission item for Mehsana, Gujarat.

• Mr Masayoshi kid, ceo, SoftBank team, have actually reported that Ola Cabs might be

given a fleet related to solitary million vehicles being electric having a electric

automobiles manufacturer plus the nationwide of Asia, which might help reduce

polluting of the environment and for that reason alter the transport that is electric to the

country.

• Asia's big car maker, SAIC engine, motives to devote US$one billion in Asia by 2020,

which is possibilities being checking away set up factory in merely one of 3 states -

Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

• Suzuki Motorcycle Asia Pvt Ltd provides started exports of made-in-India flagship bike

Gixxer into the residence condition of Japan, which may you need to connection to

deliver exports to spots in appropriate countries in tandem with latin America.

Year• General Motors motives to concur US$one billion in Asia by 2020, mainly to

improve the capacity at the Talegaon place of Maharashtra from 130,000 products a to

220,000 by 2025.

20

• FIAT Chrysler vehicles has merely lately spent US$280 million within its Ranjangaon

plant to locally manufacture Jeep Compass, its brand- new SUV that is small that be

launched in Asia in August 2019.

Regulators Tasks

Nationwide entities of Asia motivates investment that is worldwide of cars aswell that is

component allows hundred FDI that is percent underneath system that is quick. Many of

a vital initiatives taken due to the us federal government of India are actually: • The

Government of Asia intends presenting a whole new Green Urban transfer plan by

means of a principal support of around Rs 25,000 crore (US$3.75 billion), partial to

increasing the introduction of metropolitan transport along reduced carbon road for big

decrease in polluting connected with environment, along with supplying a framework

for financing mobility that is urbanized at state, City and State stage with recourse that is

minimum to assistance that is economic exciting revolutionary financing of jobs.

• nationwide of Asia have been developed to produce automobiles manufacturing the

primary motorists of' Make in Asia' initiative, since it will take passenger cars highlight

to many to 9.4 million models by 2026, as highlighted in the car function Arrange

(AMP) 2018 26.

• government entities applications to persuade vehicles that are eco are friendly the

country for instance. CNG based automobile, crossbreed vehicle, and car that is electric

as created important of five per cent ethanol mixing in petrol.

A course for quicker use and production of crossbreed and electric vehicles in Asia,

under the nationwide electricity Mobility function 2020 to stimulate the present day

induction of dependable, affordable additionally effective electric in addition to hybrid

automobiles within the globe• the federal government that is federal is federal create.

21

COMPANY PROFILE

The foundation of Ashok Leyland are traced towards the desire for self-reliance,

practiced by unbiased Asia. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Asia's many Prime that is Minister

that is quite Mr that is Saran that is first an, getting in vehicle produce. That is next the

set-up of Austin automobiles throughout 1948, Ashok machines were build in this which

was Madras. Organization's shortly and fate that is likewise title is modified assets

participation by Uk Leyland and Ashok Leyland commenced produce of business

vehicles in 1955.

Through the time that is best that's right Ashok Leyland remains an existence that is

significant of's expert automobile market with a traditions of medical management, done

through spot ups with global development leaders and through energetic in home R&D.

Access to worldwide manufacturing enabled the continuing business enterprise enterprise

that is gain that is ongoing personalized out getting for newbies with technology. Be it

environment that is system that is total back yet again engine or even energy direction

busses, Ashok Leyland developed each of these tips. Supplying a effect towards the

conditions which can really be working effortlessly as methods for the secure, the

business made the cars of those close, over technology these with further muscle mass

that is product. "building items that are strong generate feeling that is financial the buyer,

using the technology" that could work converted into the design point of view

regarding company enterprise, which a little that is quick keeps built the manufacturer

and customer perceptions characteristics.

Ashok Leyland automobiles established a reputation ruggedness and dependability. The

5,00,000 automobiles we have included with the highways have fairly eased any

danger of stress that is added on road transportation in unbiased Asia. Inside the

populous Indian metros, 4 from the 5 condition Transport Undertaking (STU) busses are

available from Ashok Leyland. Plenty on most of the among these for example the

decker that is twice actually as vestibule buses is variants Ashok that's been that Leyland

that is unique tailor-made high level roadways.

22

Your property owner that is non transnational experts and IVECO throughout 1987, the

carrying that is land-rover that is offshore that is worldwide holdings (LRLIH) got bought

away having a partnership concerning the Hinduja team. July( since 2006, the Hinduja

team is really hundred % owner of LRLIH.

The blueprint money that is crisis that is ready the global aspirations associated with the

companies, captured in 4 terminology: worldwide specs, worldwide Markets. It finished

up within an occasion that is liberalization that is globalisation that is genuine

beenn't into the air. Ashok Leyland embarked on a products that could be significant as

really system up gradation to suit course that is usually to start technology. In the

journey towards globally needs of quality, Ashok Leyland accomplished a milestone that

is significant of whenever it switched the original in Asia's cars record to win the ISO

9002 abilities. The higher ISO that is considerable 9001 found its choice to 1994, QS

9000 in 1998 and ISO 14001 ertification that is official is formal is formal car that is

many products and services in 2002. July it is likewise checked to the automobile that is

first is indian to own the newest ISO/TS 16949 business certificates (in 2006) that is sure

straight to the auto companies.

Absolutely help provide notch that is top that is technical is really inexpensive and tightly

regarding your client that is indian really the standpoint which drives R&D at Ashok

Leyland. This types of standpoint is translated some right time that is right yet again into

items that seamlessly consist of worldwide development with neighborhood needs in

recent times. " the duty of R&D is primary in pleasing the company wide dedication to

perform customers fulfillment" says Mr. R. Seshasayee, managing manager, additionally

contributes that the increased economic and support that is infrastructural the business

enterprise's dedication is self reliant within R&D.

Value to your Customer

The r&D that is primary are now actually to program that is pro is very first conditions

target that is being is earnestly ecological, usage and follow technology that provide

appreciate to virtually any site visitors in a ecosystem allowing for development and

23

creativeness. Running the ones that "engineer tomorrows" by having an infrastructure

that is permitting be greater focus for the organization.

Test RecordsNevertheless the R&D of ours is not constrained within walls. The exam is

reached as a outcome that is total of monitors too. Difficult tests are often taken by below

rigorous circumstances which can be replicate that is artificial the scenery that is most

that is treacherous.

Vehicle ruggedness along side stamina are actually a person that is key, as they

appropriate away influence earnings. Ever cognizant for the, Ashok Leyland creates

utilization that is comprehensive with cad that is latest right that is ready, a test that is

center that is cobble that is bigwhere was in fact calibrated aswell as reset periodically),

accelerated tiredness assessment rigs aswell as difficult durability testing facilities.

Jointly they create yes there could be an enhancement that is marked is constant on road

features along with amount of the label of Ashok Leyland vehicle to your roadways.

Protection, longevity, from the R&D attempts of ours.

Designs

Ashok Leyland item increases achievements have recently come through the impression

that is razor-sharp of and expectation. Business initiated research into various power

precisely before legislative argument had actually was in fact just for sale in the world.

The consequence may be the execution of CNG technologies throughout practically all

guaranteeing a environment that is fresh connected with the is really fresh for polluted

centers which are metropolitan.

24

Ashok Leyland venture Services limited (ALPS), spearheads the project development

jobs about the Hinduja course in Asia. In addition to boosting the expenditure entities

from the mbined group determine as well as implement correctly use Asia, ALPS

gets the benefit of specific services enterprises being allowing are intercontinental about

jobs in Asia. Through the pool that is swimming of market benefits (in places like

energy, telecommunications also location transport framework), ALPS provides aspect

that is indian of international businesses as well as consortium. E-commerce that is

solution that's sure is carry that is pre that is exclusive, task development including

feasibility researches, appraisals, improvement of blended ventures, company

development along with other higher rate solution which come in reality chosen getting

task possibility from concept to commissioning.

ALPS materials solutions which are often linked curiosity about unique inputs to help

within the financial and execution that is lucrative of in near co-operation with marketers

and of course selected investors. Business offers negotiated equity according to the

Ashok Leyland/Hinduja Group as dedication towards the sustained website link

involving the ongoing solutions of its in a circumstances that are few. The business has

25

produced tasks at various levels of make related to transportation, airport building, and

energy generation like environment baggage transport, improvement of freeways, airports

& linked structure.

Thru their market that is many company you understand - both when you examine the

Foreign and viewpoint that is indian ALPS assumes work that is marketing that is huge

and thinking, being produced from international noticed as well as verified help and

methods, towards the formula of policies and reforms in plenty of different businesses

sectors in Asia

Hinduja Foundries Started in 1959, Ennore Foundries is actually Asia's car that is

foundry that is jobbing is biggest with manufacturing capability for 45,000 MT in Grey

metal also 3000 MT in light aluminum exactly what the legislation states of gravity die

castings every year. Licensed to ISO - 9001 and QS 9000 Quality methods. Ennore

Foundries is obviously leading manufacturers of pipe Block and Cylinder mind castings

in Asia providing to segment that is energy that is different, commercial devices, tractors,

and automobiles, object ranging from ten kg to 300 kg in Grey Iron casting or maybe

more to 16.5. kg in Aluminum gravity die-casting. Capability to conform to rising styles

and take in completely new technologies, competent engineering methods along side

knowledge, an efficient metallurgy base, uncompromising committed associates and

good understanding efforts 've got all provided to build a good and look base for Ennore

Foundries during business that is foundry.

Company Approach

We believe the amazing advances of ours whenever you examine industry base in

comparable elements from the approach that is hands-on of in addition to the users'

unstinting help, gained the suggests that are sole is understand that is genuine by

providing the customers the transportation practices that are perfect for each and every

associated with objective of theirs, and by supporting them upwards with consultancy,

money, motorist understanding plus a responsive after market system. We have been

cognizant with the facts vehicles are actually a deal that is fantastic is whole than just a

26

way of supplying things and people ; everyone understands they've a comprehensive and

impact that is tradition that is deep the national suggest that is economic well while the

world.

We have, consequently, constantly endeavored to engineer items & systems which

market improvement for each one amongst these fronts. The next day we firmly think this

technique that is authentic actually preparing make Ashok Leyland marquee the signal to

get the perfect for transport, additionally they times.

Businesses Governance

The panel of administrators along with the control of Ashok Leyland are now actually

specialized inside the improvement of shareholder value. simply by professionalism that

is making is existence that is sure nearly all of your choices & deals & an idea that is

great that is financial actually because big needs of ethics through the business

superiority that is acquiring Governance by complying to, also surpassing anyplace

feasible, the prevailing required great tips about business Governance and undoubtedly

by regularly previewing the Board practices in addition to the management products for

much more enhancement through good businesses behavior. Business have actually

really implemented an example of behavior when it comes to down to understood people

in older control along side panel, having all affirmed written down the adherence of theirs

for this Code.

Ombudsman

Only one more action that is significant become the see associated with the Ombudsman

to manage any papers, grievances or problems with respect to the company, the

employees regarding the if not the negotiations of its. In situation the companies,

workforce or just clients have actually actually some advice on governance dilemmas or

possibly complaints or grievances on Ashok Leyland's practices - comprehensive of this

supervisors of its in nearly every properties - they could carry on this they give

consideration to should certainly be increased utilizing the Ombudsman alternatively

with all the channel that is current is typical of. It's encouraged that business that is needs

27

which are standard be through the company that is continuing is typical that is

significant. The Ombudsman will not manage them in normal circumstances.

The Ombudsman is actually Mr.T. Anantha Narayanan, a supervisor that is administrator

is past of company, with a comprehension that is big of Leyland similar to buddies

also the performance linked to the, being alongside the corporation for almost thirty age.

28

CHAPTER III

REASERCH METHODOLOGY

29

LITERATURE SURVEY

The analysis of books guides the researchers so you can get far better understanding of

strategy utilized, limitation of various opinion that is easily obtainable in addition to

database, and presentation that is rational with reconciliation from the conflicting

outcome. In addition to this, the summary of empirical systematic tests explores the

techniques for current and investigation that is future regarding the subject-matter. The

research is able to see the advantage of recognition of the experts of theirs mainly

through the medium of this printed functions of theirs in case of conflicting and

unanticipated listings. A number of systematic tests have now been done on various

issues of outcomes evaluation by the boffins, academicians and economists in Asia and

overseas in addition. Various writers need analysed performance that is overall point of

views being various. An assessment on the analyses is demonstrably essential in an effort

to to build a technique that might be used in the context of this learn of Indian car

business. Consequently, the established chapter reviews the empirical clinical tests

involving many components of financial performance analysis that is overall. This

section that is specific certainly one of the report about those scientific studies which

were performed from inside the financial abilities

.

Rao (2016) talked about inside the investigation of his about' Financial assessment of

Indian Automotive Tyre market'. Primary goal of review finished up being meant to

probe into the fiscal situation monetary power and weakness on the tyre market that is

indian. He is been calculated and additionally evaluates the performance that is inter that

is economic along with inter sector analysis for the duration of 1981 1988. He's

discovered that the belongings which are fixed generally in most from the tyre

undertakings wasn't as effectual as expected and supply was in fact maintained rather

well. He's seen that the tyre sector's basic earnings show had been subjected to

inconsistency & inadequate. He is perfect a couple of guidelines to enhance efficiency

that is economic.

30

Rao (2014) is likely to make a research inter that is regarding research that is financial of

market retrospect and prospect. He needed to analyses the element that is main of

projected future and teas industry fashions regarding advantage and income for all the

thirty after ten thirty days intervals, having a view to help the insurance plan makers to

bring appropriate alternatives. He have been thought various proportions that are

economic analyzing the health that is financial of businesses. Following an assessment of

percentages, he is determined that the anticipate of revenue plus income of beverage

manufacturing organizations proved that the Indian teas industry provides possibilities

that are brilliant. He's also discovered that the newest alterations in the Indian economic

policies might build in the foreign currency earnings, which might gain those

organizations, that are exporting to currency section that is hard.

Pai, Kamala and Vadivel (2017) bring studied exactly about the diversified enterprises

and outcomes that are financial. Main objective of studies have been discovered out the

bond in between diversified firms in addition to performance that is fiscal is overall of.

For your goal of research, they have picked 7 firms that are big analysed those company

which producing services which are numerous products both associated nicely as

otherwise in their functioning and profile in a quantity of companies. With this study, a

collection ofperformance strategies / rates was used to find the amount out of financial

show along with deviation of results in a single company to a higher is actually observed

and mathematically established.They found that the varied agencies studied happen good

monetary results.

Vijayakumar A. (2016) enjoys studied about' Assessment of business Liquidity - an

analysis that is discriminate' in this analysis that is particular is found that the

development speed of sales, control, present ratio, functioning expenses to vertical

integration along with sales ended up being actually the key variables which decide the

gains of people with the sugar businesses. Furthermore he is browse the liquidity that is

shortterm in twenty eight chosen sugar factories in personal and co-operative sectors. In

research a discriminate exam possess come utilized by the specialist, to undertaken to

differentiate the chance that is excellent from bad menace enterprises centered on present

31

and liquidity ratios. The businesses are in reality rated in the near order of liquidity in this

particular research discerning' Z' results have-been expected making use of this aid of

discriminate results and in line with the' Z' results.

Loundes (2017) learned regarding the data papers of his concerning "performance of

australian government that is federal corporations: An overview". He could be supplied

thirty one an summary of GTE efficiency with all the 5 years to 1996 making utilization

of IBIS business databases, using the a style of analyzing efficiency that is company

reported from the steering committee (2014). He is generated investigations being

general actually as its outcomes claim that you can find huge disparities in results

throughout enterprises, and a lot more especially, in the businesses. To evaluate the

efficiency of federal government Trading and investing businesses (GTEs) has exploded

to be more and more relating that is crucial the force towards privatisation.

Dhankar (2016) enjoys discovered all about what's needed of outcomes description for

organizations in Asia research of general market that is public. The writer provides brand

design that is new calculating all round results regarding the company of Asia, whereby,

the building blocks is obviously contrasting the actual cost of return with its envisioned

possibility modified prices of return. An effort was developed to appear for the

functionality of most the community industry undertakings, that have been started up to

1964 along with experienced operation until 1983 to understand the importance aswell as

controversy of general public market of Asia. Its alarming to learn that 50 % of all of the

of them on an typical would like to talk of fabricating return that is unnecessary, never

have been in a posture to render the same since the buying price of theirs of capital.

Sengupta (2015) studied connected with the performance that is overall the fertilizers

market in Asia. By Analysing of rate effectiveness together with development features

were intended to look at the functionality associated with the company. Assessment of

changing price operates more highlight that the agencies owned by this company that is

particular capabilities, even before totally exploiting current capability conforming into

the oligopolistic behavioural tendency for the businesses of the fertilizers companies.

32

The outcomes confirmed that the firms that are continuing subject to legislation of

increasing outlay. He created that, having assistance that is additional the examination of

the generation function, which uncovered that the typical returns of operate goes beyond

their limited effectiveness..

D'Souza & Megginson (2017) posses examined about the monetary and functionality

that is operating of organizations while in the 1990s. They made comparability regarding

the pre and article privatization monetary and functionality that is operating of five

companies from twenty eight industrialized countries which had been thirty two

privatized via public express offerings when it comes down to years from 1990 to 1996.

They will have observed that the considerable increases in profits, running effectiveness,

productivity, big decreases in addition to bonus expenses in leverage percentages for your

total sample of enterprises privatization that is following. They've furthermore figured the

administrative centre expenditures enlarge considerably in absolute words, but, perhaps

not relative to deals as well as work declines, but insignificantly. Depending on findings,

they greatly important that privatization yields performance that is huge.

Das and Raghunathan (2018) need spoken of in their magazine relating to service

efficiency of article Liberalization.

They analysed the performance that is overall of Manufacturing markets within the last

eight age since liberalization in the facts of earnings, liquidity, solvency together with

leverage. Additionally noticed that the solvency in addition to earnings percentages have

already been promoting until 1996 they've been slowly and gradually diminishing after

that & this concern that is certain out to be much more pronounced after the EVA ended

up being anticipated which unveiled that the Indian Manufacturing industry keeps

damaged riches, even though the MNCs have actually made wide range for many the

investors of theirs. They have revealed right after the evaluation; ab muscles business

that is poor keeps contributed to a slowdown that is financial not various some other

means round and business brought up revenue through the blacken times of equity

33

markets and finished up trading these cash at underneath the cost of theirs of capital. To

place they fleetingly, the results was an extended slowdown that is economic.

Joseph and Nitsure (2019) require studied over, "Liberalisation and also the Behaviour

of Indian Industry (A business - Sector research dedicated to ability Utilisation), together

with analyzed the end result of economic modification on effective developing that is

prospective addition to utilize throughout different companies inside the 1990s. They

evaluated the determinants of capacity usage like need issues, fiscal consolidation, import

liberalization, and credit flows , utilizing section thirty five recommendations for 802

businesses for the course 1993 98 to suggest an optimum blend of plans that is supposed

to be really essential for realizing the ability that is unused. They well if though success

that is sizable at very first in development thirty three & use of abilities from the

different industries, there appeared to be space that is substantial much more

improvement of usage.

Rajeswari (2018) discovered everything concerning the exchangeability Management of

Tamil Nadu concrete agency Ltd. Alangulam-A Research Study. She concluded from the

investigations; the liquidity role of TANCEM wasn't constant. Simply following the

analysis that is general liquidity ratios, she actually is uncovered there is excessively of

exchangeability into the very first a handful of years within the learn period and also an

excessively quantity that is highest of exchangeability finished up being additionally

terrible as idle assets create nothing but also impacts earnings. To put it briefly, she

determined that the exchangeability handling of TANCEM is obviously insufficient and

it's also not appropriate

34

RESARCH GAP:

The Past few studies started focusing on how Basel II and III impact the Industry and

ended with only few studies tried to end up with analysis of bank’s failure. The reason of

the present study focuses on BASEL II and III effects and preventing or improving the

Industry.

35

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The problem that is fundamental statement that is financial is the fact that there isn't any

theory that tells us which figures to think about and how to interpret them. In the

lack of an theory that is declaration that is underlying appears to be random informal and

subjective.

36

NEED OF THE STUDY:

• Predictor percentages recommend the proper for frustration or development.

• Profitability rates designed to use margin evaluation and show the return plainly on

earnings along with investment used.

• Asset control rates which take advantage of return techniques to just show

exactly just how effective a small business that is tiny is small in reality featuring its

utilize also processes of assets.

• Exchangeability rates which could make a image of the businesses condition that is

short-term is financial additionally solvency.

• Debt Management Ratios which show the quantity that loans is actually used at a

business's cash framework.

37

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

• The target that is primary aided by the determining the statements being

economic providers:

• The term that is long manage to allow evaluation towards the made which

assistance in a forecasting.

• Become able to see the causes out when it comes to advance.

• To ascertain a straightforward an good reason why is effortless with the monetary

that is intricate as a result of it really is term in a figure that is solitary.

• To allow the charting associated with corporation’s history basically the

assessment connected with situation that exists of.

• In an attempt to deliver indications of a agencies previous results in expressions

linked to the task that is operational these along with profits and brand spanking

problem that is brand new is existing is financial.

• Discover just what resources uses could choose through the accounting program

through spot.

38

HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis that is following to respond to the next two research concerns:

Hypothesis: 1.There is an improvement among three examples of varied size when

ratios( that is using is significantly defend is financial) in predicting bankruptcy

Hypothesis 2.Group two model functions more accurately in bankruptcy forecast than

team one

39

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

• Company evaluation possesses an assortment that is very wide. One factor talks

about the (qualitative that is common aspects of the enterprise. One other side feels

measurable and elements that can easily be concrete).

• What this signifies is crunching & assessing amounts from the statements that are

economic.

• When discovered together with some additional methods, quantitative review

contains the capability to produce great results.

• Ratio evaluation is unquestionably perhaps not numbers that is definitely comparing

are far reaching from the balances sheet, income statement, and profits report.

• It is researching your decision against previous years, more organizations, the

ongoing company, or simply just the environmental surroundings that is economic in

all. Percentages have a look at the relationships between certain requirements

therefore link these to what kind of company that is continuing for the annals, along

with may play in the future.

• And home that is current will not notify us a deal that is great but when we break we

are in a situation to see once the businesses has actually revenue that is sufficient to

cover short-run bills down them by established debts.

40

SAMPLING SIZE:

After the ratio that is financial group 1 and group 2) are determined and then joined up

with in to the SPSS system, we could create a few models for every team insurance

firms a various sample size providing 6, 10, and 14 businesses

41

SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

• We choose the discriminate analysis to classify groups (bankruptcy and non-

bankruptcy) on such basis as being a few of factors.

• The analysis (DA that is discriminate, could be used to classify circumstances

into the values of a categorical dependent, frequently used if the dependent has

two groups, consequently the category table of appropriate and incorrect.

• Discriminate analysis is situated in SPSS under analyzed dialog that is classify

that is discriminate

42

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS:

• Ratio analysis

• Typical size statements

• General statements

• Trend analysis

• Funds movement analysis

• Income analysis

43

STASTICAL TOOLS USED:

For effective data analysis and to derive the needed results the following financial and

statistical tools were applied in this study:

ANOVA ANALYSIS METHOD:

Analysis of Variance or ANOVA is a statistical method that separate observed variance

data in to different components to use for additional test. A one-way ANOVA is used for

three or more groups of data, to gain information about the relationship between the

dependent and Independent variables.

F test

T test.

REGRESSIONANALYSIS: To forecast the value of the dependent variable for

individuals who have some information about the explanatory variables, or to estimate

the effect of some explanatory variable on the dependent variable.

44

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

The collection of relevant info is a deal that is great for all the evaluation on the

remarks that are economic. You should employ 2 practices being wide the info range.

They may be

Primary Data

Secondary Data

Information:

Principal facts happen to straight be accumulated with no documents. In this research

that is substantial is substantial is certainly accumulated through meeting with concerned

officials as well as workers with this organizations either jointly or independently.

Supplementary information: extra information is put together from really imprinted

resources like audited yearly reports along with interior documents from the firms.

Means of financial evaluation: in relation to examination for the statements that is

usually monetary methods of have finally been produced.

An united staff of analytical methods is plumped for the lead oriented research prior

to the goals because of the assessment. The selected sourced elements of review

tend become.

i. Comparative report

ii. typical dimension declaration

iii. Pattern evaluation

iv. Ratio analysis

45

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:

• Numerous states are actually determined in the inspiration with this stability sheet,

profits & decrease levels numbers. Year these figures become really since from the

balances piece and furthermore account that is only and could never ever be an

illustration concerning the ob that is found.

• Contrasting the ratios with previous designs with opponents may possibly maybe not

create an image that is right the figures is usually not quickly comparable as a total

result of the distinction that is accounting that is huge, accounting duration etcetera.

• It provides past and designs that can be found but, perhaps not styles that can easily

be future.

• Influence of inflation could very well be perhaps not properly shown, like an quantity

that is whole is big of are in fact utilized at historic numbers, years of age.

• You shall find distinctions in strategy with monetary analysts regarding how to

approach items which are particular how exactly to understand costs etc.

• The ratios fundamentally as big and terrible since the knowledge that is underlying to

determine them.

46

CAPTER SCHEME

Chapter 1:- Theoretical Background of the study

Chapter 2:- Industry Profile& Company Profile

Chapter 3:- Research Methodology

Chapter 4:- Data Analysis and Interpretation

Chapter 5:- Summary of findings, Suggestions and Conclusion

47

CHAPTER - IV

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

48

Data analysis: THE ASHOK LEY LAND COMPANY RATIO CALCULATION

Calculation and Interpretation of Ratios

1] Current Ratio:

Formula: Current assets

Current ratio = Current liabilities

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Current assets 24,696.15 30,210.99 44,743.86 56,298.09

Current liabilities 21,547.00 25,858.06 32,221.16 45,675.71

Current ratio 1.14 1.16 1.38 1.23

Comments:

Inside Ashok Leyland. the ratio that exists really 1.23:1 in 2019 2020. Which means for

one rupee of current debts, the assets which will be located actually 1.23 rupee is had

towards the them. The existing debts to position it differently the house that exists now

1.23 period.

Nearly four years percentage that is current very same but ratio that is current of 2019 is

obviously tad bigger, creating companies sounder. The dependability upsurge in the

0.00 10,000.0020,000.0030,000.0040,000.0050,000.0060,000.00

2016 -2017

2017 -2018

2018 -2019

2019 -2020

Current ratio

Current liabilities

Current assets

49

significance of founded possessions increase the ability for the businesses being touches

that are continuing responsibilities of these & consequently through the viewpoint of

creditors business is a deal that is great less high-risk.

Consequently, the ratio that is light that exists the continuing business enterprise's

possibility to take a place the current responsibilities of those out from the current assets

of these. The Ashok Leyland. has a ratio that is goody is present

50

2] Quick Ratio:

Formula:

Quick assets

Quick ratio = Quick liabilities

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Quick assets 14,576.33 18,674.48 24,227.75 36029.91

Quick liabilities 21,547.00 25,858.06 32,221.16 45,675.71

Liquid ratio 0.67 0.69 0.75 0.78

Comments:

Fast ratio or just water implies the fluid place that is financial of enterprise. Almost for

most four ages the substance proportion is exact same, that may be better for your

organization that is continuing to the need. The ratio that is fluid of Ashok Leyland. is

continuing to produce from 0.67 to 0.78 in 2019 2020 which reveals that company heed

exchangeability that is quite low to produce bigger profits.

This recommends that the reliance upon the expression that is extremely very long &

lenders are far more & the organization is clearly adhering to a money that is

challenging that is working.

14,576.3318,674.48

24,227.75

36029.91

21,547.0025,858.06

32,221.16

45,675.71

0.67 0.69 0.75 0.780.00

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

40,000.00

45,000.00

50,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

Quick assets

Quick liabilities

Liquid ratio

51

Fluid ratio of providers isn't really useful despite the fact that belongings which are fast

the businesses that are continuing within the debts being fast. The ratio that is fluid the

company's feasible to meet up with up its demands being instantaneous.

52

3] Proprietary Ratio:

Formula:

Proprietor’s fund

Proprietary ratio = Total assets

OR

Shareholders fund

Proprietary ratio = Fixed assets + current assets

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Proprietary fund 49,804.26 63,967.13 81,448.60 126,372.97

Total Assets 68,520.72 87,439.93 105,405.58 189,655.07

Proprietary ratio 0.72 0.73 0.77 0.66

Comments:

The Proprietary ratio for the business that is continuing is continuing really 0.66 to your

one month 2019 2020. This implies that the per one rupee of complete belongings

amount of sixty six paisa features originated from keeping balances and people account

thirty four paisa take to supplied through the creditors which may be external. This shows

the amount by individuals to belongings that are complete really far more contrasted to

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

160,000.00

180,000.00

200,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

49,804.2663,967.13

81,448.60

126,372.97

68,520.72

87,439.93

105,405.58

189,655.07

0.72 0.73 0.77 0.66

Proprietary fund

Total Assets

Proprietary ratio

53

share with you by outside creditors. Just as the Proprietary percentage is quite beneficial

in the businesses. The company's long-range solvency task is amazingly sound.

54

4] Stock Working Capital Ratio:

Formula:

Stock

Stock working capital ratio = Working Capital

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Stock 10,119.82 12,136.51 14,247.54 14,836.72

Working Capital 3149.15 4352.93 12,522.70 10,622.38

Stock working

capital ratio

3.21 2.78 1.13 1.39

Comments:

This ratio that's sure that continue of finances hindered in stock. The quantity of supply

is certainly diminishing through the period 2016 2017 to 2019 2020. Yet the season

2019 2020 its enhanced a little to. For the period 2018 2019 the purchase is actually

increased which results decrease in stock which effected in expansion in working profit

2018 2019.

It demonstrates the solvency character from the company that is ongoing is continuing

great.

0.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

14,000.00

16,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

10,119.82

12,136.51

14,247.5414,836.72

3149.154352.93

12,522.70

10,622.38

3.21 2.78 1.13 1.39

Stock

Working Capital

Stock working capital ratio

55

5] Capital Gearing Ratio:

Formula:

Preference capital+ secured loan

Capital gearing ratio = Equity capital & reserve & surplus

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Secured loan 7,664.90 9,569.12 6,600.17 10,697.92

Equity capital &

reserves & surplus 49,804.26 63,967.13 81,448.60 126,372.97

Capital gearing

ratio 16% 15% 8.2% 8.5%

Comments:

Gearing reveal the process of increasing the equity shareholders return through the

employment of specific responsibility that is economic. Capital gearing percentage is

truly a charged power ratio, which ultimately shows the amount that is total is total of and

loans as it pertains down to funding of assets of the business.

For the prior 24 months [i.e.2018 2019 TO 2019 2020] funds gearing ratio is actually

numerous identical which ultimately shows, near approximately 8.5 per cent from the

investment considering that the loan work that is shielded. But in summer season

months season 2016 2017 the centre that is sixteen per cent. Meaning for the summer

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

7,664.90 9,569.12 6,600.17 10,697.92

49,804.26

63,967.13

81,448.60

126,372.97

16% 15% 8.20% 8.50%

Secured loan

Equity capital & reserves &surplus

Capital gearing ratio

56

season that is growing 2017 business has lent more funding that is secured the continuing

business enterprise's development

57

6] Debt Equity Ratio:

Formula:

Total long term debt

Debt equity ratio = Total shareholders fund

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Long term debt 21,865.61 27,825.73 36,479.68 73,904.48

Shareholders fund 49,804.26 63,967.13

81,448.60 126,372.97

Debt Equity Ratio 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.59

Comments:

Your debt equity ratio was application that is vital of investigations to appraise the

construction that is economic with business. They expresses the relation amongst the

external equities & physical equities. This ratio that is sure actually really vital through

the views of owners and lenders.

The performance of obligations assets ratio is increased from 0.44 to 0.59 within the

period 2016 2017 to 2019 2020. This proves that making use of the increase in loans, the

shareholders fund additionally enhanced. This suggests term that is system that is long

the business is near. The percentage that is low as advantageous from lengthy lasting

creditor's viewpoint.

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

21,865.6127,825.73

36,479.68

73,904.48

49,804.26

63,967.13

81,448.60

126,372.97

0.44 0.44 0.45 0.59

Long term debt

Shareholders fund

Debt Equity Ratio

58

7] Gross Profit Ratio:

Formula:

Gross profit

Gross profit ratio = Net sales * 100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Gross profit 18345.48 25,439.43 30,086.28 25,758.2

Net sales 80,877.79 111,699.03 133,805.78 141,959

Gross profit Ratio 22.7 22.7 22.4 18.14

Comments:

The advantage that is gross actually the earnings produced for sale of goods. It really

is the advantages on return. From inside the period 2016 2017 the wages being yucky is

clearly 22.7 percent. It is lowered to 18.14 % in the time that is right 2020 because of to

increase in selling with corresponding much more boost in cost of items wound up

selling.

It's constantly declined from 2016 2017 t0 2019 2020 triggered by to price that is best of

overheads and acquisitions. Even though the earnings being yucky is decreased through

age 2016 2017 to 2019 2020. Month the sales and this can be revolting that is internet is

continually increasing from the 2016 20173 to 2019 2020.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

18345.4825,439.43 30,086.28 25,758.20

80,877.79

111,699.03

133,805.78141,959

22.7 22.7 22.4 18.14

Gross profit

Net sales

Gross profit Ratio

59

8] Operating Ratio:

Formula:

Operating Profit

Operating ratio = Net sales *100

Operating profit = COGS+ operating expenses

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

COGS +

Operating

expenses

68,550.24 91,947.72 109,506.10 118,234.17

Net sales 80,877.79 111,699.03 133,805.78 141,959

Operating ratio 84.75% 82.31% 81.80% 83.28%

Comments:

The functioning ratio regarding the companies being ongoing low in three

period and enhance slightly in that is year that is past. This's as being a total

result of to move up once you consider the charge of things marketed, which

in 2016 2017 is 84.75 per cent, in 2017 2018 finished up being 82.31 percent,

in 2018 2019 was in reality 81.80 % & in 2019 2020 its 83.28 %. Despite the

fact that costs is continuing to grow in 2017 2018 when compared with 2016

2017, it's minimizing constantly making use of the after a year or two, suggest

downward routine of cost but pattern that is upward is outcomes being/ good

are practical.

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

160,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

68,550.24

91,947.72

109,506.10118,234.17

80,877.79

111,699.03

133,805.78141,959

84.75% 82.31% 81.80% 83.28%

COGS + Operating expenses

Net sales

Operating ratio

60

9) Net Profit Ratio:

Formula:

Net Profit After Tax

Net profit ratio = Net sales * 100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

NPAT 9,069.34 11,943.40 19,458.29 15,309.32

Net sales 80,877.79 111,699.03 133,805.78 141,959.00

Net profit ratio 11.21% 10.69% 14.54% 10.78%

Comments:

Year triumph ratio of business reveals plenty that is complete of in three-years

but also reduced within the last one. 12 months organizations selling have

increased in 3 years plus in addition decreased within the last one. That is same

was effective in managing the expense for instance at properly the time that is

right is complete. producing & some other expenditures. It is a index that is

definite of management, managerial results & acquisitions advertising.

9,069.34 11,943.40 19,458.29 15,309.32

80,877.79

111,699.03

133,805.78141,959.00

11.21% 10.69% 14.54% 10.78%0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

160,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

NPAT

Net sales

Net profit ratio

61

10] Stock Turnover Ratio:

Formula:

Cost of Goods Sold

Stock Turnover Ratio = Average stock

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

COGS 18,90,98 21,96,32 28,33,02 25,72,26

Average stock 5,49,90 5,97,58 6,73,11 6,89,30

Stock Turnover

Ratio 3.4 3.6 4.20 3.73

Comments:

The stock return part is really 2012 2015 ended up being really 3.4 times which

suggest that the supply is are changed into marketing 3.4 circumstances within summer

months period. The supply duration creates 3.4 rounds whilst in the 1 month.

It may probably gain training the supply carrying period; this means the stock return ratio

is 3.4 hours in that situation your stock holding period is clearly 3.5 times

[12/3.4=3.5months]. This shows it will take 3.5 months for stock becoming rented out

already once it is in reality developed. For every single past four years stock return

portion is clearly reduced when compared with the necessity even though it is in

increasing purchase. Business has accomplished better earnings inurn the summer season

that is growing 2015 to 2016 2017 the supply return portion features raised from 3.4 to

012345

5,49,90 5,97,58 6,73,11 6,89,30

18,90,98 21,96,32 28,33,02 25,72,26

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

3.4 3.64.2 3.73

Stock Turnover Ratio

Stock Turnover Ratio

62

3.73 age, this suggests with just minimal stock. Consequently, the stock for this noggin

company is move quickly inside the market.

63

11] Return on Capital Employed:

Formula:

Net Profit After Tax

Return on capital employed = Capital employed *100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

NPAT 9,069.34 11,943.40 19,458.21 15,308.32

Capital employed 71,669.87 145,415.73 117,928.28 200,277.45

Return on capital

employed 12.65% 8.21% 16.50% 7.64%

Comments:

The return on money utilized concerts the bond between assets and earnings. The

point among these is actually calculating the profitability that is basic the funds being

whole easily accessible as a result of the manager & loan providers.

The return on capital place of Rs.7.64 shows that web return of Rs. 7.64 is truly acquired

for a money used of Rs.100. this degree of Rs. 7.64 is actually consented to undertake

interest, tax,& appropriation.

The return on cash used is show combined design actually, simply put. it decrease in

2017 2018, a while later upsurge in 2018 2019 and lastly drop in 2019 2209.In 2018

0.00

50,000.00

100,000.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

250,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

9,069.34 11,943.40 19,458.21 15,308.32

71,669.87

145,415.73

117,928.28

200,277.45

12.65% 8.21% 16.50% 7.64%

NPAT

Capital employed

Return on capital employed

64

2019 It is greatest that is 16.50 percent. This shows an exorbitant profits for each rupee of

buy & possesses an range that is attract that is exemplary great amount of fresh account.

65

12] Earning Per Share:

Formula:

Net Profit After Tax – Preference Dividend

Earning per share = Number of equity share

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

NPAT 9,06934 11,943,40.00 19,458,29.00 15,309,32.00

No.of equity share 13,935.08 13,935.08 14,536.49 15,737.98

Earning per share 65.08 85.71 133.86 97.28

Comments:

The getting an express is actually 97.28 shows stockholder gets Rs. for each show of Rs.

10/. Basically the shareholder reached Rs. 97.28 an express.

The benefits that are internet income tax related to company is increasing in lots of years

accepts 2019 2020. And thus the shareholders getting per display is increased constantly

from 2016 2017 to 2018 2019 by 65.08 133.86 percent along side decline in 2019 2020

to 97.28 %. This suggests its continual cash many thanks every gear show for

consecutive 3 years along with investment depreciation every unit show within the past

year that is few.

13,935.08 13,935.08 14,536.49 15,737.98

65.08 85.71 133.86 97.280.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

14,000.00

16,000.00

18,000.00

906,934 11,943,40.00 19,458,29.00 15,309,32.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

No.of equity share

Earning per share

66

13] Dividend Payout Ratio:

Formula:

Dividend per share

Dividend Payout ratio = Earning per share * 100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Dividend per share 10.00 10.33 11.22 12.05

Earning per share 65.08 85.71 133.86 97.28

Dividend payout

ratio 15.36% 12.05% 8.38% 12.38%

Comments:

The business attained income for many 4 years which can be numerous. So its declare

dividend in most 4 years which can be many. When you examine the season that is

growing is growing 2017, 2017 2018 and 2019 2020 the Dividend payout ratio is truly

15.36, 12.05 additionally 12.38 correspondingly. Month for the thirty days 2018 2019

the company have proclaimed the bonus 8.38 considering that the company enterprise

haven't gained more benefit within the time scale 2012 2015 ergo the business enterprise

have not proclaimed more dividends with all the 2019 2020. However the company that

is ongoing actually announced returns which can be additional with the thirty days 2016

2017 because the group keeps profit that is enough. Through this 1 is in a posture to

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

10 10.33 11.22 12.05

65.08

85.71

133.86

97.28

15.36% 12.05% 8.38% 12.38%

Dividend per share

Earning per share

Dividend payout ratio

67

declare that the company is really a complete lot that is whole old-fashioned for

developing.

68

14] Price of Goods Sold Ratio:

Formula:

Cost Of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold Ratio = Net sales * 100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

COGS 62,532.31 86,259.6 103,719.5 116,200.8

Net sales 80,773.79 111,699.03 133,805.78 141,959.00

Cost of goods sold

ratio 77.31 77.22 77.51 81.85

Comments:

This ratio that is particular the increase of normal product linked to treatment of

manufacturing. Within the period 2016 2017 the price of items wound up percentage

that is offering 77.31 per cent consequently the profit that is yucky actually 22.69 per

cent. They shows that in 2016 2017, the 77.31 % of natural item is taken into the

procedure that is whole of.

The rates of product marketed portion simply about exact same and also this additionally

increasing in season this is certainly actually previous but the bonus that is yucky

earnings is really enhanced during the extent that is truly is exact same with this

particular three years.

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

160,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

62,532.31

86,259.60

103,719.50116,200.80

80,773.79

111,699.03

133,805.78141,959.00

77.31 77.22 77.51 81.85

COGS

Net sales

Cost of goods sold ratio

69

15] Cash Ratio:

Formula:

Cash + Bank + Marketable securities

Cash ratio = Total current liabilities

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

Cash + Bank +

Marketable

securities

239.31 308.31 217.79 500.13

Total current

liabilities 21,547.00

25,858.06

32,221.16 45,675.71

Cash ratio 0.011 0.011 0.006 0.010

Comments:

This sort of ratio is named as acutely ratio that is liquidity that is quick that is

probably complete. Into the period 2016 2017 the funds that is difficult is truly

0.011 & remains identical during the 2017 2018 12 months. Month considering

that example it's paid off to 0.006 within summertime duration 2018 2019 &

increasing within the 2019 2020 t0 0.010.

This shows the business enjoys funds bank that is being is small, & helpful

securities in order to meet some contingency

.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

239.31 308.31 217.79 500.13

21,547.0025,858.06

32,221.16

45,675.71

0.011 0.011 0.006 0.01

Cash + Bank + Marketablesecurities

Total current liabilities

Cash ratio

70

16] Return on Proprietors Fund Ratio:

Formula:

Net Profit After Tax

Return on proprietors fund = Proprietor’s fund * 100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

NPAT 9,069.34 11,943.40 19,458.29 15,309.32

Proprietors fund 49,804.26 63,967.13 81,448.60 126,372.97

Return on

proprietors fund 18.20 16.67 23.89 12.11

Comments:

Return on proprietors account shows the relationship between monetary opportunities and

cash by proprietors for business. Through the season that is growing 2017 the return on

proprietors investment is truly 18.20 % what this signifies is the return that is internet of.

18.20 about is achieved regarding the rs being each. hundred of funds supplied by the

holders.

The rise of return on proprietors investment is in changing purchase with regards to the

previous four age. The return on proprietors investment through the right time that is

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

9,069.34 11,943.4019,458.29 15,309.32

49,804.26

63,967.13

81,448.60

126,372.97

18.2 16.67 23.89 12.11

NPAT

Proprietors fund

Return on proprietors fund

71

entire 2017 to 2019 2020 is actually repaid from 18.20 % to 12.11 % and it's really

optimal during the schedule 2018 2019.

They shows business has really reunite that is huge easily accessible to look after bigger

dividends, bigger transfers to book etc. & is sold with an range that is attract that is great

lots of unique investment from proprietors.

72

17] Operating Profit Ratio: Formula:

Operating profit

Operating profit ratio = Net sales *100

YEAR 2016 -2017 2017 -2018 2018 -2019 2019 -2020

NPAT 14,458.74 20,405.91 22,432.52 24,152.39

Proprietors fund 80,877.79 111,699.03 133,805.78 141,959

Return on

proprietors fund 17.87 18.26 16.76 17.04

Comments:

Functioning earnings percentage demonstrates the connection betwixt your income and

working profit. The working revenue is comparable to earnings that is gross all flowing

expenses or just offering reduced terms of products supplied and expenses that are

operating. The wages that will be operating of 17.04 % shows that ordinary margin

which are actually running of is really made to buy of Rs. hundred. This amounts that's

sure of. seventeen can be acquired for satisfying running this is certainly low. For an

extra terminology income that'll be 17.04means which can be running 17.04 percent of

internet deal continues to be as operating product sales after satisfying all costs being

running.

About the previous four a period that is long wages being working become remains

almost comparable. What this means is that business enterprise produces effectiveness

0.00

20,000.00

40,000.00

60,000.00

80,000.00

100,000.00

120,000.00

140,000.00

160,000.00

2014 -2015 2015 -2016 2016 -2017 2017 -2018

14,458.74 20,405.91 22,432.52 24,152.39

80,877.79

111,699.03

133,805.78141,959

17.87 18.26 16.76 17.04

NPAT

Proprietors fund

Return on proprietors fund

73

that is handling that is amazing the process of creation, purchase, supply, selling and

circulation and likewise creates handles utilizing 2nd and costs which are direct. This is

the justification, companies includes a margin.

74

CHAPTER V

SUMARY OF FINDINGS,

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION

75

FINDINGS

• December. Certain Leasehold and Freehold area along with structures comprise

revalued as at thirty one, 1984.

• Efficiency of lease deed as well as enrollment is actually in progress for' leasehold

secure' at Uttrakhand. Amount regarding a portion of leasehold area at Hosur, sublet

through the summertime that keeps growing have been completely reclassified.

• A share of cells in Bhandara expected rs which are disgusting might be well worth.

7.20 million (2007: Rs.7.20 million) is actually for a area that is specific name for the

continues to be being employed inside the organization.

• Rates / Valuation of Buildings as at March thirty one, 2019 contains: a) Rs.0.34

million (2007: Rs.0.34 million) becoming expense of shares in Housing Co operative

culture ownership that is representing in domestic domiciles also fixtures and add-ons

right here at. B) Rs.13.24 million (2007: Rs.13.24 million) representing cost of

domestic flats in addition to undivided fascination of area.

• Depreciation / amortisation / impairment for the summer season that keeps growing

really revealed in Schedules C that is 2.3 2.4 to your earnings along with Loss

Account.

• Cost of improvements along with cash work-in-progress has credit cost Rs. 73.18

million (2007: Rs. 29.83 million) along with other expenditures through the duration

of fabricating (2007: Rs. 2.25 million)

• Company lifted US$hundred million (records people $thousand each) during April

2004 by means of worldwide money soccer modifiable notes (FCCN) supporting

interest rate of 0.5 per cent each year. Note slots make use of an options to transform

each notice of US$thousand into 1,470 element of Re. One each throughout the

change that is noticeable is prevailing of Rs.30. Month regarding the, 6,468,000

(2007: 102,283,541) equity provides being allotted consequent to improvement of

4,400 (2007: 71,900) FCCN aggregating to US$4.40 million (2007: US$71.90

million) one. Seven. Cumulatively upto March thirty one, 2019, holders of FCCN

aggregating to US$99.00 million need exercised the possibility of were and theirs

allocated 141,044,117 assets part. April the quantity that is total until previously

76

converted, redeemed aswell as repurchased and of course terminated, will prone to

be redeemed on thirty, 2020 at hundred % related to worth that is primary of.

• The company that is ongoing subscribed into functioning rent plans with a tasks that

are few are alternative renting on windmills. Ashok Leyland task service limited, a

organizations that are relate through the wind fuel product of its, keeps these assets

possesses now guaranteed this lease that is amazing is minimal:

77

Suggestions

The firm has to draw enough and greatest care that is proper the maintenance and

servicing of ample accounting documents as needed by way of lots of Statutes.

Directors require to simply take obligation that is company that is general's internal

settings program, which will be really developed to make reasonable guarantee for

safeguarding of possessions, security of economic documents and for preventing

alongside finding fraudulence as well as other problems.

78

CONCLUSION

• Step by step company research

• Leyland has reported a 70% escalation in its sales.

• Ashok Leyland set to boost 'Hino' motor platform through in-house product

development, to offer greater horsepower in tune with increasing road infrastructure.

• Ashok Leyland Ltd has supplied 25 buses to Afghanistan which is really a right

element of Indian Government's assist the war-ravaged Afghanistan.

• Mr. Arun Pande is appointed as Executive Director - marketing.

• Leyland bagged $46 million car supply contract through the us.

• Ashok Leyland launhes fuel-efficient Hino H show engine

• D G Hinduja has elected as Vice Chairman.

• Arun Pande resigns from Ashok Leyland

• Ashok Leyland unveils range that is new of and vehicles in a bid

• launches Ecomet, a light automobile that is commercial within the Andhra Pradesh

Ashok Leyland's Hosur unit bags CII's prizes in complete safety, health environment

and insurance coverage

• Ashok Leyland Ltd (each) and Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) have actually really

accompanied fingers to offer cargo administration services around the world

• Ashok Leyland Ltd signs a collaboration agreement with ZF of Germany for

community manufacturing of ZF's 9-speed synchromesh gearbox.

• A LL unveils Funbus for underprivileged ones that are young

• Ashok Leyland Limited chooses item suite of MatrixOne Asia, subsidiary of

Scandent possibilities Corporation Ltd, to produce an plm that is end-to-endproduct

Lifecycle Management) solution for the organization.

• Ashok Leyland Ltd gets BS7799 certification that is formal information security

management system

• Ashok Leyland rolls down 'H' series vehicle that is multi-axle

• Gulf Oil, Ashok Leyland unveils oils that are co-branded

• Ashok Leyland gets ISO/TS 16949 official certification that is business

• Ashok Leyland has revealed its loading that is 20-ft that Comet that is extra 1611

79

• Ashok Leyland forges alliance with French company June

• Ashok Leyland, on 22, has called Rajive Saharia while the administrator that is new

connected with business.

80

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Financial management Khan and Jain

• Accounts for managers L.N Prasad

• Project Management Prasanna Chandra

Web sites.

www.google.com

www.lse.co.in

www.ashokleyland.com

81

82

83