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Photoluminescence–electricity–magnetism trifunctionsimultaneously assembled into one flexible nanofiber
Shujuan Sheng • Qianli Ma • Xiangting Dong •
Nan Lv • Jinxian Wang • Wensheng Yu •
Guixia Liu
Received: 13 December 2013 / Accepted: 11 January 2014 / Published online: 28 January 2014
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract In order to develop new-typed multifunctional
composite nanofibers, Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP tri-
functional composite nanofibers with photoluminescence,
electricity and magnetism have been successfully fabricated
via electrospinning technology. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
(PVP) is used as a matrix to construct composite nanofibers
containing different amounts of Eu(BA)3phen, polyaniline
(PANI) and magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). X-ray
diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission
electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, fluo-
rescence spectroscopy and Hall effect measurement system
are used to characterize the morphology and properties of the
obtained composite nanofibers. The results indicate that the
trifunctional composite nanofibers possess excellent lumi-
nescent, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties.
Fluorescence emission peaks of Eu3? are observed in the
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP photoluminescent-elec-
trical-magnetism trifunctional composite nanofibers and
assigned to the of 5D0 ? 7F0 (580 nm), 5D0 ? 7F1
(593 nm) of Eu3?, and the 5D0 ? 7F2 hypersensitive tran-
sition at 615 nm is the predominant emission peak. The
electrical conductivity reaches up to the order of 10-3 S/cm.
The luminescent intensity, electrical conductivity and satu-
ration magnetization of the composite nanofibers can be
tunable by adding various amounts of Eu(BA)3phen, PANI
and Fe3O4 NPs. The multifunctional composite nanofibers
are expected to possess many potential applications in areas
such as electromagnetic interference shielding, microwave
absorption, molecular electronics and biomedicine.
1 Introduction
Electrospinning is an outstanding technique to process
viscous solutions or melts into continuous fibers with
diameters ranging from micrometer to submicron or
nanometer. This method attracts extensive academic
investigations, and is also applied in many areas such as
filtration [1], optical and chemical sensors [2], biological
scaffolds [3] and electrode materials [4].
Europium complexes have excellent luminescent prop-
erties owing to the antenna effect of ligands and the f–f
electron transition of Eu3? ions, resulting in important
applications in laser, phosphor, and optical data storage
devices. However, pure complexes usually do not have
good thermal and mechanical stabilities and processing
ability, which restrict the complexes to promising extensive
photophysical applications and limited practical uses. To
overcome these shortcomings, europium complexes usu-
ally must be incorporated into organic, inorganic, or
organic/inorganic hybrid matrixes, such as zeolites or
mesoporous materials [5, 6], sol–gel silica, or organically
modified silicates [7] and polymers [8, 9].
Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most important con-
ducting polymers due to its high conductivity, good redox
reversibility, processibility, and environmental stability
[10, 11] as well as its potential for a variety of applications
[11, 12]. In recent years, many one-dimensional (1-D)
PANI structures including nanowires, rods and tubes have
been studied with the expectation that such materials will
combine the advantages of both low-dimensional systems
and organic conductors [13]. Sub-micron fibers of pure
S. Sheng � Q. Ma � X. Dong (&) � N. Lv � J. Wang �W. Yu � G. Liu
Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at
Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science
and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
e-mail: [email protected]
123
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316
DOI 10.1007/s10854-014-1728-2
PANI doped with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid were
prepared by electrospinning PANI with suitable molecular
weight dissolved in hot sulfuric acid [14]. But it remains a
great challenge to apply electrospinning to PANI as limited
by its molecular weight and solubility. To overcome this
problem, most of the researchers electrospun PANI through
blending it with other spinnable polymers [15, 16].
Magnetic Fe3O4 nanocrystals have been extensively
studied because of its unique and tunable magnetic prop-
erties [17]. Their magnetic features have found widespread
use in applications as diverse as environmental remedia-
tion, magnetic recording, biomacromolecule separation,
catalyst separation, drug/gene delivery and release, and
magnetic resonance imaging [18–21].
In the last few years, multifunctional composite materi-
als have attracted inevasible attention of scientist all over
the world [22, 23]. Some preparations of Fe3O4@RE
complex core–shell structure NPs have been reported [24–
26]. Ma et al. [27, 28] have fabricated Fe3O4/RE complex
(RE = rare earth) magnetic-fluorescent bifunctional com-
posite nanofibers and nanobelts via electrospinning process.
Wang et al. [29] have fabricated PANI particles/rare earth
complex/PVP luminescent-electrical bifunctional compos-
ite nanofibers via electrospinning process. Katal et al. [30]
have prepared Fe3O4/PANI magnetic particles via in situ
emulsion polymerization and discussed its application for
nitrate removal from aqueous solutions. It is found from the
above discussion that multifunction composite materials
have attracted extensive academic research. Presently,
research on multifunction nanomaterials mainly focuses on
the bifunctional nanomaterials, and photoluminescence–
electricity–magnetism trifunction nanofiber has not been
reported in the literatures.
In the present study, we successfully assemble photo-
luminescence-electricity-magnetism trifunction into one
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP flexible nanofiber via
electrospinning technique. The photoluminescence-elec-
tricity-magnetism trifunction composite nanomaterial is
expected to apply to the nano device in the future. The kind
of trifunction composite nanofibers can help to reduce the
size of the nano device and are expected to possess many
potential applications in areas such as electromagnetic
interference shielding, microwave absorption, molecular
electronics and biomedicine.
2 Experimental section
2.1 Chemicals
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 90,000), Eu2O3
(99.99 %), benzoic acid (BA), phenanthroline (phen) and
dimethylformamide (DMF) were bought from Tianjin
Tiantai Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. Anhydrous ethanol, aniline
(ANI), FeCl3�6H2O, FeSO4�7H2O, NH4NO3, polyethyl-
eneglycol (PEG, Mw = 20,000), ammonia and (IS)-(?)-
Camphor-10 sulfonic acid (CSA) were bought from Sin-
opharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ammonium persulfate
(APS) were purchased from Guangdong Xilong Chemical
Co., Ltd. All the reagents were of analytical grade and used
directly as received without further purification.
2.2 Preparation of Fe3O4 NPs
Fe3O4 NPs were obtained via a facile coprecipitation
synthetic method, and PEG was used as the protective
agents to prevent the particles from aggregation. One
typical synthetic procedure was as follows: 5.4060 g of
FeCl3�6H2O, 2.7800 g of FeSO4�7H2O, 4.04 g of NH4NO3
and 1.9 g of PEG 20000 were added into 100 ml of
deionized water to form uniform solution under vigorous
stirring at 50 �C. To prevent the oxidation of Fe2?, the
reactive mixture was kept under argon atmosphere. After
the mixture had been bubbled with argon for 30 min,
0.1 mol/L of NH3�H2O was added dropwise into the mix-
ture to adjust the pH value above 11. Then the system was
continuously bubbled with argon for 20 min at 50 �C, and
black precipitates were formed. The precipitates were
collected from the solution by magnetic separation, washed
with deionized water for three times, and then dried in an
electric vacuum oven at 60 �C for 12 h.
2.3 Synthesis of Eu(BA)3phen
Eu(BA)3phen powder were synthesized according to the
traditional method as described in the Ref. [31]. Eu2O3 was
dissolved in an amount of concentrated nitric acid and then
crystallized by evaporation of excess nitric acid and water
by heating, and Eu(NO3)3�6H2O was acquired. Eu(NO3)3
ethanol solution was prepared by adding amount of anhy-
drous ethanol into the above Eu(NO3)3. BA and phen were
dissolved in ethanol in molar ratios of Eu:BA:phen as
1:3:1. The Eu(NO3)3 solution was then added into the
mixture solution of BA and phen with magnetic agitation
for 3 h at 60 �C, and then washed using ethanol for three
times. Finally, the precipitates were collected by filtration
and dried at 60 �C for 12 h.
2.4 Fabrication of photoluminescence-electricity-
magnetism trifunctional composite nanofibers
via electrospinning
In the preparation of spinning solutions, ANI was dissolved
in 4.023 g DMF with magnetic stirring at room tempera-
ture, and then 0.9 g of PVP and CSA were slowly added
into the above solution. The mixture was then cooled down
1310 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316
123
to 0 �C in an ice-bath. The mixture was denoted as solution
I. A mixed solution of APS and 2,000 g of DMF at 0 �C
was prepared as the solution II. The solution II was added
dropwise into the solution I under magnetic stirring. The
final mixture was allowed to react at 0 �C for 24 h and then
Eu(BA)3phen and Fe3O4 were added into the mixture under
magnetic stirring for 12 h at room temperature, thus the
spinning solution was prepared. The dosages of these
materials were shown in Table 1.
During the electrospinning process, a traditional elec-
trospinning apparatus was used to prepare the Eu(BA)3-
phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers. Spinning
solution was loaded into a plastic syringe with a plastic
spinneret, and the inner diameter of the spinneret was
1 mm. A flat iron net was used as a collector and put about
13 cm away from the spinneret. A positive direct current
(DC) voltage of 13 kV was applied between the spinneret
and the collector to generate stable, continuous PVP-based
composite nanofibers under the ambient temperature of
20–25 �C, and the relative humidity was 45–50 %.
2.5 Characterization methods
The as-prepared Fe3O4 NPs and Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers were identified by a X-ray
powder diffractometer (XRD, Bruker, D8 FOCUS) with Cu
Ka radiation. The morphology and internal structure of
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers were
observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope
(FESEM, XL-30) and a transmission electron microscope
(TEM, JEM-2010), respectively. The fluorescent properties
of the Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofi-
bers were investigated by using a Hitachi fluorescence
spectrophotometer F-7000. The elementary compositions of
the Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP nanofibers were deter-
mined by an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS,
GENESIE 2000). The conductivity property was detected
by Hall effect measurement system (ECOPIA HMS-3000).
Then, the magnetic performance of Fe3O4 NPs and
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers were
measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM,
MPMS SQUID XL).All measurements were performed at
room temperature.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Characterizations of the structure and morphology
X-ray diffractometry patterns of Fe3O4 NPs and composite
nanofibers (S3) are shown in Fig. 1. The XRD patterns in
Fig. 1a reveals that the as-prepared Fe3O4 NPs are con-
formed to the cubic structure of Fe3O4 (PDF 74-0748). No
other characteristic diffraction peaks are detected. XRD
analysis result of the Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP
composite nanofibers demonstrates that the composite
nanofibers contain Fe3O4 NPs, as shown in Fig. 1b.
In order to characterize the size and shape of the pre-
sented Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofi-
bers, FE-SEM observation is conducted. Figure 2a shows
FE-SEM image of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP com-
posite nanofibers, indicating that the as-prepared nanofibers
are relatively smooth. The Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software is
used to measure the diameters of the nanofibers, and the
results are analyzed with statistics. The average diameter
for composite nanofibers is 408 ± 25 nm under the confi-
dence level of 95 %, as indicated in Fig. 3. The TEM
image of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite
nanofibers (S7) is presented in Fig. 2b. It is obviously seen
from the TEM image that Fe3O4 NPs are well dispersed in
the composite nanofibers. The size distribution of the as-
prepared Fe3O4 NPs is almost uniform, and the diameter of
Table 1 Compositions of the spinning solutions
Compositions ANI/g Fe3O4/g Eu(BA)3
phen/g
CSA/g APS/g
Samples
S1 0.27 0.3 1.08 0.3367 0.6616
S2 0.27 0.3 1.35 0.3367 0.6616
S3 0.27 0.3 1.62 0.3367 0.6616
S4 0.27 0.3 1.89 0.3367 0.6616
S5 0.27 0.3 2.16 0.3367 0.6616
S6 0.27 0.45 1.62 0.3367 0.6616
S7 0.27 0.9 1.62 0.3367 0.6616
S8 0.18 0.3 1.62 0.2245 0.4411
S9 0.36 0.3 1.62 0.4490 0.882120 30 40 50 60 70
2-Theta(degree)
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
a
b
PDF#74-0748(Fe3O
4)
Fe3O
4 nanoparticles
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe
3O
4/PVP
composite nanofibers
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of Fe3O4 NPs and Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/
PVP composite nanofibers
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316 1311
123
the nanoparticles is 7–10 nm. A slightly agglomeration
phenomenon which can be observed via FE-SEM and TEM
is caused by the large surface energy of the nano-sized
Fe3O4 particles [32]. The EDS analysis, as shown in
Fig. 2c, reveals that the composite nanofibers are consisted
of C, N, O, S, Fe, Eu and Au elements. The Au peak in the
spectrum comes from gold conductive film plated on the
surface of the sample for SEM observation.
3.2 Fluorescent properties of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
Figure 4 presents the fluorescent properties of the
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers with
the mass percentages of Eu(BA)3phen to PVP from 120 to
240 %. In order to perform the contrast experiments, the
mass ratios of Fe3O4 to PVP and PANI to PVP are fixed at 1:3
and 30 %, respectively. As indicted in the left part of Fig. 4,
a broad excitation band extending from 200 to 350 nm is
observed when monitoring wavelength is 615 nm. The peak
at 300 nm assigned to the p ? p* electron transition of the
ligands could be also identified. As shown in the right part of
Fig. 4, characteristic emission peaks of Eu3? are observed
under the excitation of 300 nm ultraviolet light and ascribed
to the energy level transitions of 5D0 ? 7F0 (580 nm),5D0 ? 7F1 (593 nm) of Eu3?, and the 5D0 ? 7F2 hyper-
sensitive transition at 615 nm is the predominant emission
peak. For the mass ratios of Eu(BA)3phen to PVP from 120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c
FeFe
Binding Energy (KeV)
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Eu Eu
s
Au
Au
o
N
c
a
b
Fig. 2 FESEM image (a), TEM image (b) and EDS spectrum (c) of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 5000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Diameter (nm)
Per
cent
age
(%)
Fig. 3 Histogram of diameter distribution of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
1312 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316
123
to 180 %, the fluorescence intensity of the composite
nanofibers is increased with the increase of addition quan-
tities of Eu(BA)3phen, while the fluorescence intensity
almost remains unchanged after the mass ratio reaches up to
180 %, as shown in Fig. 5.
Besides, in order to study the influence of Fe3O4 NPs on
the fluorescence intensity, the fluorescent emission spectra
(excited by 300 nm) of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP
composite nanofibers containing different amounts of
Fe3O4 NPs are indicated in Fig. 6a. From comparing
emission spectrum a to c in Fig. 6a, it is found that the
emission intensity of the composite nanofibers is decreased
with the increase of the amount of Fe3O4 NPs introduced
into the composite nanofibers. This phenomenon can be
explained as the light absorption of Fe3O4 NPs which were
mixed into the nanofibers [33]. From the absorbance
spectrum of Fe3O4 NPs illustrated in Fig. 6b, it is seen that
the Fe3O4 NPs can absorb visible light (400–700 nm) and
much more easily absorb the ultraviolet light (\400 nm).
Thus, the exciting light and emitting light are absorbed by
the Fe3O4 NPs, resulting that the intensities of exciting and
emitting light are decreased. Furthermore, the light
absorption would become stronger with introducing more
Fe3O4 NPs into the composite nanofibers.
Meanwhile, the fluorescent properties of the Eu(BA)3-
phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers with differ-
ent PANI contents are also investigated, as shown in
Fig. 7a. It is clearly observed that emission intensity
decreases with the increase of the PANI content. This
phenomenon can be explained as the light absorption of
PANI which were mixed into the composite nanofibers.
From the absorbance spectrum of PANI illustrated in
Fig. 7b, it is seen that the PANI can absorb UV–Vis light
(300–700 nm) and much more easily absorb ultraviolet
light (300–400 nm) and visible light (600–700 nm). Thus,
the exciting light and emitting light Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers are absorbed by the
PANI, leading to the intensities of exciting light and
emitting light Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite
nanofibers are decreased. Consequently, the light absorp-
tion would become stronger with introducing more PANI
into the composite nanofibers.
3.3 Magnetic property
The magnetic properties of Fe3O4 NPs and Eu(BA)3phen/
PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers are examined by a
vibrating sample magnetometer. No remanence was
detected for the as-prepared Fe3O4 NPs. The zero coer-
civity and the reversible hysteresis behavior indicate the
superparamagnetic nature of the Fe3O4 NPs [34], as
revealed in Fig. 8. The composite nanofibers also demon-
strate superparamagnetism performance owing to Fe3O4
NPs introduced into the composite nanofibers. The varia-
tion of magnetization value is due to different amounts of
Fe3O4 in composite nanofibers. With the increase of Fe3O4
content in composite nanofibers, saturation magnetization
of composite nanofibers increases, as seen in Fig. 8 and
Table 2, which indicates that the magnetic properties of the
composite nanofibers can be tuned via addition of various
amounts of Fe3O4 NPs.
3.4 Electrical conductivity analysis
The average electrical conductivity values of the samples
are summarized in Table 3. The conductivity is greatly
increased from 1.094 9 10-5 to 8.725 9 10-3 S/cm in the
beginning when the PANI is incorporated into composite
nanofibers. With further increase in PANI content, the
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
a
eem = 300 nmem = 615 nm
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Wavelength(nm)
300
580
593
615
e
a
a:Eu(BA)3phen:PVP=120% (S1)
b:Eu(BA)3phen:PVP=150% (S2)
c:Eu(BA)3phen:PVP=180% (S3)
d:Eu(BA)3phen:PVP=210% (S4)
e:Eu(BA)3phen:PVP=240% (S5)
Fig. 4 Excitation spectra (left) and emission spectra (right) of
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers containing dif-
ferent mass percentage of Eu(BA)3phen complex
120 140 160 180 200 220 2401000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
Mass percentage (%)
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Fig. 5 Relationship between Eu(BA)3phen contents and intensities of
luminescent peaks at 615 nm for Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP
composite nanofibers
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316 1313
123
conductivity of composite nanofibers is only slightly
changed. The increase in conductivity of Eu(BA)3phen/
PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers with increasing in
PANI content is due to forming a better continuous net
structure for PANI polymer, and the optimum concentra-
tion of PANI to PVP is 30 %. Furthermore, it is found from
Table 3 that the conductivity of the composite nanofibers is
almost unchanged with increasing in the mass ratios of
300 400 500 600 700 800 900525 550 575 600 625 650 6750
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800a Fe
3O
4:PVP=1:3(S3)
b Fe3O
4:PVP=1:2(S6)
c Fe3O
4:PVP=1:1(S7)
a
c
580
593
615
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
b
ex = 300 nm
a
Wavelength(nm) Wavelength(nm)
Abs
orba
nce(
a.u.
)
Fig. 6 Comparison of emission
spectra of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite
nanofibers containing different
mass ratios of Fe3O4 NPs
(a) and UV–Vis absorbance
spectrum of Fe3O4 NPs (b)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900525 550 575 600 625 650 6750
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
580
593
615
c
a
a ANI:PVP=20% (S8)b ANI:PVP=30% (S3)c ANI:PVP=40% (S9)
ex = 300 nm
Wavelength(nm)Wavelength(nm)
Inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
ba
Abs
orba
nce(
a.u.
)
Fig. 7 Comparison of emission
spectra of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite
nanofibers containing different
mass percentage of PANI
(a) and UV–Vis absorbance
spectrum of PANI (b)
0-10000 -5000 5000 10000-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
a
H(Oe)
M(e
mu
g-1)
d
a:Fe3O
4 nanoparticles
b:Fe3O
4:PVP=1:1
c:Fe3O
4:PVP=1:2
d:Fe3O
4:PVP=1:3
Fig. 8 Hysteresis loops of the a Fe3O4 NPs and Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers containing different mass ratios of
Fe3O4:PVP as b 1:1, c 1:2, and d 1:3
Table 2 Saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and
Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
Samples Saturation magnetization
(Ms)/emu/g
Fe3O4 nanoparticles 51.40
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:1 (S7) 17.28
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:2 (S6) 10.19
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:3 (S3) 7.07
1314 J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316
123
Fe3O4 to PVP when fixing the other parameters, as shown
in samples S3, S6 and S7.
4 Formation mechanism for Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
We propose the formation mechanism for Eu(BA)3phen/
PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers, as shown in
Fig. 9. Firstly, ANI was dissolved in DMF and PVP to
form solution with some viscosity. Secondly, APS was
mixed above solution and allowed to react at 0 �C for 24 h.
Finally, the prepared Eu(BA)3phen and Fe3O4 NPs were
added into the mixture under magnetic stirring for 12 h at
room temperature, thus the spinning solution was prepared.
The spinning solutions are injected into plastic syringe, and
then Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
are fabricated by electrospinning, as shown in Fig. 9a.
Eu(BA)3phen and Fe3O4 NPs are well dispersed in the
composite nanofibers. PANI also form a continuous net-
work in the nanofibers, leading to a high electrical con-
duction of the photoluminescence-electricity-magnetism
trifunction composite nanofibers, as seen in Fig. 9b.
5 Conclusions
In summary, the photoluminescence-electricity-magnetism
trifunctional composite nanofibers are successfully pre-
pared by electrospinning. The luminescent, conductive and
magnetic intensities of composite nanofibers can be tuned
by adding different concentration of fluorescent material,
PANI and Fe3O4 NPs into them, respectively. The lumi-
nescent intensity of the composite nanofibers is decreased
with the increase of Fe3O4 NPs and PANI content. Magnetic
properties analysis of the composite nanofibers shows that
the saturated magnetization is increased with the increase of
addition quantities of Fe3O4 NPs. These composite nanof-
ibers are shown to be superparamagnetic. The optimum
conductivity of composite nanofibers is 8.725 9 10-3
S/cm. Besides, the design conception and preparation
method of the composite nanofibers are of universal sig-
nificance for the fabrication of other photoluminescent-
electrical-magnetic materials. The new photoluminescence-
electricity-magnetism trifunctional Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/
Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers have potential applica-
tions in many fields such as electromagnetic interference
Table 3 Electrical conductivity of the samples doped with various
amount of ANI and Fe3O4
Samples Conductivity
S/cm
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:3
Eu(BA)3phen:PVP = 180 %
ANI:PVP = 20 %
(S8)
1.094 9 10-5
ANI:PVP = 30 %
(S3)
8.725 9 10-3
ANI:PVP = 40 %
(S9)
8.225 9 10-3
Eu(BA)3phen:PVP = 180 %
PANI:PVP = 30 %
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:2
(S6)
5.906 9 10-3
Fe3O4:PVP = 1:1
(S7)
6.784 9 10-3
a b
Fig. 9 Formation mechanism of Eu(BA)3phen/PANI/Fe3O4/PVP composite nanofibers
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron (2014) 25:1309–1316 1315
123
shielding, microwave absorption, molecular electronics and
biomedicine.
Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 50972020,
51072026), Ph.D. Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education
of China (20102216110002,20112216120003), the Science and
Technology Development Planning Project of Jilin Province (Grant
Nos. 20130101001JC, 20070402, 20060504), the Research Project of
Science and Technology of Department of Education of Jilin Province
‘‘11th 5-year plan’’ (Grant Nos. 2010JYT01), Key Research Project of
Science and Technology of Ministry of Education of China (Grant
No. 207026).
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