Dictiona@ldTostamot:Historical Books

Editors:

Bill T. Arnold

H. G. M. Willianrson

N

Philistines

Chicago: Universi$' of Chicago Press, 1953-1970); R. Schmitt,

'I'he Risitrn Inscriptio'ns oJ Dar-

ius the (heat: OLd I'ersian ?xl (Corpus inscrip-tionum iranicarum, part I: Inscriptions ofAncient lran, vol. l , texts 1; London: School ofOriental ancl African Studies, l99l); idern, TfuOld Persian InscriFtions of Naqsh-i Rustam and ['er-sepolis (Corpus inscriptionurrt irnnicarunr, pafi 1:Inscript ions of Arrcient Ir irrr, 'n 'ol. l , t t-xts 2; Lon-dorr: Sclrool of Oricntal anrl Afr ican Sturl ies.20{)0); J. B. Segal, Aratnait

'lbxts froat Nortlt

Saqqara (London: Eglpt Exploration Sociefy,l9t't3); S. Shaked, Le satrape de Bactriane et songolruerrleur: Docurnents aramden.s du IVe s. aaantnotre ere protenant dc Bactriane (I'ersika 4; Paris:De Boccard, 2004); N. Sims-Williams, "The Iiinal Pnragraph of the

-fornb-inscription of l)arius

I (DNb. 50-60): The C)lt l Pcrsian ' I i :xt in thcLight of 'an Aram:ric Version," / tSOdS 44 (1981)1-7; E, Stern, The Matcriul (htlturc oJ tlrc Land o.lthe Bihk in tlr,e Ptrsian Poiod (Wrntinstcr: Aris &Phil l ips, l9B2 [973]); M. W. Stolper, " l ]clshrnnrtlre Sat.ra1r," in Lang'ua.g;t, Littraturc and IIistory:PhikfutgicaL urul LIistorirul. Sludir.s I'rescrLtul to liriutIlcine\ e<1. Ii. Ilochbclg-Ilaltorr (Ntw l{:n'cn:Arnerican ()r iental Soc:icly, l1)87) l l l3l)-402; i tk 'rrr,Ett.trtltreneurs orLd lirnpirt: tlrr Muxt i'i Arcltiut'.s, tlu: Murai;tt Jinn uttd l'rrsiurt Ilu.Ie irrRa ln lo t t iu ( fJ i tgavcr r v iu r I r t ' t N t '< l t ' r lan< ls l l i s -to r isc l r - , { r r lu tco lo ra i .s t h Ins l i l rn r l t c Is l : r r r I r r r l 5 ,1 ;[ . t : i t l e :n i t r r r l I s ta r rbu l : Nc t [ t ' r ' l : t r rc ls I I i s to l i s t l r -r\rchlcolosisch Itrst i f tru( t t ' Ist:rrr lrul, l1)tt l -r);i t lc 'rn, " ' l -hc ( lovcr-nor' ol ' l | : r l rylon arr<l At 'r 'oss-thc-Rivcr in.18(i t t t ; ," /Nl i l l13 (1981)) 2tt l i - : i01-r;irlt rn, "l\{ilitiir-kolonisrt'n," Ill,4 u.201'>7; D. Stron-aclt, I'asa'rgadae: A lTepor!. ort tlur lixt:ttz.ttttiort.s(itrrductetl, @ tlv Brilish ltntittttr fi lI:rsian Sl'utlies

Jrtm l96I kt IL)63 (()xlb|d: ()xl i>r ' t l UniYeIsiry,Ptess, l1)7,9): W. M. Sumner, ", , \r ' lncrrrcrr i t l Sct-t lerrrerrt in t l re Perscpolis I ' lairr," n/A 90 ( I9lJ(;) 3-l l l ; ibid, "Arch:reologit :r l NIt:asures o1 ( lultural

Cont i r ru i ty : rn t l thc An i r ' : r l o f t l r c Pers ians i r rI"ars," irr Achaerwnid Ilistrnt. 8; (,ortlirttritl und.OhalLge, ed. FI. Sancisi-Wccr'<[cnbtrlg, A. Krrlrrti rnd M. (1. Root ( l ,cidcn: Ncthcrlan<ls lnst i tutclirr tlrc Ncar liast, 1994) 97-l()5; 'lionseuphratitt,t

l - (Paris: ( labalcla 1989-); A. Uchitel, "I , 'orcign\{or-kt'rs in thc liortificlrtion Arclrivc," in ,4.1r,so-

Itotortrit rl lilan: Arlrt tle h XXXl'lirrtr lbrtcortrt a.s-tyriob$quc itLtunutliottula, (,urtil, I0-11 juitltl1989, ecl. L. r le I \ '1c1'er urrcl Ll. ( iasclrc (MIJE()P l ;() lrcrrt : Peeters, l09l) 127-l |1'r : F. Val lat, " l ,c Pal-lLis tl'Artuxerrxe:s II :'t Ilubvlonr'." A''orl/rorr rllrlrarl

782

['rojttt Rclnrts 2 ( 1989) 3-6; J. W. Watts, ed., Pei:iaaurtd

'IitzLh: l'he -l'heory

of Inpnial AutlutrizatiotL oJ.tlu Pt'tttateuch (SBLSymS l7; Atlirnta: ScholarsPless, ?(X)l); J. D. Whitehead, "Eal ly Acirae-rrrenid Epistologralthy: The Arsantes Come-syrondence" (Ph.D. diss.; Univcrsity of Chicago,l97a);J, Wiesehdfer, Dos antihe Per.sien: Von 550u. Oltr. bis 650 n. Chr. (l\{unich: Arlernis & Wink-It ' r , l l )911); l . ' l : Ancicnt Persin: l i rom 5i0 BC to 650AI) ( l-ontlon: l l tur is, l9$6 [! ]1): l l ) ; idem," 'Re ichssese(z ' o< le r ' 'E i r rze l fu l lgc r -cc l r t igke i t '?I lenrclktrncen zu Peter Frcis

' f l resc von der

aclrrr irrrerr ir l ischcrr ' l leichsirutorisation," ' ZNIR I(11)l)5) : l { i -46; M. Wuttman,."Lcs <lanars d'Ayn-Maruiwir (oasis de Khar'pJa, ligypte)," irt lrrigatiortel drainrtge dans l.'Antiquiti: Qarutts et runalisotiorLtsotlltnairta.s en. Iran, en Eglpte et nt ()rice, cd.P. l}r ' iarrt ( l 'c 'rsika 2; I 'ar is;

- I l rotrrr, 2000) I l0-36.

A. Kuhrt

PERSIAN-PERIOD ARCTIAEOLOGY. .\rrc Ap-( l lAt,( )1.( )(; \" syR()- l 'At. l ts ' t ' tNtAN.

PESHI'ITA. Scc ' f

nx' l ' ANr) ' I 'ux'n rAt, ( lRrlr( rrsN{.

PHILISTINESA p<'opl t ' . 1r t ' r l raps ol Acge:r t t o l i { i r r . inhabi t ine

I ht ' sot t t hu ' t 's tcrn coastal s t r ip o i ' ( )arr turrr , / lsrael /

I ' i r l t ' s t i r r r ' , t h t ' I ' h i l i s t i r r es I l r ( ) r ' e o l i t . n l h l r r no t

s too r l i r r : u r l r t l v c t s l t l i u l r t l a t i o r r s l r i p r r i t l r l l r t ' l s -

r : t c l i l t ' s i r r I r i l r l i r a l l i r nes . A l t houu l r t l r c uo l c l / l r i ,l i . r l l i r , I r : rs t ' r r l t ' r ' t :< l t he l ,ngl is l r l l r r r r { r r : rgt ' , t r r r r ler '

t l r t ' i r t f l r r t ' r r tc o1' thc i r t rcg:r t ivr ' l lo l t r ' : r1 'u l in thc:

l r i l r l i t l r l l ( ' x t : i , as a t c l l n t l c s i gn i r t i ne : r r r u l r cu l -

I t t r t ' r l : r r r t l rurcotr t l t pcrr ior) , recetr t : r rc l racologi-

t u l : rc t iv i t l ' lurs indi< ' i r tcr l thet t l re arrc icnl

I t l r i l i s t i r r c s wc l c i r r r n i r n ) ' r ( ' s l ) ( ' ( t s cu l t t r r a l l y

r r r o r t ' r r t l v l r ncc t l t l r r n t hc l s r : r c ' l i t e s u ' l r c r r ( hcsc

tu ,o p t ' o ; i l t ' s l i r s t appcu t cc l o r r t l r t ' I l i s t o r i ca l

s l : r r . l r ' : l l t l r c l r t ' g i t u t i n1 I o l t l r r ' l l o r t Agc ( c . 120 ( ) -

I 150 l t ( 1 , . ) .

l . ' l l r r I ' l r i l i s t i nes i r r t he l { eb l cw l } i l r l t '

? . ' l l r r I ' h i l i s t i t r es i n Ex t rab i l r l i t a l So r r l c cs

l J . ' l l r c An h i r eo log l ' o l I ' h i l i s t i u-1. Srrnrrr rar l '

l. The Philistines in the Hebrew Bible,

. , \ r ' t o r r l i r r e l o t hc Heb l c r v B i l r l e , r l r e l ) l r i l i s t i n cs

u ' t l c o l g : r r r i z c r l i r r l < l : r co r r l e r l e l t r t i t > r r o l l i v c

t i t r - s t l r t c s t o r r s i s t i n { o l l l r t - ( ( ) l r s l l r l c ' i t i c ' s o f' k . ' \ s l r < l o i t , *As l r kc l on an ( l * ( ; r r zu . r r r ov i r r g t r o r t h

l ( ) s ( ) u l l r , l l l ( l o l t l l c i n l : r nd t i t i c s o { ' rP , k r r r n : t t t c li ' ( i u t l r . I t i s t l r c t o r t t n t o r t s r : l t t . r l i r t - l r ( - onvc r l l i on

Philistines

to refer to th is coal i t ion of { ive c i t ies as t l ' re I ' } r i l -

isr ine Pcntapol is . Wit t r the cxcept ion o{ '

Abimelech, k ing of ( the Phi l is t ines in) Gerar

(Gen 20 :2 ; 26 :1 , B ) , a r r t l o f Ac l ' r i sh , k i ng o l -

Ga t t r ( l San r 2 l : 11 , 13 ; I K i ngs ? : i ) 9 ) , t he Ph i l i s -

tine rrtlers are pJenelalll ' refelred to zrs s/rAnim,

which ntat l 'have re latcd to the ( l reek word ry,r -

annos," tyr^rr t " I1 ' t t r is t lcr ivnt ior t is correct , thet . t

t .h is ternl , a long $ ' i t l r : t l ra l rc l fu l of aclc l i t ional

words, is ntr inrpol tant l l iccc ol evic lence st tp-

poi l ing the l l tcor l of t l te Phi l is t ines ' or iq i t rs in

the Acgelrrl world.

1.1. "Early" Biblical References to the Philis-

f ines. Moclerr t schol : r rship holc ls that the He-

brerv Bib le was l lot necessar i ly wr i t ten in thc

ordcr i r t which t l re br>oks haye cotr tc r lo l rnr to

us. ' Ihus

thc f i tc t that sonrt : t l r i r tg is ment ionecl

in one of the ear l icr l rooks o1' the Bible does

not neccssir r i ly inc l icatc that thc Ic l 'erer tce is

contcnrp()r l l tc<.rus wi t l t the Pcr i<-)c l aclc l ressed i l t

the text . Al t l rotrq l r thcre are isolatecl a l lus i< lns

to t hc l ' h i l i s t i r r e r s i n t he l r ooks o { ' t hc [ ' en -

t a teuch ( scc ( J t : n l 0 : 14 ; 2 l : l l 2 - l l 4 ; 26 : l , t i ; Ex

l i l :17), rnost sc l ro la ls u,oulr l l t 'g l l r l thcse t ' t : ler-

cnc r s as : r n : r c l t r ' on i s r r t s t l r i t ( l r l r r " e c r c l ) t i r r t o t hc

narrzr l iv( ' l iorn u t r tu< l r l l r tc l t iu te pcl ioc l un<l

l )crspcct ivc. l t is onl t ' wl t<:r t l l tc ' I l is to l i r :zr l

Books ol t l rc I ' le l r rcrv IJ i l r l t ' r 'c lutc the r isc o l Is-

r ac l i r r i t . s l u r r r l t l r : t ( r r ' [ i ' r e r r c t : s t o t l r c l ) h i l i s t i ncs

beco r r r c r v i r l t ' sp rea< [ , w l r i c l r i s cxac t l y w l l a t ( ) r r c

\ ^ ( ) u l ( l ( ' \ l x ( l . g i r c r r l l t t ' 1 , ' t t t g i t r t ' t t r ' t ' o I I s t : r t ' l i t t '

h i s t o l i ca l l r ) ( ' l I ) ( ) r ' ) ' ; u r r l l l r < ' l i r r r l i r r es o { i u ' <h i r t ' -

o logy.

1.2. T'lte Philislircs in thc Satnson C\cle. Al-

thouglr [ 'h i l is t i t r is r r rcrr t iorrcr l l l - ic l lv as i r lcgion

l t o l u r r r l r l l l r c r ' o r r l l o l < l l t l r t ' I s rac l i t es i r r . f os l r r r l r

l l i : Z - l i a r r t l . f r r < l ges l i : i l , i t i s o r r l y i r r l l r c l e t c l S : r n r -so r r c yc l c t l r l t t l r t : l ' l r i l i s l i r r c s con re i n (o ( he i r

orvtr in the bib l ic i t l r r r lnr t ivc. I ' r 'ev iously thcyI tad bc 'crr r r r t ' r r l iorrer l :u l ton!{ lsr-acl 's cncrrr i t 's( f u< lg l t ) : { ; - 7 ) , l r u t i t i s o r r l 1 , l r e l c t ha t l he l , L r c -<:ot t tc t l rc : i l r t i rgor) is ts puI t ,xct ' l l t - r rce of t .he lsra-

el i tcs.' l 'he

l rook of . f u<lucs rn l l , l rc d iv i r let l in{o f t rLrrt t ta jor urr i ts . Fol lo\ , ing soute i r r t |oductory Dlatc-r iar ls ( fudg l : l - i3 : ,1) , t l rc stor ics o l r l r r : . i r :c lges (orlc l l t icrs) who ck ' l ivcrer l r . 'ar ious Isracl i te t . r ' ibcsl ror l t l r t ' i r - s in- inr l r rccr l t l is l r tss nre rr :count t '< l

$udg l 1 : 5 - l ? : l i r ) . ' l ' l r i s

i s l i r l l r > l ' c r l b1 ' t hc Sa rnso r rcyc l c ( f t t l g l 3 - l ( ; ) : r r r < l l l i r r r r l sec t i c - r r r i r r u ' l r i r ' l rt l re cr l ing rr r . t - t l o{ the ls lat l i r t ' t r ibes lbr a k inei s e r r t p l r as i zc t l ( f r r r l g l 7 -2 t ) .

A l t l r oue l r S l r r r so r r i s r t ' c k r rnc t l l r r t ong t he .

judges, the storJ fa l ls outs ide of thc nolnral l i ter-

a r y pa l t e rn o l s i n -pun i shnen t - r cpe r t t ance -

clcliverancc that dorninates the stori€rs of' the

judgcs. \A4releas tl-re other juclges act on behalf

of the tril;es of Israel, Sanrson seems t() Lre actirrgl

on his own, irrrcl his problerris are <;cc:rsioned by

his i rnpetuous rrature and his pcnchant f<x Phi l -

istine rvonrerr. Although alre:rdy dcrlicated t<-r( , ioc l bclbrc h is corrcept ion ( fudg l i l :5) , S:rnrson

irrvokcs (krd orr ly . just betbrc h is dci t t l r ( fudg

Iti:28). Othenvisc, his lil 'c is rlcclicatcrl to t.he

pursui t of p learsurc.

In s l r i t r : or bccause of l r is a l l rnct io l r to Phi-

l is t i r re wonrcrr . Saursou ( 'orrr r 's into corr f l ic t rv i tb

t hc P l r i l i s t i nes , engau iuu t l r eu r i n co l l t c s { s o f

w i t s ( Ju t l g 14 :10 -19 ) , bu rn i ng t he i r c l oy r s ( f r r dg

l5;4-5) , n 'a lk ing ol l wi t l r thc c i t l ' galc ( ) { 'C; i rz i r

$uclg 16:3) ant l k i l l ing thotrs:r t r< ls o l thcrn ( |ut lg

l5:8, l l - r ; 16:27-3t)) . Sonrc hi rvr : i t rguc<l th: t t t l r t :

cha r -ac t c r o f Sun rson i s r e l a t c r l f o t hu t o l Hcp

akles/ IJc lcrr les, but ot l rcrs l r lve disputer l ( l r is

col l tent io l l . ( ) l ,e la l l , t l r t - - arrrusi r rs l i r lk l : r lcs o l

t l r t ' S : r r n s o r r r v r l t ' . n l r i l t ' r ' o r r t t ' 1 i r r g ; r r ( ' r n ( ' n r -

b r i t ncc ' o f a p t ' r ' i od o l t : r > t r l l i t t l r l ' lwcc t t t h t ' t l i l r e

c> I 1 ) : r r r : r r r t l t l r c I ' l r i l i s t i n cs , l l ob l l r l l ' < l r r r r o l l r c

ga i r r l i r l l y c rnp lo l c< l i n t l r c r t ' r ' o r r s t r r t t l i on o l : r

s l t t ' c i l i c pc l i oc l i n l r i s t o l y . No r r t ' ( l r c i t ' s s . t t ' t ( : r i r t

sn i ppc l s o l i r t l i > rn l r t i o t r r t o l t ' { l t ' t ( ? rn i r ( ( u l i l l ( '

t eo { t ' u1 ; l r i t ' : r l r ncn r ( ) r t r : ' l i t t t r r i r l t , l l t t ' l r o t r t e o l '

S i u r r so t t ' s n ' i f e ( f t r t l g l ' l ; , l r t i ' i r r t l r c So r t k \ r : r l l c y

o r r t l r c l r o r r l c r bc lwc t : r r I s l l r c l u r r r l I t l r i l i s t i l r .

A r r< l c c l t a i r r l 1 ' ( l u z r r r vus r> r r r ' o l t l r c l r a j o l I ' l r i l i s -

l i n c c i l i e s .

I t i s i r r t c r c s { i r r g , t l ) a l l l r ( ' o r r l y I ' l r i l i s l i r r t ' r l c i t l '

rnenl ionc<l i r r t l r is t :1, t l t ' o l s to| i t 's is l l r r^ suPPos-

c r l l y Scn r i t i < ( l r r r l s cc S ing t ' r ) r l c i t y l ) ; Lgo r r ( l u< lg

I ( i : 23 ) , r v l r osc l t ' r r r p l c S : r r r r so r r <o l l : r pscs r r po r t

l r i r nsc l { an< l t l r c l ' l r i l i s t i r r t ' s .

I.J. the Ark ot'tht Couenanil Among the Philis-

f ines. Anot l r t ' r ' l l i rs ic a l l l ' sc l [ ] r orr t : r i r rc<l t yck: o{

s l o l i es i r t r vh i t h t l t c I ) l r i l i s t i r r es p l l r t r r l t ' i r c l i ng , i r l -

b c i t c l r r t o o r r i s l r . r o l c ' i s t l r e , \ r k N l r r l r r t i v r r > l

I S r t r r t t r r ' l 4 : l - j : l l l r u t s , ' t N . r ' : u n . n t l ! 1 1 ) 2 . l ; J l -

55 ) . ' f l r r : un t l c l l y i ng assun t l r t i o r t o l l l r i s c y<k ' o l

s t o r i es , r vh i t l r i r t t c rn r l ) t s l l l ( ' s t ( ) r ' v o l ' t l r t p rop l t e t*Srrnrucl , is 1h:r t t l r r lsr ' : re l i t t : l l i l rcs l r r r l t l rc I ' l r i l -

is t ines rvcre cngaut 'd in i r corr t i r ruous cot t f l ic t .

W [ r i l e con l i o l ] ( i l ) s t l ] ( : Ph i l i s t i nes : r t l ' . l r e r t c zc ' t

( l Surn 4) , thc Is l l r t ' l i ( r :s t lcc i r lc : t l to l r r ins otr l

t l t c ' i t e l c : r t t ' s1 \ \ ' cu l ) o l l , t l t t ' ' ' : r t k o l 1 l t t ' t o ve t t : t t r l ,

nnr l l r iu ' t ( lor l l r i rnsr l l l t :ut l ( l rcrn to t ' i r ;1or\ . , ' \ l -

thorrgh thc l ' l r i l is t i r rcs r t , t ' rc I i ig l r t t 'nct l o l r l i t e < t -

1 r ' con [ r r r r r t i r r { . 1 t h i s sn ' e l go r l i r r ba t t l c . t he

78 j

Philistines

unexpccted happened. 'fhe

Isrzrelites were de-

f'czrterl; and the ark wzrs captured. Apparently,

horrever, tiris rvas only p:rrt of Gocl's plan to

rrragnify the porver of the ark.' I 'he

Phi l is t i r res brought the ark to thc tenrple l

of Dagon in Ashdorl, where the power ol (iod

began to m:rnifest itself against the Philistincs

aird t l re i r chie l 'dei t r , . Even rnorning thc pl icsts

of'l)agon fbund the statue of tlreir god toppled,

i rnd his he:rc l and hands rernclved l iorn h is body.

lrr acltlition, the inhabitants ol Ashdocl wcrc

strrrck ll1' a plugue c-rf turnors (or henrorrh<lids).- lht rs

i t went whercvcr thc Plr i l is t i r )es scr) t the

ark, whctlrer to Gath or llkron. Finally, they

loircle<l it orr a cart clriwvn by t\l/o cows ancl sent it

on its rv:ry b:rck to Isruel alorrg with goldcn ol}-er-

ingls of micc and turnors/hcmorrhoids accord-

i r re to the rrurnLrcr of I ' } l r i l is t ine ru lers and c i t ies.

Al t l rough th is story nray hc b:rse<l on an actu-

al captr.rlc of thc '.rrk by the I'lrilistirrr:s, in its cur-

rcnt C()nt.ext it servr:s a s1'mb<llic function to

urrc lcr l i r te thc powcr o l - ( lod ar t< l h is a lk. - I 'hc-

I th i l is t i r rcs oncc agir in i r rc l lo i l , i r r th is t ' lsc for-

t l r t ' t l rcological nrcss:rgc bcir rg < 'or tvt 'ycr l . at tc l

t l r t ' i r q(x l scrra ' ( 's ls : rn inc{ l i ' ( : tu i l l o l r ic t t o l | i t l i -

t t r k ' . ( ) r r c r : aua in , i t i s no t c r vo r l hy t l r : r t t l r c r i n l y

l ' h i l i s t i r r c t i e i ( - v r r r cn ( i onc< l i s : L p r csu t t t ab l y

Scrrr i t ic uo<1.

1.4. The PhiListines and the Rise of the Israelite

M o n a r c h y . ' l ' l r t ' I ' l r i l i s t i n t ' s { i r r : t l l v s l t e r l t l r c i r '

r ; r r ' l o o t r i s l r r l t t i t l i t v i r r l l r t ' t r ; t l r ' ; l l i v t ' s t o r r r t ' l t r -

i r r e l l r t ' t ' i s c o [ ' k i r r g s h i p i t t u t t i i c r t t l s r : t c l . l r r -

r l c t ' <1 , n rany l r av t ' l i ' l t t hu l ( l r c l r i l r l i c : r l l c x t

i r r r y i l i c s t l r : r t i t r vus i n o r ' < l c l t ( ) c ( ) un f ( ' r a n r i l i -

{ i r r ' \ ' l l ) r ' ( ' i l t l i t > r r r t } r c l ) l r i l i s t i r r t ' s t l r l r l l l r c l i coP Ic: r l r p r r r e< l r c< l S : r r t r uc l l ' i t l r t l r c l c ( l u r s t t o l t : r ' t ' c

l r i r r r up l l o i n l l t k i r r g l o t u l r : ovc t t l r t ' t r t . I I o r vc r .

t ' r ' , i t l r r r s u l so l r e r c r r : r l euc r l l hu l t l r c r o r r l l i c t

r v i t l r t l r c I t h i l i s t i ncs occu l l c t l r l u l i ne i r l a t c r '

p l r as t ' o l t l r c t l a r r s i t i o l l t ( ) r ) r ( ) r ) l u ' t : l r r ' ( s cc

N:r 'unurr I 992, t j52-5t l ) .

Ar '<<-rrr l inq to the' l r ib l i< i r l accotr t r t , rv l r i lc thc

ls lat ' l i lcs rven. set t lc t l in thc ccrr t ra l l r i l l cr>untry

ol *( laruurn. thc l th i l is t i r rcs wel t ' i r t t l re sort t l t -

\vrstc l l ) c<>:rst i r l 1>la i r r . l t u 'as y le lhaps inevi t : rb lc

th:r t rv l rc 'n t l )cse nvo pcoplcs t r ie<l kr expancl

thci r a lc: rs <; f inf luerr< ' t ' , t l rev rvorr l< l cornc: in l<r

t o r r f l i c t r v i t h onc a l r ( ) t l r c r . .A l t l r oush t l r e l ) l r i l i s -

t incs st :errr to h i rve hucl thc t4rpcr h i r r r t l in i t i r r l -

l \ ' - n ( ) t c l r on ' l l r e l s r ' : r c l i t c s l r u< l t t > go t o P l r i l -

is t i r r t ' l r l t isans to h:n 'e thei l ugl icrr l tur i r l tools

s lnr . l le r ret l ( I Suur l i l : l ! ) -2 l ) - thc lsrrLel i te t r ibcs

eventuir l ly rvc lc : rb lc to r tn i lc : arorr t r< l a ccrr l t ' r t l

7 8 1

autll()rit]' frqure. Nlrrch of the l:rtter pirrr of t6er-eign ol *Surr l , t l re f i rs t k ing of Isracl , wxs spenrcourr tcr- ing t l re l 'h i l is t inc threat . Al thoueh hsenjol'cd sornc initial sllcccss, Sar.rl u1ti11211"1r,

t l icc l in bat t le i rgair rst thc l )h i l is t ines ( l Sanr 3 l ) ,iurd h is anrror ' \v2ls decl icat t :d to t l re gclddess Ash-toreth (Astarte), anothcr Sernitic cleiq'. ltresum-lb l l in a tcrnl ) le i r r l lc th,Slrearr in the . forc la lV r l l e v ( l S i r n r 3 I : 10 ) .

Fo l l o r v i nc Sau l ' s dea (h , i t w l s l t ' t t t o I r i s suc -cesso l ' , * I ) a r , i c l , t o cs t : r b l i s l r l s r ae l i ( c r i om i -

n i l nce ove l t hc I ' l r i l i s t i n cs . ' [ ' h c

Hebn , r v I ] i b l e

r lcr ,Otcs rrucl r sp:rcc to r leta i l inu I )avid 's var ic-qa te ( l r c l : r t i onsh ip r v i t l r t l r r : P l r i l i s t i nes . A l -thouglr wlr i r ( is i r rgulrb lv l l rc l r lost t ' . r r r rotrs ant l

a r chc t yPa l s t o | y a l ) ou t Dav i r l con<e I r r s h i s de -I ea t o l a g i gan t i c I ' h i l i s t i r r c cha rnp ion r r an re r l( . l o l i a t h o l [ ) a t h , r r r : r r t 1 , s t l t o l u r s r r , ou l r l cons ig r r

t l r i s ac r : o r r r r t t o t l r c ' l ) uv i t l l egen r l . A rnong o the r -

i r n t un l ( ' r ) t s { i r r t l r i s ussu r r l r l i r > r r i s t l r e I ac t t ha t

the Hclrrew l l ib lc i tsel f la tcr ascr i l )cs thc dc-

I ea t o f ( l c l l i : t t h t o l l l l r an l r r r . o r r c ' o l l ) : r r i < [ ' s hc -

l o c s ( 2 S : r r r r 2 l : 1 1 ) t ( s r r r , ( i o l i : r l l r ) . l l c t l ) r r t a s i l

r r r r y , ce r l : r i r r i r s l x ' ( t s o l t l r c ( i o l i e t l r s t o t v I r avc

l r c rn e r up loy t ' r l t o s r r l r l r o l t l l r c l l r t ' o r \ o l l r r r A< : -

p ; c : r r r o r i g i r r o f t l r t ' I ' l r i l i s t i r t t ' s . l l r t ' s e i r r t l u r l c

I r i s r r a rnc , t l r t ' r r r t ' t l r o r l o I t o r t t l r : r t l r t ' { u ' ce r r

t : h i r r r r p i< l r r s l o r l t ' t i t k ' t l r t : o t t t t o r t t t ' o l l r a l t l t :

: r n r l , r nos t p l o l r l t ' t r r a t i t l r l l r ' . l r i s l l t r r o t ( s c t '

I . i l k t . l s t t ' i r r 2 {X )2 , I 12 - 1 ,3 ) .

A l t l r o r r r r l r t h t ' l r i l r l i c r t l t ( ' x t r c l i ' r s t o sk i l t r t i s l r t ' s

l r c twcc r r t l r < ' l s r : r t ' l i t t ' s l r r r < I I l r < ' I ' l r i l i s l i r r < s o< r ' i r -

s i o r r c r l l x ' l ) l r v i < l ' s l r s su t t t p l i o r t o l t t t l t ' o v t ' t I s t ac l

( 2 S : r i l r r ' r : 1 7 ; 2 l : 1 5 - 2 2 ; 2 l l : 1 ) - 1 7 ; I ( l l r | o r r I l : 1 2 - 1 1 ) :

l 4 : l J -17 ; ! 0 : l - l l ) : r r r t l s c ( ' n l s t ( ) r c l ; r t c l l r t ' i r t r l t i -

r n : r l t ' <k ' l e ' u t i r r l r l i r r g t r i s l i r l t l l r ' p l ob l c ' r t n l i t l r i r s -sasc (2 S : r r r r i J : l ; I ( i l r r r r r r l l i : l ) , i t i s I ) r t v i t l ' s c l osc '

r t ' l i r t . i o r r s l ) l r t i cu l i u l \ i v i t l r t h t c i t t o l ( i ; r t l r t l r l r t

: u ' c r n ( ) s t \ \ ( ) r t l l y o l t o r t r r r r t ' t t 1 . l ) r t l i l r g t l t t ' t i t r t e

t l u t t l r c r v i r s i t t co r r l l i r t n i t l t S : t t t l . l ) l r r i t l s r> r rgh t

re l i rgc r r ' i th err t l l - rcc:ut tc : r t ' : tss:r l o l r \ t l r is l r , t l rc

k i n t ( ) l ( l : r t I r , l r l t l r o t r g l r t l r c I I t ' b t c r l l l i l r l < ' t l l i r t r s

that I ) l rv i t l ivot 'kcr l : r { . l l inst l t is sr tzcta i t t 's i t t tc t - -

c s l s ( l S a r n 2 7 ) . ( ) r r c t ' l r e : r s < c r r r l r < l t l t c l l t t o r t c ,

I ) i t v i r l l r l r < l u r ) ) ( ) l l u l t i s c t t l o t t t e ra t ' ( ) l r c t l - t ' r l o t t t t l t c( l i t t i t c , i r r t o n ' l r os t ' l x t n r l s l r c c ' r r l l u s t c r l t l r c u l k o l

t l t c c < - r v t ' r t : r r r t ( 2 S l r r r ( i : l ( ) - l ? : I ( l l r r o r r l l J : 1 2 - l ' 1 :

1 5 : 2 , 1 - 2 5 ) , : r n t l l t t a i t l r t ' ( l i t t i t c ' , l l r o t v l r s o l t c o f

t l r e l i ' u ' Pcc lP l c ' n ' l r o I ' t ' t r u r i r t t ' r l l o r ' : t l l o l ) : t v i c l : r (

t hc t i r ne t> l A l r s : r l t > : t r ' s n ' r ' o l t ( ? Su rn l i r : 17 -2? :

l 8 : 2 ) . So rnc l u t ve : t t quc ( l t l r a t I ) : Lv i r l ' s P r - i l a t ct r oo l ) co l l s i s t i r r { o l t l r c ( l l i t ' r ' t ' t l r i t t ' s l t t t t l t l t t '

Pc ' l c t l r i t t ' s : r l so I t es l r l ) l r i l i s t i r r c ( ( ) r l l l ( ' ( l i ( ) l l , t t l -

F

Philistines

thougtr this is disputecl b,v others.

Even though the c la i rn scenls to l re nrade that

Philistia was incorpc.rratecl into the kirtgckrnt of

*Solomon ( l Kings 4:21 [ t t t l ' 1-r :1]) , th is poses

problenrs at Lroth thc litelary ancl the histolic:rl

ievels. Whir ter /er one's posi t ion on t l le l ) is tor ic i ty

of a uni ted lsrael i te k ingr lorn, t l re Phi l is t incs <lcr

not appear in the narrative in tlre sitnle ll):lnnel'

as other peoples i i l legedly ' incor l )o l -2r tc( l in to the

Davidic k ingdorn. Tl rc ztccot t t r t o l ' the escape of

Shimei 's s laves f rorr t . fents: t l< ' t t t to ( iath at tc l

their subsequet l t extradi t ion back to . |erusalenr

may incl icate t l rat Oat l r : t t tc l Is t : t t ' l s too<l in a IoI .

mal treaty relirtionship rvitlr otre lurother ( I Kiugs

2:39-41). Howt-ver, t t t ) th i r ts in t l r is l>r i t : l ' ta le r t l -

lows any conclusiotrs t< i l l r : r l r lu 'n rculur l ing the

nature of tht ' rc lat iorrship. - f l rc

lact thut thc Hc-

brew Biblc st i l l has Ar:h is l r nr l i t rs ( i i r t l r chrr i r rg

the re ign of Solol t ror h;rs I 'u isct l ( l rc-s l i ( ) i Is : r l ) ( )ut

the histor ical rncl l rory c l t t upsrt latcc l i r r t l r is epi-

sode.

1.5. The Philistines and Israel(udalr. Iirllr>rvine

the r l i v i s i on o l - l he t r n i t c r l n ro r r r r ' < : l r y i r r t o t l r t ' r ' i -

val k ingt lorns c.r I ls t i rc ' l r r r t< l . f r r< l : r l r , t l rc ' I 'h i l is t i r res

p l i r v a r r r i no r - r ' o l t ' i r r t l r t ' l r i l r l i <u l r r i r r r - u { i v c . N< r

l ongc r ' < l o t l r t y pos t ' l r n t ' x i s t t ' r r t i u l l l r l c i r t l ( ) t l r ( '

Israel i tes. c lcspi tc l r nrrr r r l r t ' r of : r t corrn(s lh l r l

h i n t n t s c j n l c t c r r s i o r r s : t l < r r r q t l r c ' i l r n r r l r r : r l l r < l r -

de rs ( e .g . , I l ( i nes l 5 : 27 ; l ( i : l l >17 ) . l n t l r r r r vo r l < l -

v i cw o { ' t l r e l r ooks o { I i i r r gs i t r vas l r oss i l r k ' l o

c ross t l r c l r o r c l t ' r ' l r e l r v cc r t J . 1111 ' [ , / f 1 r1 l : r l r a r r r l I t l r i -

l i s t i a w i t l r ou t l r r y l r i r r < l r u r r c t ' . I r r t l r i s n r i r r r r r t ' r I l r c

albrctnt ' r r t iot tcr l s l l tvcs ol Slr i rnci t 'sr ' : tpcr l l<. r

L l a th a r r r l r v t ' r ' c I r r oug l r l l r : r c k . t l r t ' S l r r r r r : u r r r r r i t t '

wonl i tn u, i rs a l r l t ' lo s l l t ' r r t l s( ' \ ' ( 'u \ / ( ' :u\ l ru()r )11

the P l r i l i s t i r r es r h r l i r r g : r l i r r r t ' o l t l r r r r r g l r t ( 2 I ( i ngs

f l :2- i1) , urrd Kir rq .Alruzi : r l t oI ls lucl 'w:rs u l r lc to

scnd t u t ' s sc r r { : t ' r ' s t o I t k r r r r r l o i r r t l t r i l c o l : r r r o r ' : r -

c l c o l ' t l r c qo ( l l Ju i r l ( 2 K i r r us I ) . ' l l r i s l : r s t i r ( ( ( r un l

i s o f 1 t : r r t i t : t r l l r r i r r l t ' r ' c s t l r t ' c i l r s t ' i l o r r t < ' au : r i l r

l l lcnt ions i r St ' rn i t i< <lc i t l l rc i r rg r ro ls l r ipr '< l l rv t l r t :l 'h i l is t iues, in t l t is c: rs<' : l lnur) i l i is tat i (>n ol t l rc( l : r t r r : r n i t e s t ( ) n l l s ( ) ( l l l a : t l . ' I ' l r c l t ' l c r t ' n r : c t o h i n r

i r r t l rc I jeblcur tcxt i rs ba' t l z . lb i th, " l . r r r t . l of ' t l reFly,zFl ics" ( f i r r r r r rv l r i< h \ \ r i I l iarr r ( )okl i r rg dt ' r ' i r ,et lthe t ranrc of l r is lcrr r t rvnt ' r l r rovel) , is to bc rrn-r l e r s too< l : r s r r n i n t c r r t i on : r l t o l r r r p l i o r r o l l l r t ' cp i -thet "Pr i r rct - lJa:r I . " as i1 is krrou' r r I i r r r r t l t t 'L lear i t ic aDl D' l .

' lwo i nc i t l c r r t l l l c ( ) l nn l e l ) t s i n 2 K i r r es i r r t l i -

c l l t e t l r : r t t l r < ' ; \ r ' l r r r t , : u r k i r r e I l a z : r c l o l I ) : r r r r as -c l l s , r ' l l o n r l c< l ove l u s l r o r l - l i v t ' r l e l r ; r i n ' i r r t l r cl a t t c t Da r t o f ' l l r t ' n i u l l r c t ' r r t t r r ' \ ' l t ( r l . t . c i r r n -

paigrred against the Phil ist ines and brought :rtlcast thc northern part of their terr i tory, inclurl-ins the city of G.ath, under his control (2 Kings12: lB : l3 :22 [ : rccorc l ing to the I -uc ian ic recen-sion of thc t-xxl). As indicated later in this art i-cle (see 3.2.4 bclow), this u'ould :rccord wellrvi th thc lcsults of rece nt excavrt ions :rt t l lesite of Tel l es-Safi (Phi l ist ine Gath) irnd withthe cl isappcarirnce o1'( lath frorrr bc,th bibl i<al(scc in part icular prophetic orircles agai lrst th(:l i rrcign int ions strch :ts Anros I: [ i -B;Jer 47) anclextrabibl ical sources as ol the eighth centuryIt( j .1.

' l ' l rus i t is 1>ropcr to spe:rk ol 'a Phi l ist irre

' l-etr-npol is instc:r<l of a Pcntapolis in this lzrt ter

pcriot l .' l - l rc

lrooks ol Ctrrorr iclcs :rppear to srrpply anurrr lr t ' r of adrl i t ional Jr icccs <if infornation,rnissing in Kings, reg:rrcl ing the fatc o1'thc I 'hi l-ist irrcs. Urrf ir lur) ir tely, the late date of ( lhroni-

<:les (<:. 4(X) l](il,t.) and its ideological use of tlrcl 'hi l ist ines rnake i( rrrost dif l icult to wcish thehistori<it1' ol th<'se Ac(:our)ts. N' lorc of icrr thanl)()1. l l )( ' l )hi l ist irrcs ( 'r l lcr t l rc ( l l rroniclcr 's rr:rrnr-t i v r : i r r o r t le l lo t < . r r rc rc t i zc t .hc ( ]h ror r i c lc r ' s (hco-

loq i ( i r l cv i r luu t io r r o f thc .Jur lc : rn k ing l rc ingr l i s t t t sscr l . I r r t l t i s n l i r rner ' , goot l k i r rgs s r r t : l t us

Jt 'hoslraplrat rrrrr l tJzzialr, /Azal iah irrc :r lr l t : l t :e r rc rou t : l r u l )on l ) l r i l i s t i r r t : te : r ' r ' i { .o ry (2 ( )h ror r

I7: I()- I I ; l l ( i : ( i -7), whil t ' l ra<l kings strclr as . lclro-r ' : r r r r : r r r t l Ah l rz : r r t ' i r r tu l r r v ic t i r r r i zc< l l ry t l r c I ' l r i l -i s t i r r t ' s ( 2 ( l l r r o n 2 l : 1 0 - 1 7 ; 2 U : 1 8 ) . ' l ' h i s t h e o -log i r ' : r l l 1 ' o< ' t l rs io t r t '< l u .sugc o l ' l l r t ' P l r i l i s t i r r< 's i r r( l lnon ic lcs o r rce uqu in poscs pnr l r l c r r rs {b t as-scss i r rn t l re I r i s lo l i c r r l r r ' l i a l r i l i t y o l l l re i t t lb t ' r r t : t -l i o r r ro r rcc tn i r rg t l rc l ' l r i l i s l i r t r : s t l ra t i s y rc t r r l iu r lot I r t ' ( l l r rrrr r i t l t ' r ' (st ' r ' Nrr ' :rrrt :rrr 2(X)lJb).

2. The Philistines in Extrabiblical Sources.l ' l r i l i s t i : r , t l r c I ' l r i l i s l i r rcs a r rc l t l r c i l va l io t rs c i t i t ' sa r r t l r r rk : l ' s i r l ) l ) ( ' i r r i r r i r r r t r t t t l re r o l ex t r ' : r l r ib l i c : r ls() l l lccs, lroth textrral arr( l l rr t ist ic. I , i l tht ' pc-l ior l of their ' { i rst l l l )pcaralr(:c or} the historici t lstrr l3t: , i rr t l rc trvcl l i l r ccnturv t |( t1,, , t l l ( .se irrel irrrrr<l rnairr ly irr 'nl iel l i t . i i rn sorlr( el; , 'whi lc us o1'thc eighth ccnlr.rry tJ(t! . , ( locul l lclr ts f i rrrrr hieso-pot:rnri :r *r ' i t terr in Akkarl ian arc th( ' nr:r i()rs()ur '(-cs.

2.1. Egylttian Sorrrces. At tlrc tirnr' ol tlre col-l i tpsr ' <rl l ,utt ' IJlonzc' Auc <i l i l iz i t t iorr, :r lorutt l1200-l 150 uclt (scc l)rervs), t l rcl t ' rvcle a nunrl)crr>l erorrps orr l l rr rrrovc irr t l rr ' e irstcln Mt'diterr ir-rrc' :rrr rvol lr t (o l ' l rorrr l 'e, l i r l lorving :r <le signatiorrto incr l bv th r ' l -g1pt t>krg is t ( ; l s t ( ) l l 1 \ , taspcr 'o i r r

785

Philistines

1873 (see Dlervs, 53-61), give the natne S'sa Pso-

/les (about whotn see Sanclars). Arnong tltese

was a group knorvn ^s the plst/prst, or Pekset, a

term crluivalent to "I'hilistine." -fhev

first :rppe irr

at the t i rne of Pharnoh R:r tnesses I I I (c . I lB4-

1163 B(lE), who clainrs to have clcf'eatecl them in

the frfih ve:rr of his reign (see Noort, 56). Most

inl.etcst, ltorvevet, ccllters on inscr\rtiotrs and

reliefs {buncl on thc wirlls of Itis ltlotlultry leln-

ple at I \ ' ledinct Habu ne:r t 'Thelres c la{ i r rg to h is

ciglrth 1'ear (AVltTl 262-63)' Irt the inscriptiorts

Ratr tcsses c la i rns to have repulset l an i t rvasiotr of

Eg1'pt by 'a I :u 'ge co:r l i t io t r of Sea Peoples, inc lud-

ing the Phi l is t ines, who prcviot ts ly l tac l overr t r t t

thc l-evant (Amurnr). Thc 'w:rr was fcrueht both

on luncl attcl :r( seit. Accordirlg to ttapy'rts Harris

I, R:urte sses, a{tcr his vit:tot1', scttlercl tltc Selr I't-o-

plcs, rv l tot t t hc l tac l "arrn ih i latcc l , " i r t l i i l t rcsses

(ANIt71 2(io-(;2).

According to a " t r taxi t t ra l is t" posi t iorr , t l r t

N4e<lint't IJlrbu ilrscript.iorr :rn<l Pallyt'tts Iiarris I

carr l rc utr t lcrst<tot l : ts i tnply i r ru thal t l r t : c i ls ler l l

NIc<litctt':utcutl wlls ()\'cl'l-tlrl b1' a rvavt' of Sclt

l 'copl t 's rv l t0 t lcs l t -oyet l t l r t l vcst igc ls o l ' l ,a le:

l j ronzt 'Agc c iv i l iz i t t io t t , ot r ly to bc l r : r l le<l l t t l r t r

ual t 's o l l tg l '1 t t . Str l rsct l lc l l l t ( ) l l r t ' Sca I ' t 'opl t 's '

rk : l i ra l , t l rc l ' ig1 'Pt ians scl l le( l : I l l t : l rs t t l rc I ' I t i l is-

l i r re s or t t l t t ' sot t t l t lvcstct t t t tast l t l s l l ip o l

( , 1u r : t i t l ) l l : i t t l ( ' I ( t c l l i l t t t : s . A " t l t i t t i t t t : t l i s l " i t t t t l t '

l ) r ' c l l { i on o l l l t c t : r ' i < l t : r l < ' c t ' i c r vs ( l r c t o r r f l i t { i r r

I t ' s s q l o l r : r l r t r t t l t t t o l ' t l t l < : t l l t ' t r t t s l t s : r t c v t l l t o l

p l t :cx is l i r tu I ' )gvpt i l t t r t t t t : t t t l r t i r r ics t l ) : r l w:rs [4 ivct l

lu r : r . rs l t t i t i r t lc tpt ' t r tat i t . r t t i t t p l t l t t i tot t i t l ) l - ( ) l ) : t laal ) -

< l : r , : rs is i r r< l ic l t tc t l by t l l t : i t l t 'o logi< i t l s(r t t t t t t t ' i r r ! .1

o I l l t c scc ' r t t ' s : t t o t t t t t l t l r t l t o t r f i t r es o I t l r e N I c t l i -

r r t ' t I l r r l r t t l c t t r p l e ( scc ( i i l b l : r ) . As l l t c p t r r po t r c t t t s

o I s t t t l r a p o s i l i o r t p o i t t l o t r t , t l r c t t ' i s t t o t l r i t t g i r t

l ' : rp1 ' r t ts i lun ' is I that rvot t l t l i rnply a scl l le l l lc l l l

o l t l r t ' [ ' l r i l is l i r tcs l t r t l ' rv l tc t 'c ot t ls i t lc o l F.g11rt

l) r'()l)cr' (st'e liinkc lsl ci r r I 1)1)l-r, 226-27 ).

At tot l t t - r t l i t t tcr ts ior t is l r t l t lec l by t l tc r t : l ie [ .s rc-

lat ing to thc i r tsc l ipt i<tr ls at Mcdi l lc t I la l ru. Ht : r 'c

:u c ( l tJ) i ( lc( l fo l r l l t t le i t r ( ' l ) f ( 'sel l t : l t io l ts o l

Rutt r t 'sscs ' t lc l t 'a t o l t l t t ' e t tc t t l ics o1' l rg11x both

orr lur t t l : rur l r t t sca. 1 ' l le orc l< ' l1y 1r ' iurnph ol thc l

} ig lpt . i l rns is i : t t t t t tnstccl wi th t l rc c l r l tot ic c lcf 'c l r t

o l t l r r : i l c t t cn t i c s . W l l : l t e vc l ' t he I l i s t o r i ca l s c -

( l l lc l )c t oI evct t ts , t l rc r t ' l ic l .s l l t rx ' ic l t : t rs wi th v i r '

i t l r l cp i c t i ons o l t l r c i n t l i v i t l t t l t l Sc : t [ ' co1 l l es , t l r e i r '

s l t i l rs . ur t r t l t t t tc l t ts , t :kr l l te ls :LI tc l , i t t l l t t ' sccl t l t 's of

t l r t ' lar t< l b l t t lc , ( l r r r r i l ics (sc 'c Su'certe l ' at l t l Ytst t r '

Lur t t lut t ) . ( lh: r l l rc t t . r is t ic o l their s l t i l ls rv: ts a s l ' t t t -

r r rc l r ic u l s l r : rpc u ' i t l r l t l r i n l -s l r : rper l l ro l ' l t t tc t s let l t

786

(sce Waclrsrnurrrr . l ( i l l - ! )7) . l i ( ) r ' t lunsl)or lut i1; r r onlarr t l t l rc l , r rst 'c l oxt ut ls . i r r u ' l r ich iv i r r l io ls ar .e de_

I ) i ( t c ( l t ( ) gc t l r c r u ' i t l r ( l r t ' i l l i r r r i l i t ' s . ' l l r c Ph i l i s_

l i r r t ' s c l L r r l r t ' r l i s l i r r { r r i s l r c t l { i r r r n o t l l e r . SeaI ' r 'opl t . rv : r r l io t 's I rv t l t t ' i l t l is t i r rct iv t ' " { i :uthcred, ,

l r t :uc l< l t csst 's .

S r r l r s t ' r l r c r r t t o l l l ( ' t i l n ( ' 1 r { I l a r r r csscs I I I , l hg[ , l r i l i s t i r r c s u r ' ( ' r 1 l ( ] n1 i ( ) n ( ' < l l r l i c f l i ' i n t l r t ' O r ro -

l r : r s t i t on o I An r t ' t r ope , < l : t l i t t e t ( ) u l r o r r t I 100 l ] q l r( ' 1 . l ) o t l t : r r r , : i - . 1 ) . l n u t k l i l i o t t . t l t t ' r ' t i s t l r c I r i e f

I i r r r t , l u r t ' i n s< r ' i p t i o t t o l I t t ' t l t ' t ' s t ' 1 , r v l r o r na r , haye

l r c t ' r r r r r r l , i g t ' p t i l r r o l l i t i a l i r t l ' l r i l i s t i : L o r ' : r I ' l r i l i s -

t i r r t ' s t ' r l i n { i r r [ ' , q \ l ) t , Poss i l r l y r l t t t ' i t t e t l r t l \ ven -

I r . s t : co r r r l o r ' l \ r , r ' r t l i . s i x l I t

I ) t r t l t s l r ' ( ! . l r l l i t h , ( ) 5 ) .

2.2. Ahhadian ^lorrn't'.s. Sirrr c Flurlrliar sourccs

n rc r r l i o r r t l r c I t l r i l i s t i r r t ' s t t t l t i t t l v i r r t l r c t l ' r : l l i h

( ' ( ' l l t u l ' v l t ( t l . , l u l ( l t l r e I I t ' l r t t u l l i l i l t ' i s t ' o t t c c rned

rv i l l r t l r t ' r r r n t : r i r r l t i r r t I : t t t l t l i v t ' s t c ' r r r l v i t t g : L t r l r nd

t l r t ' l cn t l r ( ( ' r ) l r . l r ' ) ' l l ( l l l . ( ) t l l t t t l t j t t t t t ' x l t r : t l s ( ) u r ccs

I i l l l r t t ' I ' l r i l i s t i r r t ' l t i s t o t - v l t t t ' I i r t t t t t I i l t ' 1 'Assv l i a r r

a r r r l ' k l l u l x k r t t i : r t r i r r s t t i P t i t t t t s t v t i t l t ' t t i t t ( l r t :

. , \ k k : r r l i : r r r l l t r t g t t : t g t ' l t s o l l l t < ' ( i e l l l l l ( ( ' l l t t l l ' \ ' l t ( l l .

2 .2. L I l r lon ' l / r r ' ,4. r . t1, r iat t ( t t t tqut .s l . r \s l l t t ' Nt 'o-

r \ s sy l i : t t t l ' . r r r q r i n ' i t t t ' r o t : t l r lY t ' r p : t t t t l t t l r v t ' s t -

n ' : r r r l . i l t t ' : t s i t t t ' r ' i t l t l r l t ' t l r : r t l ' l r i l i s t i l t t t o t o t t l l '

n r r r l r l t o t t t t ' i l l l ( ) ( ( ) l t l i t ( I l l i t l r ' i ' , ' \ s s l l i : r l r t t l l l l s r r

u ' o L r l t l l l r l l t t t t t l t ' t i { s ( l i l ( ' ( I l ) ( ) l i l i ( l r l i r l l l t t t ' l t t t .' l ' l r c '

t ' l t r l i c s t l i t t t t t . c t o t r l o l l ' l r i l i s t i : r i l r l l t t ' Ass t ' t '

i : r r r t t ' < o t t l s r ' o t t t t s i t t t l r t ' N i r l r t r r r l S l : r l r l l r s r l i l l -

t i o r r o l . , \ r L r t l - r r i t : r t i l l l ( 3 1 0 - 7 S : J l i ( l t ) . \ \ ' l I o

r t ' : r r l r t ' r l t l t t ' \ l t < l i t t ' r l t r l l ( ' l t t l S t : r i r r 7 1 ) ( i l ' , ( : l ' : l t l l ( l

l i s l t r l t l r t l ' l r i l i s t i r r < ' s l t l l ) ( ) l l t l l l t t ' l . t r ' : t t t l i r t t ' 1 r c ' o -

p l t ' s I i r r t r r l l r t r r t l t t ' t t t t ' i v t t l t l i l r t r t t ( - ' 14 t1 i 7 . 281 -

l J2 ) . I l ou ' c ' r ' t ' r . i l l ' o t r l t l l t t ' l t t t o l l t t ' t l l l t l l t t ' l t l t l t l

l r t ' l i r r t ' r \ s s t t i l r t t ' l t t t t t t ' t l 1o l l t t ' : t t t : t : t l t t l : t t l t t : t l l l

t t t r t r r : r t l t t ' t l t t l r o r l l ' l r i l i s l i r t t ' l t ' t t i t o l t t t t t t l t ' t l l t c

i ' i go t r r t t s l t t xp : t r t s i o t r i s l l ' i g l : r l l r - p i l t ' s t ' r I I I ( 7 ' l l -

727 t x : t , ) .

2.2.2. ' l ' ip l t t t l t - l t ik ' .s t r

l l l t t t t t l l l t t ( ' t t t t r l r r r 's l r t l Pl t i

/ l . r 1 r r r . l ' . : r r l r i r r I r i s r t i g l r ' l

i g l : r t l r - l r i l t ' s t ' l t l l l t l l : t g ( ' ( l

t ( ) l ( ' l t s s ( ' 1 1 l t l o s l r \ s s r t i : l t t l t t ' Q t t l t o t l t i r r l l r t

t t o f l I t < ' t t t l . t ' r l t t t l . l ) o t r t t t t t ' r t l s l i r r l t t N i l t t t t t r l ' a t t -

t i c ' r r l ( l l t l l t l r . i t t t l i r : r l t ' l l r : t l l r p l i t t l t ' t t t o l i v l t l i o t t o [ '

I t i s t ' xp : t t t s i o t t i s t po l i t i t ' s l v l t s t l t t ' < l t ' s i t t t o l r r r r l i l

I t o t t t i t t t t ' t t t l t t i o t t : t l t t : t < [ t ' l r v t o r t t r r r l l i t r g i t s c l i s t l i -

l l t l i o r t I t t t l r s . I l t ' l t t t ' , N i t l r r r t t l l , e t l e l I 2 ' t l l t i t r g t t r

l l t t ' 1 r t ' t i o t l l r t ' l i r l t ' ' l

i g l : r t l r p i l t ' s t l c : t t t t l r : t i t t t t t ' t l . i t t

( l t c ' s o t t l l t c t t t [ , t ' r : t t t 1 . : t l t t ' l t t h i t t t l i t l t l t ' s l t t l c s l t t '

l ( ) ( ( ) l l l t r ) l I ' l t o < ' t t i t i : t t l l t l t r l t ' t r i l l r l l g - r ' p l l r r r t l I ' l r i -

l i s t i : r .

I n l l i q l r t r r i r r g t l t t t t l t : t i Q t t i r r 7 : ] ' l t i t t ' ' t i g l : r t l r -

l r i l t ' s c t r t t r t t t t l t L r r r t t l l r t ' l . t ' r l t t t { i t t t t o : t s l l t t t t l

t o r r t l t t t t c t l ( i : L z l ( ( l O \ 2 . I I 7 : l f i 1 - 1 ) ? ) l l : r t t t t l t t t '

Philistines

king of Gaza, abirtrdoned his city and flecl trr

Eg1p r , abando r r i ng Gaza t o bc | r l r t t r t t e t cd b l t l r t

A i sy r i ans . who cs t : t b l i s l l e , I a t t Ass l r i u t | ( o l l l t l l e t :

cial cerrter (blt kari) nc:rr[r1" pt-rssiblv irt lell Ru-

qe i sh . I n t h i s t t l l t n t l e t . 1 - i q l l t t l r - p i l e re r a r l t i e v t ' t l

t i r c rwo fo l d a i r r t o f ' t ' s t i t b l i sh i r l e a t t Assq iu t t

beachheacl otr t l le botc le l of Eg1'pt , possib ly in

anticipation of a plarrrtccl irtvasiotr o{'Eg1pt. rud

conffolling one of the tnajor c-onttnercilll ce ntcrs

of the :rnciertt Near Easf. ,{s l coesturl citl ', (}aza

lay both olt thc sea :ttltl otl o'r'erlatlrl loutcs lcac[-

ing to and from tbe nrajor nral'kcts of Flgvllt ancl

was the terrninrts {br tht' lttctativc s1;ice fracle

from the *Ar:rb ian I 'c t l i r ls t t la.

Dating roughll' to this titne, tlrc Sgcr

Ephraimite War w;rs liltsht bclwecll tllc Arir-

mean k inpidoln of l )at tnscus and Isruel o l l or lc

s ide and Judah on thc ot l tcr (sce [ rv i r re) . Al-

though the :ritn o{ the wztrlv:ts tltc firrttration o{'

a larger anti-Assyrian coulitiotr, s<'ltol:rt's atc <li-

v ided about lvhe( l lcr t l le w: l r wl ts f i r r t { r l r t i r r i t r r t i r -

i pa t i on < . r f ' t l r t ' Ass l t i : r t r r ' : t t r r p : r i r r t : t g l t i r t s l

Phi l is t ia o l us : l rcact ion to i { . \ ' \ r l r ic l r t ' r ' r ' r ' . i l rv : rs,

the Phi l is t incs aJ) l ) : r r - rn l lv rvc lc t : r r r ! : l r l o l l su:rr ( l

by the Assydal t : r rh 'a l tcc. lJ l r r r ruru u ' l rs not t lc : r t -

ed as an c r r c r r l con r l x r l l r r t a r r r l r r ' : r s a l l owc r l l o

reassutne l t is l l tn>rrc as nrr Assyr i : r r r r ' : rssrr l ,

which al lowed l l rc Assvl i : rns to cxplo i t ( l i rz : r 's r -c-

sources wi lh i r mirr i r i l r r r r r 0 l i l (h l l in is( t l l l iv( ' u l>

heav:rl.

I t was only t l rc l i r l l rwir re vc?u t lnt lht ' r 'e is cr-

idence ol Phi l is t inc l )ar t ic i l )at i ( ) r l i r r : r r r : rnt i -As-

s1' r ian coal i t io t r , rv l rcn Nl i t i r r t i < i l r \s l rkt ' lorr

j o i l r ed t l r r ' : r r r l i -Ass r r i l r r r | ( s i \ t ; l r ) ( ( 1 i l ( , \ ' ( . n l ( . i l t .

Over the ncxt (wo y, t : lus ' l ' iq l i t t l r -p i l t .sc l

r r rovct l

de<: is ivel l ' aqainst t l r t ' < o:r l i t iorr , ( l ( 's t r '< l l in ! { I )2r-

n lascus atrd scvt ' r '< ' ly t r ' tn l ( u l in{ lsr ' : r r '1 . , , \s l rkc lorr

avo ided t l r c i r ' < l i r c l i r t t ' t l r r r r r r { l r t l r c l c l r l u cc r r r t ' n l

o l N{ i t int i l )v a c( 'nuin l l r rk i l r t r r . rv l ro prrrvt ' r l to l rc

a loyal Assyr iarr vassir l (scc l i l r r l ich. l lU-104).

2.2..1. Philistia (tndct tlut.Sar.qrrlidr. 'l ' lrc

Nc<>Asspiarr F,nrpi rc re:rchcr l i ts zerr i th t r r r t lc l Sur.gon I I (720-705 Bcl l ) ancl h is su( 'ccss()rs, c \ /cr lmanaging br ic f ly to cor)r luc,r ' arrr [ contro l i ts u l -c ient r ival [ .s \ .Dt . lb l l ( )wing t l rc t lc . rLth of Slra l -maneser V and thc con( l l lcst o i lsr l t ' l , lb l rv l r ichSargon took c lecl i t even t l lo l lg l l l r ) iu l ) ussr . l l lcthat th is took l r lacc ut t l r ( ' en( l o{ l r is l t ler lcccs-so r ' s r e i gn , i r r r r r r r r l r e r o [ ' r evo l t s b rok t : ou tantong thc errr l t i |c 's \ , : rss i r l s tutcs, \ ' l r ic l r is i tcol l )n ion o( 'crr l rer)ce t l r r r ing t l re o l icnt inres c l r : r -ot ic pel iod ib l lor l inq t l rc r l t .ath of u powt ' r l i r ln t lcr . In th is cust , . l r1 ( l rc l tcgi t rn i r rg o l salgotr 's

reisn (;aza, st i l l mled by Hanunu, al l iecl i tself 'with its corltiguous rreishbor Egypt nnd lose inrevolt against the new ruler.

' l -hc corl lr i rred

forcc rvas dcfi:atecl. Sargon recapturcd (laz:r anrldeported Harnrnu, rvhose fatc is not rclatr:d, buton thc basis of analog.l ' ol le c:rn assulne that i twi ls not pai l icularlv ple:rs:rnt (CO,S 2.l lB:293-300).

In 713 ttc;g Salgon sar,r' fit to dcltose Azuri, tlrcanti- .Assvl ian kins ol Ashdod. anrl replacc lr irrrwith lr is your)ger :rnd morc colnpl i iul t brotherAhinriti. The lattcr rvas irr turn rlcpost:tl by theanti-Assvrian pirrry of Ashdo(l an(l replaccd liy accrt:rir) Iiurrani, \vho atl(:rnpterl to forge a liugerarrt i-Assyri :rrr coal i t ion. In 7l l r lc;t i Sargon cap-turerl Ashckxl, its port Aslxkrd-Vrrrr (Asrludinr-nur) arrd ( lat. lr , whiclr by this t inrc had bcerrrcrluce<l t() ir (krl)en(lency of Ash<locl. Aslrrlocl it-self 'was norv irrt :crr lrori(et l into the Assyl iarr Enr-

l t i re ls a provincc. I 'hc city rvas plt tnclererl , i tnclits pt'oplc rverre rlelxrrtcrl ancl replacccl b1, tle1>or-tccs ftrrrrr olhcl ' l ) :rr ls ol t l l t ' cnrpi le.

l iol lorvirrg I lr t ' <lclr l l r o{ ' Slu'qorr irr 701"r t t t ; l : .( l l rcsl i() l)s :r lrorr l l r is successiorr l)r()\ ' i ( l ( ' ( l l l r t ' i rrr-pctus lor l l : r lgt-st 'rr lc rcbcl l iorr agir ins{ 1hc hat-c<l Assy,r ' iarr ()vcl l()r 'd. ' I ' l r is

t i rnc' t l re r irrulc:r( l( ' rwrs *I lczckiulr ol . frrr lah, sul4roltcd by l ' ,gypt.:rnrl l ' l r i l is l i rr t ' l .kxrtr.

' fht: l icople o{ t l rr : lzr l tcr

I t :rr l t lcpos<'<l t l rr . i r ' 1l 'o-. ' \ssyrirrn kirrg, l) i rr l i , an<llr lrr t lc<l hirn ovcr (o f l<:zckiah. l , i r l lorvins thc irr-cvi l ;Lblt ' i ruslr irrg ol (hc rt '" 'ol t by t lrc: rrcw Assy i-:ur nrle r ' , S<'rrrrat lrcl i l r (705-(iul I t( j t :) , i l r 7() l t l<;t i ,tnos( o{ I lczcki ir l r 's t t ' r l i tor l ' rv:rs upporl ionc<liu r ) ( ) l lL l t l r t ' l ' l r i l i s t i r rc r t r l c |s w l ro | ( ' rn : r inc< l lo1 'a lto Ass l t i r r : I \ { i t i r r t i o l As l r rLx l , S i lbe l o I ( l l zu , un t ll l t c l cs lo rc r l l ' r r r l i o l l . k r r>u . l (ug S idq ia o l 'As l r -kc lo r r , rv l r r> lu t< l p r t r l i c ip l r l c r I in lhe t ' c ' l>c l l ion ,tvlrs lr lsr.r t l<'Poscrl rrrrt l r lePollct l alonq rvit l r hisI ; r r r r i l v . S ie r t i l i tan t l \ ' , Ser rn i t r l re l i l r p laccr l S l ra r .t ' t r- lrr-dlrr i , son o{ ' I l rc l trrr-Ass1,r ' i i rn l{uki l) tu, oltt l r c lh lo r rc o i Ashke lor r ( ( jOS 2 .1 l9 l3 - l ) :302-5) .

I iol lorvirre St 'rrrr lclrerib's canrlraiutr o1 701li( t !1, t l lc southr:Ln Lcvirnt t :nlcrct l a pcri<lt l olt cl i r l ivc pcat:t ' unrl ecorrorrr ic plosperity (sccl l .2. i i bclorv) ( lr l r l s<.lrol lrs ref!r to as tht ' f ;a;r nrs1riuut. Irrr lccci, n'c l i rrd ([rr: nrlcl s ol thc I 'hi l is-t i t t c c i ( i rs o l As l r< loc l (A l r in r i l k i ) , As l rkc lon(N{ i t i r r t i ) , Or rza (S i lbe l ) un( l [ k ron ( l kar rs r r :

. {ch is l r ) : rs [ ) : r f t i c i l ) :u l l s i r r l l r c canrp : r ig r r o fAslrur|:uriprr l (( i69-(;?7 l i (r11) agair)sl l igypt irr{)()7 r i t : t t ( ' l iV/:Z ?1),1). This l ist is signi l icunt bc-cur rsc i l i s t l r t ' o r r l v ev i t l cnc t ' in cx t lab i l r l i cn lI t r t s r r l t l t c I ' l r i l i s t i r r l t i t r - s t l r t t s ; r t t i l r r t i r r r u r i -

/ 6 /

Philistines

' ' r 1 ,

,iI iir l [ t

son, even i f that union wirs forcecl.2.2.1. PhiListia arul the Nrc-Babflonian Ernpire.

The Asswian Ernpire coll:rpsed relatively quicklyfbllotving the death of Ashuriranilial. ()nce

again the Plrilistincs were caught between twcrpowers: a seemirrgly resurger)t l|g1*pt to thesouth and the Neo-Birbylonian Ernpire to thenofi.h, the latter ol wlriclr inherited the mantleof atr(l'rority fi'on Assyria. Most scholars date theend of Plr i l ist ine history to their defeat ancl in-corporation into the Babylorr ian Ernpire byNebuchldrrezzar II (6(iir-l-r(iZ lt(tE) in {i0'1 BCE. AnAraruaic lettcr writtcn on pal)yrus and fbuncl ntthe biwptian sitc of Su<11ara r-ecorcls the irrcllt'c-tual an<l pl l i rr t ive plea ol ' King ,{dorr, prcsurr-ably o{ 'Eklorr, {br lrcl l ; { i 'orrr FigXlx against theB:rbvlonian onsluup;ht but Flgypt also wirs ultablet() : lssert i tself :r t t l r is t i rrrc :rgainst l labylon (OO.S3.1'r,1:I32-34). Arr aclrninistr ir l ive docutnent f i -olnRabvlon rrrentions thc kings of ( laza anrl Ash-dorl, norv under Baltylr irr iarr nrle, brrt rr<lt lhcirrrrrrrrt 's (AAl?7. 307-13; sce Nr'atnatr 2(X)i la, t l5 n.ft ).

3. The Archaeolosy of Philistia.( ir :osr ' :rPhical irr l i rnnat. iorr irr t l re lr i l r l i<ir l tcx(.slun<l the corr( inur:<l ust ' ol sonr(: <i l t l rc l t l r i l ist irrcci ly rr:rrucs { lrrouglrou( hislory h:rvc cn:tblerl usto i t k :n t i [ ] thc : rpprox i l l r t c rcg io r r o l I ' l r i l i s t i r rclralr i lat iorr, alt l rotrglr sulrst ' t1t.rt :r r t urr lr l t 'ologicir ll i r r< l i r rgs l tav t ' rc ( i r t c< l o rn k r ro rv lc r l sc . Whi lc t l r c :?u'( ' :r ( ' t r( () lnl) lrssirr g I l rc { ivc r: i l i<:s <rl ( I t t ' I)r ' rr t : tp-o l i s l i r t r r r t ' r l th t ' l ' l r i l i s t i r rc l r t : l r - t . lu r r<1 , t l r ( ' o r r tc r 'I rour r< l : r r i cs o l l ' l r i l i s t i i r i t sc l l ' r ' i r r r bc l i xc r l : r l l l r c\ 'Varl i c ' l -Ar- islr ( t l rc s<-r-r 'ul lct l l } 'ook t>l |grpt) irrt l rc ' sotrt lr , ut l l rr : \ ' rrrk<in l{ ivt ' r ' i rr rnorlerrr-t l :r1,' l l ' l - , ' \ v i v in t l rc r ro t l l r , l t t l l c Mc< l i te r lu t rc : rn S t 'uirr t l rc rvt 'st, ulrr l orr t l rc ' ivt 'sl t ' l rr l ror '<k'r ol lht 'low-lying hi l ls ol ' t l rc . Irrclcun She.plrt , lalr in t l rcelrsl . N<irt t : t l tclcss. rt ' tnains o{ l ' l r i l ist irrc lx)t t( ' ryIrzrvc bccrr I i runrl orrtside these par' :rrrrclers us f i rr ': lwu\ ' :rs tht ' . folr lan Vtl ley und crxtslal si tcs sur-to r r r r r l ing t l rc ( la r rnc l R i r r rqc , in ( l i (a ( i l l q 1nr ( l ccor tnc 'c t ions th roushout : t r rc ic r r t ( l l r l |a i r r r .

3.1. Ph.ilistine Pottery. -fhe

rnost courrrron linrli r t archaeologital si tes in the Holy Lanrl :rs ot 't l rc lalc Nerol i t l r ic pr:r ' iot l is l)otter) ' , both rvlrole:rrrt l l rrokcrr. Sincc l)ottcr) stylcs lrrrr l Ibrns< lr ' .rnge ovcr' l i rnc, ls r lo thr: tcclrrr i t lLrr:s ol nlrk-ing i t , po t te r '1 'scncs i rs thc p l in l r r1 too l in t la t -ins ;u( hlcological si tcs arrr l ( l rci l Iu1'crs (st l i r t :r)t t ' l l t t i vc l ( ) o l rc anot l l c r ' . Ar ro t l te r ' . i r t t r l t t ro re t o t t -t rovcrs ia l , L lsc o l ' l x ) ( ( ( ' r1 i s us u r r c l l r r r i t i< l t : r r t i { r '

78,1

n te l kc r ' . l t : r r i v i r r t l r c s r i cn t i l i t e xq rk r ra t i o r r 61 .11 -c i t : n l ( l ; r n : u r r t e t l i s t i r r c t i v c s t l l ( ' o f b i ch r 'me(trvo-t o lor t . r l ) l ) ( ) t tcr f ' r . r ,as ic lcnt i l ic t l 91 geo_u rap l r i r : L l l r r r t I c l r x r r r ok ru i t : u l g roun< l s r v i t ] r t heI t l r i l i s t i r r t ' s . [ - r t t t l r t ' r t t l u t , r r r t ' r r l r i r r r r g y 1 1 1 1 1 1 " r _s tu l l ( l i l l l j l r l l o r v r r s t o i < l t : r r r i l v t h | cc i l r i r j <> r . p l t l sgs

i n t l r t ' l r o t r< ' r ' r , assoc i t r ( t : c l r , r ' i t l r I ' l r i l i s t i r r t . hab i t a_t io n.

i . I . l . l , l t i . l i t t i t r t ' i \ fut r r i t l tnt t t t l l lu i t . ' I

he t i rs tp l r : r s t . o f l t l r i l i s t i r i c s r ' t I l c l l r ( ' r r l o r r t l r c so r r t hwcs t .

e r r r r t o l r s t l r l s t l i p o l ( l l r r r : r : r r r i r r t l r c ca l l t l r . o r r Ags(c. l ! (X), / l 1 50- l ( )0t) l ! ( ; r . . ) is c 'hur ' : r t l r ' r . iz t .d l ry 1s l r l < ' o l po t l t ' r r u i l I r : r r t ' l : r l i r , t , l 1 , s i l np l c b l l v r r i s l r _

o r x ' r l t l i s l r J r l : r c k s l l i l r t ' r l r l < ' r o r ' : r t i ve sc .h r : r r r c .Su t t c t l r c r l t ' r o l ; r l i o r r c r r r l r l o vs t > r r l l o t r c co l 11 r a ti r t i n l ( ' . i l i s l c l i ' t n ' r l l o : r s t r r o r ro t l r r r t r r r c ( o r r c - c6 l_

on ' r l ) r r l r r t ' . I l s l i l r r r s a l t r l t l t ' t o l l t i r ) n sc ( ' l n t ot ' r r r r r l a l t ' N t y t c r r : r c : r r r r r r o r l t . l s o l ( hc l , a t e l l r onz t :

Ag t ' ( t . l i r 50 - l ' l (X ) t J c l , . ) . I { ( ' r } ( ( ' , i l i s u l so knowr r

i t s N l l ' t t ' t t : t t ' r t t r ( : N { ) ' t ) l l l ( l : l r va r c . N , {os t scho l -

l u r s v i c u , ( l r t ' P l c s t ' r r t t ' o 1 N I y c I l l ( l : l a t i r s i t e u scv i t l t ' r r r t ' o { t l r t i r r i t i l l 1> l r : r se o I l ) l r i l i s t i n c sc i l l c -

l n ( ' i l 1 , \ \ ' l l i ( l l g t ' r r t ' r i r l l r i s r l : r t t ' t l t o t l r t s cco r r t l( l u l u t c l o l t l r t ' l r v t ' l l l I r ( e l l ( u r ' \ , 1 , , ( ; 1 . ( l ) o t l r : r r r l r r r r l

Z r r k t ' r ' t r r : u t ; l r r r l s t t ' I i i r r k t ' l s t t ' i r r l 1 )1 )5 l i r r ' : r t l u t i r r s

t ( ) l l l ( ' l i l l l ( ' r P : r 1 1 o l t l r t ' t r ! t ' l l t l r ( ( . n t u r t ' l J ( : 1 . ,

l l r i t I t r r t c ' : r t t s l l r : r t i t r l r i s r i t ' n , l l t c r t ' i s l l ( ) ( ( ) n -

t t t ' t ( i o t r l ) ( ' t \ \ r ( ' ( n t l r t i r r i t i : t l s r ' ( t l t t t t t ' r t ( o { l l r c

l ' l r i l i s t i r r t ' s i t r ( l : r t t : u t t r : u t t l l l r i ' i r r s c l i l l t i o r r s o l '

l i : r r r r t ' s s t ' s I I l ) .j . L2 . l ' l t i l i . t l i t t l l i i r hn t r ne l l i T r z . \ \ / i l l r i u ; r l r o r r t u

( ( ' l l ( ' l : r l i ( ) r r , t l r t u t o r t t x l l t r ) l ) r ( ' \ \ : r I ( ' l t ; r t l l r t ' t ' t t t e

p l : r r c r l l r r i r l v l ) ( ' ( ) l I i g l r l - r o l o l t ' r l r l l r t t ' < l r : r t i r t l t ' t -

i z t ' t l l r l l r r l t r o t : r l i v c s t l r t ' r t t t ' n r l i l o v i r t c l r o l l r t c t l

; r r r r l l r l l r < k t o l o r ; r ( i o r r . l ' l r r r s t l r i s s l v l ( ' ( ) l l x ) t l ( ' r v i s

r t ' 1 i ' r r l r l t o l r s l r i t l r t r r n l ( \ \ ' i l r ' ( ' l t t t t l i s 1 : t k t ' t t t t t

r ( ' l ) r ' ( ' s ( n l l l r t ' l r t ' r ' r l : r r r l l l ) l r i l i s t i n t ' r t t : t l t t i : t l t t t l -

l r r n ' . I l r t ' r r r : t i t t t < l i r r u s t ' l t r r t t t l l t t ' r r t i t k l l t ' o l l l r t c

l l , t ' l l i l t t t ' r r t t n ' \ l r r l i l l l t t ( < ' r r l l r ( r ' l l t l l l l ' l j ( l l ' 1 .

, \ r r r o r rg l l r t r l t ' co l r t i v c t t t o t i l . s l u t ' l t o t i zo l t t t t l

l x r t r < l s l r t t t l . l r i g l r t ' r ' t r p o t t l l t t ' \ ' ( ' s s e l s . b : t l t t l s t t l

n l c l ( ) l ) ( ' s i r r t l t r r l i nu g t ' < l r r c ( r ' i c s l r t pcs l t t t t l r cp t e -

s ( ' r l l l l t i ( ) ns o l l t t t i t t r : r l s . i t t l l t r l i c r t l l r t o l l r i t ' t l s l r t t t l

l i s l r . l . I ) o t l l t r r , l l t t ' t t t - r v t : r t t t t : o t ' [ ' l r i l i s t i r r t ' l t t '

t l r : t t ' o l og i s t s . l r : r s i t l c r r t i l i t ' c l c i g l r t t ' e r r t l i s t i r t t t

; l r t p t ' s i r r t l r t ' l r i t l t t r r t t t e t ' t ' 1 r c t - t o i l c , i t t t l t t t l i l t g

s l l t l l t s r l t ' t i v t t l l t o l t t N l \ t c t r : t t ' l t t t , ( , l 1 r t t t t t c .

l ' . g r p t i : r r r : r t t r l ( , e t t : u t t r i t ( ' I . ) r 1 ) ( ( ) 1 \ ' l x ' s ( l - . l ) o t l r l l t l .

1 i l - : l l f i l . . \ l t l r o r r g l r t t t o s l s t l t o l : t t s l c t t t l 1 o t ' t t t P l t : t -

s i z t l l t t ' : r { l i r t i t i t ' s r r i t l r t l r c A t q t ' : t r r t r o t l r l : t t t < l t l s c

t l r ( l ) ( , t l ( ' i v l o i r t t l i t : r l t ' t l r t ' l ' l r i l i s t i r r t ' s ' t ' t l l r t i t o r i -

g i t r s t l r t ' r < ' , t l r t l : t t l s l ) r l l l l l ) t ' t r ' l r o l o g r i t r t l t l t l t ' s

i t t l l t t , I r , r ' s l i , r l r t o l l t r I : r l r ' : t s , t t r l l l r . r t ( . : l r l , t : t t l i l ' '

Philistines

pottery t r -adi l io l rs cor) t i r )ue aloDsside Phi l is t ine

styles :rt most sites associated l'ith the l'hilistines

suggest that the 1 ' l r i l is t i l re populat ion in< l t rdecl a

va r i cg i r t ed c l l t t t i t t t r i x l u r t "

).1.3. Late PhiListirte l41nrz. 'l-he

stuclv of Philis-

tine pottery tratlitior.rs in Iron Age Il is still in its

infancy. Nonethcless, tltere ale itrdications that

t le regkrn o[ Phi l is t ia rnai t r t : r i r ted a dist inct ivc:

Dottery trirclition tlrrougllout tbe hcrn Age. F<,r|

i ron Ag,, I IA ( tcnth an( l l t in t l r centur ies l t { :E) ,

this wat'e is chat':rctcrizetl lrf a dilrk recl slill and

inclu<les thc stliped "Ashdotl" rvare artd lt()ti('e-

able Phoelr ic i r rn inf luen<:c. I "ot I ron I IR-( l

(eighth artcl severtflt t:ctttttries t](il ' l.), \'arious re-

gional forms seer)l fo prctlonrirtate (Ben-Shlo-

mo, Shai ancl IV:reir'; Macir', {irlllr< orning).

3.2. Excauatioru and Finds in Philistia.. Al-

t houg l r s l t o r l a r t t l r t t < l i t r t e t t t : t t 1 t ' x t l r v l t l i t t t t s wc t c

pursued in l 'h i l is t . ia ah'ear ly at t l re vcry ct td o{ '

the nineteent l l cent tuy, i t is only as of t l rc l lX i0s

that larrge-scalc s<: ient i l ic cxcavi t t iot ts of [ ' l r i l is-

t ine s i tcs wcrc cotr<lut tct l . ' l 'hc

lb l lowir tg br i t : l '

d iscussiorr h ig ih l ights .sol t rc of fhc krrowlc<lsc

co r r cc rn i ng t l r c l ' h i l i s t i r r t ' s t . l ) l l t l t a s bce t t

g leancr l l iorr r cxtuvi t l io t rs cot tc luctcd at thc s i lcs

o1'{bur o l l l rc c i t ics o l thc I ' l r i l is t int ' I 'cr r t i rpol is

(Ashdod, AshkcLrt t , l .krorr , ( iat l r ) l r t t t l l ior t : r

couple ol 'sural lc l s i te s ( l i r l l Qirs i lc , ' lb l

Bat .asl r ) .

l ]ecausc' the nrocle ln c i ty covcrs t l rc rcnr i r i r rs o{ '

thc i rncicnt r : i ty , only spor iu l i r 1rr 'o l rcs I t i tvc l rccr t

t c l t t r I u t t r ' < l i t r ( , l r z ; t .

3.2. I . A: ; lu lot l . Aslr t lor l rvrrs t l r t ' I i ls t c i t l o l t l r t '

Pen ta l x r l i s t { ) l ) c ( ' x ( u \ ' : l t t ' t l i r r l h c l r r o r l t ' t t t pc r i -

od . A r r i r r t t ' r r r i r ( i o r r ; r l l e ; r r r r r n r l c r t l r t : < l i l t ' r ' t i o r r o l

M. Dot l r r r r r ( l l i r i lu L ln ivt ' r -s i tv) cx<:uvat t :c l l r t ' r 'e

dur- ing l l rc l0( i0s : rnr l l1)70s. Rcsrr l ts o l thc cxt 'u-

vat iorr i r rd ic i r lc t l r l r l th( ' f i r 's t l rhusc ol Phi l is t ine:

sct t lcnlcrr t rvus l i rurr t let l on r t t l r ick ( lestruct i ( ) l l

lcvel { i r r rn l l r t : crr<l o l l l rc l , r r tc Brrrr tze Agc. Al-

t l rot tgh set t lcn)en( was s l )urs( ' : r t l i rs t , t l rc c i t l '

cont i r )ual l ) , expirnr l t ' r l < lur i r rq I lorr Agc l , rcar : l t -

ing i ts hr l lcst cxtcnt t l t r l ing l ron Aqe I I . r t 'hcrr

Aslr<lor l cxputrr l t ' r l l ior t r i ts : r t ' r 'o l ro l is to l l tc lorv-

er c i ty (N{. I )ot} r : r r r ) .

I r r at l r l i t ion t r> thc N{r 'c I I I ( l : l rvarc, rvhich

was f i rs t i r lcrr t i f ier l hc lc, s igrr i l icrnt I i r r t ls l t 'orn

Ashclocl i r rchr<lc an l r 'orr l lA s ix-c l rarnberer l

t t tot runrental gut( 'wav ol ' t l rc typc of t t - r r ref i - - r lc<l

to : r .s Solornonic. l ls c l iscovcn'hele suggests t l la t

a f i r t : i le l rs<:r iPt iorr o[ st rch gl r tcwlrys to Solonron's

al lcgcd l r r r i l< l ing r( r t iv i t i ( 's ( ) \ 'c ls(at( 's t l re cusc.

Also l i r t rnr l u 'cre r , : r l io t rs c u l t ic i rn l ; le l t rer t t .s ,

a r l r ( ) ng n l r i ch : r r t : t l r t ' so - r l r l l cd N l r r s i c i a r r s S l : r n t l ,

which is a cuhic stancl rvlrosc fcrrcstratecl base

includes c lay f rgur ines of music i : rns, anr l thc

"Ashdoda" rype ol seatecl fernale ligurine. Al-

though thc Ashdoda ntzry clerive trltirrratell' front

Aegean prototypes, there are sonrc signilicattt

d i f fererrces in excct t ( ion and <lc<:ot 'at iot t . Not te-

theless, i t has of ter t been t : rken as evic ler tce of

t l rc cort t inuat ion of an Aegean grcat-eo( l ( less

ctr l t at Aslrdot l , i r corrc lusion t l isPutecl b1' "11111"(see Noort. 1'l>4-'17 ).

3.2.2. .Ashkdort ' l 'hc r :xc i rv i r t iorr o{ ' Asl tkel t>rr

I l rs bcc 'n ongoing s incc l9B5 utrc ler lhc r l i tcc-

tiorr of L. Staeer (I{arvald lJniversiq,). Flcre alscr

the plcstunecl arr ival o{ the Phi l is t i r rcs is inr l icat-

cc l by the intror lucf ior t o l l \ Iyc l I lO: l pot tery,

wlr ich u 'as [o l lowed in short ordcr by t l lc c lassic:

b ic l t ror t re rvure. An anal l 's is o1' thc l iurrur l re-

r tn i r rs i l l Asl tkc lon i r I ( l ic i t tes tha( thc ; r t ' r ' iva l o1 '

the Phi l is t incs was ac()nl f )unicr l by i t t : l l t t tgc i t t

c l iet , l i t r r r r o l rc in l t ' l r ich s l tccp atrr l goals 1r lor . ' id-er l t l re nr i t i r t sotr lcc o l t t teat 1() onc i r r rvhich

pork ptr r r l r rcts wclc cspt-c i : r l lv l r l iz t ' r l . ( l ( ) l l l r i r ly

t o p t4 l r l i r l op i n i r>n , uc i o r r l i r r g t o w l t i ch t l r r l ' l r i l -

is t i r r t :s ' 1 l -c[ i : r r t - -< l l r t 'ver ' : rec rv: rs l r t :c t , t l te t :xcavn-

lors oI Ashkclorr l r lvc ( lo( u l l l ( ' l I t ( ' ( l the

i t n l r< l r t i r n t e o { r v i r t t ' l o ( l t t ' i t ' < l i e l : t r r t l t ' t o t t o r t t v . A

< l i s ( i r r c t i v t ' s (1 ' l t ' o l p i r r c l r t ' t I l oo r r r r v t ' i g l r t s i r r r l i -

cates l r t onrrcct i< l r r rv i t l t t l r r : . i \ t ' tcxn w()r l (1.

Mcanu , l r i l t ' , t l r r : < ' i t 1 r u l r i < l l y e x l x r t t < l t ' < l l o : t l r ou t

l 5 ( ) l r : r i r r s i z t ' u r r r l l r t ' t : r n r t ' r r r t l r i o t ' ( ) u l l ( ' l { i ) l i t } -

t<:r ' r r : r l ior l t l t r ' : r r l t ' ( .Stagcr ' ) .

J . 2 . . j . I i kn tn . ' l

l r t ' i r l c r r t i f i c l r l i o r r o [ ' l l t t ' s t ' t ' r r t -

i r r u l l ' l on ' - 11 ,111u r t r o t t n r l o { ' l i ' l

l \ 1 i t 1 r r t ' (K l r i r l r t ' t a l -

N { r r t l a r r r n ) i n l l r t ' s i l t c< l - r r p So l ck V l r l l c y r v i t h l ' h i -

l is t i r re l .kxrrr l r t ' t :uutc gcner ' : r l ly ' ut c t r l r lc ' t l soot t

i r l i c l t l r t : i r r i t i a t i o r r <> l ' t l r c j o i n t . \ n t t : t i t a t t - l sn t t : l i( ' x ( : r \ ' a t i ( ) ns a ( t l l c : i i l ( ' l r t : sa r t i r r l 1 )81 ru r r [ c I t l r < '

t l i r t ' t : t i o n o l S . ( i i t i r r ( A l l r i g l t t l r r s t i t r t t t ' ) i r t t t l' 1 .

I ) o t l r : r n ( l l c l r l c r v ( ) r r i r t l s i t y ) . I I o r v t ' r ' r : t , i l w i t s

r l r r l l ' i r r t l t c t o r t r s<^< l f t l r c l : t s t s c l r so t t o l t l t t ' t ' x c t t -

va t i o r r i r r I 1 ) ! ) l ) t l r a t t l r i s i t l c r r t i l i t ' l r t i on l r t ' < : u r t t ' i t t -

r l r r l r i t l l r l t ' u ' i t l r l h c f i r r d o f u r t i n sc t ' iP l i on r r l e l l -

t i u r r i r r g t l r , r r : r r n t r t I l l t t ' s i l t ' i r r ; u t r i t t t l l i r r t t s .

l . k t ' o r r r v : r s a s i en i f i c : r r r t I ) h i l i s t i nc c i t v as o f

their { i rs t a l )pci : r lanct ' i t t ( lutur i r t i r t thc c;r r lv

t rvt^ l l t l r ccrr t r r r l ' u t ; t . . . ' l ' l re r i ty 's pr i tuc las(cd unt i l( l r t ' c : r I l v t cn t l r ( e r r ( u r y l ! ( l ! : . w l l e l r i l s l r r ' : r nk i r r

s i z c . l t i s l c r r r l ) ( i l l ! l t o ussoc iu t t ' t l t i s < l i t t r i t t r t t i o t t

r v i t l r p r - essu l c { r r r r r r I ) : t v i t l ' s l s t a t l i t c k i ng< lo r r r ( o r

ch ie f i l o r r r ) , s i r r t e l , l k t r r l i c ' s r r c ' r t r - I I r t ' l r o t l t ' r t v i t l r

Is l l re l , ] t tc l l t l r . Af ie l sonr<' t t r 'o t t ' l t l t t t ' i t .s r t l t . l t ' -

c l i n t ' , l ' l k r o r r r t ' r t hc< l i l s ze ' n i f l r i n t h t ' s cve t t l l r

ccrr lur ' \ ' l \ ( l I ( lu)- ing t l l r / . l , r ess1,r idrr t , t t l r t ' t r i t be-

7t;()

Philistines

came the largcst producer of olive oil in the an-

cient Ne:rr llast. The presence of a widespread

olive oil processirrg industry at Ekron c:rn h:rve

been possib le onlv i l onc 2lssurnes that o l ive plo-

ducers frorn a lirrge area, includingJudah, deliv-

ered their prorluce to llkron. Thc finding of

rnany horncd altars in association rvith the olive

oil industry rn:ry perhaps be taken as cviclence of

an Israelitc presence at the sitc. Drnirrg the

rnor) t l ls $ ' l ren thcre rvas r lo o l ive oi l to l tc pro-

cessed, thc plot l t rc t ion of text i les employed the

oi l product ions workers (Gi t i r r 1989).

As at Ashkclon, thc lirun:rl rcm:rins at llkron

indicate a dict distinct fl 'orn Canaanitc patterns( l lessc). Anrong the nlost s igni f icarr t [ inc ls f rorn

tlle sitc is a hczrrlh siulctuary d:rting to lron Agc

[ , rvhich eviderrces c lcar archi tccr tunr l conrrec-

t iorrs wi th thc Aegean wor ld. Amons thc other

lron Age I cultic objects cliscovered at llkrotr are

an iron krrifc rvith :ur ivory hanclle, a lion-head-

ecl drinkirrg ctrp, the bronzc whecls r;f :r tyTle o{'

cul t s tarrr l knorvn I i 'orn Cyprus, an<l i r r r : iscd l>o-

v i t rc- s< iqrul : r , l r .h ic l r a lso arc c lc l ivc<l f rorrr Ovpr i -( ) l n)() ( lc ls i . l ) i r t ing to I l r rn At t t ' l l l ] ar t : two

<l t ' t l icatory inscr ipt ions. ' l ' l rc

I i ls t is : r s l ro l t r rota-

t i<rrr < lcdica{ ing a vcsse I " to/ I<t t Asl)er : I I , " i r wcl l -

knon'n ( lunuani tc goddcss (s<:c ( i i t i r r 191)8, l7 l - r

: t r r t l l ie . l0) . Thc sc<'ot t r l is a rnonurnerr ta l r lc t l i -

c l r tot t ' i t tscr iyr t iorr f ior t t thc r , r ' l l l o f : r lcnl l ) lc

t ' t c t t e t I l r l ' A t l r i sh so t r o f Pac l i ( l r o t l r o ( r ' l r o rn

lu lc kr t r . rwrr l i<t r r r ( l re Assyr ian inscr- iyr t ions) i l r thc

crrr lv scvcrr t l r cc l r t r r ry l t ( t t , t "1 i ) l l l .q"y l i , l r is r r r is-

t l t :ss" ( ( , 'OS 2.42: ' l61) . ' l ' l rc intcrprel : r t i ( ) r r ( ) f t l )c

rr : t t t ter o l t .hc gor lc lcss in r l r rcst ion is sorrrcrv l ra(

t r r t < l cu t , a l t hous l r u r r A r : gcun o l i g i r r l r i r s l r c c r r

pr lpost : r l (sce S< lu i le r .L i t htcnlrcrsr : r ) . Norrc-

l l r c l t s s , i t i s s i cn i l i ca r ) t t l r a t ( ) r r cc : r gu i r r t l r c u r -

c l r : r i 'o losical cv i ( l ( 'nco. i r r < l is t int : t iorr l iorn t l rc

l r i l r l ica l evi r l t 'n t :er , in<l i t 'a tcs t l re l t r t : r ' l r lcnce oI

c(x l ( lcss rvols l r ip arr)ong thc l )h i l is t ines.

7.2.1. ( ]at lu ' fhe l : rs t of t l rc c i t i r , -s o l t l rc l 'h i l is-

l in t ' Pent : rpol is to h i rvc becn ickrrr t i f ier l wi th

son re t r c : r s r l r c o l co r r ( i t l cn ( c i s t l r c s i t t : o1 ( ) a t l r

: r t ' l t ' l l

cs-Saf i , : l l iugc rnounr l locatct l sorrrc I I

krr r south of l lkron at t l )c col t { luencc of t l re El i rh

Val lcy ancl the Coastal I ' la in. I leginnir rg r \ . i th a

surl,cy se,rs()n in 19-()ti, :r learn cll exc:rvlltol's ull-

< l t ' I t l rc d i t 'cr : t iorr o[ ' r \ . N{t re i r (L lar I l i r r r LIr r ivels i -

t1 ) h:rs bcen c:xcat ' : r t i r ru th is s i te. ( lont l r r r . tcr

l r l c v i o r r s assu r r r p t i o r r s , t l r c l r o r r Agc c i t v : r t ' l ' e l l

r -s-Sal ' i l 'as l lo t l r to\ \ , r r o l about l5 h l in s izc. bul

l i r t l ret t 'x tcnr lc t l l i r r sorne .10-1 '10 hu, r r rukins i t a

nl( )st lo l .nr i ( l l i l ) lc c i t ) ' i l l l l l ) t i ( lu i ty . I t rc l i r r r i uan' r 'c-

790

srrhs ol t l rc ext : rval iorrs inc l icatc th i r t a l thought l r r : r 'c iL lc s()u lc t lnccs of ' t l tc Nlvc I I l t l : l pone"tyc l t : r r : r t t e r i s t i t : o l ' t l r c I i l s t l i hase o f Ph i l i s t i r r e se t -t l e r r r c r t t , ( l i r t l r l r t ' t l r r r r t ' t r t r l l ' 5 i q l 1 i f i 1 t , r r t i r r 1 . o r rr \ge I l i , t l rc pcl iod t l r ; r l r rcter- izcd l r r , b ic l r ronrel ' :ur ' .

' l - l t is s( . ( ' r r ls l ( ) l r t ' t l re onl l pcr iod t lur inu

l ,h i t : l r both l lkrorr : r r r r i ( ] i r th n,e le i tscel ldanio t l r e l n ' i se t l r c i r f : t t c s u r c n r i no r i r nuges o f onel r r r o { l r c r . [ ) u l i r r r . I r r r r r Ag t ' I IA ( t en th t o e i g | t hc r . r r t r r l i e s l l ( t t , ) , \ \ ' l l i l ( . [ , . k l r r r r r , us l e l a t i v c l t , i n s i g -rr i l lc l r r r t , ( ) : r t l t c n jovt ' t l t r r r1 r l t 'c t ' r [cnter l pr-osl tcr i -t 1 . I i r i l o x i r r u : r r n l r ss i r c r l es t r uc t i on a t t l t c enc l o ft l r c r r i r r t l r o r ' l r es i r r r r i nu o { t he r : i gh th ccn tu r yl ]c l . t , ( ; l r t l l lost i ts st i r t r rs t rs u r r l r jo l urban ccnterI r t l l le \ ' ( ' r 'v t i r r re n ' l rcrr l .kr<tn rn,as al )out (o enl_l r : t r k o t t i l : q r t l r t t t r l , . r t r t x l r : t r r s i o r t .

' l l o o { t l ) ( ' l ) ) ( ) s t s i u r r i l i t l r r r t l i t r c l s a t ( i : t t l r r c -

l : r t t ' t r : l l l r t ' l n ) s t e l ) o f i t s r l i s : r l 11 r c l u ' : t nce I i l r r t l r cI r is t r>r ' i t : r l l t 'corr l . l , ' i ls t is : r rnajor c le stnrct ion lcv-t ' l r l u t i r r q t o t l r c ' 1 l t ' r ' i o r l u ro r rn t l 800 I JCE . Secondi s l t r r r r i <1 t r t ' s i cg r ' 1 r ' t ' r r t l r . ovc r ' 2 k rn I onq . s t u - -l t . r t t t t < l i I t t t l r t ' t i t r , ( ) t l t l l r ' ( ' ( ' s i c l c s l r t t c l 1 t . t s t r r r r a l t l y

: t s soc i : r l t r l n ' i t l r t l r r ' < l < ' s t r r r < l i o r r l c ' r , < :1 . l , r c . l i r n i -r l u ' i : r t t : r l l s i s o l l l r t ' r r r ; r l t ' t i l r l r c n l r i r r s t ' o r r r l r i r r c d

r v i l I r I I r c two l r i l r l i t : r l r r o | i c t ' s : r l r o t r t H ; r za t ' l ' s cuu r -

p : r i g r r ; r g r r i r r s t ( i : r t l r : r r r r l I ' l r i l i s t i r r ( ? K i r r g s l 2 : 1 7 ;

l l i : 2 2 [ : r < t o r r l i r r t t 1 ( ) l l l c l , r r t i : t r r i t l t : c c n s i o r r o l '

t l r c l . \ \ l ) l r : r v t ' l c r l l l r c t ' l t i r \ ' : l t ( ) l s t o pos i t t l u r t i l .

i r : r s I I : t z : r t ' l n , l r o l r r r r t r q l r l t r n t ' r r t l l o ( ) l t t l r ' s l l l c -c r r r i r r c t r t l r r i s i l i o r r i r r l l r r ' : n r r i t ' r r t l , o r l r l ( l U l t : i r

. r r r r l l . . l r r l i , l r . N l ; r r . i t : t ) { t l t . .

i 3 5. ' l i ' l l . ( ! ts i l t . ld l ( ) : rs i l t ' , lor ' : r lc t l i r r r rot ' t l t -

t ' r ' r r ' l i ' l - . \ i ' i v

o t t l l r t ' l l t r r k s o l t l r t ' \ ' : r r ko r r l { i t e r , i s

t l r t ' o n l r r r r r r j o r I t l r i l i s t i r r t ' r i t ) t o l r a v c l r e c t r

l i r r r r r< l t ' < l I r t t l t c S t ' : r I ' t o1 r l t s . l r t c s t r n l r l r l y i r s a t r

i r r l l r r r t l po r l (N [ : r z : r r ' ) . I 1 r l l r s r r r os t l ( ' ( ( ' l l l l l c xc i t -

r : r l t ' t l l r \ . . \ . N l : r z : u ( l l t ' l r l t ' r r I l r r i r t ' r ' s i l ) ) . L l r r l o r l t t -

r n { t ' l r . s t I r r l : r r s l r : r v t ' r r o i nk l i r r g o { t l r t ' t i l 1 , ' s

r l r r r r t ' i r r : u l l i ( l L r i l \ ' . l . r ' i r r u on ( l r t ' r r o r l h t ' r ' r r l i o t r -

t i t ' r o l l ' l r i l i s t i l r , l i ' l l ( ] l r s i l c r r us : r s i g r r i l i c l u t l P l I i -

l i s t i r r t ' s i t t ' i r r l l r t ' l r o r r r \ gc I pc r i o< I , l r u t

s r r bs t ' t l t t c t t l l Y i l s cc r r r s ( o l l r t c I ) l r s s ( ' ( l i r t t ( ) [ sn t c l -

i l t l u r r r t l s . . - \ s l r r t ' r ' r i l r t i u t r r r l t ' r l l r r t l r c I ' l r i l i s -

l i r r t ' s . i t l l o v i< l cs r r r : r r r l i l r s i g l t t s i n t o t l l c i r '

: r l c l l i l ( ' ( t uuL l l r n t l u r l r : r r r l l l r < l i t i o t r s , i r l r i t l r i n -

c l r r t l t ' t l rc u i t l t 'sp le l r t l us: tge ol t l tc l in t r root t r

I t o r r s t t l l t t l r : t r l l r t ' t ' t t s i r r q l c ( l ( ) u t us l l l I s r - l r c l i l e

t : t l r r r i t t i l : r t k t ' r ( J1 ' 1 , . . \ r l l r i l ( ' ( 1u r ' ( ' ) .( ) l u r : r j o t s i cn i l i ( i l n ( t i s : r s : t t t t ' t I l r t c t i l t t l

I o r r r r r l : t l I l t c s i l t ' t l l l r l \ \ ( ' n t t l r t r ) r r q l t l l r t t ' t p l r l t s c s .' I ' l r t '

i t r t g t r l : t t l t n t l t l r l r t t g i r t u u r ( ' l l i l c ( ' l t l r a l

s c l r c ' r n t I t : r s l r t ' r ' r r l e l : r l t ' t l l r o l l r t o A t ' p1c : t t r : t n t l t r l

( l r r r u r : u t i l t ' r t t o t l t ' l s . I r r l t p t r l r l i c l r r r i l < l i r r g t i c l t t t l l c

Philistines

tenple u heat'tlr sintil:rr t.) the one at Ekron $'?ts

discovcred, poir t t ing to a l r Aegeal l e lentent i l )

the population at Tell Qasile. Aurong the ntost

signilicaut cultic finds w:ls a g)-Ilolllorpltic ves-

sel, rvhose lrt'casts ser-v'ed as sPoul.s, once agaitt

pointing tol'ard thc possible worship of a gre:tt

goddess in thc Aeuc: tn tnol t l : r t the s i te.

3.2.5. I i rnruth. tJ ib l ical ' f in tnal t

has becrr

ident i { ied at the s i tc of '1 . : l

Batash in t l re Sorek

Val ley (Kchrr un<l Nlaz: t r ' ) . As a s i te lotatcct ot t

dte bot- t ler-bctrveen Isracl ar t t l Phi l is t ia, i t

ch:rnged l r l t t tc ls at v: t t io t ts t i t t tes in h istory ar t r l

ev idcnces a In ixt ' t l l t t i t ter ia l cul ture. In t l te L;r tc

Bronze Age i t was ( lanaatr i tc , in I rotr Agc I i t

was Phi l is t inc, und as o1' I r r>n Age I I i t u 'as tnai t r -

ly lsracl i tc . In sJr i tc o l t . l tc prescnce ol 'sotne dis-

t inct ivel l ' Phi l is t ine f i ' r l t t l l 'cs, sucl t i rs b ic l t rotnc

w;rre an<l a p1' rarrr i< la l seal < lcpict inu a lvrc p lay-

er , thc excavi t t r l rs l tavt ' r I t : lv t t at tcnt ion t ( ) nu-

nlcrous cont inui t ies \ \ i l l t l ,atc l l |o t tzc Ag<r

Canaani tc t r ' : r r l i t . ions ar tc l l l t t ts couclr r t lc t l l r t

even r l u r - i ns I l c> r r Agc I t l r c P l r i l i s t i nes s i t r t p l v

f o r rnc r l t l r c n r l i r r q c l uss , r vh i l c n ros t o f l l r c poPr r -

l : r t i on l cn r : r i r r c r l ( l : r r r u r r r i l c i r r r r a l t r r - c . l u n ranv

resl)ccts, thc ru i r tc l i : t l t t t l tut ' t ' o l - l ' i t t r r t : r l t

is rc-

f l c c t . e r l b1 ' t l r : r ( o l l l c t l r -S l r t : r n t ' s l r , s l i gh t l l ' t o t l r c

east in t l )c Sorck Vr l lc ' r ' . - l ' l re

sc s i tcs i r rd i r : : r t r ' { l r t '

d i l l i cu l t y o l a l t c r r r 1 r t i r r r l t o us< ' r i l r c c ( I r r r i c / na ( i o r r -

a l i c l cn t i t y o r r ( l r < ' l l r s i s o I l r r c s t r i c { i r ' < : v i t ' i v o l

r v l l : r t co r r r i ( i l r . l l t ' s s i q r r i I i t i r r r t c ( [ r r r i t : r r r a r k t ' r ' s .

4. Summary.- I l re

Phi l is t i r rcs l i ls t i rpp<' i r r '<r t l i r r ( l i r rnurr : r t l l r t '

beginr t inu ol l ron Ag-t ' I c l t r r i r rg thc c l r r ly to t t r i r i -

twel l ih <:e r r l t r ry l l ( t t i . . l l lc i r ' 1 ' r l inr i r r l ' p lursc of s<{-

t leutct t t is c l r i t r i r<:(< ' r izcr l l r1 ' r t tot tot :hrot t tc tv : t t r ' ,

oul . o1-rv l r ic : l r arost ' ( l t t ' t l l rss ic I t l r i l is t i r rc l r i t : lu 'or r r r '

rvarc rv i th i r r i r gcrrcral iorr . At i t ' r ' l r pcr ior l of < 'x-

l tat ts ion, l l rcy lppeer lo l r :nt ' l rc t ' r r rcst l i< ( r 'c [ kr

t l l ( ' s()u l I r \ \ 'cs(c l r r ( ( ) i rs(1I l s t r ip o{ ( l : r t t i r iur , r r l re r r , '

t l r e i t ' s r r l r s t ' r l r r t ' l ) l l l i s t ( ) r t ' s ccu rs t o havc l r t ' t ' r r i r r -

f l t terrccr l u iu i r rh l r r ' l :u lo ls : rncl lx)wcfs l>errrr t l

thc i l corr( ro l . Al t l rorrgh t l rc I Ic l r rew I l ib le rnorc

of ten thun not t lcpi r ts t l rcur as u t r r r i l ier l ent i l1 ' ,

thete is no cxl r : r l ) i l ) l i ( i r l cr . i t lcrr te to su1ipor1. th isponr-a) 'a l - t l lu t is , t l re l 'cntnpol is u[) l )cars to be : t

b ib l ical i r rvcrr t iorr . Lr<lct ' r l , r ' r ' r ' r r rc fcr l ins lo thcrrras " l )h i l is t i r res" r rurv l rc ovcls i rnpl i { f inc u ( lu i l .c

cou tp l cx n l i x l r uc o I l r o t h i n< l i q t ' no r r s l r r r r l i l r r r r r i -

g t e r t t po l r u l u t i o r r s . . { l l l r o r r g l r i t i s t l c l u t l r : r t t l r c reu ' us l l s t r ' ( ) ng , , \ egcu r r i r r l l r r t ' r r c c i r r t hc i l r r r : r t c l i i t l

c t t l tut 'c : r r r r l c : r l i i lg l r : r l r i ts , I i [ t ] te l l r ( )s l I )a11 lh( ' \ 'rv t t t 'c lc t t r l t r r r ' : r l t ' r l ( r>rr t l rc l l r r r tcss ol : rccrr l l t r l l t -

ti<;n see Stone) to their- en'r.irorrnrel)t (althouglrtheil avoidance of cil-culncision did stand out inthe e1'es o{'the biblical authors). As evidence ofthe ftrnnerr contcntion, one czln cite tlle J)re-surned |etention ol theil worship of a gr-eat uod-cless and their continued prefelence for porkproducts; as evidence ol'the latter', one ciur citethe rnainll'Sernitic nam€is of the deities thirt thcyrvorshiperl and of th€ir nllers.

Sce al.so Aslttxrtr; AsuKli t-oN; l . l (RONi (;AZA:(;A'f l r .

Illlt.ro(;rLApHy. D. Ben-Shlomo, I. Shai andA. M. Maeir, "Late Philistine Dcr:onrtecl Wnle(i \slr lor l Ware'): ' l1polog.y, Clrronologv, andProcltrct iott ( lenters," BASOR 335 (2004) l- i15;N. Bierling, Oitirry GoLialh His lhrc: Nnu Archa.n-htgit:al Light on th( PlliListinz's (rev. ed.; Marco PoloI\lonouraphs 7; Warren (lenter, PA: Shirngli-I,a,2002); J. F. Brug, A Literary and Arr:hatnktticalStudj 4 tha Plili^stints (RARIS 2{)5; ()xfold:

l l .A.R., 19f31-r); B. Cifola, " lLzunscs I l l arrcl thc ScaI ' t 'oples: A Structrr lal Arralysis o{ ' thc N{ccl inctl : l r r l r r r l r r s c l i p t i o n s , " O r 5 7 ( l l ) l J 8 ) 2 7 5 - : 1 0 6 ;M . D o t h a n , " A s h r l o d , " N E A E I - 1 L l . 1 ) : i - 1 0 2 ;T. Dothan,

'l-he I'hi.lislirte.s rnLd'l'htir Alutn'ial. OUL

lr lra (Nt 'u' I lavcn: Y:r lc [Jnivrr lsi t l , l )r t 'ss,l1)132); T. Dothan and M. Dothan, I'erltlt ol lluSut: 'l'ht

SearchJbr tln I'hili.slines (Nerv Vrrk: N{ac-ttr i l lurr, l1) l)2); T. Dothan and A. Zukerman, "A

I ' r ' t ' l i r r r i r r r r l S t r r r l v o l t l re N lycer r r ru r I l l ( i : I I ' o t -I t ' r l ' Asscrrr lr lages lrruu

' f t ' l Mir lnc-l ' ,kt 'ort untlAslrt lo<1," IJASOII 33:t (20()4) I-5,1; R. Drews, 77r)irtd of tlut llrorta: Age: Ohurye:; irL llhtlarr oul tlu'(rtLrtslnQht t:u. I200 lJ.(t. (Pl'iIr(:c1()rr, N.f : l)r'irrte-lon IJrr ivt ' rsi t1' I ' rcss, l ! ] t)3); C. S. Ehrl ich, 7hzl'lt.i.li..sliru'.s irt'liansititrn: tl Ilisktry fnnn ut. 1000-710 ur :1 , (S f l ( lANl i l0 ; Lc idcr r : l i . f . l l r i l l ,l 1 )1 ) t i ) ; I . F inke ls te in , " ' l ' l r c l ' h i l i s t i r rcs in l l r c l l i -l r l t ' : , \ L:rtc-N4on:r l t l r i< [ 'crspccl ivc," .JS(l l ' 27(2(X)2) I l" I -( i7; i r lenr, " l 'ht ' St ' t t l t ' t t tctr l ol t l rc l ' l r i l -is l int:s irr ( . l rrnaau," I ' l 22 ( l Ut) l-r) 2l: i - i i9; S. Git in," l ' l r i l ist ia in ' I i 'arrsit ion: ' l - l rc ' l 'ent lr ( lcr)tur) ' I |( i la:rrrrl Ilel'orrcl," il hladitoruruntt Peoltl.es i.n

'littnsi

tittrL: 'l'lLirteertth

to liur\ 'l)tilh

Oertturi.es ll(jh, ('(1.

S. ( i i t in, A. Maziu arrcl l i . Stcrrr $enrsalcrtr: Islrcll ' )xplolat ion Society, 191)t l) 102-u3; i<lcrrr, " ' I i : l

Nl i t l rrc- l ikron: A - lyre-Sitt ' 1r>r t .ht: I trncr ( loaslal

I ' l : t i rr i rr t l rr ' l lorr Alrc I I Peri()( l ," in l lacut.t l ixcat,ttlitttt: i.rt Lsrucl: Sttuli.e.s in Intn ,4u' Artltautlrpl,,t ' r l . S. ( i i t in arrt l \ \ i ( i . Dclct '(AAS()l l 4l); \ \ ' ' inorr lI - l k r , Ih \ : F , i senb launs , ) 9 l t9 ) 213-58; S . G i t in ,A. Mazar and E. Stern, ctls., l'ledi.terratLtun I'eo-

l t l ts ir t ' l i o rt .si t i t t t t : TlLirt tot l l t to l lnrb' lhLtl t ( r ' r t tu-

7() 1

Phoenicia, Phoenicians

r ies t\Cy. (f crusalern: Israel Explorat ion Society,1998); B. t lesse, "Anirnal Usc at

' I 'el Miqne-

Ekrorr in thc llronze Age arrd Iron Aee," BASOR264 (lglJ(i) l7-2r'; S. A. Irvine, [saiah, Nmz, undthe Syro-Ephraimite Crisis (SBLDS 123; Atlanta:Scholars Press, 1990); G. L. Kelm and A. Mazar,eds.,'limrmh: A Biblical Ciry in the Sorek ValLq (\\rr-nona l .akc, IN: l l iserrbrarurs, l9!) ir) ; A. M.Maeir, "Notcs zrnd News: T!ll es-Safi,u (latlr,

1996-2002," 14 53 (2003) 237-16; idem, "I'hilis-

terkemrnik." Rl,4 ( lbrr lrcouring); A. M. Maeirand C, S. Ehrl ich, " l lxcavati lrg Phi l ist inc ( iat lr :

Have We Founrl ()crliath's Honretown?" lj, /i27.6 (2001) 22-31;D. M. Master, " ' l iacle irnd I 'ol-i t ics: Ashkclon's Ralancine Act. in the Sevenllr()crrtrrrl, t .(,.F..," IlA,\( )R 330 (2003) 47-64; A.Mazar,[ixcauatiLtrts ut

'lill Qasile, ltart I: T'he I'hilistine

Sunctu(uJ; An:litect'ure and (:ltlt Oi4c.cl.s (Qe<lerrrI2;. |cnrs:r lcrn: Isr:rcl l )xplornt ion Society, I9l l0);N. Na'aman, " l lkrotr undcr the Assyrian andllg,vlrt iarr l ,rrrJr ircs," BASOII 332 (?{){)3a) t l l -91;idcrn, " ln Scarch ol t l rc l lcal i t l ' l r t 'hincl the ;\r-cour r t o f t l r c Ph i l i s t i r rc Ass : r r r l t on Ahaz i r r t l r t :Ii<rok <rf (llrlorritlt's," 'lianseuphnilhre

26 (2003b)47-011; ir lcnr, " ' l 'hc' l )r ' t ' - l ) t ' t r(crrrrrr>rnisl ic Slory ol 'K i r t r S :ur l lLn< l I t s H is (o l i ca l S ig r r i [ i< l r r rcc , " ( i / lQ

51 (191)2) ti3lJ-58; E. Noort, I)ie S*ruiilktr irt, I'alii:-t imt ( l tA 8; Karnpcn: Kok I ' luuos, l9{)1); E. D.Oren, t't1.. 'l'\rc

Sn I\rtltlcs arul'flu,ir Wtrkl: A llr-e.\ :( . \ !nt t , t t l ( [ .Jrr i i ' t ' r si t y I \ l rrst:urr r Nlor rolaral) l ls l OiJ;Llrr ivt ' r 's i ty Museurrr Syrnposiuur Scrics I l ; T' lr i l l t -r lclplr ia: L. lnirrrsi l l , ol Pcnnsl, lvarr iu Mrrscrrnr o1'r\rclr ireoloct, arr<l Arrt lrroPology. 2(X)0); N, K.Sandars, Tlrc Sru I'utplts: l\furritn.t ttJ tlu' ArttittLlfr Iul i . tnraruttrt (r 'c 'r ' . ct l . : l ,orrtkrrr: ' l 'hrurrcs &I I trclso r r, I 1)lll-r) ; C. Schiif'er-Lichtenber ger, "'l'h <:( lo<lt lcss oJ' l lkrorr i trrd Ih<' I{ t ' l iei()us-(I l l tulal[ ]ackur'orrnrl ol t l rc I ' }hi l ist incs," / . t1./ 50 (2000) fJ2-{ l l ; I . Singer, " ' l i rrvarcls t l t t ' l rni t l re' ol i )ueorr,( ]o< l o I thc Ph i l i s t incs , " ^51r la ( i1 ] (1992) .1 i t l -5 { ) ;

L. E. Stager, ,Ashkekn l)isutztcrul.: I,'ron (,ana.ruLile.s

arLd. Philistirurs lo Rttntans und X'lo.slon.s (Wrslrins.to r r , l ) ( l : l l i b l i< : r l A l t l r i reo lo !v Soc ' ie ty , l t ) l ) l ) :B. J. Stone, " ' Ihe l ' l r i l ist iucs urrc[ At:r:ultrrr: t t ion:Clulturc Change arr<.1 l i t l rrr ic (. iorrt inuity in t lre:Ircrrr r\ge," BASOR 298 (19!):'r) 7-li5; D. Sweeneyand A.'l'asur-Landau, " I,'oll<lti n g t I r c l)ltl r o1' t h cSclt I ' r ' tsons: ' l ' l rc '

\{ l rrrre rr in t l rc I \ , lccl inet Habtrl{cl i t ' l ,s." 714 2(; (11)99) l l ( i - ,111; S. Wachsmann,.\r'ttgoi.ng ShJlts arLd. .\eanansltip i'n tln Rrotnc tlp'eLtntanl \( ' ,ol le14e Stution: ' lbxus

A&'N{ UniversitvI l t t ' ss : l .o r r rk r r r : ( l l r : r t lu tn r . I1 ) ! ) l J ) .

( 1. S. Fl,hl l ic lr

7L)2

PHOENICIA, PHOENICIANS'I ' lre

te rrrrs IInutir"iu ,lttl I'hottrit:.i.atr.i tlcsigrrate tlrecoas l t r l r t q i 0 r r r r o r l l r o i an t i r ' r r t I s r . ae l a r rd t hepeop l c w l r o i r r l r : r l l i t c< l i ( f r . o r r r t l r t ( l r i r . t c c r r t l r c t , n_tulJ, I t t t l . tO t l rc I i r -st ( ( .nt l l lY IJ( ] , . .

' l 'hc geogtaphic

botr t t r ler ies oI I ' ] rot 'n ic ia u lc r c laf i1 'q1y . j "n. .' I ' l rc l ' t 'x t t ' r r t lcr l l r r r r r r Nlorrr r l t ' ( l i r r rncl (o the

r \ r r r : r r r ns I \ l o r r n t : r i r r . s ( f os l r ) I : , r . I 1 ) : 2 i l ; ? .Sa1 r l { : ( j -7) . tv i t l t l l rc Lclxrrrorr l rncl ; \ r r t i - l , t . l l lnon l . : l l lgcsrnl rk i r rg i ts eustcnr { l r rnk ( l . ip i r isk i ?001t) . Lcssr: lcar ' , I rorr , t : r ' t ' r - , a l 'c | | r ( ' c t r l t t r l l r l l r r t r l r t l r n ic i t lcrrd_l i c s o l t l t t ' l r cop l t ' s u , l r r > c l r vc l l c t l i r r l ) l r <>c r r i t . i a ' snl ( )st I ) r1,nun( 'n l ( i l rs l t r l ( 's ( t ' .e. , Ar \ ' : r (1, l l r4r los. Si_t k r r r a r r< l ' f l l t ' ) . I n t l r c l l i l r l t ' cu r . l r o r r t ' :U )J ) ( . a r sr l i t l r r , : r r v i r r u t l cg r t ' t ' s o l { i c<1 t r t ' r r t y t l l : r t co1 .e -s l r o r r r l t o t l r t ' l c ' r ' t ' l o l c t ono r r r i t . l x r l i t i t . : r l a r r t lt l r cok r t i t l r l i t t t po t l : t l t <c l l l t l t ' : t < l r l r c l c l { . r . a ' -c i t ' t r t l s r : r t , l l r r r < l t l r < ' l l i l r k " s . f r u l t ' l r r r u r r t l r o r . s . ' I ' I r us

An,: r< l i rnt l l l i l r los ( l l t ' l r g ib i1. " ( i . r . l ra l " ) ru.e ivc( ) l l l v l ) ; ncn t l r ( ' l i ( i t l l t ( ' i l t n r ( ' l r l s ( ( l c r r I 0 : I f l ; . l o shI lJ : . : r ; I Ki r rgs i r : I l t I l t : l ' ,z t 'k 27: l l -1) t . n 'h<' rc: rs SirL,r: r r r t l ' l \ ' r t . t r l ) l x ' l u p l o r r r i l r t ' r r l l r , . I n< le t : t l , { l r t ' t . l r : r r .: r c t t ' r ' i z : r l i o r r s o l S i r l o r r : r r r r l ' l l ' r ' c ' . t l r o r r u l r h : r r r l l 1 .i r l t ' r r t i t ; t l . n ' l l t ' r t l l r t ' l ' l t o t , r r i c i ; r r r s ' r ' n ( ) l l n ( ) us eco -r r o r r i r , l l o l i t i t l r l : r r r r l r ' l i g i o r r s i r r l l t r c r r r ' < ' o r r I s l r r t ' I .

l . l ' l r , r r . r r i r i . r l r l r k . r r l i t r

2 . ' l l r c I I i s t o r i t u l ( l r r r t t ' r l o l I s n r t ' l i t t , -

l ' l r o t ' n i t i l t t t I { r ' l u l i o r r s

i " . l r r r l r ' : r r t l ) o t ' l t l r i l s o l I ' l r oc r r i r i l r r r ( ) i 11 .511111 ' t

l . . f t t r l t : r r r l l r l t r r r i t l r r r r l I t l r o t ' n i r i : r r r ( , r r l { s

l . Pl roenic ian Ident i ty .' l

l t c r t t l l r u : r l : r r x l t ' l l l r i t ( ( ) t ) l ( ) u l s o l I ' l r o t ' n i t i l r r r

i r l t ' r r t i t r ' ; r r t ' so r r r r ' t l r i t r u o l : t r r t ' r r i q r r r : r ( l t i i l l i g ) .

l \ l o s l s t I r o l l us s t ' t ( l r c l ' l r o t ' r r i r i : r r r s : r s r l t ' s< t ' r r -

r l l u t t s o l t l r t ' ' r ' ( l : r r r : r : r r r i l t ' l l op t r l : r t i o r r s I ' l r o l i v t ' r I i r t

l l t t ' t t ' q i o r r l r t l i r r t ' l l r t ' r r r . l r L r l t l r c n r i e r ' : l l i ( ) r ) s 1n l ( l

i r t t t ' r r t ; t l i o r r : r l t t : r r l i t t l t l r t t i i ' i l i c s t l l i r l l ) un ( l r . l i l l ( l l l c

t t q i o t t ' s l r i s l o t . t r t t ; t k t { l r i s t r n t t ' t I : r i r t . N lo t ( ' ( ) \ ' c t ' ,

l r i l r l i t : r f ( ( \ l s l l l ) l ) l \ l l l ( ' 1 ( ' l r l ) ( i t t r r t r t r t i t t ' 1o t l ) e r c -g i o r t l : r t t ' r ' known l r s l ' l r o t ' r r i r i l r ( l s 2 i t : l l ; ( ) l r : t t l

?0 ) , l r r r t l r l so t o ; r r r r r r r r l r t ' r ' o l r l i r , c ' r ' s< ' t t t l l t t l : t lq t r l t p s i r r : u ) l i ( l u i t \ ( ( i c r r I 0 : l 5 - 2 { ) : . f r r r l g l : : l l - l l 2 ) .

I t i s i r o r r i c t l l r t s o l i t t l c i s k r r o n ' r t e l r o t t t t l t t '

l ' l r o t ' t t i t i : r r r s . , , \ l l e : l r t l y i r r l r n l i r l u i t v l l r t ' r Posscsse t l( ' n ( ) r ' l ) l ( ) u s l : r r r r e l i r r l l r t ' i l r r > l c i r r l r a r t s u l i t t i r t g l h c

: r l p l t ; r l r t ' l i c s ( l i l ) l l ( ) ( i n ' t ' k - s1 l r ' ; r k i r r u 1 r cop l cs l t t t t l

l i r r t l r t ' i r t t l r i r ; t t i l o t t : r r u r r i l i r t t t ' . n l ( ' t r : t r l l i l ( ' l l l l ( l

t o l o n i : t l : r ( l i v i l i ( ' s t l r r r r u q l r o t r t t l r t ' \ l c t l i t c r - r a -

r t t ' l t n t l o r ' l t l . B r r l r t r os l o l r v l n l i s k t t o r v t t : t l i < l t l

t l r t ' t t t r o r n t ' s l r ' ( ) n r r r r ) r ) I t l r o t ' r r i r i l r r r s o t r t c e s ( c . g . ,

. . \ s s l r i : r r r . l i : r l l l o n i ; r r r . I ' , g r p t i ; r r r . ( ) r t t ' k ; t r t r l l s l : r -

t ' l i t t ' ) . t r r : r r N 0 l r ! l r i t I r i r r ( 1 ( ' i l ( l ( l r t i o t t s , e v t t t 1 t t >