Presentasi MANAJEMEN BISNIS ICT Magister Teknik Elektro

Optical Networking TechnologiesKelompok 8 :Muharam Nur Cahyadi (NIM:55415120036)Norma Liaty Fithri (NIM:55415120030)Malik Purwoko (NIM:55415120025)Tri Wahyu Yulianto (NIM:55415120010)

1Jakarta , 21 Mei 2016

Outline

• Introduction to Fiber Optics• Passive Optical Network (PON) – point-

to-point fiber networks, typically to a home or small business

• SONET/SDH• DWDM (Long Haul)

2

Optical Transmission

3

OpticalFibre

Transmission System

OpticalFibre

Transmission System

electricalsignal

electricalsignal

opticalsignal

Advantages of optical transmission:1. Longer distance (noise resistance and less attenuation)2. Higher data rate (more bandwidth)3. Lower cost/bit

Optical Networks• Passive Optical Network (PON)

– Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH)– Fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC)– Fiber-to-the-premise (FTTP)

• Metro Networks (SONET)– Metro access networks– Metro core networks

• Transport Networks (DWDM)– Long-haul networks

4

Optical Network Architecture

5

MetroNetwork

Long HaulNetwork

MetroNetwork

AccessNetwork

AccessNetwork

AccessNetwork

AccessNetwork

transport networkPON

SONET

DWDM

CPE (customer premise)

All-Optical Networks• Most optical networks today are EOE

(electrical/optical/electrical)• All optical means no electrical component

– To transport and switch packets photonically.

• Transport: no problem, been doing that for years• Label Switch

– Use wavelength to establish an on-demand end-to-end path

• Photonic switching: many patents, but how many products?

6

Optical 101• Wavelength (): length of a wave and is measured in

nanometers, 10-9m (nm) – 400nm (violet) to 700nm (red) is visible light– Fiber optics primarily use 850, 1310, & 1550nm

• Frequency (f): measured in TeraHertz, 1012 (THz)• Speed of light = 3×108 m/sec

7

Optical Spectrum

• Light– Ultraviolet (UV)– Visible– Infrared (IR)

• Communication wavelengths– 850, 1310, 1550 nm– Low-loss wavelengths

1550nm 193,548.4GHz1551nm 193,424.6GHz

1nm 125 GHz

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UV IR

Visible

850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm

125 GHz/nm

Bandwidth

Optical Fiber• An optical fiber is made of

three sections:– The core carries the

light signals– The cladding keeps the light

in the core– The coating protects the glass

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CladdingCore

Coating

Optical Fiber (cont.)

• Single-mode fiber– Carries light pulses by

laser along single path

• Multimode fiber– Many pulses of light

generated by LED travel at different angles

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SM: core=8.3 cladding=125 µmMM: core=50 or 62.5 cladding=125 µm

7.11

Bending of light ray

7.12

Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

7.13

Figure 7.13 Modes

7.14

Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

7.15

Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

7.16

Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance

Note: loss is relatively flat

7.17

Fiber Installation

Support cable every 3 feet for indoor cable (5 feet for outdoor)

Don’t squeeze support straps too tight.

Pull cables by hand, no jerking, even hand pressure.

Avoid splices.

Make sure the fiber is dark when working with it.

Broken pieces of fiber VERY DANGEROUS!! Do not ingest!

Optical Transmission Effects

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AttenuationDispersion & Nonlinearity

Waveform After 1000 KmTransmitted Data Waveform

Distortion

Optical Transmission Effects

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Attenuation: Loss of transmission power due to long distance

Dispersion and Nonlinearities: Erodes clarity with distance and speed

Distortion due to signal detection and recovery

Transmission Degradation

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Loss of Energy

Loss of Timing (Jitter) t t

Phase Variation

Shape Distortion

Ingress Signal Egress Signal

Optical Amplifier

Dispersion Compensation Unit (DCU)

Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) cross-connect

Passive Optical Network (PON)• Standard: ITU-T G.983• PON is used primarily in two markets: residential and

business for very high speed network access.• Passive: no electricity to power or maintain the

transmission facility.– PON is very active in sending and receiving optical signals

• The active parts are at both end points.– Splitter could be used, but is passive

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Comparison of DSL, Cable and FTTH Technology Bandwidth

Passive Optical Network (PON)

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OLT: Optical Line Terminal ONT: Optical Network Terminal

Splitter(1:32)

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The FTTH Access Network – OLTs In The Central Office, ONUs in CPEs

The FTTH Access Network – OLTs In The Central Office, ONUs in CPEs

PON – many flavors• ATM-based PON (APON) – The first Passive optical network

standard, primarily for business applications• Broadband PON (BPON) – the original PON standard (1995). It

used ATM as the bearer protocol, and operated at 155Mbps. It was later enhanced to 622Mbps.– ITU-T G.983

• Ethernet PON (EPON) – standard from IEEE Ethernet for the First Mile (EFM) group. It focuses on standardizing a 1.25 Gb/s symmetrical system for Ethernet transport only – IEEE 802.3ah (1.25G)– IEEE 802.3av (10G EPON)

• Gigabit PON (GPON) – offer high bit rate while enabling transport of multiple services, specifically data (IP/Ethernet) and voice (TDM) in their native formats, at an extremely high efficiency – ITU-T G.984

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xPON ComparisonBPON EPON GPON

Standard ITU-T G.983 IEEE 803.2ah ITU-T G.984

Bandwidth Down: 622MUp: 155M

Symmetric: 1.25G

Down: 2.5GUp: 2.5G

Downstream λ 1490 &1550 1550 1490 & 1550

Upstream λ 1310 1310 1310

Transmission ATM Ethernet ATM, TDM, Ethernet

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PON Case Study (BPON)

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Two Ethernet portsOne T1/E1 portOptical transport: 622M bps

PON (G.983)ATM

AAL1 AAL5CES

T1/E1RFC2684

802.3

Optical Network Terminal (ONT)(customer premise)Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

(Central Office)

Packet Core(IPoATM)

TDM Core(PSTN)

SAR/CS

GPON

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30

EPON Evolution

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32

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EPON Downstream

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EPON Upstream

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SONET in Metro Network

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Long Haul(DWDM)Network

Metro SONET Ring

Access RingAccess Ring

Access Ring

ADMADMADMADM

ADMADM

ADMADMADMADM

ADMADMADMADM

Voice Switch

PBX

Core Router

T1T1

IP Over SONET

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SONET

IP

????

SONET

IP

ATMAAL5

RFC2684802.3

SONET

IPPPP

SONET

T1 DS3 OC-3

SONET is designed for TDM traffic, and today’s need is packet (IP) traffic. Is there a better way to carry packet traffic over SONET?

SONETGFP

802.3IP

GFP: Generic Frame ProcedureTDM Traffic

RFC1619

RFC 2684: Encapsulate IP packet over ATMRFC 1619: Encapsulate PPP over SONET

ATM over SONET (STS-3c)

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STS-3c Envelope

Cell 1 Cell 3Cell 2

9 rows

260 columns (octets)

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

OH

PPP over SONET• RFC 1619 (1994)• The basic rate for PPP over SONET is STS-3c at

155.520 Mbps.• The available information bandwidth is

149.760 Mbps, which is the STS-3c envelope with section, line and path overhead removed.

• Lower signal rates use the Virtual Tributary (VT) mechanism of SONET.

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PPP over SONET (STS-3c)

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STS-3c Envelope

PPP Frame 1 (HDLC) PPP Frame 3 (HDLC)

PPP Frame 1a

PPP Frame 2 (HDLC)

PPP Frame 1b PPP Frame 2aPPP Frame 2bPPP Frame 2c

PPP Frame 3 2d 9 rows

260 columns (octets)

POH

Path overhead

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Ref: Cisco DWDM Primer

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Continue Demands for More Bandwidth

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Faster Electronics(TDM)

Higher bit rate, same fiberElectronics more expensive

More FibersSame bit rate, more fibersSlow Time to MarketExpensive EngineeringLimited Rights of WayDuct Exhaust

WDM

Same fiber & bit rate, more sFiber CompatibilityFiber Capacity ReleaseFast Time to MarketLower Cost of OwnershipUtilizes existing TDM Equipment

TDM vs. WDM• Time division multiplexing

–Single wavelength per fiber–Multiple channels per fiber–4 OC-3 channels in OC-12–4 OC-12 channels in OC-48–16 OC-3 channels in OC-48

• Wave division multiplexing–Multiple wavelengths per fiber–4, 16, 32, 64 wavelengths per fiber–Multiple channels per wavelength

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Single Single Fiber (One Fiber (One

Wavelength)Wavelength)

Channel 1

Channel n

Single FiberSingle Fiber(Multiple (Multiple

Wavelengths)Wavelengths)

l1l1

l2l2

lnln

TDM vs. WDM• TDM (SONET/SDH)

–Take sync and async signals and multiplex them to a single higher optical bit rate–E/O or O/E/O conversion

• WDM–Take multiple optical signals and multiplex themonto a single fiber–No signal format conversion

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DS-1DS-3OC-1OC-3

OC-12OC-48

OC-12cOC-48c

OC-192c

FiberFiber

DWDMDWDMOADMOADM

SONETSONETADMADM

FiberFiber

FDM vs. WDM vs. DWDM• Is WDM also a Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) which has been

widely available for many years?• Short Answer: Yes. There is no difference between Wavelength Division

and Frequency Division. In general, FDM is used in the context of Radio Frequency (MHz – GHz) while WDM is used in the context of light ( THz)

• WDM: The original standard requires 100 GHz spacing to prevent signals interference.

• Dense WDM (DWDM): support multiplexing of up to 160 wavelengths of 10G/wavelength with 25GHz spacing– The use of sub 100GHz for spacing is called Dense WDM.– Some vendors even propose to use 12.5GHz spacing, and it would multiplex

up to 320 wavelengths

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Spectrum A Spectrum Bspacing

DWDM Economy

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TERMTERM

TERM

Conventional TDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

40km

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

TERM

120 kmOC-48

OA OAOA OA120 km 120 km

OC-48OC-48

OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

DWDM Transmission—10 Gbps

1 Fiber Pair4 Optical Amplifiers

TERM

4 Fiber Pairs 32 Regenerators

40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km

Optical Transmission Bands

Band Wavelength (nm)

“New Band” 1360 – 1460S-Band 1460 – 1530C-Band 1530 – 1565L-Band 1565 – 1625U-Band 1625 – 1675

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DWDM: How does it work?TDM: multiple services onto a single

wavelength

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TDM

TDM

TDM

DWDM

Single pair of fiber strand Multiple wave lengths

DWDM Network

49

MUX DEMUX

DWDM Network Components

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Optical Multiplexer

Optical De-multiplexerOptical Add/Drop Multiplexer

(OADM)

Transponder

1

2

3

1

2

3

15xx 1...n

1...nADMADM

Optical λ => DWDM λUsually do O-E-O

Optical Amplifier (OA)

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Pout Pin

EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) amplifier Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band

gain

Optical ADM (OADM)• OADM is similar in many respects to SONET ADM, except that

only optical wavelengths are added and dropped, and there is no conversion of the signal from optical to electrical.

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Q: there is no framing of DWDM, so how do we add/drop/pass light?A: λ It is based on λ and λ only.

Cisco ONS 15800

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http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/si/on15800s/prodlit/ossri_ds.pdf

• TO build a long haul network • Up to 64 channels (i.e., wavelengths)• OC-12, OC-48, OC-192• up to 500 km

LEM: Line Extension Module

DWDM Network(point-to-point)

54

OLA: Optical Line Amplifier

DWDM NetworkAdd-and-Drop

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Chicago Pittsburg New York

Note: this is a linear topology, and not a ring topology.

λ1: to Pittsburgλ2: to New York

λ1: dropλ2: pass

03/11/10 tdc566-09World Cables - 1963

03/11/10 tdc566-09World Cables - 1999

03/11/10 tdc566-09Multi-Beam Survey

03/11/10 tdc566-09Sub-Sea Make Up

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Route Planning

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Cable Installation

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F au lts by W ater D ep th

62%

20%

4%

5%

3%6% 0 -1 0 0 M e tre s

1 0 0 -2 0 0 M e tre s2 0 0 -5 0 0 M e tre s5 0 0 -1 0 0 0 M e tre s1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 M e tre s>2 0 0 0 M e tre s

03/11/10 tdc566-09Fishing Damage

Cable System Maintenance

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Cross Section of Cable Types

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High fiber counts possible

Fiber ribbons

Dielectric centralmember

Filled buffer tube

Water-blocking materialOuter strengthmembers

876 fibers

03/11/10 tdc566-09Branching Unit

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Special Equipments for ConstructionSpecial Equipments for Construction(Cableship Segero)(Cableship Segero)

Main Particulars

- Launch : 1998.4- Gross Ton : 8,300 T- Length :115.8m- Beam : 20m- Accommodation: 63- Endurance : 12,000nm

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Special Equipments for ConstructionSpecial Equipments for Construction(Plough)(Plough)

The Plough is designed for the installation and burial submarine cables at same time to protect the cable

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Special Equipments for ConstructionSpecial Equipments for Construction(ROV)(ROV)

Remotely operated vehicles (ROV), plough typed vehicle, can be used for the difficult working area like the junction of cables and of re-burial working after repairing the present cables.

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Grapnel

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Pacific Rim Connection

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Mahajanga

Mtunzini

Zanzibar

Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy)

03/11/10 tdc566-09

Zanzibar

Malaba

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3

4

5 67 8

9

10

11

1213

14

15

16

17

18

19

21 24

25

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22

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SEA ME WE 3

SAFE

SAT-3/WASC

Global Connectivity

03/11/10 tdc566-09

Germany

Portugal

Brazil

Senegal

South Africa

EgyptMalaysia

Australia

Japan

SEA-ME-WE-3 (35Countries)

SAFE(5 Countries)

ATLANTIS-2(6 Countries)

SAT-3 / WASC(11 Countries)

56 Countries

India

EASSy

(11 Countries)

Strategic Global Coverage

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International Submarine CableSubmarine Cables in North East AsiaSubmarine Cables in North East Asia

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Korea-Japan Cable Network KJCN MapKJCN Map

J APAN

Kitakyushu

KOREAPusan

FukuokaFukuoka Tenjin

Summary• Optical Fiber Network – the market needs• Access Network

– Passive Optical Network (PON)• Metro Network

– SONET/SDH• Transport Network (Long-Haul)

– DWDM• DWDM can be applied to metro and access networks as well, but unlikely for its high cost.

• Optical network is a layer-1 technology, and IP is a layer-3 protocol. There must be a layer-2 protocol to encapsulate IP packets to layer-2 framing before it goes to the optical layer

– ATM (via RFC2684)– SONET (via PPP)– Ethernet (via GFP)

95