OSTERREICHISCHE AKADE[IIE DER WISSENSCHAFTENANNT DER NIEDEROSTEBREICHISCHEN LANDESREGIERUNG,

ABTEILUNG KULTUR UND WISSENSCHAFICESELLSCHAFT DFF THEUNDE CABNUNTUI\,1S

CARNVNryMJ AH RBVC H

1998

SONDERDRUCK

Wien 1999Verlag der Osterreichisahen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Cristian Gezdac

Monetary circulation in the main settlements of Roman Dacia244-332 AD

The main purpose of lhis paper is lo study currency circulation in the main seltlements ofRoman Dacia from Philippus Arabs until lhe temporary feconquest of Dacia during thetime oi Constantine the Great in 332. This period was selected in order to examine fromthe monelary point oi view lhe lmpLications of the Roman crisis in the 3rd century ancl

studythe irnpacl on currency circulation of lhe abandonment of Dacia bythe Romans. lt isknown ihat at that time coins were the only objecls to move beyond official borders.This paper attempts lo combine numismatic data with staiistjcal methods in orderlo arriveat histoical conclusions for each settlement and forthe entire province. A comparison be-tween Dacia and iis neighbouring provinces of Pannonia Super or and Inferior may thenpoint at difierences between lhejr respective economic and monetary situation,The study considers only site linds becausethey are jn fact a mirror image of the monetarymarket. The hoards which were buried in this period wiLl be the subject ot another paperThe study is based on ihe method used by Jen5 Fitz lo describe currency flows il1 Pannonia and adjoinlng provincesr. For a betler overview of the circulalion, I fjrst listed the em-perors governing in 244-332 for each settlernent (tables 2-10) and then added a generallist for the province (table 1). Next I computed the coefficjent of a coin's incidence in eachyear for ihe whole period (244-332) in each setilement (tab es 12-20) and the province(table 11). The monelary c rcu ation index was then obtajned by dividing the coefficienl ofthe coin's incidence per yearfor each emperor bythe coefficient ior the whole period. Theresults were again calculated ior each setuement (tables 12-20) and for the wholeprovince(table11).Thechartsindicatefluctuationsintheindexvalues(plates1-10).Thisindex can help us arrive at a comparison of currency circulation beh,veen seitlemenls in agiven period and use that as a starting point to deiermine lrends.The comparison by emperors js affected by the monetary inflation of the.3rd cenlury andlhe variety of payment methods useds. Our analysis starts with the reign of PhilippusArabs which saw a considerable jncrease of the monetary supply in Daciaa: in our indextable, the highest figure is that lor the reign of Philip (table 11, plaie 1). The lower indices,ior the reigns of emperors Traianus Decius and Trebonianus Gal us do not necessarily re-flecl lhe economic situalion but were probably due lo a major debasemenl oJ lhe coinage,which reached its lowest value under Valerianus, Under his government, inflalion wasrampant and the index rellecls a very difficull economic situation, prevailing nol only inDacia, but also in Pannonias- Gallienus attempted to relieve the financial distress by open-jng the minis oi Siscia and Smyrna and putting into circulaiion massive quantjlies of de-based antoniniani6. Their ilow graduaily abated after this reign, as is shown by the index.Under the next emperors, Claudius ll and Aurelian, new mints were opened, e. g. in Ser-dica, Trier and Lyon, and AureLian put in hand a monelary refo|m which renewed the divi-sionary syslern of the Roman coinageT.

' J. Fitz, Latomus, 144, 1976, 18-41.

' Ch. Howqego, JFA7, 1994,6.i M. Barbulescu, Potaissa. Stucliu monog€lc (1994) 134.

6 J. P Ca u, La po itjque mon6taire des emperelrs romains de 234 a 311 (1969) 478.1 lbi.l.479.

26

The officjal withdrawal oJ the Roman administraiion and armyfrom Dacia js reilected in thedecrease of the monetary supply index which continues unti Djocletian when distributionreached its lowest value. When Constantine the Great came to an arrangement with theGoihs in 332, Roman administrators returned for a short time to the Lower Danube afocoins once again began to circulate, as can be seen irom the index.In the ne)d pages we will analyse curency circulation itemised bv the setuements oi lheprovince of Dacia.

APVLVMs (tabtes 2. 12; plale 2)

During Philip's reign, the index ior this settlernent (636) resembles thai ior the province asa whole. Under emperors Traianus Decius (703) and Trebonianus callus (691) we find astrong groMh, iollowed by a fuil scale crash, although not below the general provincialindex (Valerianus = 138). This situation continues under cattjenus (152) and Claudjus rl(127), when the setilement's index is still low but above the generat index. Based on thisand a cornparison with the general situation in Dacia, we can say lhat coin circulation inApuTum continued normally until the withdrawal of the Roman administratton from rneprovinces, The reign of Aurelian seems lo have had a disturbing eifect on coin cjrcu ationin ApulLrm - its index (14) is considerably lower than the general index, atthough the incr-dence of a few coins ffom Aurelian's rejgn does not prove that thev came to Dacia at thattime. Coins irom 275 284 are rare, and during the Tetrarchy the settlement index is downto iis lowest value. A new supply of coins did not arflve until Constantine the Great (setlement index = 9).

POTAISSA,o (tables 6. 16; ptate 3)

The selilement index reaches its highest level (850) under the reign oi philip, a conse-quence of the new mint opened in Dacia and the new issues of ?FOVINC\A DACTA\1.Contrary to Apulum, the coin supply in Potaissa decljnecl precipitouslV underthe next em-perors (Traianus Decius=212, Trebonianus Galius= 147, Vaterianus=37), reclucing thesettlernent index much below the value ol the generat index. Allhough the setilementindex is siightly up again under callienus it still rerfains betow ihe provinciat ;ndex, ex-ceeding it only under Claudius ll (82) and Aurelian (78), a pointer thai the tegionaries, payment system still worked. The seltlement index declines more sharply in 274-2A4 G6)and during the Teirarchy (22) and rises again uncler Constantine (54). The index for275 284 can be explained by ihe finds of coins in the civitian seitlement of potaissa,,.

ULPIA TRAIANA SARMIZEGETUSAjS (tables 1O. 20; plare 4)

The settlement index for Philip's reign (1127) is clearly distinct from other periods. tt de-clines under Traianus Decius (364) and Trebonianus Gattus (273) and reaches its lowestvalue under Valerianus (51). Under callienus it is better (113)ihan ihe generat jndex. We

3 J Wink er, ActaMusNapoc a 2, 1965\222 225:V Pavet-Popa, Apu um 19, 1961, i26-j44j V pavet ,.Moga, Apullm 22, 1993.251 256.

, J. Winker, op. cil 240.fJ.Winker A. Hopadean, Moneda anl cd ta Potaiss a (1973) 147: M. Barbutescu, potaissa 2, 19A0,61 18aiM. Bbrbulescu, Potaissa. Stldiu monograiic (1994) t3l

rr M Barb! escu, Potaissa. Siudiu monograiic (r994) 134.

r.J.Winker,Sargetiall-12,1974 197s,117 l36iR.Arctevan C Gazdac The coins trom rhe forum orU plaTraiana Sarm zegelusa, in:Annexe numismatique to rhe monographyofih sste (todhcom ng)iihecolns lound during the Romanan America. campagn o11995 (unpub shed).

27Monetary circ! ation in the main seli emenis ol Roman Dacia 244 332 AD

EMPERoR (Period)

Plare 1: Genefalindexol Dacia (24.1-332 AD)

EMPERoR (Period)

Plate 2: Seiilement index lor Apulum

h=!n6.;665h.9

a;i.E[:Et:-lr?i!t:i'F3"i";:"

650

E aooz350

300

a gen€rd 'nd€x

6 r5oz

+ sett ement inde!

28

EMPEROR (PCriOd)

ptate 3: Sedemenr index for potaissa

have a lack of coins Jot 275-284, and under Diocjeiian the seitjement index is slignrybelow (16) the provincial average. The period of 302-332 is represenied at Utpja TraianaSarrnizegetusa by two coins irom the rule of Galerius. Thrs nray be due to a dearth of archaeological excavations or their introduclion lo Dac a at a ater clate: a hoard was ioundai Ulpia Traiana whose most recent coins date back to Valens and Valentjnianusi4.

POROL|SSUM,S (tabtes 7. t7: ptare S)

As at UlpiaTraiana, Philip's reign stands out in the coin circulation_ The seftlement index isthe highesi of the entire province (1322). An interesting aspect is the massive presence ofcoins minted at Viminacium (30 coins) rather than lhe ',pROVlNCtA DAC:A,'Iype(6 coins). Under Traianus Decius we find a shaF dectine of the setflerneni index (169)below ihe value of the pfovincial index. Atthough the index is stighUy up under Trebonia_nus Gallus, th;s may be due to chance finds: three coins from Trebonianus Gallus versustwo coins from Traianus Decius. This is supported bythe lack of coins from Valerianus and

11 J. Winkler, Sargelia 11-12,1974-1975,117.15 J. W nkier, ActaN4usNapoca 1, 1964, 218;V Lucdcel, Cata ogutcoteciieide monede ant ce a e Muzeurul

din ZaEu (1968)i E- ChirilA, ActaN4usPorol 5, $A1,273 275, N. cldea, AclaMusporo j3, 19a9,420 821; idem, Actat\4lsPorol 14 15, t99O 1991 {1991) 155 174.

fEEEjs€fl€g

N4onetary circulal on in ihe ma n setilements oJ Roman D ac a 244 332 AD 29

I150

450

750

E PEROR (Pod6d)

Plare 4: settlement indexJor UlDiaTraiana Sarmizeoetusa

the settlement jndex under Gallienus which is lhe lowest in the province (20). Flucluatjons;n the index iorthe rejgns of Claudjus ll and Aureiian confirm the decline of lhe military andbusjness centre oJ Porolissum. No coins have been found irom the periads 275-284 and284-305. Onlyfive coins were found.from Consiantine which means an index mlrch lowerthan the orovincial ;ndex (32).

At Porolissum as at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa it is difficult to analyse the actual mone-tary circulation because of the trade with ancient objecls which had already started in theNliddle Ages'6. lt is hard to believe thal a military and custorns centre and town ol slrchscope could yield such a small qLrantity of coins (52 coins).

16 E Chirid, ActaMusPoro 1rF15, 1990 1991 (1991) 154 n.8.

30

cHERLA,? (tables 4. 14; ptare 6)

This Roman seit ement has a specialpiace in ouf study because ofthe current staie of re,seafch. At 26 coins, the yield is extremely poorPhilip's reign is marked bythe highest setttement index (965)_ Some authors consider thereign oJ Philp as an exception to the rule because cojn circulation contracted after 235and the situation becarnefairly desperate atter24913. This opinion is supported bythe lackof coins irorn Traianus Decius, Trebonianus Gallus and Valerianus. For Gallienus thesetUemenl index (41) is much lower than the provincial index. The situation imorovesunder AureJian, exceecling the provincial average, wh ch means that the ojficial abandof-ment of Dacia had no signiiicant impact on the economjc tife of this set ement,,. Theselilement index decreases gradually in 275 284 (76) and under Diocletian (14) and risesagain under Constantine.We can say that the wiihdrawal of the Roman garrison from cherla afiected the rnole-tary situation but did not cause irretrievable damage. The civilian seiflement coniinuedto exist in the 4th century as is attestecl by coins irom ihe reions of Dioctetian and CurL

SUCIDAVff, (tables 9. 19; plaie 9)

In contrast to other settlements, the index for Sucidava is much lower than ihe provjncialindex (94). [,4oreover, no coins have been found from Traianus Decius and TrebonianusGallus, and the jndex for the reign of Valerianus is the lowesi in the who e oi our study.This means that the settlement was of ljttle economic importance in the orovjnce of Dactaduring lhis period. Bui the pjcture changes at the trme of the Boman withdrawal. The inclexrises Jor the reign of Galljenus (147) and practicatty exptodes at the iime ofAuretian (S4tl.This remarkable development can be explained by the setflement,s new role as a tfansitzone. Sucidava, an importanttown on the banks ofihe river Danube. remained as the llnKto the Roman Empire aiter the abandonment of Dacia. The index for 275,284 and Dio_cletian shows a gradual decrease which is perfectly normal considering the monetary situ,dlion i .he Poma^ fmp e as a wholeWhen Constantine the Great reconquered the area at the Lower Danube, it entered jnio anew period of prosperity reflected in the setttement inclex (j21).

DIERNA,s (tabtes 3. 13; ptate 8)

As in the case of Sucidava, the Roman period shows up as a weak and below-averagesegment oi currency circulation. Thus, the index for philip is very low (98), possibly theconsequence ol an attack of the Carpi durjng his reigat a. The peak under TrebonianusGallus (247) is based on ihe short and sharneiul peace after the batUe of Abritus and treneed for coins because of the low content of silvefs. For the next emperors, Valerianusand Gallienus, the index is once again down (46, 20). After the Rornan withdrawal frorn

r? R. Ardevan, Ephemers Napocensis 3, 1993, jj3,j1S.

tr O. Tldor,DaciaT 8,I937-1940 (1941)393 39aiidem, Dacia j1 12,1945 1947 (i948) 202;Gh poe_'d u Borded. SrCe c\un o, t97q, 60 rob2 E. Chirild N. c !dea, ActaN4usPoro 6, 1992, i 3i .z ll. Ch4escu - Gh. Poenaru-Bordea, BSocNumRom 75-76, j981 1982, l69 2OB

,5 lbid. laa.

N4onetarv ci.culation n the main settlemenis oi Roma. Dacia 24,F332 AD

1350

1250

1200

+ settl€ment index

Plale 5: Seluement indexior Porolissum

31

d 7s0

A;i; l*;t;,iJ:=s::i::e

EMPERoR (P.riod)

Dacja, Dierna became a bridgehead to the Boman Empire and trading point between lhenorthern and soulhern banks of the Danube, thanks to its position as a harbour on theDanube River. lts consequent rise in economic imporlance is reflected in the settLemenlinclex: the period oi 275-284 has the highest index (108) of all the settlemenls taken jnto

consjderation, and even though it drops during Diocletan's reign (62) it still remainsabove the general average. ll should be noled that the majorily of the coins Jrom the reignof Diocletian was minted in 295 296. This was the time when the ouadriburous was

32

450

':6 lbid. 193; L Barnea - O. lliescu, Conslantin cel t\4are (19a2) 94.' M. Chilescu - Gh. Poenaru-Bodea, op. cit. 193.

a N. Gudea, SicercJstorv 2611,1975,147 152.

Plate 6: Settlement lndex for Gherla

built'". There are a few coins from 284-294 and none for 3OO-301 and 304-30#?. Theindex for Constantine coniirms Dierna's importance in ihat period: for 305-332 it is higher/J'A7) Ihan fat 244-275. The grealesi supply of Constantine's coins arrived in 313 324.Circulation suflered afterwards because of the war with the coths which ended with thetealy (foedus) of 332,3.

PRAETORIVM" (tables 8. 18; plate 7)

The seltlement is characterised by a continuity of coin circulation throLlghout the ent reperiod under study. The index ior the reign of Philip (214) is below ihe provincial average,but reaches that level under Decius (357) and Trebonianus Gallus (357). During the reignsoi Valerianus (150), Gallienus (179), Claudius ll (179) and Aureiian (143) it emulates theflucluations oi the provincial index, although at a higher level- Located further away from

lvlonerary c rculation ln the main setilemenls oi Roman D a.ia 244-332 AD 33

;

EMPEROR (PeTiod)

Plaie 7: settlement index lorPraelorium

. genercL index

+ settlament index

z

5i5?6;;o

1q\\a.gr;&i;ti,iE+;a:4f:;;e.;;Adr-;6;\i:.

EMPEROR (Period)

Plare 8: setrlement index for Dierna

=

+ s€ttlement inder

generor In0ex

EMPERoR (Period)

Plate 9: Seilemenr indexlor Sucdava

EMPERoR (P.dod)

Piate 10: Settlement index lor Ortea

34

450

4

550

500

z

q!clq-i:gg;F-;;si.t;

!$9|

iN366

lEEq4

tr-F:,9 j"

Monerarv circulation n ihe main setlemenls oi Rornan Dacia 244-332 AD 35

+ PANNONA SVPEROR

PANNONA INF'ROR

ORLEAs3 (tables 5. 15; plate 10)

The reign oi Phjlip marks the high point oi lhe settlement index (225) but even so it isbelow the profincjal inclex. As can be seen from lhe chart, the settlement index similarly

30 M. Macrea N. Gudea L Molu, Praelorllm. casirulti a9ezarea romane de la Mehadia (1993) 81.3r N. G!dea, SicercLstorv 26/1, 1975, 150.., M. N/acrea N. Gudea L Mo!u, op. cit. 8133 J. W nkler, ActaMusNapoc 10, 1973, 181-143.

P ate 1 1 : comparison ol indices for Dacia, Upper Pan nonia and Lower Pannonia

ihe Danube's course ihan Dierna and Sucidava, Praetorium shows a decrease in theindex during Aurelian's wjthdrawal, but coin cjrculation still remains within normal pa-

rameters and is even slightly up (153) in 275-284- The decrease of the settlement indexduring Diocletian (14) could be due malnly to lhe state of research. The shortage oi coinscan be made up by archaeological finds irom ihis periocP. Like the provincial index, thelocal index indicates a new boom in Conslantine's reign (39). In Praetorium's case thiswas due to reinlorcement works3r at a fortress that appears to have been an importantslrategic centre of the area in the 4th century@.

36

fails to exceed lhe provlncial index for the next period. Generally coiJr circulation jn th ssettlemeni is very fragmeniary. There are no coins Jrom the periods of Trebonianus Gal-lus, Valerianus and Claudius Il, probably the result of the destruction oJ ihe setflementin 251 253s, Coin circulation continued jn a small way after the abandonment o1 Dacia.This situaiion is normal for a place which was a small rura settJement in ihe 4th cerltury35. As to Constantine's coins, it is difficult to make judgemenis because the descrip-trons of earlier iinds do not allow us to djstinguish Constantine,s coins issued Drior to33233.

ConclusionsAs it can be seen irom the general index, coin circulation continued unbroken throughoutthe entire period under studvUnder PhiJip, who provides the starting point of our study, a fjnaj attempt was made toward otfihe crisis oJ ihe currency circulation sysiem. Operaiing ihe provinctatmint oj UlpjaTraiana Sarrnizegetusa was, however, only a stopgap solution. But although the variousissues of coins were in use ior a shorttime only, ihey appearto have exefred consideraDleinfluence on circulationt. lt has already been demonstrated that the chiel purpose of theprovincial minls was to sLrppJy the neighbouring areas wiih coinagdB (cf. table 21). In myopinion, the rnints ol Ulpia Traiana and Vimjnacium supptied philip,s coirs to the setfle,ments of lhe inner Carpathians, where most of the troops and towns were located: Apu-lum, ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Porolissum, Potaissa. The situation of the set|ernentsin tfie outer Carpathians - Sucidava, Dierna, Praetorium, Ortea - is reilected in ihe indexior Phjlip's rejgn.Philip's stopgap measure was followed by a sharp decline in monetary circutation duringthe reign oi his successors: Decils, Trebonianus Gallus and Valerianus. The crash wasnot limited to Dacia but extended to the whole of ihe Empire. The suppty of coins driedup rn 253 2603,, by 260 the antoninjani had been reduced to their lowest vatue and jn-flatjon was rampant4o. callienus tried to jncrease the supptl/ by starting mints at Sisc a,Smyrna and l\,4ediolanurn!?. Some schoiars feel that ihis emperots monetary poJicy wasdriven solely by efforis to keep the loyalty of his iroops43. In Dacia it certainly had the effect oi increasing circulation to a level higher than the inclex Jor philip,s reign. UnderClaudius Il we can observe a sJow decrease, probabty due to the high inflation through,oul the Empire and his victories against the coths which boosted conficlence jn the cur-

In Pannonia, the index was more or less the same until Claudius Il, vet in 269-294 thereiollowed a period of strengthenlng and consolidation,.. In both provin;es oi l\,4oesia45 atso,

3 fl. Chilescu - Gh. Poenar! Bordea, op. cit. 191.35 J. Winkler, ActatMlsNapoc 10, 1973, 1a6.

3? R. Ardevan, Moneaia provi.ciala de a Sarmizegerusa, BsocNumRom (fonhcoming).33 Ch. Howgego, op. cit. 12 16.

4, J e Cattu, op. cit. 478.a lbidem; L. de Blois, The policy oi the emperor cattienus (1976) 93.!3 L. de Blois, op. ct 9a.

a5 S. Dusania, Aspects ol Foman Mining in Nortcum, Pannonia, Dalmaria and Moesia Superoi tn:ANRVV6 (1977) 93; B. Gerov Die E nialle der Nordv{j ker tn den Ostbalkanraum im Lichte der M(jnzsctratzfurFde l. Das ll. und lll. Jahrhunded (101-2e4), in:ANFW tt 6 \1977) 142.

Monelary circu ation in the main sefi emenis ol Roman Dacla 244-332 AD 37

Plare 1 2: Map oJ the sett ements in Dacia discussed in lhis paper1. Ulpia Traiana sarmizegetusa, 2. Apu !m,3. Poiaissa,4. Porolissurn,5 Gherla,6. sucidava, T. orlea

B. Dierna, 9. Praeto.lum

coinage from the reign of Claudius ll is present in huge quantities, whereas it is very raren Dacia (16coins, isolated finds in selllements, ci. tables l and ll). By the end of lhqreign of Gallienus, Dacia thus appears to have become removed from lhe Empire's con-trol, at leasl in financial matters.Under Aurelianus. the first impression js that of a more constant supply than under Clau-dius ll. Bui ihis is due to the hjgh index for Sucidava, whiLe the other settlements, with theexception of Orlea, show a decrease of the index for Aurelianus (plates 2 10). His mone-lary reform, which gave credibility to bronze coinagel6 afterthe Boman withdrawal in 274,would not a{fect Dacia Lrntil later.The period aiter the abandonrnent of Dacia, 275 284, appears as a slow decline of ciFculalion. Conlrary to some opinions4T, we can say ihat there was a hiatus in cojn circu-lation between the time when Dacia was a Roman provinc€ and after it was abandonedby the Roman army and administralion. Thjs decrease aiter 275 was quite normal, con-siderjng that the army, lhe largest consumer o1 coinage, had lett Dacia. Nevertheless,

{ The monerary reiorm oi emperor Aurelian established new denominaiions ol a bronze contenl of I, 4 and2 asses ior ihe bronze coins and 4 and 2 denar pieces of silver coinage (J. P' Ca u, op. cit. 479).

' lvl. Macrea believes lhat there was a break in coin circulation Jrom Aurelian to Constanune lhe Greal (M.

Macrea, Viala i^n Dac, romana []9691328 329).

38

many scfiolars see a continuily of the coin supply ailer the Roman withdrawalas. The cir,culation contjnues its decljne under Dioctetiall (cf. ptate 1), which could be exptajneo oythe transiUon lo a barter economy, Consiantjne's campaigns against the Goths enoeowith the treaty (loedus) of 332 which pacjfied ihe area untilihe febellion ol procooius in3644'g. The peace of 332 marked the return oi the Romans io the northern banks oJ theDanube and renewed the supply of coins, which would continue io grow over the next

Anoiher aspect to consider is the mints that struck the coin$0. I\,4ost coins were issueo oythe central rnint in Rome. [lajor provincjal mints were jn Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa andViminacium (cJ. table 21), which were supplemented by mints in Siscia, Thessatonrua,Heraclea, Ticinum, Antiochja and Nicomedia. Eastern mints thus played a major role insLrpplying coins to Dacja, especially during the rejgn of Constantine, while western m rrswere negligible: two co ns irom Mediolanum, one from Lugdunum and one from Arelate.We can conclude that the supply of coins to the majn setllernents in Dacia continued evenaiter the Roman withdrawal, albeit at a lower level. The ancient towns certarnlv remainedinhabited after the abandonment of Dacia, since more of the bronze coins of 6e 4ih cen-tury were found there51. While economic life was more highty developed in the interjor olDacia during its time as a Roman province, its soulhernmosl setflements beoan to flourishtowaros lre e.d o' rhe 3rd ccn,ury and begirni']g of the 4 h cent .rv ocrelring pon theirlocation as neighbours of the Roman Empire.

Tables

The following abreviations are used:

Denominations: AE bronze coins wirh no speciat denomination dpant antoninian hs

PMS

PDsThTiTr

c

LM

Viminacium Province oi

r€ K. Horedt linds a decrease n co n circu ation cturing 276 gO5 becaLrse ol the smatl quantiry oi coinase{apud C Prcda, SloerclstoiV 2613,1973,443). -D. Prolase obserues the nonex stence oia mo.etaryhiatus between 271 and 305 and poinrs ro lhe same prob ern olrhe sma tquanrily oi coinage iD. prora$e,Problema coniln!ftaliln Dacia in tumina arheotosiei !i n lrnismatic [1966] 1s6j. Onrhe;rherhand, CPreda obserues a h gh Jrequency forthe period between Au.etianls a.d Conslanine the creat consd-enng that lhe bfdgeheads on rhe leii bank ol the Danube had ass!red coin slppty jn Dacia (C. preda,op. crr. 443. 445. 456).

3! L Bamea - O. lliescu, op. cir. 107.50 We mention thar this probtem was srud ed only jn the cases where it was posstbte to jdeniiiy ihe mint.

Many coins were struck withour indtcaring lfre piace or rssue.5r E. Ch r la, op. cit 133.

Moneraru circu ation in lhe main seltements of Roman Dacia244-332 AD 39

Table l:Coin iinds by setlemenls

3 10 39 130 372

61 2 84

57 J 3

3

42 2 58

53 l 19 t0 5 96

1

1t 16

2 23 43

5 3

2

2 1 2 t0 23

2 1l

I 2 15

2

6 3 3 21

19 6 531 21 3 23 146

382 54 26 79 52 2Ta 25 15 1.012

40 Cristian Gdzdac

Table 2: Coin linds lrom Apulum

Table 3:Coin li.ds Jrom Dierna

ANT HS DP PD AE

{2,A)

5 2 33 1

38

59 2 61

3. TrebonianLrs cattus 55 57

3 3

42(11)

42

53 53

3 3

2 2

1

l 1

10 10

HS PMS PD

3(1A)

3

2. Trebonianus cattus 1 2hs 3

1(M) 2

1

5(3 S,2 C)

5

1T 1

lTr l

2S 2

9(1Aq,4Th,3H,1 C)

9

Monetarv clrcularion in the main seltlements oi Roman Dacla 244 332 AD

Tabe 4: co n linds lrom Gherla

Tabe 5: Coin Jlnds irofi Orlea

ANT HS DP PD AE

10. Maxim'nus Daza 2(r s, 1 Th)

2

11. Licinius I 6(1 S,2 H, r C,2 AD

6

'17

(l Tr, 1 Ar,3Ti,7 S,2Th,1 Cp,1 N,1 L)

l9

ANT Plrs PD AE

3 t0

l

1

1

1

1

6 6

ANT HS AS AE

5 2 3 l0

2

2

2 2

2 2

7. Constanrius Chlorus 3 3

53???

Cristian Gazdac

Table 6:Coin finds from Potaissa

ANT Ptus PD

39 91 130

2 13

3. TrebonianLrs Gattus 7 2 9

6 2 8

7 12 19

I 3

10, Auintillus

5 6

2

l

3 3

10 10

a a

14. Constantius Chlorus 6 6

l

1 l

2 2

22. Licinius 8 I

27 27

Moneiary circ! ation in lfre rnain seiuements oJ Roman D acia 244-332 AD

Table 7:Coin iinds lrom Poroissum

Tabe 8:Coin Jinds irom Praetori!m

Table 9: coin linds ifom sucldava

43

ANT HS DP PMS AE

1 2 30 6 39

2

3, Tr€bonianus Gallus 3

1

5

ANT HS DP PMS PD

2 3

2 2

3. Trebonianus Gallus I 1 2

1 'I 3

2 2

2 2

2 2

l

3N 3

ANT HS AS PMS PD AE

2

'l

10 10

Tabl- _0:Con rndr l.on jlo'a tr- --d rarr zegF-usa

Table 1l: Monelary index olthe period 244-332 A. D.

ANT HS PD AE

1 l

16 16

23 23

3 3

l

2 2

3 3

23 23

ANT HS AS PtllS AE

5

0A)2 5

(3 hs)19

(5 hs, 1 dp)31

3(1 A)

3. Trebonianus callus 2 3

1M 2

2 3 5

2'l 2

2C 2

244-249 3f2

249 251 365

3. Trebonianus Gattus 251-253 80 40 348

253-260 5a 4,28 72

5. Gallienus+ Postumus 260 26A 97 105

Monetary clrcularion in the majn settlements oi Roman Dac a 244 332 AD

Table r2: Settleme.t index Apulum

Table 13: Settlemenl index Dierna

6. Claudius ll+Victorinus + Quintillus 268 274 18 9 7A

7. Aurelianus+Tetricus 27Q-275 9

A. Tacitus + Probus+ Carus+ Carinus 275-244 27 3

9. Diocletianus + Maximianus+ Galerius 244-30s 1,90 17

10, Galerius+Consiantius Chlorus+ Maximinus+ Maxentius + Licinius + Constantinus

305-332 197 61

244-332 1012 ro0

244 219 138 636

249-251 61 40,5 703

3, Trebonianus Gallus 251-253 60 30 691

253 260 42 138

260 268 53 6,62 152

26A 270 127

274-275 3 0,6

6. Diocletianus+ Marimianus 244-30s 3 0,14 3

S. Constantinus + Galerius 303 332 0,40 9

244-332 382 100

244 249 3 9a

2. Trebonianus Gallus 251-253 3 1,5 246

253 260 2 0,24

260 26A o,12 20

275 2A4 6 0,66 108

6. Diocletian + Maxim ianus + caterius 244 305 a 0,38 62

7, Constantinus + Galerius + Licinius + 305-332 3l 187

244-332 0,61 100

46

Tab e 14i Sett ernent index Gherla

Table 15 SeUement indei Ortea

244-249 965

260-26A o,12

3. Aurelianus + Tetricus 270 275 2 134

275 2a4 2 4,22 76

244 305 0,04

305-332 6 o,22 76

244-332 26 4,29 100

244-249 10 2 225

249 251 2 '112

260-268 2 2A

270-275 2

275-244 0,11 12

284J05 2 o,09 10

7- Conslantius Chtorus+Licinius + Constantinus

305 332 60 249

244-332 79 0,89 100

N4onetary circularon in lhe maln sellLements ol Roman D acta 244-332 AD 47

Table 16: Setllement index Potaissa

Table 17: Senlement index Poroliss!m

244-249 26 850

249 251 13 6,5

3, Trebonianus Gallus 251-253 9

253 260 a 37

5. Gallien us + Postumus 264 264 20 2,5 a2

6. Claudius lt +Victorinus + Ouiniillus 26A 2TA 5 25 a2

7. Aurelianus+Tet.icus 270 275 12 78

L Tacilus+ Probus + CarLrs +Car'nus 275-244 t0 1,t l 36

9. Diocletianus + IMaximianus 284J05 1a 0,66 22

10. Galerius + Constantius Chlorus+ [Iaximinus+ Maxentius+ Licinius

305 332 54

244-332 274 3,06 100

39 78 1322

249 251 2 169

3, Trebo.ianus Gallus 251-253 3 254

264 2€8 1 o,12 2A

tl 264 270 0,5 a5

274-275 l 4,2 34

306-332 5 0,19 32

244-332 52 0,59 100

4A

Table la: Settlement index Pmetorium

Table 19: Settlement index Sucidava

t

244-249 3 o,6 214

249-251 2 1 357

3, Trebonianus Gallus 251 253 2 l

253 26a 3 4,42 150

260-26a 0,5 179

264-270 179

274-275 2 143

275 284

244-3A5 0,04

306-332 3 o,11 39

244 332 25 o28 100

244 249 0,4

253 260 0,14 16

260 26a 10 1,25

4. Claudius ll+Quinlittus 268-270 0,5 59

270-275 23 541

275 284 o44 52

244-3A5 0,19 22

8. Galerius + Licinius + Constantinus 305-332 28 121

244-332 75 o,a5 100

Monetary cjrculat on in the maln settlements ol Roman D ac a 244 332 AD 49

Table20: Settlemenllndex ULplaTraanaSarmizegelusa

Tab e 21: ssles ol provincialminls

244-249 31 1127

249-251 2 364

3. Tr€bonianus Gallus 251-253 3 273

253-260 2 0,28 51

260-264 5 o,62 1T3

244-305 2 009 T6

305 332 2 o,o7 13

244 332 055 100

PD PMS c H L s Th Ti Tr

39

2 3

3 5 I

l 2 5

3 3

2 3

1

2 3

2 2

5

2

2 2 6

l 2 3 2a

81 5 2 1 l 2 2 2 146

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