Upload
khangminh22
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
,. , , ,
,. ,
,, ,
. ,
.,
.,
. ABA/CEELI . . ,
, , , ( ) ABA/CEELI .
16 1990 , :
,. , ,
“” (1991 .), “ ” (1993 .), ,
1996 : “, ,
”.
, . ,, .
, , ,, ,
- . – .
– – ,.
- , ,- . ,
- , ,- ,
. ,
, , ,.
,( “ ”).
-. ,
- . –
.,
- . – , – ,
“ ” , ( ,, ,
, ). ,,
“ ”. ,
“ ”, ,- .
, ,, ,
, .,
, , ., ,
– . , ,, ,
,.
, ,,
, , ,,
.
1 .
,, , : , ,
, . “ ” :
- , ( ) ,, , .
, , ,.
- , . ,, ,
., .
- , , ( ) – , ,
.- , , . .
, “ – () –
, ,, , ”1.
,, ,
, ,, .
“ ”, “ ”. “ ”“ ” , ,
( , ). ( ,
). ,
1 . . . – : -
, 1997. – . 17
: “”2. –
: ,. . ,
“ ” “ ”.. - , –
, ., , .
, ,, .
- , ,.
. – “ , ,, ”3. ,
,.
. , ,. ,
– .,
. , ,. “ , ,
, ”4. ( ,
). ,.
:1) , ,
.2) , , , ,
. ,, .
3) . . .,,
. : “ ,”.
4) “ ,
” ( .29 ).. ( ,
, , )“ ,
, ,, ”. ,
, .5) , ,
, .
.,
.
– - ,, ,
2 English ., Stapleton . A Practical Guide to Monitoring Human Rights. – HR Centre, University of Essex, 1995. – . 4. 3 . . . . – . 21 4 .
, , ,, , 5.
. – – ,
, ,.
- ,.
, ( , , ).
( ) ,, .
( ),
, .,
, . . ,.
, . .; -
, “ ” . ,, .
, .,
.3 .1 ,, , , .
, . - ,, , ( )
,.
- , ( . . ),
. ( ,
), ( , ,
), , . .. , ,
, , ( ,), , ,
( , ), , -, 6. , “
, ”7.- , ,
-, .
“ ” ,, .
( , ).
,, ., -
, , , – .
5 . . . . – .: , 1998, .12 6 . . . . – .: , 1997, . 240-246
7D'Amato. International Law: Process and Prospects. – N.Y.: West Publ. Comp, 1987. p.142
, ,.
, , – . :
( , ),
( , ). ,, .
.,
( , , ). , “” ,
, ,, .
,. , . .
, ,, .
,.
,, ,
. .. . 10
1948 . ,, ( ,
, , , , ). , “ ,
”. 50 .
., . . , ,
, ., , , .
: ,, .
– .XVII-XVIII . . - , , -
. : ( ) : , ,
, , ,, ,
, ,, , ;
: , ,, ,
. – , , – .
I – . ., , ,. : ,
, ,, , (
, – , – ), .
, . ..
“ ” ( ) ,
. , , ,. . 55
,, . ( )
, , ,, ,
., : )
; ) ,; )
.,
,,
,, .
:.
– ,, .
– . : - ,, - ,
“ ,”.
– – . 1948 . ,
- , (, , , , ,
. .). , ( , , . .)
( ), , , , “
”., ,
,.
, , ., :
1) , – – .
, ,. – ,
,. 1993 .
.2) , , .
,, ,
. , , , , ,, ,
, , . 1966 .
( 23 1976 ., – 3 1976 .).( ),
– .
:,
, .: ( ),, , ,
. .3) . . 57 63
,, , ,
, .,
. 16 .. , ,
, , ,. ( )
, ( ).
. ,, ,
, , .
: , .
.-
, 40 10 ., , ,
, ., , – .
, , ,.
,.
.. .
. – .
, , . -, , - , , ,
. ( ), 1995 . .
, ., ,
, , . – –
– , . ,
,,
., ,
, ., ,
, ., , , ,
.: ,
. ,, ,
. ,, – ,
. , ,-
, .
,. ,
, , ,, , “ ”,
(, - , , , - ,
, , , , ).. - , ,
( ), , ( ,
. .). - , ,
,. ,
,. , .2 ,
- , ,, . .2
,, ,
., , , , – ,
.
, ,. ,
. , ,,
., .
,,
. , “ ”,,
. ,,
, ,. , ,
.
-. ,
– ,. ,
, . , ,.
-: –
, – ., – ,
,,
- . ,.
, ( ) – . ,
, – , . ,
, -. “
, ”8., .
( ).,
: , ,. , ,
, , , “ ” – .
2 “ ”
, ,,
, , . ( .55): “
, ”. . .,, ( . . ,
, , ).
:, , .35
.2.
: ,?
,, ,
,, ,
( ). ,, ,
.,
,.
. ,: “ , ,
, – ,”9.
..
, . , ,
, ,.
. – “ ,
, … ”10.. - ,
.55 . -, .124 “ ,
”, . . ,. - , ,
,, , , ,
8 Maxime T. The Right to Individual Complaint to the United Nation for Violations of Human Rights // International Human Rights Law. Theory and Practice. – Montreal: The Canadian HR Foundation, 1992. - .403. 9 . . , 2000, 1. – . 178 10 . . / . . . / - .: - - , 1998, . 305
( . . 1, 136, 137 ). ,, ( ,
) ,– . , ,
(“ ”, . . ). ,
( . . 27, 94, 95, 98, 99, 236-1, 236-2, 236-5, 236-6 - ). - ,
, ,, ,
( .403 .14 ).: , (
), ; , ,; . ,
, : ,- , .
,.
, ,. , ,
, . ( ) ( ). ( )
– ,, . . ,
, ., , ,
, ., ,
. ,. ,
, , ( ),( ) ,
., . . 10 7 .
, , ( –
), .
, . ., ,
., ( , ,
) . ,, .
,, , .
, , ,, , ,
. , – , . .
, ( .330 . 388 ). : .328 .388
, ,, . : ,
, ,, , . ,
, ,, ,
11. ,, . .
11 .( . . , 2000, 1. – . 176-179)
, ,.
– ,, ,
( .1 “ ” 4 1991 .). ,. ,
, , , ,. “
” ( .1 1 ), ( .10 ) – , ,
,.
,,
. . . 12-14 - (
) .. . 91, 92
, ,.
., .2 .4
“ ” “, ,
- , , ”., . ,
, (
, ).,
., . ,
, , ., .
, ,, ,
., , :
, ,. -
, ,. , ,, , , .
,
, ., – ,
. “
”12.,
, . ,,
, ,.
, ,, ,
., ,
,
12 . . . – : 1998. – . 9
. ( ,) , , ,
– , , . . , ,
, , . .( .13 27.12.97 . “ ”). ,
,, ,
.,
. .40 16.10.96 . “ ” ( . .
) , 45 , ,,
. – ( .43 ),
. ,– , ,
.
3
4 1950 -, 1953
.: - , ( )
. - – ..
- , :. , 1 1998 . (
), ,, , .
,.
, ., . ,
( ), ,, . ,
, ,, ,
, 17 . ,
, , ( . . , ).
, .- , .
. . ., ,
, , , ., 11
( ). , ,
, - .
?
, 1-2% ,. , , ,
,- .
, , (,
, , ),, .
.1 1 – , .11 – , – .10 –
. ..
, , ., , ,
, “ ” “ , ”. . , .
“ ” ., “ ” . ,
, .13
,,
., ,
, . 17 1997 ,.3 .59
, , 11 1997 . , ,
– .6(1) – .
, , ,, .
, .:
) “ ”., , “
- , ”.) . “
,- , ,”. , , ,, .
) ,. . , “ .
”.) , ,
. , ( , . .) .
, ,. ,
, ,. , ,
, , .,
.
, . ,, – , , . .
, , ,: , ,
, ,.
. – ,. –
13 . 1
. .. , .
, , 38 ,
,: , . .
7 , , , ., , . – . , ,
., , , “
”. , - ., , -
. 40% .
, . ,, , , ,
, . -.
, “,
, ”., , ,
, .,
. ( )
. ,, ,
, . 31 ,
-, .
, ,, , , ,
, .
. , ,, ,
( ),.
, – , ,
,. 6
, , ,.
- . . 41 “ ”, “
( - – .) ”. “” –
. , ,, .
: - ( , ), “
” “ ”., , 41,
, -. , , . . 90-
, ,,
. .
, ,, ., , , ,
“ ” . ,. ,
“ ”. ( , )
, . ,.
. , ,, ,
, . 17 , , - ,
. ,.
, : ) , ), )
., , .6(1) ,
“ ”, . , , , , ,
, ,, .
, , - , ,, ,
. . “ 54
” ( .46 11), “ ,” ( 1). ,
, ,. ,
..
, – , – , .
,, . 9 , . ,
“ ”
, .-
, ., ,
,. , ,
,, ,
. :,
, . ,, ,. ,
, . . ,- .
- – ,
., , ,
“ ” .
, – . , ,
,, .
,,
, . ,, , , ,
.
, . ,: , . 28
, , “ ”
.
, . ,, ,
, , , , – , . . , ,, ( .62).
, ( . . “ ”),
14.. 5 ,
, .148 - ,
.
, . 157
, , , ,
.
, ( , .193 ).
.3 .5 –
. , .6 .156 .
, :, , . . ,
, , – – . ,
, ,.
6 , ,
( “ ”), .
, ,.
, .:
, , 3,5 ., . ,
, , , , ,, .
14 , : , .2(30). – :
, 1997.– 200 .
, “, . .”15.
,, , . , “
, ,, ,
”.,
. ,
( . .328 331 ) ,
, ,.
10 ,,
. ,, , .- ,
. 125 ., ,
“ , – , ”16. ,, ,
, . “”17.
. -, .
, , – , , ,
. , 1981 ,- “ , ,
, , …, ,”.
, ,,
. .
,,
, .,.
4
23 1976 ., ,
. , , - ,- . - ,
– . 1976 . 18 ,
, , “”. “
, ”., .
- 4 .
15 . 6. – .: 1997. – .119. 16 . //
, . – - XIX. – . 14217 .
-.
,.
. ,- , –
. , , 1981 ..
.- ,
..
.
..
, ,-
.
- , , -, , .
, ( , , ),, ,
- ..
1966 . – 23 1976 .
,
.,
., , 18.
,.
, . 12 1973 . ( 23 1976 .), , ,
23 1976 . , ( ,) , –
, ,. ,
, , , . 25 1991
., . ., ,
- , . 88 133 - .
,- . ,
, , ,.
, ,, / , – ,
, / . . . ,. -
, , . ( .
.1).
18 . 2
. , ,
“ ”., ,
,- , ,
- ., -
, ,. , 1503 ( . . 7).
, .,
,
. , , ,.
, ,, - .
, ,- , .
, ,, ,
, .- – .
..
, , ( ) (, , ) .
., ,
, . ( )
, , , ,, ,
., ,
.,
. ,- -.
, , , ,, . , ,
. ,, ,
.. , –
, ,, –
, .. ,
., , .
, ,, ,
., .
,, .
.
, , ,, ,
, , ,. ,
.
: ,, , ?
., ,
, ,. 46
. ,, ,
..
,, , ,
.: .34
,. .
, , . , ,: , ,
:( .10 .2), ( .25).
, ,, . .
,, .
, ..
, , , – ( , . .)., : ,
,.
5
,.
,.
. 10 1984 ,
. 1 : “ , -
, ,, ,
,, , ,
,, ”.
- ,, ; ,
; ,, , .
, 1 1988 ., .17 .
,
. ,,
,., 1988 ., , ,
. 10 ,
. , -, ..
, ..
, . , ,- ,
. -.
- ,, .
25% . 26 1986 , 5 1998 ,
, .20, . . 21 22 ,
.
-
19 -
.;
. ,.
. -.
,, ,
- .-
, .- , ,
.,
, .
, , ,,
., .3 .19 ,
, . ,, , , ,
. , ,.
, , , , ,- , .20
.:
., .20, , ,
,.
( , 5 1998 .).
, , .20,. ,
-- ,
.,
.
, .
, , ,.
, ,, .
, , ,-
. ,.
, , -
. ,, , .20, .
, , .21 - ,. , .20,
.21 ., , .21,
, - ,- .
. - -, - ,
. ,, , ,
. ,, 6
, .,
, , ,, ,
, .
., , .
, , “ ” .
,, .
, ..
- , - ( 5 1998 .)19.
, ,- ,
.22, ., (
)., ,
, .,
, .. ,
, : ( , ,
, ); ( . .
, );.22 ( . .
, . .); -
;
( . .2)., , ,
.,
, ,, , .
, -, , ,
.- ,
,. , ,
, , , , ,.
, . , (
) ,.
., -
,. ,
- , ,, .
, , - ,, -
., ,
..
19 . 3.
- , ,.
, -.
,,
-.
. :
.: “
”. , ,, (
– . .3). ,
, ( )
., ( .1)
., -
( 24 1997 .).,
.- ,
,. ,
..
, . ..
,. ,
,.
,. .
-. .2 ,
, ,. , ,, . , ,
., , .
, ,- ( , , . .).
:–
- ;– ;– .
, , ,, ( ,
, . .).
,
. –
, . .,
,. .
, ., ,
. ,,
,, .
, .
, .
,: .
,.
, ,, , ,
. ,, ,
.,
., , (
), , , , ,.
, ,- ,
. , ,.
6
,,
, , .,
. “, - ,
,”20.
, : , ,,
.
20 . . – , 1998,
3. – .4
,
, – , 1976 ., 35
. 1973 .:
;,
;
., -
. 1978 . 15 . -
, . , 1982 . .
1985 . , 18 - ,
( . . , ).,
( , ).
. – , ,
.. , - .
. – , .
- , ,, ., , .
-. ,
, , .,
- ., ,
, , .
,, .
, -.
, ,, .
, – , , .
.-
., , ,
., , ,
,, , ,
., , .
,. , ,
- ,.
,,
. ,, ,. , “
-,
”21.,
,: , ,
,. . , – ,
, ,.
2 1996 . ., .
- . 1961 . 1965 . , :
1988 ., , 1991 . , ,
, 1995 ., . 3 1996 .
. 4 , – 31 ,. , , . , : “
”, .31 II : 1) ; 2)
; 3) , . III , -
, . I , , ,
,.
, ,. . ,
, , , 16 ( 63 , ).
, ,, ,
.:
, : 1) ,; 2) :
, ,; 3) ,
,; 4)
: , ,, - . .
: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
. .: , , ,
, - ,.
21 , // . . – : -
, 1998. – . 5
-.
, . “
,”22.
. , - ..
, ..
. – , ,.
, .. ,
, . ( - ),
( ),.
, .. ,, .
, - ,-
. ,.
– - .
1995 . -. , 22 1995
., 9 1995 . , ,, ,
.:
1) ,;
2) ,, ;
3) ,;
4) ,,
, , .,
., : ) ; ) ;
) , 1995 ; ) ,.
, - ,, .
, , ,,
. ,, .
, , - ,.
22 . . – . 7
28 1919 , .XIII ,
. 1944 . 26 ,
.,
, - ,
( . . 3, 4 ). 1954 . , .,
..
.. – ,
, ., ,
. – . -
56 – 28 14 . 10
, , , , , . – .
, . ,.
, ,, , , , ,
. , ,.
, , 122 1964 . – , 100 1951 . – , 29 –
, 87 – , 119 – .
, “,
, – ”23..22 ,
, , ., –
. 20 , .
,, ,
.
., , , ,
..
2 .23 -
., ,
( .24 ).
, .24 ..24, , ,
,.
23 . . . – .: , 1982. – . 54
. , ,, .
..
..
,. , ,
(), ,
. ., , 26
: - . ,, .
., ,
. ,, .
, , ,, ,
, ,.
, .: , ,
. .“ , ,
, : , – ,…”24.
,.
,, .
: “,
”., , , ,
, ,, ,
, 87 . 2 : “
,”.
1950
, .,
. 10 17 1950 .
, , , 12 1949 ., ,
. , 1959 ., ,
., , ,
,, .
, ,-
24 . . . . – . 55
. 116 117 ,.
, , , ,: ,
,.
. 1951 . 9 , ,
, ., , -
., , ,
,,
.,
,.
(, )
, , , ,,
, ,,
, .
, ,,
.,
. ( 87 9 1998 .)
,
. , , ,, ,
, . ( ),
,, ,
, ,
. .
.,
. , 4 ,
, , ,.
., .
, .,
, ,. .
, , , ,, , ,
.
, , ,.
, ,,.
, , ,, . ,
, ,, , .
,.
“ ”. ,
., , ,,
, , , ,, .,
, , ,, ,
. , ,, .
, ,, , ,
- . ,, ,
., ,
, , ,.
, , ,, ,
.-
, ,, , ,
, - ., ,
..
,
, , ,.
, , ,, ,
, , - -.
- ,, , . .
, .,
, ,, . ,
.,
( ,). ,
., ,
,.
,, ,
.,
. :–
;– ,
;– , ,
, .
,, , .
,, ,
. ,, . . ,
.,
,.
7
, – , –
,. , ,
. .:
– , ( , );
– , ( , );
– ,( , ).
.
– ( . .) .
,, ,
, . 1946
. 53 – ,
15 , . , “…, ,, “ ” ”25.
: .:
, ,.
, ., ,
- -. ,
25 . . : , , . – .: , 1991. – . 116
. ,,
,.
,. 6 .
, ,,
..
1235 ,.
, .,
. –
,.
, ,, . .,
, , , . ., . .
. , ,, ,
. ( , , ),
.,
,.
, .
. , 1503, ,
..
. ,, , .
, ., , ,
., ,
, , ( ,
– )., .
– ,.
, ,. ,
, .,
, – .
.,
. ,.
“ ”, .
,.
, ,,
. ,, .
:– , ;– ;– ;– “ ”
;– .
,,
, , ,
.
. “ ,, , ,
, , ,, .7 .2 , , ,
,”26.
: “”.
, ,, , ,
, ., -
. , , , ,, , , ,
, ,.
1963 ,,
:– ,
,, ;
– , ,,
,;
– , , ,;
– , ,,
. 1965 ,
., ,
, . 21 1969 .
- :
26 . . . . – . 120
– , - ,, ,
;– , ,
;–
, ;– , ,
;– ,
, , ,.
.: ,
, ,. . ( .5 . . a, b, c, d). , ,
, . . ( , ),, , , ,
( .5 . ). (
, ) ( ). ,
,.
18 ,. –
., - .
. ., .
.- , (
4 1993 . ,).
, , ,,
., ,
, .- , – , .
,, .
.- ,
, ., , ,
,.
-- , -
, .,
. -. ,, ,
., .
.
, ,, .
,.
., , ,
, ,, ,
., .
- , , ,. , , ,, ,
, ., , ,
, ( – ), .
, ,, .
,- ,
,.
,, , ,
.
. ,,
., .
. ,
..
“ , ”( , 1, 18).
, 1979 . 24 1980 ., 3 1981 . .29 .1, , .
, - ( , .15 – ), -
( , .11 – )., .17,
. 23 ,, .
, . 4 , - .
.,
, ,.
,.
., ,
( ,).
, ,, , ,.
, , .21 , .
“ - , ,, ”.27
, .29 .1 ., ,
. ,.
- , ,“ ” ( 44/25 20 1989 ).
,, . . ( .6 – ,
.8 – . .), ( .24 –, .26 – . .). ,
,( 18- – .1), ,
. 27 1991 .
“ , - ,, ” ( .43).
, - ,. , – 4 .
,. ,
, , ,. .
- “ ”, . ,
., , .
, ,. , , ,
, , ( ,
, ) .
. ,, ,
,.
“”. , , ,
.,
..
., ,
, ,, , .
“ ”,.
27 : // 22. – : - , 1995. – . 58
-.
,.
,,
. , “ , … ” ( .4. .44).
, , .“ -
”28.. ,
,, , ,
.,
, ,.
-- , .
., 25 1996 .
– , ( . . )
, . , ,, ,
., ,
.:
, (, ),
, . , 18- ,
“ , ”.- .
, . .“ , ”. ,
, , “ ”.
. ,, , ,
..
“ , ”, :– , ;– ,
- ;– ,
,.
- . -, , , ,
, .,
. ,,
, ;; ;
; ,
28 . // 10. – : - , 1998. – . 16
; ,.
,.
., .
, , ,, .
130 1945 ..
. 1946 . ,
, , .,
., .
319 (IV) 3 1949 ..
1951 ( ). 1 “ ” “ , 1 1951 . ( .1
1967 – .), , , ,
,
; , ,,
”. , , “ ” (1993 .)
,. , ,
, . ,.15 , .16 –
, , ( .17), ( .22)
. .,
1949 . , 1954 . . (1959 .),
,, , .
, 21.10.99 .
, “ ” “ ”.
, , .
, 428 (V) 1950 .1951 . ,
, ( 5- ) 2003 .
:– ( –
, – );– ;–
;– ;
–, ;
–;
– .,
,.
, ,.
. . ( ) , 100 .
., ,
., ( )
, ,.
50-, - , .
(1956 .), (1971 .), , , , (1975 .), (1975-1980 .) . .
, , ( , , . .).
, 20 . .
, ,, .
, .
, , ., .
,, ,
, ., , .
, – ,
. -, :
. , ,, .
. ,.
, , ., ,
..
. – . –
.. , , ,, .
,.
,, 1946 .
.. 1947
( . “ ” ),
, .. 27
, : “ , ,, , ,
,, ”. ,
( . 4). , – ,1985
,.
: ,.
– ,
. 1995 ., (, 1997 .) 1998 .
,, –
, .,
, , , , ,, , , ,
, , , ,.
., -
.
.. 18
, ,. , ,
– , ..
,. ,
..
, – .
., “
,,
( ) ” ( .1).
, , . . ,. - : )
; ), ; )
,. ,
.,
.
.
., .17
. , . ,, .
..
. ( , . .)
,, .
, ,, .
,, .
.,
. ,.
. –
1994 1995 ., .
(1972-1975 . .), 1990 . 1992 .
1994 . ,. , ,
, ,.
, ,( , , , , , , ), .
, , -. ,
- .. ,
, .,
. ,, -
.,
,, . ,
,.
, .. “ ,
, “ ” ( , , ) “ ” ”29.
“”.
1989 . ,. , ,
, ,, .
,: –
29 . . i : , i . i i. – I i - i
- . – i .: 1998. – . 344
. , 1992 ,
. 1992 1993.
“ – ,, ,
- ”30.,
“ ”., “ ” “ ”
,, ,
., : - ,
, - , ,, ,
.“ ,
..”31
, ,, ,
, , , .: 1)
“ ”; 2)
, - ;3) ,“ ” ; 4) ,
. ,, .
, ,.
. - .-
- ..
,- .
, ( ).
, ,.
, , .,
, .
– . ,, –
, 1992 . , :– - –
;– – , , ,
;– ,
, ,,
. .; 30 . , i i . i. – I i - i
- . – i .: 1998. – . 382 31 . . . . – . 383
– ,,
, ;– ,
, , . .;–
,, ,
. .;– – ,
,, .
, :, ,
. ,,
. 1993
“ ”32. 4 .
, ,,
.,
.
- .
, ,.
, . – .
1999 ., “ ”
. , ( .1 ).
, ,. : )
- ;) -
;) .)
.) - ,
,- ,
;) ,
, , ( .3).
, ,, - , , , ,
( .5). , , ,
..
– , – (
) 7 1992 . ( ).
32 Basic Facts About the United Nations. – N.-Y.: United Nations, 1998. – P. 225
. () ,
, .,
. ,
- . ,. , “ (
, , ). “ ”
”33.,
, .
., .
8
,,
( ). ,, ,
. ,, ,
.,
. ( ,) :
( , 1996/31 )34.
,.
, ,. ,
,.
,,
., , :
–;
–, ,
;– – ,
. .;– ;– ,
, ( , . .). –
. 71 .
, “
33 . . . – : 1998. – . 21 34 . . . . – : 1999.
,, ,
”35.
, ,, , .
. , ,
“1503”. , ,
, ,.
.
(93) 38 “”. , ,
, , . .,
:1) , ;2) , ( ,
);3) , ( , “ 19.
”); 4) ;5) , ( ,
);6) , ( ,
)..
– ,, , , ( )
( ). .
,. , , ,
, , , .,
., , -
. – – ,.
..
1863 . , 25 .
, (, 1949 .).
;.
( 150, 250 36)
, , . . ,, – .
,, , -
35 . . – .- .: , 1990. – . 50 36 . . . – .: , 1998. – . 178
. ,
, – , ,. ,
. .. 1991 .
37.
– , ( ,
). , , “ ” – , , , , , .
, , ,,
.,
., . ,
,.
, , .,
.
, “ , ” ()38. ,
,,
. , ,,
39.
, .. , ,
. 5 % ,
. ,.
( ) ( ) 1977 , .
, . – ,
., , ,
,.
. ,,
, , 37 . . ’ . – , 1997. – . 8-9 38 Amnesty International Report 1998. – L.: AI Publication, 1998. – P. 27 39 Indeed. – P. 28
., , , , ,
.
,. ,
., ,
. – ,. , :
, , ,, . 11 ,
, - ., , . .
, ,. ,
., , , 30 %
,.
“ ( ) ,”40. – .
75 .
;
, ;;
;;
; ; “ - ” () “ - ” ( ).
. – ,
, - .
. “ :” ,
.
1
34 , 45 47 41.
I.
.
40 . . . –
.: - , 1997. – . 53 41 ,
( / )
1. ................................................................................ 2. , ......................................................................................... 3. ........................................................................................... 4.5.6.7.8. ,9. , ,10. 11. 12. ..........................................................
.( , )
13. ................................................................................................................
II.
14. ( , )
III. /
( . III )
15. IV. 35(1) ( . IV . , , 16 – 18,
)
16. ( , , )17. ( , ,
, )18. - , ?
, , ?
V.
( . V )
19..........................................................................................
VI.( . VI )
20. , , -? , .
VII.( , )
, IV VI. ,, , .
21. ) ............................................................................................................ ).................................................................................................................. ) ..................................................................................................................
VIII.( . VIII )
22. , .
...........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
/
, 34
. ,, , ,
., 34 .
., ,
.. ,
,42. ,
45 47 .
. – 1 (a), (b) (c) 47(1-13)
, ( – ).
., –
, , . ,, .
.
II. – 1 (d) 47 (14)
, ., .
. ( , ),.
III/ – 1 ( ) 47
(15),
. , , ,, , II, .
, , ,, ( ., , ( ) (f) 1
5 2 8 11). , ,, .
IV. 1 35 – 2 (b) 47 (16-18)
.. 18 , -
, ., ( , ,
) , .
42 * ( 4 1998 ) “ ...” 1 1999 ., .247.
V. – 1 (g) 47 (19)
, , ., , , , 41
.
VI. – 2 (b) 47
(20) , - ,
, ,. , ,
, , , ,. .
VII. – 1 (h) 47 (21) ( , )
, IV VI, , ,, ( , .
.). , ,. , ,
.
VIII. – 2 45 (22)
,, ( ).
45 47
45 ( )1. , 33 34 ,
.2. , ,
., , .
3. 36, ( ).
47 ( )
, 34 , ,, .
:) , , , , ;
b) , , ;c) , ;d) ;e) ( )
;f) (
), 1 35 ;
g) , , 41 ;
:h) , – –
.2. , :
) , , 1h, (
), 1 35 ;
b) , -.
3. , , ,,
..
4. , 1 2, .
5. , , ,, , . ,
, .6. ,
.
2
:............................ :
Human Rights Committee c/o Centre for Human Rights United Nations Office at Geneva 8-14 avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
.
I.......................................................................................................
( ) ................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................
................................................................................................. .............................................................................
....................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
( )........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
) , ...........b) ( ) ( )) ............................................................................................
), :i) ( ), . .
: ......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
ii) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ),
( ) .II. ( )
( ( ) ( ) )
...................................................................................................... ( ) ................................................................................................
............................................................................................... .................................................................................................
...................................................................... ..................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
III. / /
- ( ) ,...................................................................
, , ,: ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... , ( )
( ) : , ()
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... , :
........................................................................
IV.-
. , ?........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
V. (
) .................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................
___________________
3
:............................ :
Human Rights Committee c/o Centre for Human Rights United Nations Office at Geneva 8-14 avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
,.
I.......................................................................................................
( ) ................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................
.................................................................................................
............................................................................. .......................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... ( )
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
) , ...........b) ( ) ( )) ............................................................................................
), :i) ( ) ( . .
: ......................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
ii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ...........................................................................................................................
, ( ), ( ).
II.( )
( )
...................................................................................................... ( ) ................................................................................................
............................................................................................... .................................................................................................
............................................................................. ..................................................
III. / /
- ,............................
, , , :...........................................................................................................................
, ( ) ,: ,
() ..........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... ,
:.........................................................................
IV.-
. , ?........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................
V. (
).....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
___________________