အေျခခ GIS သငတနး QGIS လကေတြ႕ေလကငခနး စာအပ

 

ဒတယအၾကမ ျပငဆင ထတေ၀သည။

Release Version 2

ေအာကတဘာ ၂၀၁၄

October 2014

Myanmar Information Management Unit

Version 0.2 ထမာ ဘာေတြ အသစပါရသလ

• Introduction အခနးတြင၊ အေျခခသငခနးစာအတြက လအပခကမား၊ Events မားအေၾကာငး၊

SDI မားအေၾကာငး၊ Free Journal မားအေၾကာငး၊

• Map Projection အခနးတြင၊ Datum အေၾကာငး၊ UTM အေၾကာငး

• GIS ေဒတာမားျဖင ကစားၾကညျခငး အခနးတြင၊ Query အေၾကာငး

• Digitizing အခနးတြင၊ Georeferencing အေၾကာငး၊ OpenLayer Plugin အေၾကာငး၊

OpenStreet map ႏင Google map အေၾကာငး၊ Digitizing Polygon အမားျပငဆငျခငး၊

Advanced Ditigizing အေၾကာငး၊

• Geoprocessing အခနး (အားလးအသစ)၊ Clip အေၾကာငး၊ Buffer အေၾကာငး၊ Convex hull

အေၾကာငး၊ Interpolation၊

• ေတြ႕ၾကေလရေသာ စေကးအမားမား

Basic GIS Training

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Table of Contents

အဖြငသငခနးစာ....................................................................................................................................... 1

စကားဥး ..................................................................................................................... 1

အေျခခ သငခနးစာ အတြက လအပခက ............................................................................ 2

GIS ဆတာဘာလ ........................................................................................................ 5

GIS န႔ဘာလပႏငလ ..................................................................................................... 5

GIS ရ႕ အစတအပငးမား ................................................................................................ 6

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) အေၾကာငး တေစ တေစာငး ................................. 10

Free and Open Source GIS Softwares မား ................................................................... 11

GIS ႏင သကဆငတ ညလာခမား ႏင ေဆြးေႏြးပြမား .......................................................... 12

GIS ေဒတာအမးအစား ................................................................................................. 13

Vector Data အမးအစား .............................................................................................. 13

Raster Data အမးအစား .............................................................................................. 15

GIS File Format ႏင Data Interoperability အေၾကာငး ...................................................... 16

ေနရာ ေဒသတစခ၏ GIS database ႏင SDI အေၾကာငး ...................................................... 17

အခမ သ႔မဟတ အခမ စာတမးမား ပါရေသာ GIS Journal မား ............................................. 21

သငတနး အစအစဥ ႏင အခန ....................................................................................... 22

လကေတြ႕ ေလကငခနးမား ................................................................................................................... 24

1. QGIS က မတဆကေပးျခငး ႏင စတင အသးျပျခငး ..................................................................... 25

1.1. QGIS Download ရယျခငး .................................................................................. 25

1.2. QGIS Software Installation ျပလပျခငး ................................................................ 25

1.3. QGIS က အဖြင၊ အပတျပလပျခငး ........................................................................ 25

1.4. QGISDesktop ၏ GUI Interface ႏငစတင မတဆကျခငး .......................................... 26

1.5. QGIS Setting and Configuration မားက ျပငဆငျခငး .............................................. 28

2. QGIS ျဖင ပထမဆး ေျမပျပလပျခငး ............................................................................................. 31

2.1. GIS data layer မားက QGIS Project ထသ႔ Import ျပလပျခငး.................................. 31

2.3. Map Navigation ကအသးျပျခငး .......................................................................... 34

2.4. QGIS project ထက Layer တစခက အဖြင၊ အပတ ျပလပျခငး .................................... 34

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2.5. Layer မားက အထကေအာက အစအစဥ ေျပာငးစျခငး ............................................... 34

2.6. Attribute tool ကအသးျပ ၾကညျခငး ..................................................................... 34

2.7. Layer မား အတြက Label ထးျပျခငး ...................................................................... 35

2.8. Layer မားက Show/Hide ျပလပနညး ................................................................... 36

2.9. Layer မားက QGIS project ထမ ဖယရားနညး ........................................................ 37

2.10. QGIS Project တစခက ဖြင၊ ပတ၊ သမးျခငး ......................................................... 37

2.11. ေလကငခနး ................................................................................................. 37

3. QGIS တြင Layer မား ျဖင ေျမပ အမးမး ျပလပ ၾကညျခငး ......................................................... 38

3.1. သမးဆညးထားေသာ QGIS Project က ျပနဖြငနညး၊ အသစျပနသမးထားနညး ............... 38

3.2. Layer Properties ကတစခစ ေလလာၾကညျခငး ....................................................... 38

3.3. Point Symbol မား ............................................................................................ 38

3.4. Line Symbol မား ............................................................................................. 39

3.5. Polygon Fill Symbol မား ................................................................................... 39

3.6. အသငရေသာ Color Ramp မား နမနာ .................................................................. 39

3.7. Symbology အသစဖနတးျခငး ............................................................................. 40

3.8. Layer မားက Symbology အမးမး ေျပာငးၾကညျခငး ................................................ 41

3.9. Vector Symbology က ေလလာၾကညျခငး .............................................................. 41

3.10. Single Symbol ............................................................................................. 42

3.11. Categorized Symbol ..................................................................................... 43

3.12. Exercises .................................................................................................... 45

3.13. Graduated Symbol ....................................................................................... 46

3.14. Raster မားအတြက Classified Symbol .............................................................. 47

3.15. Layer Transparency ကေျပာငးၾကညျခငး ........................................................... 48

3.16. Assignment ................................................................................................. 48

Thematic data/map .................................................................................................. 49

4. Map Projection ............................................................................................................................ 51

4.1. Geoid ............................................................................................................ 51

4.2. Datum ........................................................................................................... 54

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4.3. Map Projection ................................................................................................ 57

4.4. အဓက Projection အမးအစားမား ........................................................................ 57

4.5. Standard Parallel ............................................................................................. 60

4.6. Central Meridian သ႔မဟတ Prime Meridian ......................................................... 60

4.7. Cartographic Projection Library ........................................................................ 61

4.8. Coordinate System .......................................................................................... 62

4.9. Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) အပစ ....................................................... 62

4.10. Projected Coordinate System (PCS) အပစ ....................................................... 63

4.11. Trade-off between projection transformation ................................................. 67

4.12. Map Scale ................................................................................................... 68

4.13. QGIS တြင Projection မား အျပနအလန ေျပာငးၾကညျခငး ...................................... 70

5. GIS ေဒတာမားျဖင ကစားၾကညျခငး .............................................................................................. 75

5.1. Query ကအသးျပၿပး Attribute မားက Filter လပျခငး ............................................... 75

5.2. Attribute Query Exercise .................................................................................. 81

5.3. Selection type, Select by Rectangle, Select by Radius, etc. ................................. 82

5.4. Attribute edition .............................................................................................. 82

5.5. Field Calculatorအသးျပျခငး ............................................................................... 82

5.6. Assignment .................................................................................................... 83

Data Acquisition in GIS ...................................................................................................................... 84

6. Digitizing ...................................................................................................................................... 84

6.1. Base Map ....................................................................................................... 85

6.2. Georeferencing Base Map ................................................................................ 85

6.3. Google Map က Base Map အေနျဖင အသးျပျခငး ................................................... 94

6.4. Snapping Distance ......................................................................................... 96

6.5. Digitizing Point ............................................................................................... 97

6.6. Digitizing Line ............................................................................................... 103

6.7. Digitizing Polygon ......................................................................................... 107

6.8. Advanced Digitizing ....................................................................................... 111

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7. GPS အေၾကာငး ........................................................................................................................... 117

7.1. GPS Components .......................................................................................... 117

7.2. GPS အလပလပပ ........................................................................................... 117

7.3. GPS တငးတာနညး .......................................................................................... 118

7.4. Accuracy of GPS ........................................................................................... 118

7.5. Accuracy & Precision ..................................................................................... 119

7.6. GPS Data Correction / Post Processing............................................................ 119

7.7. Differential GPS ............................................................................................ 120

7.8. QGIS သ႔ GPS point မား ထညသြငးျခငး .............................................................. 120

7.9. GPS data မားက GIS Layer အျဖစသ႔ေျပာငးျခငး .................................................. 123

8. Attribute table မားႏင ခတဆက၍ အသးျပျခငး ...................................................................... 125

8.1. PCode (Place Code) ...................................................................................... 126

8.2. Layer တစခႏင တစခ Attribute table မား အခငးခငး ခတဆကၿပး အသးျပျခငး ......... 126

8.3. ျပငပမ Table မားႏင ခတဆက အသးျပျခငး ........................................................ 126

8.4. Excel ဖငျဖငခတနညး ..................................................................................... 127

8.5. Joins toolက အသးျပၿပး table မား ခတဆကနညး ................................................ 129

8.6. ေလကငခနး .................................................................................................. 132

8.7. Township GIS shape file vs. Township Population data in MS Excel. .................. 132

8.8. Population Density တြကနညး ......................................................................... 134

9. Pie chart, Bar chartမားျဖင Data Visualization လပနညး ....................................................... 137

9.1. Bar Chart ျဖငျပနညး ....................................................................................... 137

9.2. Pie Chart ျဖငျပနညး ....................................................................................... 138

Assignment ............................................................................................................ 140

10. QGIS Plugin မား ႏင မတဆကေပးျခငး ................................................................................. 142

10.1. Plugin ဆတာဘာလ .................................................................................... 142

10.2. Plugin Install လပနညး ................................................................................ 142

10.3. Plugin က ဖြင ၊ ပတလပနညး ......................................................................... 143

10.4. Plugin တစခက အသးျပနညး......................................................................... 143

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10.5. အျခားေသာ Plugin မားကလညး စမးသးၾကညလကပါ။ ......................................... 147

Assignment ............................................................................................................ 147

11. Print Composerကသးၿပး ေျမပ Layout ျပငဆငနညး............................................................. 148

11.1. QGIS ၏ Print Composer ............................................................................. 148

11.2. Layout ျပလပပ ျပလပနညး အတခပ အဆငဆငမာ ေအာကပါအတငး ျဖစပါသည။ ... 148

11.3. Map Layout Project .................................................................................... 149

11.4. Map Scale vs paper size စာရြက အရြယအစား ေရြးခယျခငး ................................ 149

11.5. Composition .............................................................................................. 149

11.8. Map element တစခက ျပငဆငနညး ................................................................ 152

11.9. စာတနးမား ထညျခငး ................................................................................... 152

11.10. Scale bar မား ထညျခငး ............................................................................... 152

11.11. Legend မား ထညျခငး .................................................................................. 153

11.12. North Arrow ပ ထညျခငး .............................................................................. 153

11.13. Logo ပ ထညျခငး ........................................................................................ 153

11.14. Arrow ေခၚ ျမားပ ထညျခငး ............................................................................ 153

11.15. Rectangle, Elipse, Triangle, Shape မားထညျခငး ............................................ 153

11.16. Attribute ဇယားမား ထညျခငး ........................................................................ 153

11.17. HTML မားထညရန....................................................................................... 154

11.18. Alignment အတြက ...................................................................................... 154

11.19. ယေန႔ Date ထညသြငးနညး ............................................................................ 154

11.20. Item မားက အေပၚေအာကသ႔ လရာေရႊ႕ႏငရန အတြက ........................................ 154

11.21. ေျမပက Export လပ၍ပထတျခငး .................................................................... 154

11.22. Map Layout Template က သမးထားျခငး ......................................................... 154

11.23. QGIS Print Composer project သမးထားျခငး ................................................... 154

11.24. Assignment ............................................................................................... 154

12. GeoProcessing ျပလပ နညးမား ............................................................................................ 156

12.1. Clip .......................................................................................................... 156

12.2. Buffering ................................................................................................... 156

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12.3. Convex hulls ............................................................................................. 157

12.4. Interpolation ............................................................................................. 158

12.4.1. Main menu Raster Interpolation Interpolation က ႏပလကပါ။ .......... 159

13. GRASS GIS က မတဆကေပးျခငး ႏင စတင အသးျပနညး .................................................... 159

14. Project Assignment ............................................................................................................... 159

Application ......................................................................................................................................... 161

15. Open Street Map မတဆက .................................................................................................. 161

15.1. OSM တြင GIS ေဒတာ Edit ျပလပ၊ ေရးဆြနညး ................................................. 162

15.2. OSM ၏ GIS ေဒတာမားက Download ရယနညး ................................................ 164

16. Change Detection in 10 years time forAyeyarwaddy Delta Area ................................... 170

17. Near Real-time Flood Mapping Using MODIS Satellite Image ....................................... 175

မ ျငမးကးကား ...................................................................................................................................... 175

1

အဖြငသငခနးစာ

စကားဥး ဤအေျခခ ေလကငခနးမားသည GIS ပညာရပက စတင ေလလာ သငၾကားခငသမား အတြက ရညရြယ

ပါသည။ ဤ ေလကငခနးမားတြင Free and Open Source GIS software မားက အသးျပထားၿပး GIS

နညးပညာက မမတ႔လပငနးအတြငး ေကာငးစြာ အသးျပႏငပက ေပါ႔ေပါ႔ပါးပါးန႔ နမနာျပ တငျပထားပါသည။ မမတ႔၏ ရးမား၊ လပငနးမား၊ အမားႏငသကဆငေသာ လပငနးမား၊ သငၾကားေရး၊ ေလလာေရး စသည တ႔တြင

GIS နညးပညာ၏ အေျခခက လြယကစြာႏင ေကာငးမြနစြာ အသးျပႏငရန အတြက ရညရြယပါသည။ ဤစာအပတြင ရငးလငးခကမား၊ နမနာမား၊ ပမား၊ လကေတြ႕ေလကငခနးမား စသညတ႔က တတႏငသမ ရငးလငး လြယကေအာင ထညသြငး ေဖၚျပထားေသာလညး က႑အားလးအတြက စလငစြာ ပါဝငေသာမ ပါဝငပါမည။ တကယ ရငးလငးခကမားမာ ထအေၾကာငးအရာ မားက ရငးလငးသငျပစဥက နားလည

သေဘာေပါကေအာင ရငးျပေျပာဆေသာ Lecture မားႏင Demonstration မားကပါတြၿပး ေလလာ မတသားရန လအပပါမည။

ဤကသ႔ Free and Open Source Software က အသးျပရျခငး၏ ရညရြယခကမာ မမ႐းတြင

ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ အဖြ႔အစညးတြင ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ မမ၏ လပငနးအတြက ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ မမ သေတသန စာတမးမားတြင ေသာလညးေကာငး၊ တစဥးခငးစ၏ ကယပင အလပတြင ေသာလညးေကာငး အသးျပေသာ အခါမာ အထးတလည ေငြကနေၾကးက ကခရန မလအပဘ၊ လြတလပစြာ အသးျပႏငေစရန

ျဖစပါသည။ ၎ Software မားက လြတလပစြာ ျပနလည ျဖန႔ျဖးႏငပါသည။ အျခားေသာ ေငြကနေၾကးက ေပးဝယရသည Proprietary software မားကသ႔ GIS feature မားစလငစြာ ပါရမႈ ရခငမရမည။ ပစခငလ

စပါမည၊၊ ေတြ႕ၾကရေသာ အခကအခ (Complain) မားက အကအညေပးၿပး ေျဖရငးေပးမညသမားလညး ေပၚေပါကလာ ႏငပါသည။ မမ လပခငေသာ GIS လပငနးမား အတြက တျဖညးျဖညးႏင ဖြ႕ၿဖး တးတကလာသည Free and open source GIS software မားကလညး ေကာငးစြာ အလပ

လပေပးႏငေၾကာငးက စတင၍ မတဆကေပးျခငးလညး ျဖစပါသည။

ဤ လကေတြ႕ သငခနးစာ သငတနးစာအပသည ျပညစသညဟ မဆလပါ။ ထပမ၍ ျဖညစြက ေရးသားရန

မားစြာလအပ ေနပါေသးသည။ GIS က စတငေလ႔လာ လသမားအတြက မမဖာသာ ဖတရႈ ေလလာႏငေစရန၊ သငတနးမားတြင အသးျပႏငေစရန၊ တစစတတစပငး အေနျဖင အေထာကအပ ျဖစေစရနႏင GIS နညးပညာက

ျမနမာဘာသာျဖင အလြယတက မတသားသငယၿပး၊ အလြယတစက ျပနလည၍ လကေတြ႕ အသးခႏငေစရန၊ GIS ပညာရပ ျပန႔ပြားလာေစရန၊ ျမနမာႏငင ဖြ႕ၿဖးတးတကေရးတြင ပါဝငေဆာငရြက ေနၾကသည

ျမနမာဝနထမးမား အတြက GIS က အသးခရာတြင အေထာကအက ျဖစေစရန၊ လထမားအၾကားတြင GIS

ပညာရပ ျပန႔ပြားေစရနအတြက လကဆငကမးကာ ေပးေဝင ႏငေစရန စသည ေကာငးကးျပေစလေသာ ရညရြယခကမားျဖင၊ အစတညကာ အေျခခအေနျဖင သငယတနး GIS သကသ႔ နမနာမား၊ အေသးစတ

လပရးလပစဥ အဆငမားျဖင၊ စတင၍ ျပစေပးျခငး ျဖစပါသည။ (အလငးသငပါက ပထမတနး၊ ဒတယတနးမား ဆကလက ေဖၚျပသြားပါမည။) အမားမား ပါရခပါကလညး ေဝဖနေထာကရႈ ေပးျခငးျဖင ကညေပး ေစလပါသည။ ဤအေျခခ လကေတြ႕ သငခနးစာ မားတြင Software ႏင Tool မားက အသးျပပက သရၿပးေနာက GIS က

လကေတြ႕ အသးခပတ႔က လကလမး မသေလာက မညမး ကးကား ေဖၚျပေပးထား ပါသည။

အေျခခအဆငျဖင ေကနပတငးတမ မေနဘ ဆကလကကာ မမတ႔ လပငနးမားတြင GIS နညးပညာျဖင

Analysis လပနညး၊ Modeling လပနညးအထ ထထေရာကေရာက အသးခႏငေအာင ဆကလက ေလလာ မသာလင GIS ၏ အႏစသာရက ပမ သရလာမည ျဖစပါသည။ GIS က အျပညအဝ အသးချခငးလညး ျမညမည

MIMU Capacity Building Training

2

ျဖစပါသည။ အေျခခ အဆငထက ပၿပး နကနကနန ဆကလက ေလလာခငသမား အတြက အခ႕ေသာ ေနရာမားတြင အလငးသငသလ အေၾကာငးအရာမား၏ မလရငးျမစကပါ တတႏငသမ ထညသြငးၿပး ေဖၚျပ

ေပးထားပါသည။ မမကယတင လကေတြ႕စးစမး ကငတြယၾကညၿပးမ ခငခန၍၊ ေရြးခယျပး သးစြၾက

ေစလပါသည။

အေျခခ သငခနးစာ အတြက လအပခက

ဤအေျခခ သငခနးစာ အတြက သငတနးသ/သားမားက Computerက အသငအသငအဆငမ ကၽြမးကငအဆငအထ အသးျပတတရန လအပပါသည။ သ႔မသာ သငၾကားသ အတြကေရာ၊ သငယသအတြကပါ အဆငေျပ ေခာေမြ႕ၿပး လရာ ခရးေရာကပါမည။ Keyboard က အသးျပတတျခငး၊ စာ႐ကႏႈနးက

မနမနကနကနႏင တစမနစလင အလး ၃၀ ႏင အထက ႐ကတတရန လအပပါသည။ Mouse က

အသးျပတတျခငး၊ Software မားက အဖြင အပတ လပတတျခငး၊ Software အသးျပနညးမားက

သရထားရပါမည။ Computer အေျခခသငတနး (Microsoft Office Suite သ႔မဟတ OpenOffice Suite) က ေအာငျမငစြာ ၿပးေျမာကေအာင တကၿပးသ ျဖစရပါမည။ Microsoft Office Suite (Proprietary Package) OpenOffice Suite (Free Package)

အခ႕ေနရာမားတြင GIS ေျမပမားက ျမနမာဘာသာျဖင ေရဆြရမည ျဖစေသာေၾကာင အသးမားေသာ ေဇာဂလကကြက သ႔မဟတ ျမနမာ၃ လကကြက ျမနမာစာကလညး ကြမးကငစြာ ရကႏငရပါမည။ သငတနးလကမခမ စစေဆးပါမည။ Computer အေျခခရမသာ GIS software မား၏ Tool မားက ဖြငျခငး၊ Tool မား၏ အလပလပပ သေဘာတရားက နားလညႏငျခငး၊ GIS ဖငမားက ဖြငျခငး၊ အသစဖနတးျခငး၊ GIS ထသ႔ ဖင input/output

လပျခငး၊ software ႏင data က ကြျပားေအာင နားလညႏငျခငး၊ Digitizing ျပလပတတျခငး စသညတ႔က

ေကာငးမြနစြာ ျပလပႏငပါမည။ အခ႕ေသာ အဆငမားတြင GIS လပထးလပနညးမား အတငး တငျပထားေသာလညး သငယသ၏ Computer အေျခခ အားနညးခကေၾကာငသာ ထသငခနးစာမားက

နားလညရ ခကခေနတတၿပး၊ GIS က နားမလညဘးဟ ျဖစသြားတတပါသည။ လအပေသာ အရညအခငးမား ကြ မးကငစြာ မတတေျမာကပါက (မျပညစပါက) အခနတေတာငးသည

ဤသငတနးကာလအတြငး မမအတနးေဖၚမားႏင သငၾကားသမား၏ ေန႔စဥအခနမန ၿပးေျမာကရမည

သငခနးစာမားက (အလငမၿပးေျမာကေအာင) အေႏာကအယက ျပေစေသာေၾကာင ပမန သငခနးစာမားတြင တကေရာကျခငးက လကမခေပ။ ေအာကတြင သထားရမည Computer အေျခခမား က နမနာအေနျဖင ေမးျမနးထားပါသည။ ေျဖၾကညေပးပါ။

• ဖငေတြက နာမညတတ ထားလ႔ ရပါသလား။ သငအေျဖေပၚ မတညၿပး ထပၿပး အကယဆကရငးျပပါ။ • Folder ဆတာ ဘာက ေျပာတာလ။ File ဆတာ ဘာက ဆလတာလ။ Folder န႔ File ဘာကြာသလ။