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'<<

REWAH STATE GAZETTEER.

VOLUME IV.-TEXT AND TABLES,

THE CENTRAL INDIA STATE GAZETTEER SERIES.

REWAH STATE

GAZETTEER.

Volume IV.

TEXT AND TABLES-COMPILED BY

C A P T A I N C. E- LUARD, M A ( O X O N ) , I A . ,

Superintendent of Gazetteer in Central India,

ASSISTED BY

PANDIT JANKI PRASAD, M. A-, LL. B-,

Secretar// to His Ilhjlincbs tlie Maharaja of JRewah.

Xucfntow:

NMYUL 'KISIIUlU: STEAM ITJNTINli PRESS.

1 Q Q 7 .

R

%

P R E F A C E .

TUB Gazetteer was compiled by Pandit Janki Prjwid,

Secretary to His Highness, and has been excellently done.

As regards the two main sections, Historical and Statistical, I am mainly responsible for the former, all the reference work being mine, the (Stale histories compiled of late years being glaringly inaccurate.

The statistics given afford the- latest available, which were

collected only with difficulty a> it is not u-ual to keep returns

Mich as were required in the Gazetteer.

Many sections might be made fuller on revi.-ion. On the

whole the work reflects great credit upon Pundit Janki Prasv! ^

to whom my best thanks are due for his care: anil great prompt­

ness in answering my numerous demand.-. To Hi- Highne-s

Maharfijil Yenkat Hainan JSingh I would tender m\ thanks

for his .support of the work which has materially aided my

labour.

Pandit Shridhar Yinflyak, Head Clerk, and the staff of the

headquarter office have worked excellently in checking and

preparing proofs for the pre-s.

I O O R E : ) C. E. L U A R D , OAI'TAIX,

The 10th April 1007. ) Sujierhitemhiit of Gazetteer

in Central India.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

D E S C R I P T I V E .

Section I,—Physical Aspects.

Situation and area ...

Name ••• Boundaries Natural Divisions ...

The Uparihar ... The Tarihar Hilly tract

Scenery Hill System

Rivers •«• The Tons

The Son

Early days The Haihaya, Chedis or

Knltichuris The Chandellas Tribal rule ... The Baghelas

Bhira Salivahan ••• BIr Singh

VTrbhan Bam Chandra Virbhndra

PACK.

... 1

... ib.

... i&, ... ib. ... ib. ... ib. ... ib. ... 2 ... ib ... ib. ... ib.

... 3

Section II,

... 7

... 8

... 10 ... ib. ... t6.

... 13 ... ib. ... ib.

... H ... ib. ... 16

Geology

Mineral products ...

Limo ... Coal Clays Fossils ... Summary ... Botany ... Fauna Climate Eainfall Cyclone, &c. ...

—History.

Vikramaditya ...

Amar Singh ,., Anup Singh ... Bhao Singh Anirudh Singh Avdhut Singh ...

Ajit Singh

Jai Singh Visvanath Singh ... Eaghuraj Singh Venkat Raman Singh

Titles

Archaeology

ii CONTEXTS.

Section III.-Population.

Enumerations Density and Variation

Towns and villages

Migration ...

Sex and Civil Condition

Religions Infanticide Language and Literacy Castes and Tribes ... Occupations ... Social Characteristics

FAQIS.

. . . 19 ... ib.

... ib.

... ib.

... ib.

... ib.

... ib. ... ib. ... ib. . . . 20 ... ib.

Dress ... Food ...

Daily lifo

Bouses ...

Marriage ..

Disposal of tho dead Festivals Amusements Nomenclature Public Health

Plague ...

CHAPTER II.

E C

Section I

General ... ,.,

Early days General conditions...

Classes of soil Seasons ... , l t

Prognosis of Beasona according to the cultivators

Area cultivated and variations ... Agricultural practice ...

Double cropping ... ,,,

Rotation ... ,,,

Mixed sowings ... , „

Manures

Irrigated crops Pests

ONO

.—A

24 1

ib. 25 ib. ib.

ib. 28 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. tb.

MIC.

griculture.

Implements ,,.

Area under crops

Crops

Garden produco

Progress ,.,

Irrigation Wells Cattle Pasture

Cattle diseases ... Cattle fairs

Agricultural populatic Holdings Indebtedness Takkavi

Wages and Prices

Section II.—Wages and Prices.

. . . 30 | Material condition.

CONTESTS.

Section III.—Forests.

Foiost area ... Classes of forest Deciduous forest belts Mixed forosta Riperian forests Classification ...

Section IV,—Mines and Minerals.

... 40 I Corundum ... ... ib. Ramraj

Iron ... ... ... 41

Section V.—Arts and Manufactures.

Aits ami Industry... ... 41

Fine arts * ... ... ib.

Goldsmiths ... ... ib. Audhian ... ... ib. Luc work " ,.. ... ib. Wood work ... ... ib. Tottery ... ... ib.

Section VI.—Commerce and Trade.

General character ,„ Exports and Imports Trade centres

Market towns Trading classes Shop-keepers ... Routes Vehicles

... 44

... ib. ... 45

... ib. ... ib. ... ib. ... ib. ... 46

Weights and Measures pe to tho Rewah State

Measures of capacity Measures of weight

Jeweller's weight ... Cubic measure used by-

diggers Square measures ...

Time ... ... ••• 47

Section VII.-Means of Communication.

... 47 I Tost Offices

... ib, J Telegraph Telephone ,„ ... 48

PACE.

... 31-

... ib.

... ib.

... ib.

... ib.

... 32

Control Trees ... Grasses t . . Jungle tribes Revenue

Trees and shrubs ...

Coal ... Limestones

Uiotli making Dyeing Extraction of oil Tailory Cloth printing Carpentry Iron work

Railways Roads

IV

Early records

COX TENTS.

Section VIII,—Famine.

PAGK. I ... 48 I Famine of 1896-97

Famine of 1899-1900 ... 50

PAGE. ... 41)

Early days

Present day

Chief

Diwan

CHAPTER III.

A D M I N I S T R A T I V E .

Section I.—Administration.

51

53

ib.

54

Departments of Administration, 01

Official Language. . . ... ib.

Administrative Divisions ... ib.

Tahsil staff ... ... 55 Internal village Administration ,., 55

Section II.—Law and Justice.

Early days Present system Legislation and Criminal

Procedure

Financial position... Sources of revenue

... 5G

... ib.

... ib.

Civil ... Courts and Powers... Fees ... ... Registration •••

Section III.—Finance.

... 59

. . . ib. Expenditure ••• Coinage

Section IV.-Land Revenue. Early days Present day , „. Settlement ... Demand and Incidence

... 61 .

... 62

... ib. ... 63

Rates ... Cesses... ... Collection ... Tenures.,.

... &6

... 5 8

. . . ib-

. . . M-

... «"*•

... 6 3

ib.

... ib'

Section V.-Miscellaneous Revenue. Excise Opium Hemp drugs

65 ib. 66

Liquor

Customs Stamps

63

ib.

ib.

YAUK.

Section VI.—Public Works ... ... 07

Section VII.—Army.

A n n y ••• - ••. * . . . . . . . . . . G8

Section VIII.—Police and Jail. PAGE.

Polico ... ... G8

Regular Police ... ... ib.

Villago Police ... ... 09

Huzur Tahsil ... .» 72 Teonthnr Taheil ... ... 7-1

Bngburajnogar Tahell ••• 76 Sohagpur Talisil ..,

Alhaghat

Amarkantak

Amarputan

Aiuarpur

Anuppur

Bahunti

Baijnath

Baikunthpur

PAGE.

Village Kotwars ... ... 69

Finger impression ... ... ib. Jails ... ... ib.

Mauganj Tahsil ... ... 78 Bardi Tah.sil ... ... 79 Ramnagar Tahsil ... ... Si

... 85

G A Z E T T E E R .

Bandhogarh Baraon Baraundlia

Bardi

Belonhi

Beohari

Bhad

Blnilua

... 90 ... ib. ... lb. ... 91 ... ib. ... ib. ... ib. ... ib.

Section IX.—Education.

General ... ... 60 [ Control ... ... 70 Girls'School ... ... 70

Section X.—Medical ... ... ... 71

. Section XL—Surveys ... ... ... ib,

CHAPTER IV.

ADMINISTRATIVE D I V I S I O N S & GAZETTEER.

M ( U . M L M \

Gazetteer— (CunUutud). PA^.L I

Bbaijunn

Bj um Lab a i

Bichiata

Burhai

Chachai

Chaki Clnndi Chandia CbandrebT Cboihat Dabhaura Deogmj Kataia Deoiajnagar

Gaih Gboghra

Gbuman

Gidbaila Ginjalhll Goiaia Govindgarli Town ...

Gurgl-Masftim Gmh Hanumana ...

I la ta

Itwan

Jaithari

Jatn Jobi Jodhpur Kachnl Kakonsiba Kandhwar ... Kevati-kund Khairi ,„

Khale^ai

Kbaramseia Khaiwaln Kiiatai KhiUkh.ui

. . . ,b

... lb.

. . . ib

... 92

. . . ib

. . . ib.

... 92

. . . tb.

. . . ,6

. . . ib

. . . tb.

... 93

... ib . . . ib.

. . . ib

. . . ib

. . . ib

... 94

. . . 16.

. . . ib

. . . tb

. . . tb.

. . . tb.

.., 03

. . . ib.

, . . ib.

. . . ib.

... J6

... ib

... z6

... tb .. tb. . . . ?&

... 96

. . . ib

. . . tb

. . . 16

. . . ?&.

... 97

Kotli.ua Kupalpui ... Lai pin and B.illim ...

Lanr

Luk

Mddhogmh

Majhauh ...

Makundpur Mangiwan Man pin

Mai a (MUD)

Marwaa ...

Mauganj

Mowha9 Naiagirhi (Naigiihi)

Narwas ...

Now gain Pabbat Pah

Paljha Pia\s an ... Pipra ... Puiwa ...

Raghunatbginj

Raghmajnag'U

Ramnagar ...

Rampur Baghcl Ranipnr ... Row ah Town Sahdol

Satna (Ragluuajnag u

Somalia Sidhi

Sihawal ,„

Sitlaha

Sohdgl ,,, Soliagpm ... Teontlni

1 Uiruma .,,

C O N T E X T S . vii

A P P E N D I C E S .

PAGH.

Appendix A.—Noto on the early Chiefs of Rewah& their Chronology, 107

B.—treaties ... 112 C—A Statement of Agri­

cultural Produce in the lime of Maharaja Ajlt Singh (17G1) 121

i'.\r;n Appendix P.—A Statement of Vil- '

lages by Parganas in (lie time of Ma­haraja Ajit Singh (1701) ... 12-1

]').—Political Ofiicers of the Baghelkhand Agency ... 132

TABLES.

I. I I ,

III.-IV

V VI.

VII, VIII

IX

X

XI.

XII .

XIII ,

—Temperature ... 135 -Rainfall ... ... 13G -Distribution o£ Population, 137 —General Statistics o£

Population ... 138 —Vital Statistics ... 130 — Deaths according to Causes, ib. ,—Agricultural Stock ... 140 .—Leading Statistics with

Appendix ... ... 141 ,—Statistics of Agriculture

and Irrigation with Ap­pendices ... ... 145

.—Area in Acres under Prin­cipal Crops with Appendix, 151

,—Statistics of Factory In­dustries ... ... 158

.—Quantity of Minerals produced ... 159

Prices of Staple Food-Grains ... ... 100

XIV.—Wages XV.—Roads XVI. — Legislation and Jus t i ce -

Civil Justice XVII.—Legislation and Just­

ice—Criminal Justice ... XVIII.—Finance—Receipts ... XIX.—Finance—Expenditure,

XX.—Revenue Demand, etc. ... XXI.—Excise ... ...

XXII.—Municipality ... XXIII.—Education

XXIV,—Polico XXV.—Army

XXVI.—Jails XX VIL-Medical

XXVIII.—Fairs

XXIX.—Post and Telegraph, XXX.—Famine Expenditure,

XXXI.—List of persons enjoy-iDg grant of lands...

1G1 103

161

1GG 168 170 172 174 170 177 178 179 ISO 182 184 185 1S7

188

Glossary

Index ... Map (in two parts) at tho end of hook.

. . . MM

... ix i i

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The works relating to the tract ot Baghelkhand, and the .Rewah house are not very numerous. The history of the tract is scattered through various papers in Journals, \Uiile that of the Chiefs is given mainly in the Maasir-ul-Umra.

The following works m\y be nuntioncl as useful lime or less for general reference :—

Ain-i-Akbari.—Translated by Blochmann and Jarret.

C, xV. S. R.—Archvological Suvvey Reports by Sir A. Cunningham.

E. M. B..—The History of India as told by its own historians by Sir PI. Elliot (chietly Muhammadan),

I. A.— The Indian Antiquary,

J. A. B.—Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal.

Other works are given where specially referred to,

ARMS OF THE REWAH STATE.

Al'lllS—Or : tiger statant, in chief a tiled: proper.

Crest—A dexter hand eusigued with a flame proper.

Supporters—Tigers.

Motto—^Vs; 5ii% sre m*m WK II

Mrigendra prati dwandwa tamma prayCd. " Do not fight with (or make war against) tigers."

Note.—The Rewah Raj is guarded by tigers, while the founder of the dynasty was Vyaghra Uev or the Tiger King.

The motto indicates that it is futile to fight with the Rewah Raj as the tigers guarding it are invincible.

The Katdr is the favourite weapon of the Baghels.

Gotrachar—

Gotra—Bharadwaja.

Veda—Yajur. Shakha—Madhyandini.

Prawara—Bharadwaja, Anarishl, Barhaspatya.

Sutra—Katyayana.

R e l i g i o n — Shri Vaishnava.

The ruler belongs to the Baghel branch of the Solanki or Chfilukya Kshatriyas which played a very important part in the his­tory of Southern India and Gujarat before the Baghels migrated to the country called " Baghelkhand " after them.

GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE REWAH CHIEFS. VlBADHAVALA

(1219-38).

I Vyaghra Dev.

I I Karna Dev i

Kirat Dov (went to Deccan).

Burat J)c\ •

III SobagDev

IV Sarang Dev.

V BUas Dev.

VI Bhimroal Dev. I

VII Anik De\

VIII Balan Dev.

IX Dalkeshwar Dev.

X Malkesbwar Dev.

XI Bariar Dev-

XII Ballar Dev

XIII Singh Dev.

XIV Bhairam Dev.

XV Nailiar Dev.

XVI BHIRA (Bhaidja Dev) Janak Dev (1470-95) (Jiraunha family).

I XVII SALI\AHAN

(1493-1500).

i

Nagmal Dev (Kevati family). XVIII BIE SINGH

( 1 5 0 0 - 1 J 4 0 ) .

I X I X VlUBHA-N " (1540-3 J J.

YX R VAI CHANDRV (aha» Ram Smgh) A * (1555-92)

(1592-93). L_

i X X I I VlKB^MVDITYV

(1593-1^24)

i

Jamunl Bhrum (Pohvi'iir lamily)

[Duryodhau Singh.1 }

i " " ~~~ Z • -f Kandhai D*'v Shvam Dev (went to Gujarat t t a n U l y 1U

and present Baghcl Thakurafc, ( ^ ^ g u t e ) . are from him).

v K l l I AMAK RlSOH * ' ,V>1-10)

(lblU- , ,uJ-

. H vrun Singh Indra Singh { { l ] y ) .

(Bar ladih tamily). l u a r "

, I, i l a i " 1 ' ) ' ^'huiulia

,) x*\s mt Singh

n U s > ' » < , , i ' , , t , , ) M a k u n V S 1 " ^

. \ • l

i > ' 1 I

s . , , . H

111 ^ 1 " - ' , 1 ,

, M ' t i , , : d « N y

* i I * n»> i l l " 1 ' 1 I I

i i i i

I .U hi i in Mnj'li | \ . i , | | ! i i I' I ' i n i l > II a . i s 1 ' "

' \

CHAP TEE I. D E S C R I P T I V E ,

Section I.—Physical Aspects. T H E Re wall Slate is next to Gwalior, the largest State in the Situation

Central India Agency. Lt is the only Treaty State in the Baghel- "i"l ^reu. khand Political Charge. The State has an area of about 13,000 square miles, comparable to that of Bulgaria (13.8(32), lying between 22° 30' and 20° 12' north latitude, and 80° 32' and 82° 51 ' east longitude.

The State derives its present name from its chief town which was Nome. in all probability called after the Narbada river, a synonym for which is Rewa.

The old capital of the State was Bandhogarh, a strong fort lying in the south-south-east of the State. In 1597 it was de­stroyed by Akbar's army under Raja Pa t r Diis, and remained a Muhammadan possession until 1C02, when it was restored to Raja Vikramaditya. In the meantime the fort of Rewan, as it is styled by Muhammadan historians, had become the chief's place of residence. Under Rajtl Vikramaditya it gradually grew into a large town. From the lo th to the 16th century the region in which the State lies was known as Bhata or Bhat-ghora, and the chief was variously designated Raja of Bhata or of Panna or of Bandhu. Pan ml is now the chief town of a state in Bundelkhand, but it is questionable whether the word Pan ml in Persian MSS. is not in some instances a mistranscription for Bhata.

The State is bounded on the north by the Bunda. Allahabad and Boundaries. Miralpur Districts of the United Provinces, on the east by the Mirzfi-pur District, aud the Feudatory State of Chota Nagpur. on the south by the Central Provinces, and on the west by the states of Maibar, 2\Tagod, Sohawal and Kothi in this Agency.

The State may be conveniently divided into three sections, the NATURAL central plateau, in which the chief town stands known as the Uparihdr DIVISIONS. or Uplands, the lowlying region in the Teonthar tahsil known as the Tarihdr or Lowlands, and the hilly tract south of the Kaimur range.

The Uparihar comprises all the country lying round the chief The Ppari-town. I t consists of a large alluvial .plain with an area of 3,778 square bar. miles, hounded on the north by the Vinjh pahar, the arm of the Vindhyas, which stretches east from the Panna range ; on the couth by the Bbander range, and on the south-east by the Kaimurs; on the west it passes out of the State area into Bundelkhand. I t forms a broad plateau sloping from the line of the Kaimurs towards the Vinjh pahar, traversed by the Tons river and its numerous tributaries.

The Tarihdr lies below the Vinjh pahar, and to its north abuts on The Tarihar. the Gangetic plain. ^

Tbe hilly tract lies south of the Kaimur scarp, I t is traversed H l">v t r a c t -by a series of parallel ridges running generally north-cast by south-west, enclosing deep valleys, the whole region being covered with heavy forest.

•> HEWAH STATE.

H I L L SYSTEM.

RIVERS.

The Tons.

These varied conditions give a great diversity of scenery. I h o plateau forms abroad le\el stretch of country covered with fertile soil, on which cultivated fields and groves abound. A t its northern and southern boundary it terminates abruptly in a bold scarp. Over the northern scarp the great Tons river falls in a series of magnificent cascades into the Gangetic plain, while on the southern side a similar effect is produced on smaller scale by the streams which precipitate themselves into the Son valley. Beyond the great scarp of the Kaimur range lies a forest-clad medley of hill and valley, with the Son river and its tributaries flowing through it. :

There are two main water-sheds in the Rewah State, the Kaimur range, the arm of the Vindhyas, which strikes north-east from the main line close to Jukehi station on the East Indian Railway, aud the Maikala' range, on which the sacred village of Amarkantak stands. The Kaimur, striking north-east from Jukehi, runs for 109 miles through Rewah State. A t Bara-ghat, 13 miles beyond Govindgarh, it branches into two. The upper branch, which turns we*t and ultimately unites with tliei, Panna range, is locally called the Vinjh pahar, while the other kranc^, | which runs eastwards into the United Provinces, is called the ^ ' ^ Q Q I pahur. The Kaimur range has an average height above sca-levcl of > feet, while individual peaks reach to over 2,000. The most W 0 ^ ^ peaks are the Gidhaila peak (2,33-l\ Bhitiiri (2,310), Ka ta ra ( 2 > - ° ' £ Popra (2,223), Mowhas (2,021), and Remas (1,931). The Gidhaila pc^ is considered very sacred, and at Mowhas stand the ruins of an old ^ The inhabitants of the ranges are chiefly Kols, Ahlrs , Gonds Chamars. Numerous passes traverse the ranges, the most i r n P being Gursarl-ghat, Popra-ghat , Marmani and Bara-ghat . t|j

From the line of the Kaimurs numerous streams flow towa Ganges-Jumna doab. Of these the most important is the Tou . ^

of the Pav&nas, ^ t e \ rises in the V*A% f

CO** ,

J.

The Tons, the Tumasa and Parndsa ~. .. Ramayana, and the Prinas of Megasthenes, l- rises in the W a l

rpaina at Jukehi (23° 59' N., 80° 29' E.) , its nominal source being il}e^e ' kund, a tank standing on the Kaimur range some 2,000 feet <• c 0

asteriy sea. Prom this point the river follows a general north-ca for about 116 miles through the states of Maihar and Rcwan, into British territory at Deora village (25° 4=' N . , 81° 4 f ^ - ^

After traversing the rough hilly country round ^ a ^ 1 , a . r ' f r ; c t VIs

flows through the level fertile country of the Rewah home dish ^ ^ it is joined by the Satna river, its principal affluent, 5 i n l

h e r0 \ Madhogarh (24° 3 4 ' N . , 81° 0 ' E . ) , not far from the spot ^ .fc rCad bridged by the Eas t Indian Railway. Forty miles lower d o f f i ^ s , ^ the edge of the plateau at Purwa, where, together with its a ^ g > tf ^ Bihar and Chachaia, it presents a magnificent series of w a t e i ' t | 1 c P ^ fill greatest fall is that of the Bihar which precipitates itself o l^ r ^ e ^ ^ in a great sheet of water, 600 feet broad and 370 feet hig11 ' ^ V?1

of the Chachaia is rather smaller, being only 300 feet in l lC b

rapid 500 yards long below it

.tli

McCiindle—Megasthenes and Arrian, 13-i.

1

PHYSICAL ASPECTS. 3

! " The grandeur of this fall is increased by the rapid, "which adds to the force with which this body of water is projected through the lines formed by the stupendous banks of rock, which, diverging as they approach the ghats, and affording a distant view of the country below them, form a vista truly grand and beautiful." l- The Tons itself has a fall of only some 200 fecfc in height, and 500 in breadth.

In the end of the rainy season the sight is a magnificent one and well worth a visit " the verdure of the grass is there too brilliant to appear natural on <^uvas. Every tree affords a fragrant blossom; every plant u flower; yet the eye is so fascinated by the awful grandeur ol the fall, that it is long ere it rests on the softer beauties of the landscape." When the sun shines through the spray below, the " prismatic colours, in their most vivid tints, form an extensive

> rainbow." 2- This fall continues throughout the year, and might possibly be made of great commercial value as a source of power.

Leaving the hollow rocky channel at the base of the fall, the Tons again flows through a level plain spreading out into a wide stream with frequent long deep reaches, till ifc fiually leaves the State at Deora. The stream is used for irrigation wherever the banks render it possible, while navigation in small boats is regularly carried on between Sitlaha ( 24b 57 ' N., 81° 36' E . ) , and Teonthar (24° 59' N\, 81° 4 5 ' E . ) . In the rainy season the river becomes dangerous owing to its liability to sudden flood.

The Son ( from Sona, the " red-gold " or " crimson coloured") rises The near the Narbada at Amarkantak (22° 40 ' N., 81° 46' E'.) in the Maikala range, the hill on which its nominal source is located being called Sonbhadra, or more commonly Son-munda.

The river is of some historical importance, being the Erranoboas {Hiranyavdha) of Arrian and Megasthenes 3- and the Soa of Ptolemy. Various origins for this name are given, the most probable seems to be Hiranyavdha, " gold-bearing" from the red-gold colour given it by the quantity of sand ifc holds in suspension during the rains, or possibly from the existence, in former days, of gold iin its alluvium. Various other explanations are current, and are recorded in the Sona-mdhdtmya and Brihad Brahma Parana, but they are mostly modern derivations of the usual " striving-after-meaning " class.

I t s waters possess great sanctity, the performance of Sandliya on its banks ensuring absolution and the attainment of heaven even to the slayer of a Brahman. Legends about the stream are numerous, one of the most picturesque assigning the origin of the Son and Narbada to two tears dropped by Brahma, one on either side of the Amarkantak range.

I t is frequently mentioned in Hindu literature in the Ramdyanas of Valmik and Tulsi Das, the Sri Bhdgvat and other works.

i. Pogson—A History of the Boondelas (182S), page 173.

3. Ih'ul. 3. McCrindle—Megasthenes and Arrian, 135-187, and Ptolemy,§l,

REWAII STATE. 4

JTATE. The river soon after leaving its sour'

edee of the Aniarkantak plateau aniicrtn < a t cijverp;ty 0f scenery. Tho! in«*s and flows through the Bilaspur Dist. ,o m i t r v covered with fertile soil, +il?YtWm enters Rewah State territory a , b o u n d > A t j t s northern nndl FromThis point till it leaves the State a l t , y i n a bold scarp. Over the, the stream flows through a maze ot A alley , s m a ? e n e s oi raagmncent' in narrow rocky channels, but expanding, [ h o s o u t h e r n s i d e a s i m i I a r munificent deep broad reaches locally cal. s t r c a i l l , w h i c h prCcipitate magnmcen^ l Following at first a IK~. , f t h e KaimurJ resorts of the hblici caste. ° c t u re with the iuu. L „ n • yd U 5 miles, it encounters, at its J"110™1* oE l n c Kaimur' liiSU'VT -SarsI (24° 5' * . , ^ i S n , finally leaving the and is turned in a »°^ ; e a s t e %£ c ( 2 1 o ' 3& . N . , 82° 47' E . ) . ^ ^ ^ " d i * ^ & U c r affluents of importance.

ioar Bard, (21° 32' » . . 82° 29 L . . i » X i c ^ n g ^ t i i c sandy Vindhyan sandstone prae ically th o i g h o n > < * J ^ 1

i c £ . s ; n d s cMJ, bottom in many p aces taking.the tarn ° E / ^ ^ X . but whero tl,< c t o i a r S . The river is little » cd l o . m B n , ^ tanks are low a rich deposit of s, ycarlj de >o. >tc y 0[ the stream, m which excellent ciops aic 0

m-dinivilv of moderate d mensions and steady flow, swells, anci a ic bo«T ndn into a .oaring torrent, often causing severe damage the neighbourhood.

The Geology of Rewah maybe fitly described as an epitonv the G o W 5 ° the Indian Peninsula, there being scarcely a * onnatonrnetwithin Peninsular India that is not rcprcjentcd , .

l i l e several important groups have been named after told^ « ^ n -within the State. The type area of the Rewah section o t h e 1 - j ^ ^, th dhyans, the red shales, all known occurrences of which aic situ ^ Rewah territory, with the exception of a portion of the ou ^ p 0 , extends eastwards into the Mirzapur District; the K a i m v i n d h y ^ ; the Upper Vindhyans ; the Kehanjua group of the Lower - p ^ n ^ and the Sirbu shales, one of the sub-divisions of the L ,oW

lla ti0n^-group, called after the range of this name having local appe ^ .^

The following is a list of the formations represented m (28) Recent Alluvial Deposits. (27) High-level Laterite. i (26) Deccan Trap and Trap Dykes. | (25) Lameta. (24) Gondwana Fault-rocks.

f (23) Supra-Barakar. GONDWANA \ (22) Barakar. ^

I (21) Talchir.

Hy Mr. 1C. Vreclenburg, (trotorjieul Survey of /«<?'"•

PHYSICAL ASPECTS. 5

> Upper

Viudhyan.

(20) Upper Bhandcr Sandstone. ") (19) Sirbu Shales.

BIIANDEU <^(18) Lower Bhandcr Sandstone. (17) Bhandcr Limestone. (16) Ginnurgarh Shales. (15) Upper Rcwah Sandstone. (11) Jhlri Shales.

RfiWArt "S (13) Lower Rewali Sandstone. (12) Panna Shales.

i ( l l ) Upper Kaimur Sandstone. (10) Bijaigarh Shales.

(9) Lower Kairaur Sandstone. j (8) Rhotiis Limestone. •)

(7) Kehanjua Group. / Lower (G) Porcellanites and Trappoids. r Viudhyan. (5) Basal-beds of the Vindhyans. J

(4) Red Shales. (3) Supra BijSwar. (2) Bijuwar. (1) Bengal Gneiss and Schists.

The Kaimur range forms the southern limit of the Upper Vin-dhyans. North of the Kaimur range all the other sub-divisions of the Upper Vindhyans are met with in succession. This area, which con­tains the capital of the State, is mostly an elevated plain occupied by the lower members of the Dhander group, almost everywhere concealed beneath a thick covering of alluvium. Some of the'highest hill tops carry a thick covering Wlatcritc, bearing witness to a 'former exten­sion of the Deccan Trap in this direction.

The Son and its tributary, the Malunadi, approximately coincide with the southern boundary of the Lower Vindhyans.

This group is more completely represented in Rewah than anywhere else. The curious volcanic ash-beds called the " porcellanites " have the greatest part of their outcrop situated within the limits of the State. South of the L ower Viudhyan outcrop there extends a region occupied by long parallel ranges of wild jungle-clad hills interspersed here and there with strips of cultivated land. The hills belon"- mostly to the Bijuwar formation, while the cultivated areas are occupied prin­cipally by the underlying gneiss. This region, situated between the Vindhyan outcrop to the north, and the Gondwana to the south, occu­pies the site of a once lofty mountain range whose denudation supplied materials for both the Vindhyan and the Gondwana sediments. The Bijiiwars exhibit an extremely varied series of slate*, sandstones, jaspers, bands of iron-ore, limestones and basic lavas and ash-beds. Neither they nor the gneiss have been geologically surveyed in any detail. Their structure is roughly that of a syncline along the axis of which their uppermost beds are unconformably overlaid by several newer for­mations : first a group of slates very similar to the Bijiiwars them­selves, but underlaid by sandstones and coarse conglomerate, entirely made up of Bijawar fragments ; then a series of massive sandstoues

6 REWAII STATE.

associated with shales of a deep red or purple colour, the " Red slmlc series," unconformable to these supra Bijawars, and so similar to the Upper Vindhyan sandstones that they might easily be mistaken for them were they not themselves unconformably overlaid by the basement beds of a large outlier of Lower Viudhyans.

The Gneiss and Bijlwars abut abruptly in a southern direction against the almost rectilinear faulted boundary of the Gondwanas. Except for some inliers of Gneiss, the southern districts of Rewah are almost entirely occupied by the Gondwana formation. I t has been surveyed in great detail by Mr. Hughes who has divided it into three groups—theTalchir, Burakar and Supra-Barftkar—the middle onebi'ing the coal-bearing formation. Basalt dykes and intrusive silts belonging to the Deecan Trap period occur abundantly throughout the Gondwuna area.

Lastly, the southern border of the State is occupied by the creta­ceous Lametas and Deecan Trap, the southernmost point of the terri­tory, the celebrated hill of Amarkantak, consisting of the latter rock.

Nearly all the formations represented in the .State yield valuable mineral products. In the Gneiss area is situated the celebrated band of corundum at Pipra (24° 0' N. , 82° W E . ) near the Rehr river, which also contains indications of the presence of workable mica. *• An attempt was once made to work a vein of galena in the Gneiss near Baigawara in the Bardl tahsll, but was shortly afterwards discontinued. The Bijawar formation appears to contain valuable bands of iron-ore. Some of the Bijawar limestones could be turned to good account as ornamental marbles, while there is abundance of a bright red banded jasper, similar to that found in rocks of the Mine age near Gwalior and which is largely used for inlaid stone-work at Agra . So littles however, is as yet known of the Gneiss and Bijawars in Rewah that i is impossible to pass any opinion upon their value as sources of m i u C i a

wealth. . Lime. In addition to the excellent building materials obtained frou\

Vindhyan sandstones, one of the limestone bands, the Bhander l'1" _ stone, is extensively quarried. I t burns into lime of superior qual' J^ is used for smelting purposes, and has come largely into use lately l l s 4

paving stone. Coal. A rich store of fuel exists in the coal-seams of the Banlkar b ,^

in the Gondwana series. The colliery at Umaria has been SUCCOR t

worked for many years, and the .lohilla coal Held, containing coal ol *• B

better quality, is being opened out. The Gondwana beds some i ^ contain feruginous nodules, perhaps of lateritic origin, that have ^Q

locally employed as iron-ore, and some of the latcrite posterior to age of the Deecan Trap has been used for the same purpose. _ ^

Clays. ^ Ceramic clays of good quality are found in the Goudwana in the Lametas. t ;0n

Fos&ils. The plant remains abundantly yielded by the Gondwana forn>» ^ have been described by Feistmantel in his monumental > v o r k j ^ ^ <

• • — — -——~ , « p p .

4«>*!' 1^U'";}°'a;^0ll of India. Corundum by T. II. l l o l l u m l / ' g ^ l V -11-121. Ve^u of India in Man. O'eoL Survey of ln<U«, ^

I I i M o n v . 7

Fossil Flora of (he Gondicdna System, published in the Pahconlologia I ndica. to which some interesting observations have lately been added by Z oil lor in the Xew Series of that same publication. Volume II.

Nocojnpletc account of the geology of Rewah lias yet been written. Summaij*. South of the Kaimur range the Gneiss and liijawars have only received the most cursory examination; north of the Kaimurs the whole country, with the exception of a portion near Madhogarh, ha< remained unsurveyed in consequence of the unfortunate death in J#78 of Mr. W. L. Wilson, who for many years previous had been engaged upon an admirably accurate survey of Bundelkhnnd and Baghelkhand, working his way gradually from west to east.

With the exception of Mr. Wilson's work, which has never been published, all the geological results so far obtained w ill be found recorded in the publications of the Geological Survey. The most important contributions to the subject arc Mr. Mallet's " Vindhyan Series " (Memoirs, VI I, pp. 1—139), Mr. Hughes ' '• Southern Coalfields of the Uewah-Gondwana Basin" (Memoir*, XXf, pp. 137—249) and Messis. Oldham, Datta and Vredenburg's *• Geology of the Sou Valley *' (Memoirs, XXXI. pp. 1—178).

The prevalent tree in the Rewah forest is sell ( Shorea robusta), BOTANY.1* others being the fdj [Terminalia tomentosn). tendu (Diospyros tomentosu) nnd khair (Acacia catechu). The brushwood consists mainly of the species Grewia, Zizijphm, Cascan'a, Antidesmtt, Wooilfordia, Flucggia. Phyllanthus, Hoswellia and JJuchununia with occasional trees of mnhuTi (Jiassia Intifolia).

The. Rewah jungles are famous for their big game. Tigers are met FAUNA. with In considerable numbers, while bears, panthers, sdmbur (Ccrrus tinicolor), chin leant (Gazclla benclii) and other species usually found in Peninsular India abound. Wild fowl of all classes are common through­out its area.

The climate of Rewah is subject to considerable extremes of tern- CLIMATE pcrature, especially in the hilly tract where the heat is often excessive, (Table I ) . while the cold season is of short duration.

The average rainfall, as recorded at Rewah, is 42-20 inches. By Rainfall natural divisions Ihe average works out to -12-2 for the plateau or (Table I I ) . Uparihdr. 4I'D for the Turihdr and for the hilly tract 4G-56. In 3894-95 a maximum of 04 was experienced, and in 1904-05 a minimum of 2(')-:U.

No earthquakes or storms of unusual character have occurred in Cyclone, etc. the Slate.

Section II.—History. (GENEALOGICAL TREE.)

Before dealing with the history of the State it will be interesting to take a brief survey of the history of the tract now known as Baghel­khand, ,

The present name of the tract is derived irom the clan name of the rulinn- house of Rewah. This name can only have come into general use in the 17th or 18th century, as it is never employed by Muhammadan

Early daye.

l. By Lt.-Col. D. Praia. I. M. S., JhUunictd Survey of India.

8 REWAII STATE.

historians, who invariably term this region Bhata, or Bhat-ghora, while in. pre-Mubamniadan days it was comprised in the regions known as Maha Kosala, Chedi-desh and Dahala. In Akbar 's day ibis tract fell partly in the Bhat-ghora and partly in the Kalanjai-(Kalin jar) «»•/.•£!»•« of the Allahabad subah. I t was, however, in great part a terra incognita, especially the Bhat-ghora or Bandhu section about which Abul Vn'/A has little or nothing to say. *• Aurangzeb separated the districts round Rewah from Bhat-ghora including it and Sohagpur. in the Kalanjar sarlcdr.2-

This region has been from very early days connected with the Haihayas, Kalacliuris or Chedis, who were apparently branches of the same tribe. The Mahabharata, l lamayana, Puranas and early Buddhist boohs all assign them sovereignty over this tract. I t would appear that in Buddha's day the Magadhas held the country up to the Son valley and the Chedis (or Cetis) Maha Ko.-ala. lying to the north-west of it. 3-They appear to hcuo been a branch of the great Ilaihaya tribe. The Haihayas early acquired the Karbada valley, their first capital being at Mahishmati, now Maheshwar in Indore State. They claimed Vadav descent and traced their,origin to a mythical ancestor called Kartavlrya Arjuna, of a thousand arms. i- The connection with Mahishmati was always carefully preserved, and we 6nd Ilaihaya officials in the 11th century serving under the Western Chalukyas of Kalyan, still described as " Lords of Mahishmati. the best of towns." The Ilaihaya main branch appears to have been gradually driven eastwards towards the source of the Narbada, where they remained for many centuries as feudatories of the various dynasties which successively ruled that tract. Baghelkhand, during the second and third century B.C., more strictly speaking, the portion north of the Kaimur range, was held by the Maurya dynasty, the great Tope at Bharhut, being erected under the auspicies of Asoka. In the first century A. D. it fell to the Sungas, one of the gates of this same stupa bearing an inscription referring to its erection during the rule of this dynasty, s. During the fourth and fifth century A. 1). it was in the hands of the Guptas of Miigadha Their rule is recorded in the inscriptions of the feudatory'^kin^s of TJchhakalpa and of the Parivrajaka Rajas, found at Kho in N a - o d State.G. I t is recorded in these inscriptions that the kino- concerned is " in enjoyment of sovereignty by (favour of) the Gupta king " In one of these records, moreover, the king is stated to lmve "sought to "ive ' prosperity to the kingdom of Dahala, which had come to him bv inherit ance and the eighteen forest kingdoms." This is of interest i s S,,n,ui Gupta (350 A. P . ) in h i . Allahabad ^ J ^ ^ Z ^ T t

1- Blochmann—Ain-i-Ahbari, II, 157, 160. 2- Hamilton—Ilindostan, I, 310.

3. Rhys—David's—Buddhist lad la, 23. i. I. A.,XII, 253—Ep. Ind., II. 14. r»- I. A., XXI, 225. G- Corp. Ins. Ind, 111,93, 100. 100, 11* 1 0 ] ,,.-, -,.- T v , T , T f i r

100- I .A ,XX,377 . ' ' 1 3 ' , ~ J - B ' A - L U H -

HISTORY. 9

conquest of '* the forest kingdoms," which may possibly be a reference to these chiefs, while the Arjunayas mentioned in the same recoid as a frontier tribe may refer to the Ilaihayas as the descendants of Arjuna.3-The remains of numerous buildings and several rock-cut temples also testify to the Gupta dominion.-- The Haihayas, Chedis or Kalachuris now began to rise in importance. Historically nothing definite is known as to the rise of this clan, but the fact that they employ an era of their own, of which the initial year corresponds to A. D. 219, points to their having become a tribe of some local importance about the third century A. D. Traditionally the establishment of their position is connected with the capture of the fort of Kalanjar, where one Krislma Chedi slew " an evil-minded king who practised cannibalism."3-By the end of (he sixth ceniury they had become of sufficient import­ance to engage in a contest with Mangalisa, the Chalukya king of Badami, who in his Mahakuta (Bijapnr) inscription of A. 1). 598 records a victory over Buddha-Varman Kalatsuri (Kalacliuri), son of iSankaragana of Chedi, during a campaign in " the northern regions.*"4-The Vrihat Samhita, r'- written in the Gth century, mentions the Chaidyas as a people of the Madhya-desh or middle region of India.

During the seventh century the strong arm of Harshavardhana, of Kanauj (G0G-I8), kept all the tribes in subjection. On his death in G48 A. D., however, they were left to their own devices and the more enterprising at once came to the front. During this period, while the Paramaras were establishing themselves in Malwii, the Bashtrakfitas in Kanauj and <he Chalukyas in Gujarat and Southern India, the Chedis seized on Baghclkhand. With Kalanjar as a base they rapidly extended their sway, the tract becoming known as Chedi-desh after them. Their proudest title was Kalanjara-puravaradhiskvara, or lords of Kalanjar, best of cities. 6-

From the 9th century to the end of the 12th we have a line of Kalacliuri kings ruling in this tract. 7- The Kalachuris later on came

;. in contact with their neighbours, the Chandellas of Bundclkliand, and ' received at the hand of Yashovarman Chandella (925-53) the first

serious blow to their supremacy, losing the fort of Kalanjar and the ,/ title of ' 'Lords of Kalanjar" which was hencefoith assumed by their

conquerors. 8-

i The most famous Kalacliuri king of this line was Gangeyadev Vikramaditya (1038-42) who is mentioned by Al Biruui, the 1 l th century Geographer. l i e was a contemporary of Ganda Chandella

1. Corp. In'.: Ind: III, 1-21.—J. R. A. S., 1897, 2. See Archceolopy. 3. Mysore Tnsc, 61.—P. S. 0. C. I., No. 121. 4. I.A., XIX, 7. 5. r A., XXII, 1(19. 6. Aic. Sur. o£ West: Ind: No. 10. 7 Ep. Ind., II, 301; Arc. Sur. Rep., IX, 112; XXI, 103. 8. Ep. Ind , I, 122-235; II, 6-90; III, l . -Arc . Bur. Rep., II, U5 ; J. B. A..

L, 1.—I, A., XX, 101-115.

f

10 REWAH STATE.

(999-1040). Gangeya attempted to found a large empire and so far ' succeeded as to have his suzerainty recognised in Nepal. *•

IIis son and successor, Karnadev (1012-1122) tried to follow in his father's footstep*. In 1053 he ioined with Bhlma I of Gujrat (1022-G3) in attacking Dhar and forcing Eaja Bhoja to flee.-• Ue was later on defeated by the Chandella king, Klrt ivarmau (1098-1100).3-Gangeyaclcv struck the only coin of this house, which was later on used by the Chandellas and Rashtrakatas as a model for their coinage. Several records of this dynasty have been found in Eaghclkliand itself. •*•

The About the 12th century the Chandellas, driven eastwards by the Chandellas. Muhammadans, expelled the Kalachuris from their districts north of

the Narbada. This is shewn by the records of the feudatory chiefs of Kakaredi, a place 40 miles cast of Kalanjar, who in copper-plate grants of 1175 and 1195 A. D . recognise the suzerainty of the Kalachuris, but in later record of 1239 A . D. acknowledge the suzerainty of the Chandellas. The latest known Chandella record is dated in A . D. 1289. s.

Tribal rule. On the destruction of the big suzerain elans by the Muhamma­dans, the country was left at the mercy of various tribes, such as the 15hars, Sengar and Chauhan Rajputs, Gonds and others. Of these the Bhars c - are the most interesting. They appear to have held Kalanjar in the 13th century and to have been able to oppose even the Muhammadan forces. Their descendants still inhabit the Mauganj, Iluzur, Raghurajnagar and Bard I tahslh in Rewah.

The ancestors of the Par ihar Rajputs of Nfigod State who ruled most of Bundelkhand in the 8th century appear to have entered Baghclkhand about the 9th century, on the destruction of their power by the Chandellas. The Na^od State records however, relate only to the 14th century when the Paribars seized Naro For t from the Tell Rajag. 7-

The W e now pass to the history of the Raghelas. The Rewah Chiefs Baghelasv are Baghela R a j p u t , a section of the Chalukya or Solanki clan tracing

their decen t from the rulers of Anhilwara Pa tan . In the 7th century the Chavada or Chapotkata dynasty, who were ruling in southern Gujaiat, were driven from their dominions, tradition says, by Bhuyaa^ of Kaki)an in Kanauj, but more probably by the Tajika Arab raid °^ 739 A.D. 8- The Chavada king's pregnant wife escaped with her bro­ther to the jungles where she bore a son, called from the region of 'Il&

birth Vana-raja, "the jungle king." About 750 Vana-raja founded tj1.^ Chavada dynasty of Gujarat with Anhilwara Pa tan as chief town. I*1"

232-291-1- J . B. A . 1903, 1. 2- Has M'ala, I, 82ff: 90.—T. A., VI, 185-213—Ep. Ind.. T,

" Kirtikaumudi" of Someshvata edite'd by Kathvate. 3. Arc. SUT. Rep., vols. IX, X, XXI.—En, Jnd , 1, 220. -1- I. A., XVII , 221, •'• Arc. Snr. Rep , X X I , 52.—Ep. Ind., I 330. c- I. A., IV, 265.—J. H. A., XIV. 297- XLVI 2*7 '• N.igo.1 State n oonls, J . B. A., L, L _ G \ A. 's . I t , XI , Id I. . , o i l . 8- Nausan plate 7th Oiicnlallischc. Congress in Wicn, Ai ischc Section *

HISTORY. 11

successors ruled till 941, A.D. when they were ousted by the Chalukyas. The Chalukyas are one of the four Agnikula ftajput clans, who claim descent from the sacred fire-pit at Mount Abu, the Paramaras, Parihars and Chauhans being the other three. The Chalukyas were created by Brahma who made the image of a man from his own essence in the palm of his hand and cast it into the sacred fire, whence arose a warrior wearing the janeo with a sword in his right hand, and in his left a Veda. The Chalukyas are divided into sixteen branches. l-

" The name Chalukya is a sanskritised form, through an earlier form Chalukyn, of the old names Chalkya, Chalkiya, Chirikya, Chalukya of the great Dakhau dynasty (A. D. 552-973), made to harmonise with the Puranik-looking story, that the founder of the dynasty sprang from the palm (Chuluka) of Brahma. The form Chalukya seems to have been confined to authors and writers. I t was used by the great Dakban poet Bilhana (Circ. 1050) and by the Anahilwara chroniclers. In Gujarat the popular form of the word seems to have been Solaki or Solanki (a dialectic variant of Chalukya)." 3-

The true origin of the Agnikula clans hns J)een the subject of much discussion. There is no doubt that they were of foreign extrac­tion and came from the northern frontiers of India. Proving them­selves valuable supporters of the Brahman faith, this well-known story of their creation at Abu was invented to give them celestial origin and include them in Hindu fold as orthodox Kshatriyas. There are somo reasons for believing that these four cbms were sections of the great Gurjara tribe, which early acquired Gujarat, and spread over most of Central and much of Southern India. a-

The last Chavada was Samantasinha, whose sister had married Raji, a descendant of the Chalukya king Bliuvada who destroyed the Panchasar kingdom. Baji's son Mulraja murdered his uncle and seized the throne founding a line of kings who ruled until 1242.

In the reign of Kumarapala (1113-72) one Anaka Solanki (or Arnoraja), who was a son of Kuuiarapala's mother's sister, rose to prominence. For his services he received from Kumarapala the rank of Samanta and the village of Vyaghrapalli or Vaghela " the tiger's lair," ton miles south-west of Anhilwara, mjuglr. From this village the Vaghela or Baghcla branch takes its name. His son was Lavana-prasada, who appears in Ajayapala's time (1172-7G) to have been governor of Udayapura and Bhilsa (now in Gwalior), then under Gujarat. 4- He became later on minister to Raja Blum I I (1178-1212) and acquired the village of Dhavalagarha or Dhavala corrupted later to Dholka thirty miles south-wpst of Vaghela. An able administrator

1. Rajasthan 1, 88, 93. 3. Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. I., Pt. I, Gujarat, 156.

3. J. B. E. A. S., 1903, J. R. A, S., 1901, G39 ; 1905,1.

i. I.'A., XVIII, 237.

12 KEWAH STATE.

he contiivcd, while Blum was making an ineffectual stand against .the Muhammadans, to become in fact, ruler of all Gujarat, even issuing grants for land, 1- although neither he nor his son ever assumed the insignia of royalty.

Lavanaprasada married Madanarajnl and had n son Ylradhavala ( "he ro of Dhavala"). Vlradhavala (1219-38) was a strong ruler, and managed to successfully oppose the advance of Muiz-ud-dm Muhammad Ghorl (1101-12*05). In 12:38 Vlradhavala died and a competition took place for the throne between his two sons Virama and Visaladev. Visaladcv finally succeeded. l i e refused to recognise his overlord Tribhuvanap.'da, the successor of Bhliu and nominal ruler of Gujarat, and seized Anhilwiira making it his capital. He was follow­ed by Arjunadev (1202-71), Siirangdev (127-1-00), and Karna-dev. Karnadev ruled nominally till 1301, but in 1298 he was attacked by Ulugh Khan, brother of the emperor Ala-ud-dm, and Nasrat Khan , who captured and sacked the capital, K a m a flying for asylum to Riimdev at Devagiri where he appears to have died a fugitive some years after. "•

The Baghclas state that a son of Vlradhavala (1219-38) , called Vyaghradev, madel i i s way into northern India and obtained possession of the fort of Marpha, 18 miles north-east of Kfilinjar. The Rewah family are singularly devoid of reliable historical records. Such histories as exist are of modern composition, and confuse persons and dates in a most bewildering manner, and were it not for the detailed accounts of the Muhammadan writers, it would be impossible to give anything like a connected account of the line. 3-

The date assigned by the Slate records to Vyaghradcv's migration to northern India is 031 A. 11. or A. D. 1233-31. •*. Vyaghradev married the daughter of Raja Makunddev Chandravat and had live sons. The eldest Karnadev succeeded him, while the second son was the ancestor of the Raos of Kasauta, now represented by the Bura Raja in the Allahabad District.

Karnadev after his succession married Padma KunwarT, daughter of Somadatta, the Haihaya chief of Ratanpur, who brought him in her dowry the fort of Bandhogarh. K a m a moved his residence to the fort, which became the foundation of the future Baghcla dominions, and way their capital till 1597. On the destruction of the Baghela dynasty of Anhilwara in 1298, a great migration of Baghelas took place to Bandhogarh.

Of the next thirteen rulers little or nothing is recorded. Wi th

Bhlradev, the sixteenth chief, however, we strike firmer ground.

!• I. A., VI, 180. 7

2. E.M. I I , III, 163,551. »• Sec Appendix A.

*• Nat 381 of Harfcha era as Cunningham statea (Arc. Sur.Rcp., XXI,

HISTORY. 13

The earliest historical reference to a Baghel chief of Rewah is in DM™ the time of Bahlol LodI (1451-89). The Baghel chief of the day Raja (UTO-95). Blnra or Bhaira, also called Raja Bind and Rsjii of Panna by the Muhamrnadan writers, assisted Husain Sliah Shark i of Jannpnr who was flying before the Emperor. Bahlol LodI had defeated Ilusain Shah and obtained possession of Jaunpur into which place he had put Mubarak Khan as governor. *• This took place in 1487-80. The Baghel chief continued to support Husain Shah, and in 1492, in Sikandar Lodl 's day, when Mubarak Khan was driven from Jaunpur, Raja Bhlra imprisoned him. 2- Sikandar LodI (1480-1517) thereupon made an advance into Bhaia, upon which Raja Blnra set Mubarak Khan at liberty. The Raja" continued, however, to support the Jaunpur house, and in 1494 Sikandar was obliged to enter Baghelkhand. l i e marched as far as Kant l t (25° 10 ' lNT., 82° 35 ' E.) where Bhlra met him and offered his allegiance. Sikandar restored him Kantl t and retired towards Arail (25°' 25 ' N., 81° 57 'E . ) and Prayag (Allahabad), but Bhlra, suspicious of his intentions, suddenly abandoned his camp and fled. One historian states that Sikandar collected Blnra's property and returned it to him, but the author of tlie Magh :an-i-Afghani is no doubt correct in saying he looted it. 3- In 1495 Sikandar again attacked Blnra. A t Khan Ghiitl. probably Ka thau l i ^a? , he was opposed by the liiijii's grandson, Bir Singh, who was defeated and fled to Banna pursued by Sikandar. Bhlra then fled towards Sirguja (?), but died on the road. Sikandar advanced as far as Paphund (24° 0' N. , 81° 9' E.) , 20 miles north of Bfmdliogarh, but owing to the failure of supplies and great losses among his horses lie was forced to retire on Jaunpur. Lakh 1111 Chanel, one of the Raja's sons, at once informed llusain Shah of the straits into which Sikandar had fallen.

Husain thereupon proceeded to attack him but Sikandar contrived Salivrdmn for a time to evade a meeting. Meanwhile Sikandar sent conciliatory (1^95-loUO). messages to Raja Sillivahan, the son and successor of Blnra, and induced him to come to his aid, and Husain was defeated. 4- Sikandar at this time requested Sfdivfihan to give him a daughter in marriage. Salivahan refused. This refusal rankled and in 1499 " to avenge himself for the old grievance he invaded the country and entirely destroyed all signs of cultivation. " l i e advanced as far as Bandhogarh, but in spite of the most strenuous efforts was unable to take it and retiring to Jaunpur " sacked the country as far as Banda.''5-

Salivahan was succeeded in about 1 500 by his son Bir Singh, the Bir Singh founder of the town of Birsinghpur (24° 4 8 ' N . , S l° 1' E.) now in (1500-1640) Panna State. Bir Singh was on good terms with Sikandar LodI and was a frequent attendant at his court. In about 1515 he gave asylum to Ainan Das of Garha-Mandla, better known as Sangram Shah and the greatest ruler of that dynasty. Aman Das, who was father-in-law to the famous princess DurgavatI, is stated by Abul Fazl in the Akbar-nama

1. E. Jr. H., V, 81). e. E. M. II., V, 93. 3. E. M. II., V, 91. 4. E. M. II., V, 94. 5. E. »J. H., IV, 403,—B. F. I., 574.

14 REWAH STATE.

to have been " an ill-disposed crafty fellow constantly engaged in evil pursuits. His father several times put him in confinement and then endeavoured to bind him -with covenants and promises. Bu t the graceless fellow again relapsed into his evil courses, and having been guilty of some disgraceful actions he fled to Nar Singh (Bir Singh) Dev, grandfather of Raja Ram Chander of Panna (Bhata) . Raja Nar Singh treated him as a son, and when the Raja went to attend upon Sultan Sikandar Lodi he left him behind with his eon Parbihan (Virbhan) who was then a minor." l-

Arjun Das, Anian Dfis's father, then formally disinherited him. Upon this Anian Das returned, and with his mother's connivance contrived to murder his father and seize the kingdom. Two of his father's old friends, however, informed Bir Singh who at once returned and overran Garlia, forcing Anian Das to take refuge in the Jiills. I t is then related that " A r a a n Das came to meet him (Bir Singh) on his road, attended by only a few followers. After great display of weeping the Raja forgave him and restored his country." Anian Das in 152G assisted Bahadur Shah of Gujarat at Raisen, in his cam­paign against Mahmud of Malwa and was then given his title of Sangram Shah. 2.

Bir Singh is the "Nar Singh" who is mentioned by Babar as assisting Rfinii Sanka at the battle of Kanwaha (March lGtli, 1527) with 4,000 horse. 3- The Rewah State records shew that he afterwards received the Bhata territories in Nankdr jayu (maintenance grant) from Babar when that monarch distributed his kingdom into province?.4- Bir Singh died about 1540, and was succeeded by his Bon Virbhan.

Virbhan This chief was ruling during the time of l lumayun and Shcr Shah. (1540-55). A curious tale is current, that l lumayun flying before the victorious

Afghan made over his wife Hamlda Banu to the care of Virbhan, and that while in asylum at Bandhogarh, Akbar was born. The story will not bear examination, as l lumayun only married l lamida Banu in Sind in 1541, and Akbar was born at Umarkot on October 15th, 1542. 5-

Possibly some of Humayun's party took refuge with the Baghel chief after the battle of Kanauj in 1539. TheMuhammadan historians, however, tell us nothing about this chief.

Ram Chandra Virbhan was succeeded in 15o5by R i m Chandra G- who was con-(.1555-92;. temporary with Akbar, and is constantly mentioned by Muhammadan

writers. A copper-plate grant of Iris of 965 A . 11. or 1557 A . D . is known.

The earliest notice of Ram Chandra is in 1555 when he was attacked by Ibrahim Sur. The Raja was victorious and made Ibrahim prisoner, but treated him " with great honour, seated him upon the

i- E. M.1I., VI, 32. »• Do. VI. 30. 3- Erskinc—JBabar's Memoirs" p. 3G0. 4- Vide Administrative Section. 6- Stewart—Tczkcrah-ul-vahiat.—Arc, Sur, JRcjh, X V I I , 100. 6- Blochniann—Ain-i-Akbari, I, 406.

HISTORY. 15

throne, and waited upon him as a servant."' Ibrahim remained sonic time asjfin honoured guest with Ram Chandra. *•

In the sixth year of his reign (15G2) Akbar heard of the great singer Tan Sen, then nt Ram Chandra's court, and sent Jalal Khan Qurchi to fetch him. Ibrahim Sur had already endeavoured to bring him to Agra but in vain. Mian Tan .Sen Kaliiwat (musician), as he is called, was educated in the famous musical school of Gwalior, started by the Tonwara chief Man Singh in the 15th century, and which gave 1(5 out of the 36 singers and chanters at Akbar's court, mentioned by Abul Fazl. Tan Sen, v>ho ro.-c to great wealth and honour, died a Muhnmma-dan and is hurried at Gwalior, Ins tomb being close to that of the saiut Muhammad Ghaus. Tau Sen's songs are still sung throughout India.

In the 8th year of Akbar (15C4) Khwaja Abdul Majid ITarawi, better known as Asaf Khan, was appointed governor of Karnih and proceeded to take possession of his province. Ghazi Khan Tatar, -• the governor appointedunderthe Sur dynasty, fled to Ram Chandra, and started raising a force. Asaf Khau thereupon ' 'sent an urgent message to Raja Ram Chandra? and counselled him strongly for his own welfare to become a subject of his Majesty and pay him tribute -and to send Ghazi Khan, who had been a rebel and received shelter from him, to the Protector of the world." 3- Ram Chandra refused and a sanguinary fight followed in which the Raja was defeated and Ghazi Khan killed, Ram Chandra fleeing to liandho-garh. Asaf Khan then advanced on Bandhogarh itself but on the intercession of the Hindu chiefs at Delhi, Akbar raised the siege. 4-

During the time of Slier Shah's successors the strong fort of Kalanjar was purchased by Raja Ram Chaudra from All Khan, the governor (Slier Shah's son-in-law ), for a high price. &• After the capture of Cliitor (1567) and Ranthambor (1568) the local Muhammadan landowners were fired with a desire to take Kalanjar and Ram Chandra seeing that he could not hold the fort made it over to Akbar in Safar Oil (July 1009;. o-

For many years Ram Chandra could never be persuaded to pay his respects to x\kbar in person, although he sent his son Virbhadra to court. Finally, however, in the 28th year of Akbar (1588-81) Virbhadra suggested that if some one among the royal servants with whom the old chief was acquainted were sent he would consent to come. Raja Blrbal, the famous wit, who had originally lived near the Baghel country 7- and

1. E, M.H., V, 2U.

2. Do. V.288. 3. Do. VI, 117. 4. Blochmann—Ain-i-Akban, I, 3G7. 5. Blochroann—ilfo i-AJtbari, I, 367. He is here called Bijli Khan and

not All Khun. c E. M. H., V, 333. 7. Blochmann—Ain-i-AMari, I, 193, 400. A local tradition says he was

brought up in the Baghel court.

n; RE WAIT STATE.

^ ' ^ . ^ J a u d l ? n c e with the Emperor at Fatebpur-Sikri « L , b ,

i?Dh son o n I • ? T ? " d C O l U ' t C ^ ' U p P^cn toc l the Emperor eJ n r e m ^ ' , 0 n t t ° f " h l c h ^ valued at Rs. 50,000, and rcco.v-H W P ? , , 0 r S e ? ' , R ? m C h a n d r a d i e d i n t l l c 3711. vear of Akl»ar

A n ^ 1 IV S a y % " h f l 0 f t n o e q u a I b c h i D d h i m f ° r Princely generosity,

k one day >'°i * S g a V C * ^ ° f S ° U l 0 l l , e » » » s ^ 3 T a n S e U

(1592-93!. ___ ^ ' ' ' C j . a n d r a was succeeded by his son Vlrbhadra. Vlrbhadra Jias at Delhi at the time of his father's death and at once started

nd d?edd 0°S;:r f. ° V , h . e TOad' h ° W C n ' r ' ,1C ™ « P ^ \ of his , « / * a id died soon after of his injuries. Alcbar was fond of hi,,, and paid a

Vikrama. ' ' S , t y j ^ f ^ 6 f*° h , S r d a t i v e ' R a i S>»g»' Kathor then at C o u r t *

d i t y * follow,, „ • ! • a m i n < V o n V i k r a m a t % a - His succession was (151)3-1621). C l C

fd p y

f 1 " t . n - ; i e s a n d disturbances at Bandhogarh, and Alcbar

K ™ l T ' ? r e S t ° r e p C a C e ' 3 ' 0 n h i s a " * a l 1,G ™ s begged by the j oung chief's supporters to take the youth to Delhi. Ismail W Khun was, therefore, sent to Delhi with the boy and arrived there be smred \ t W ?*,? a t t h c s a m e t i m e ™ d ° that the fort should holds 'Jo I P V 1 ? 7 a W f l r e o f t h e d a " S c r o f l i v i n g such strong-five d a v f ' T - d o ? a f c r

TD a S C a i > t u r e d ifc after a siege of eight months and

Pre J 1%7 A ° 9 ^ r ' T n T > 1 5 9 1 ) P a t r U a s ™ « n t there as governor. n Z n r t l J S n V B a ? d l l 0 S a * ™ d * * surrounding^ districts Itewah Muhammadan governors, the capital being moved to ^

countTv kTo a dH- y f t a - E t ° i r A R l l 0 r t S t a y a t D c , h i " t a m e d to his o w . / count j j . He died l n 1021, The fort of Bandhogarh was restored to

l l G n S f v e a r ^ j " ^ in the 21st [ o , " •J™an?»i (1624) visited Delhi and paid his respects In

Go 1, the eighth year of Shah Jahan, he joined the army of he Kha

L d . a ^ r ra^k ^ ^ r i n T f f e ^ ^ S K

His younger brother, Fateh S i iH i of n , i n ; m f l r 1 7 n , -Solmwal State . ° this time founded the

" L M. M.H., V, 447,538. ~

3- Do. 1,469. ' ' 5 8 ,

temporary InThorf i n ^ f / ^ t B i ? * h SUCCG8Sor o f Vikramaditya. but co^' ^ l r . £ . c ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ ^ D u r y ^ h a n SinRb, who is Hated K 47 or 1C02 A. D ami t<Fh?w tlin £ Y* s " C C e e d e d Vikramaditya in Anno Akba« by Aram-Singh n e 21st voar o To?-n b ^ k Bandhogarh fort, being l o l l op <li8oicp,incV. y e a r o £ Jfth'vngir, It is impossible to account for tl*

*• E. M, If., VFf, 17.

IIibTOiiy. 17

l i e was succeeded in 1GG0 by Bhao Singh whose rule appears to Bhao Singli have been uneventful. 11660-90).

Anirudh Singh, his adopted son, then became chief. He was Anirudh killed in a fight with the Sengar Thakurs of Mauganj ten years after Singh his accession. He left an infant son, six nionflis old, called Avdhut (1690-1700), Singh. Disturbances arose in the State, and finally Hirde Shah of 4 . 'l Panna, taking advantage of the distracted condition of affairs invaded 'ncc/V'"') the country and forced the young chief and his adherents to fly from *" Rewah to Partabgarh in Oudh. An appeal was made to the Emperor Bahadur Shah who at once sent troops to the relief of the Baghel chief, and Ilirde Shah evacuated Rewah, but contrived to retain possession of Birsinghpur which still forms a part of Panna State.

In 1755 Avdhut Singh was succeeded by Ajit Singh. In 1758 All A jit Singli Gauhar (Shah Alam), the son and heir of Alaniglr I I , made an attack (1755-1809). on Patna. Clivc advanced against him and he fled to Makundpur in Rewah. Here he was given asylum by the chief, and at this place his son, afterwards Akbar I I , was born. 1-

In 179G All Bahadur and an army of Marathas attacked Rewah. The Baghel forces under Kalandar Singh Karchuli (k'alachuri) opposed them, but the Baghel chief was obliged to come to terms and pay a lakh of rupees. The wretched condition of the finances due to the late disorders is shewn by the fact that this sum had to be borrowed from Thiikur Ishwar Singh of Mandan, a circmn stance which later on led to serious quarrel. During the war against the Marathas in 1803-04, a British force was stationed at Makundpur -• to prevent the Marathas striking southwards through this region. In this year overtures for a treaty were made by the British Government, which were, however, rejected by the Raja.

On Ajit Singh's death his son, Jai Singh, mounted thegaddi. In Jai Singh 1812 a body of Pindarls raided Mirzapur from Rewah territory. The (1809-33). Chief was believed to have abetted or at least countenanced the raid, and was accordingly called upon to accede to a treaty, in which he acknowledged the protection of the British Government, to whose arbitration he agreed to refer all disputes with neighbouring chiefs and to allow British troops to march through or be cantoned in his territories. The last condition was not, however, fulfilled and a fresh treaty was entered into in 1813.3-

Jai Singli was a good scholar and the author of several works as well as a great patron of learning. He had three sons, Visvanath Singh, Lakshman Singh of Madhogarh, and Balbhadra Singli of Amarpatan.

Jai Singh was succeeded on his death in 1833 by Visvanath Singh Visvanath who had actually controlled the administration of the State since 1813 Si ugh during his father's life. l ie was an a ble ruler and also like his father a (1833-54). lover of literature and learning to which he gave great support.

1. Local information. Francklia—Shah Alton (1798), p. 12. 2. Thorn—Memoir of the War (1818), 250. 3- Appendix B,

18 REWAII STATE.

Raghuraj Visvanath Singh was succeeded by his son Raghuraj Singh. l i e Singh a ] g o w a s devoted to literary pursuits, and gave great encouragement to

vioji-ou;- scholars. l i e became an ardent Vaislmava under the inllnencc of Mukundacharya, whom he appointed chief SivtimZ to the State and gave the Laksbman Bitgh as a residence.

I n 1857 during the Mutiny Raghuraj Singh offered the services of acontingent force of 2,000 men to assist in keeping order in Baghel-khand. The oll'er was accepted and Colonel Hinde took command. Kunwar Singh, the rebel leader from Dinapur, attempted to march into Hewah, but Lieutenant AVilloughby Osborne, the Political Agent , gathered the country people round him and boat him off. Colonel Hinde then took the offensive and cleared the Great Deccan road of rebels, keeping this line of communication clear.

For the good services rendered at this time Raghuraj Singh was granted the Sohagpur and Amarkantak districts which had been seized by the Marathas and had passed into British possession. In 18G3 ho ceded lands for the East Indian Railway, and in 18G8 abolished all transit dues and farming of revenues, and ak.o appointed Raja Sir Dinkar Rao, K . C. S. I, , the famous Gwalior minister, to reorganise his administration. In 1870 the separate Agency which had been abolished in 1862 was reformed,]- the Politic.il Agent residing at Sotna.

In 18G0 Raghuraj Singh was created a G. C. S. I., receiving this Order at the hands of Lord Canning at Calcutta. In 1870 he attended the Agra durbar held in honour of the Duke of Edinburgh.

The condition of the State finances had become very unsatisfactory and in 1875 the administration, at the Chief's request, was taken over by the Political authorities, in 187G the Chief attended the durbar held in honour of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales ( now King Edward V I I ) , and in 1877 the Delhi Assemblage at which he received a Banner and Medal and was granted a personal salute of two extra guns. He died in 1880.

Venkat The present Chief Venkat Raman Singh succeeded at 4 years old, Raman Singh the State being managed during the minority by the Political Agen t .

(1880- j n 1895 he received ruling powers. In 1897 the State suffered from a severe famine in which every effort was made to give relief. For his excellent services in this connection he was created a G. C S. I . in 1897. In 1903 he attended the Delhi darbar and received a gold medal. I11

1905 he was presented to Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales at Indore.

His Highness married twice, once with a daughter of the late chief of Dumraon, a Parmar Rajput, and secondly with a sister of the Raja of Ratlfim, a Ralhor. His Highness's younger sister married the Maharao of Bundi in 1903, but died the next year. He has a f 11

and heir Maharaj Kumar Gulab Singh, born in March 1903 . litlea. TheRewah Chief bears the titles of His Highness and Maharaja

and enjoys a salute of 17 guns. The present ruler bears the personal honour of the G. C. S. I .

Ancn/co- The Rewah State has already furnished archaeological treasure3

LOGY. of considerable importance, among which may bo n o t e ( l l l » e j ^ 2 £ . >• HVe Appendix E~ "~ " : "

POPULATION. 19

of the Pnrivrajaka and Uchhkalpa Chiefs. Throughout the region, moreover, lie numerous remains which have not as yet been adequately explored. Among other localities maybe mentioned the Alha-ghat pass, GurgI Masaun, one of the sites proposed for the ancient city of Kuusambl, Baijnath," Chandrehl with its (Turious temple on a circular plan, tho caves of Mara and the sacred pool of Kevati kund. These places and others are all dealt with in tho Gazetteer.

Section III.—Population. (TABLES III, IV, V, AND VI.)

The State has been enumerated three times, giving in 1881 a Ennmer-population of 1,305,124, 1891 of 1,508,043 and 1901 of 1,327,385. atious.

The density on the last occasion amounted to 102 persons to Density nnd the square mile for the whole State with 176 persons to the square \ ariation. mile iii the greater part of the State, but of only 72 in the hilly tract. A fall of IS 1.558 or 13 per cent, took place between 1891 and 1901.

• In all, the State comprises four towns, Rewah (24,008), Satna Towns and (7,027), Umaria (5,381) and Govindgarh (5,022) and 5,5G5 villages. *• Villages. Of the latter, 5,03!) have a population of under 500; 413 of between 500 -1,000; 95 of between 1,000-2,000; and 18of between 2,000-5,000.

Of the total population, 1,201,053 or 93 per cent, were born in Migration, the State, and 30,(ill or 2 per cent, in other States of Baghelkhand. Of the rest, 14,0G1 or 1 per cent, came from other States in Central India, and 02,ISG or 3 per cent, from the United Provinces.

Of the population in 1901, 059,377 were male*, and 608,008 Sex and Civil females, giving 1,013 women to 1,000 men. The figures for civil Condition, condition give 105 wives to 100 husbands, due probably to excess of

l wives found in the hilly tract. Tho State comprised 1,013,350 Hindus, forming 76 per cent, of the Religions.

' population ; 529 J a i n s ; 32,918 Musalmans or 2 per cent. ; 280,502 Animists or 2L percent.; 24 Sikhs ; 1 Tarsi and 61 Christians. The last were mainly residents of Umaria, where there were 21 .

The distribution shews 85 per cent, of Hindus and 12 of Animi.-ts iu the Plateau area, and 69 and 28 per cent., respectively, in (he hilly tract: this latter estimate makes tho Animistic figure too low, as the Gonds ordinarily return themselves as Ilindus.

The question of female infanticide was raised in Rewah in 1893 when a great deficiency in girls was found to exist among the Parihar, Karchuli (Kalachuri) and Somvansi Rajputs. Measures were introduced for the surveillance of certain villages. The Census returns of 1901, however, gave no indication of any prevalence of the practice.

Of the ' population, 94 per cent, speak Baghelkhandl, the only Language other language of importance being Hindi. In 1901 there were 35,946 . a , l f l

persons, able1 to read and write of whom 5,347 were females. Literacy. The chief castes are Bnlhmans 228,049 or 17 per cent.; Kunbis Cartes and

79 482 or G per cent; Chamars, 78,163 or 6 per cent.; Rajputs, 72,126 or Tribes. ^ 5per cent.; Ahlrs, 52,370 or 3 per cent.

1 l. Since the Census of 1901, 831 new villages have been brought on the (Register.

Infanticide.

20 REWATI STATE.

Of the total population 859,000 or Gl per cent, wore cultivators and field labourers, 20,813 or about 3 per cent, herdsmen and 18,-151 zaminddrs; of other occupations 117,152 or about 9 per cent, were sup­ported by general labour, and 25,700 by mendicancy (not religious), while 19,3-17 were workers acrid dealers in bamboos, etc.

SOCIAL xThe isolated position of the State made it long before outside

CHAR\C-^ influence affected dress. The bulk of the population being members of TERSITICS. t j 1 0 -jUUgic tribes wore only the langoti or narrow slip of cloth of coarse

texture, passed between the legs, the ungauchi or chuddar, a sort of sheet used to cover the upper part of the body being a luxury indulged in by few. Even people of position wore a dhoti or loin cloth, nnguuchi and maraitha {lit.—twisted), apiece of clotli twisted to form a head covering and occasionally a mirzai, a short jacket often padded, reaching to the waist. A long coat culled the ti]>annn-jamu was added on special occasions. This last piece of costume has disappeared, except in the dress of the bridegroom at the marriage ceremony. A loose cloth called the phenta was carried thrown round the shoulders. The head-dress consisted of a pagrl. In full dress the anga was added. I t was a long coat made in the fashion known as khuli-banh or open-sleeved. Tho sleeves were cut wide from the elbow downwards and extended be­yond the finger tips, so that it protected the hands in cold weather. The mirzai for smart use was cut close to the figure and made with pleats and called a chunaoddr mirzai (chunao lit.—a fold or pleat).

Though the mirzai, anga, paijainafi, etc., are still generally worn by the people, at Rewah itself a tendency is noticeable to adopt semi-European attire. The European coal, and waist-coat, t ight.f i t t ing \ paijdmas of native make, coloured sdfa of Riijputuna and European ] shoes forming the costume. i

In women's dress no change has taken place and still consists of the dhoti and choll or bodice. The lehenga or skirt is seldom worn in Rewah, and never by widows.

Food. Well-to-do people use chapdti, thin cakes of wheat flour, rice, ddJ, vegetables and spices, etc , known as sdlan. The commonest form of sahvi is called bagja and is peculiar to Rewah. I t consists of jalehi-shaped coils of gram (lour (besan) made up with oil :uul curds, dipped in sugar, and is held to be a great relish. The middle classes also use rice, but to a less extent, and ddi and vegetables. The lower classes eat coarse bread made from the cheaper grains and matha or butter-milk.

The poor people have two meals a day, the duphdri or jeonhdr, a mid-day meal taken after 12 noon and bii/dri or supper, while the richer have in addition kalewa or breakfast at 8 A . M . and sanjhlauka, a light meal in the evening about 4 or 5 p. M.

The cost of living comes in the case of the poor to about one anna / a day, in the middle class to 2.V to 3 annas, and in the well-to-do to | 1 rupee. Friends are entertained at the mid-day meal, except by those who have become modern in their ideas and do so at the evening meal. / Often such entertainment consists in merely sending dinner (tavlha) 8 and rasai to the house in which the guest is living. In the case o f " those invited to the host's house, the form of entertainment depends on

POPULATION. 21

the caste of the person invited, which may or may not enable him to eat with his host.

The cultivators, who form the bulk of the population, rise at day­break and return home at sun-set. They rest for a couple of hours between noon and 2 o'clock. The mercantile and business classes work from about 9 A. M. until 6 P . M., with a similar rest. The well-to-do who have no special occupation usually rise soon after day-break, and busy themselves with sport or the management of their estates until the evening.

The huts of cultivators are made of mud and either thatched or tiled according as circumstances allow. The jungle tribes live in mere hovels made of the leaves of trees and thatched with grass and leaves.

The marriage customs are similar to those elsewhere in India and require no detailed treatment. The expenses lavished on this cere­mony are often enormous. On an average, however, the richest spend about Rs. 10,000, the well-to-do Rs. 1,000, the middle classes l is . 400 and the poor Rs. 00,

Hindus burn their dead except ascetics and infants, and Muhamma-dans bury them. The ashes in the former case are usually thrown into the Ganges or some local stream.

The most important local feasts are the Dasahra, Kliajuldya or JRakhi, Diwali and Iloli. The DasahrahWs on the lOlhday of the light half of the month of Kunwdr (September-October). On this occasion arms and all the appurtenances of war are worshipped, as in former days this feast indicated the close of the rains when wars and fora\*s recommenced. A t this feast a big darbar is held by the chief who marches in procession attended by his surddrs. The Diicali is the great festival of the trading community and marks the opening of a new financial year. Account books, pens and inkstands are v>orshipped. On the great day which falls on the 15th Iuvtik Badl all h.-^es are illuminated and fireworks are let off. The Holl falls in the ^ ~ing on the full moon of P/idh/un (February-March). I t is a season of licence. All partake in the festivities, in which the bandying of coarse pleasantries and the throwing about of red powder take a prominent place.

Among the higher classes shooting is a favourite outdoor past-time, dice, cards and chess being played indoors. The middle classes do not indulge in outdoor games, but play cards and chess at their houses. The common people have many outdoor amusement1;, which, as a rule, require feats of skill or strength for their performance, others are more or less children's games such as ati-pati or hide and seek, 2'itqo, a game of ball somewhat similar to rounders, charra-pntn', a soit of prisoners' base, and Icabaddi, a game like Jack-straws' castle. Dancing and. pinging and the recitation of kauita, portions of the Mahabharata and RaWiyana, and Bardic tales are also favourite recreations.

The names of classes are distinguished to a certain extent. Thus the Kshatriyas have Singh as a termination, Brahmans often Bam, Ka-yasthas the prefix Liila, while the terms Chaudri, Gauntia and Dahait are

a f f i x e d to those of Chamars, Jfuhataun to Tells and Kalars and sdhu to Banifis.

Daily life.

Houses.

Marriage.

Disposnl of the dead.

Festivals.

Amusements.

Nomencla­ture.

22 REWAII STATE.

^ Family names are unknown. Children are commonly called after the day of the week. The use of Sanskrit names is a peculiarity of Rewah, thus Pradyumna Singh, Anirudh, Sampat, Vrishabhadhwais-prasad, Chandrashekhar, and the like arc unusually common.

PUBLIC Public health has been generally good, but in 1887, 3 801, 189-1 HRALTH. 1896 and 1897 severe epidemics of cholera attacked the State, while

in 1887 and 189G a somewhat virulent form of small-pox appeared. Plague. The whole State had been free from plague up to September 1905.

Infection from some unknown source was then introduced into Rewah town at a time when the disease was at low ebb throughout India and when the districts surrounding Rewah were clear. The type was bubonic in the great majority of cases throughout the epidemic and the mortality was high, llewah never having been attacked before. I n

spite of this the disease did not spread through the State, but was confined to Rewah town and to villages within a radius of twenty miles from it, while its subsidence from the town was rapid, l i s duration in the town was four months. The village epidemic continued till the beginning of May. Mortality amongst rats, squirrels and mon­keys was very pronounced.

The total number of reported cases in the town was 108 and of deaths 371, and in the villages 272 and 1G2, respectively.

The figures below show the incidence ; H T cent, of plague by castes in Rewah town.

Brfihmans . . . Carpenters. . . Kali ars K fiyasthas . . . BanifiH Kshatr iyas . . . Baghels Muhammadans Other low castes

TOTAL 100-00 The measures adopted to stop the disease and check its sproadiii0"

- were, in the first instance, the segregation of cases and di>m lo t ion of infected houses. These measures were successful, and if m^ >rved, would probably have checked the epidemic, but ' i ] ) e iH.o1,le

<' were averse to going to the camps and no compulsion was u-ed Later on, when the disease was generally epidemic, the p.'cndo voluntarily evacuated their houses. Inoculation was not attempted. Only spasmodic attempts at rat-killing took place. ' •* ' *•"''

In Govindgarh and Mangawan complete evacuation of the houses took place, the people camping out under trees and in huts m the surrounding country and continuing their work This proved very satisfactory.

The attitude of. the people towards the disease was one of great fear as most of them had never experienced an epidemic before

P O P U L A T I O N . I 2.3

After the disease became virulent they left their houses freely of their own accord. They were, however, suspicious of European methods of relief and prevention. The popular belief appeared to be that the discaso was caused by sonic action of the Government, and the Agency Surgeon and Hospital Assistants and others were accused of originating and spreading the disease by means" of boxes of poison, contaminating Veils, etc. Even the State authorities who co-operated with the medical staff in plague measures came under the same opprobium.

CHAPTER II. ECONOMIC.

Section I.—Agriculture. (TABLES VII TO XV, XXIX AND XXX.)

Ganeral. The chief means of subsistance of the people is agriculture. I t is Early days, indeed regarded as the best of occupations and a proverb runs :—

J7Ham khet'c jin har gaha, Madhyam l-Jteti jo sang raJia ;

Sanjk sabere piinchc jotya kalian, Bar da blj bwga ta/idn.

"He thrives best who drives his plough himself, but average success attends the man who only supervises ; while he who is content with mere reports soon loses both his cattle and his seed."

And again —

Uttam Icheil madhyam ban, JSikrisht clidkail blvhkh nidtin.

" Agriculture is the best (occupation), trade stands next, while (domestic) service is the lowest and alms begging the last resource."

The truth of the first couplet is amply borne out by the fact that the Kunb's arc far and away the best cultivators, and at the same time carry on all operations themselves.

I t is not now possible to say what part of the country was first cultivated, but the western section of the State, including the Uuzur and Tconthar tahsila, have been longe-t settled. The dahiya form of cultiva­tion which consists in felling and burning trees and growing crops in their ashes was, no doubt, veiy common, as it is even now practised to a small extent in the hilly tract. Ihe Lodhis and Kunbis are considered to be the earliest settlers of the cultivating class, who were later on joined in their peaceful pursuits by the Rajput settlers who had gradually taken to arts of peace. The descendants of these Rajputs are not now able to consort with the Rajputs proper, their change of occupation having caused them to lose caste.

The revenue was paid in kind and was graduated to the nature of the soil and the caste of the holder, those of higher caste paying a smaller share of the produce.

The greatest influx of cultivators is traditionally said to have conic into Rewah after the fall of Kanauj in the 11th century. ' ^ s i s i n

part supported by the prevalence of members of the Kanaujjiya sub-caste among the Kunbis, Kachhls, Kumlurs, etc. '' ' ,

In Maharaja Bhao Singh's time also large numbers migrated from the disturbed northern districts to this tract, bringing with theo» Br.lhmans, KSyasthas, Thakurs and others of the higher classes.

AGRICULTURE. 2 J

Tho pressure due to want of land never affected the Rcwah culti­vator, and when liis fields bad temporarily lost their productive power he could always find other land. Oue result of this is that the local agriculturist bus never learned to use manure or how to give artificial strength to the soil. The want of this knowledge is now being felt in the more cultivated districts where fresh land ib not to be had.

The soil of the State falls into two sections. The laud north of the General Kaimur range is covered by a fertile alluvial-soil bearing excellent conditions, crops, but in the hilly tracts cultivation is productive only in the valleys where detritus has collected, and along the beds of streams.

The cultivator recognizes a large number of boils which he classes Clares of by composition and position. The most important classes are mnir suil. which is sub-divided into three varieties, daiour, rusi audgubaris. I t is the " black-cotton " soil of Europeans, which is remarkable for its power of retaining moisture ; sigon, a lighter soil or' a yellow colour, bearing rice when irrigable. I t has two varieties sit/on and bigai ; domat K as its name implies, a mixture of two soils. I t has two varieties ( l j a mixture of sigon and mnir, and (2) of mair and bhata ; dundi is a very light sandy soil found on the bills ; usar is a white soil of low fertility ; and bhdta a stony soil.

Where classed by position soils are styled gauhdn or lying near a village (f/uon), si mar land remote from the village, on the border (sima) mnjhnr land lying in a position intermediate between the two last, and kachhdr fertile alluvial soil in river bods and on banks of streams.

•Soils are also often named after the prevailing crops such as hodauhui or land bearing hodov, dhdnhailaud bearing rice (d/tdnj and so on.

Mnir is best suited to rabi crops but is of no use for rice which is only grown in sigon and some classes of domat. The other soils bear millets chielly.

Two seasons are recognized the than/ or sidrl l as / ' ig from May to Seasons. October,'in which junarl (jowdr), kodon, cotton, etc.. are cultivated, and the rabi or unharl lasting from October to March, in which wheat, giaui and barley are sown.

According to Hindu and local ideas the proper time for the setting Pioguosis in of the rains is under the Ardra nakshatra asterism, which generally of seasons falls on the 15th or 10th of June, and thus agrees with meteorological according to observation. the cultivat-

TIio peasant always calculates his operations by the nakshairas or astorisms, of which there are 27 in the year.

The la<.t nine days of the preceding Mrig nakshatra should accor­ding to tradition, be very hot, if the rains are to be good.

Tapain Mrigashira talaphain char, Ban bdlak aru lhains ukhdr.

" In tho heat of Mrigashira four things should suffer, the forests, children, buffaloes and sugarcane." If this takes place, all will be well.

The rain in Ardra should be light and not severe, as in the latter case there is danger of its early cessation.

ors.

2G R E W A T I S T A T E .

Ardra.

Punarvasu.

Pushya.

A siesta.

Magha.

Purva.

Uttara.

Ilasta,

Chitra. JSwati.

*rra TK^t 5T5 jsr uiif i ^ r *rc *rfe ^ ^ s i s n

Aldgh gargarl Jelh Ted jar, nadi ndr bahi chalai Asddh, As bole bhaddar kai joya, asaun barsa dhaun hus hoya.

" I f the month of Mdgh (January) is sultry, and Jeih (May) cold, and the rivers andbrooks fill up rapidly in Asdrh, the rains, saysBhaddari 's wife, will be of doubtful character."

The most important nakshatras a re— Ardra marking the commencement of tilling and sowing.

3tt?a FT 3R g? %t I m i ^ ^ l ^ I l t ^ l ^ ^ t II Ardra lag b'tj bind lei, phja bin ho moldn adar del.

" !Now as Ardra has come and the earth must receive the seed; who will welcome me without my husband," i.e., without the tiller.

Punarvasu marking the rice sowing season especially by the leo system (sec supra). Rain should now fall copiously.

^ffi 3 ^ 3 M «TR I affc 5T 3X\ %^f 3TR II Purva Punarvasu boi dhdn, aur na l:ari khctl an.

"Sow only rice in Purva and Punarvasu, and not other food crops." Pushya, or chirayia (the bird) as it is called by the people, i.s eager­

ly watched as prognosticating the rest of the season through the evolu­tions of small birds, especially sparrows, while it is raining, Jf they continually allow themselves to get wet, Hying away and re turn ing repeatedly, it is the sign of good rains. This nakshatra falls in the la t te r part of the month of Srtiwan ( Ju ly) . The rains during this nakshatra should come in heavy, intermittent showers.

I n this nakshatra there should be few showers. This is the time to plough fields for the rabi.

In the Magha nakshatra light rain is very beneficial to s tanding Icharif crops and useful for moistening fields prepared for the rabi, but continuous heavy showers hamper the preparations for the rabi.

In Purva rain is very injurious, at most only one or two showers should fall.

The Uttara showers ought to be very light and at Ion"- intervals sarson and rai are sown at this time. '

In Hasta rain should be scanty and light. Heavy rams in this nakshatra are injurious to the standing crops of cotton, jowdr, tili, etc.

Li t t le rain should fall at this time, as heavy rain is injurious.' Only one or two showers should fall. Heavy showers destroy the

rabi seedlings.

_ The proverbs on this subject are endless, a few are noted below W'hiQh refer to the nature of crops and operations.

*refr $\t *itf WH i *r *\\ ww>ii ^ m\ m ,| Sicatl gohun, Ardra dhdn, Na old /cufcuhh na old ghdm.

AGRICULTURE. 21

" If wheat is sown during Swdtl and paddy during Ardra, the first will uot suli'er from the rust uor the latter from sunshine." •

anafr TO 3 ^ 3 srfa i c i r are #3; n 53ft u Ardra barsai Punorvasu jdyc, Din ami kou na khdye.

" If there is heavy rain in Ardra, and fair weather in Punarvasu, tlio result will be a bumper crop. " (lits.—none will eat poor grain.)

wu srsfarr srcr ^[R i s?s ft^t m TO qtirc 11 Maglia, Asrekha lagl jori, Urad, (ill, ghar dhara bahori.

u If Maglia and Ashlesha have heavy rains, the urad and till should be brought back to house and not sown."

q*;% &\m sxrcr i £i*£r ^ mm $$i\ u IJarkhe lagl Uitara, Kodon na khdya kukura.

" If there is good rain iu Uitara, (so much so that) ereu dogs will refrain from eating kodon"

**% ftfr *m% ftsicft i ^% ^ $is§ i& 7j ^ r II Barsain lagl Sdnti bisdntl, Chalui na kolhu bajai na (and,

" If it rains in Swdtl the kolhu (or oil-press) and the how (of the Dhunins who card otfc^n) will uot Had work." (The Swdtl rains are injurious to till and cotton.)

sfa*n *rc% tfiR- vi m$\ n-*; TTTT i f to i sfti diR^r *ptfr Ertftqrercr II JIalhia barse ilni bhc, sail shakkar mans, ILithia barse tini ge, junarl, till, kapds.

" The Ilasta rains are useful for three crops, paddy, sugarcane and pulse. But Ilasta rains are injurious to the three crops: jioiarl, till and cotton."

sfasi t p ^wil i m %% *prcr 3?f? ii Ilatllia punch dolai, ghar baithe junatl ayl.

'• The absence of rain in Ilasta is useful lov jowdr.'' Even slight showers of Ilasta nukshatra is sure to bring abundant

crop of junarl (jowdf).

The common saying determining the results of rain are :—

S P R fjff ffffm f i ^ t ^^Rf i 31* %cr ire *n«*> fJT n% g^ra n

Sdwan shukla saptaml, Jo garjai adh-rdt; Tumjai ho piya Mdlve, Ham jdbai Gujarat. Sdwan shukla saptaml, Uvatjo dekhai bhdn. Ki jal milai samudra men, Iu kdmini kudn nahdn.

2S REWA.IL STATE.

Area culti­vated iind variations.

Agricultural practice.

Double-cropping.

Rotation.

Mixed Bowings.

Manures.

Irrigated crops. Peats.

Implements.

" If it thunders on the 7th of the light half of So, wan yon must go to Ma,lw5, love, and I to Gujarat. (As famines arc unknown in these districts.) The implication is that there will be famine.

" If on the 7th of the light half of Hawaii the sun is visible when rising, water will be found in the sea only, or in the wells to which women will go to bathe."

I t is impossible to enter into this question, as no figures arc forth­coming, except for the jrcur 1902-03. The average area under cultivation may be put, therefore, at 1.800,000 acres, of which 00,000 acres are double cropped and 1^2,000 are sown with mixed crops.

A. field is cleared just before the rains by ploughing. In the case of mair and sigon soil it is then again ploughed three or four times and sown. W h e n it is reserved for rabi crops, such as barley, wheat, sugar­cane or poppy, i t is ploughed fourteen or fifteen times.

Rice is extensively sown in parts of the vState. The field in this case is prepared in one of the three ways. The jhuria process is used in fields which retain a large amount of water. They arc ploughed once or twice in Magh (January) and Jeth (May), and the seed is sown just before the rains commence, the plants thus reach some size before much water collects. In the dablika process the field is ploughed after it has been moistened by a little rain, and sown. In the leo or la ran process seedlings previously grown elsewhere are planted out after they have reached some size.

Double cropping or dufusli is practised wherever the water supply is sufficient and the soil is retentive of moisture. The crops oidinarily sown arc maize or tdmdn at the kJiurlf followed by matru, gram, barley or mamr as a rabi crop.

The exhausting nature of some crops and the recuperative power of others is well known to cultivators. The ordinary series of rotation is kodon or junorl alternating with wheat, gram or linseed.

I t is a practice to sow two crops in one field at the same time, thus guarding against a total failure and also minimising the amount of labour in preparing the land. The commonest mixtures are kodon \\\i\\junar% and arhar, wheat with gram and with mntra, and barley with gram and mntra.

As has been already noted, manuring is but little practised. Cow dung and village sweepings are used, but only special crops are treated with them.

Sugarcane, poppy, barley, wheat and garden produce are irrigated. In the case of all but the last bandits are generally used.

The chief animal pests are rats, who swarm after a year of defi­cient rainfall, white ants, locusts and in some localities deer. I lust (gerua) leans grass (Imperata spontanea) and blight also cause damage. Frost rarely injures the crops, but in the year 1905 all hopes of a bumper rabi crop were blasted by frost.

The chief implements are the Art?, or plough, baklcliar, or weeding plough, kun-i or harrow; kopar or pahta, a log dragged over a field to smooth on it out; xoaim, the tube used in sowinc rabi seed which is attached to the plough : hanria, a sickle, k7iurpa, a hoc and plulora, kuddn, kudu-, and suwar different kinds of spade. The axe called

AGRICULTURE. 29

Iciilhtiri or tang a and the knife used for culling hirhl or stalks of joicdr called garam may be added.

The total normal area cultivated is about 1,854,000 acres, the kliarif Area under crops occupying 1,175,000 acres and the rabi 079,000 acres. crops

The chief crops in the former case are l-odon, junaH (jowa>'),ar7iar, v T a b l e •^•/,

etc., 421,100 acres; dhan or rice 390,300 acres:///]; 72,500 acres; urad 53,900 acres; makka or maize 45,300 acres and cotton 44,300 acres, and at the rabi, gehun or wheat 18G,800 acres, chana or gram 157,800, jau or barley 121,800, arsi (alsi) or linseed 92,300 and mmur 60,500; some poppy about 150 acres is sown mainly in Teonthar taJail.

The crops sown at the I'harlf or autumn season are dhan or rice Crops. (Oryza saliva), saman (Panicum frumentaceum). malcai or maize (Zca mays), hakim (Setaria italica ) , bajra (Pincillaria spicata), vrad {Phascolus radtatus), kodon (Paipalum stolonifivum), mfeng ( Phaseo-U'S mungo), moth {Phascolus aconitifulius), fcapas or cotton (Gossypium indicum), til (Scsamum indicum), mejhri much the same as kutki {Psilopodium scrobiculatum), junari (joivdr) (Sorghiun vulgare), and arhar ( Cajaaus indicus).

A t the rabi they arc gehun or wheat (Triticum aestivum), chana or gram (Cicer arietinum), matra {Lathyrus sativum), masuri (Ervum hns), jau or barley of two kinds known as jaunnd jau-beri (JFordeum vulgare), arsi or linseed (Linum usitaiissimum), and poppy (Papavcr somnifevum).

The vegetables and fruits ordinarily sown are cabbages carrots, Garden pro-garlic, egg-plant {Solamun melongena), onions, muri {Fuuticuhtm pan- duce. viosi), melhi (Trigonella faenum gnecum), and many kinds of yam and gourd. Among fruit trees the commonest arc the mango {Mangi-fera indica), loqiiat {Eriobotrys japonica), custard apple (Anona squa­mosa) plantain {Musa sapient urn), shaddock (Citrus decumana), and many lime-;, citrons, figs and melons.

No new implements have been introduced as yet. The only Progress, foreign seed which has been tried is mundia wheat which is not, however, considered as good as the ordinary local h-ithia variety.

Irrigation is very little practiced in Ilcwah. The only crops Irrigation, watered artificially from wells are pan (Piper betel) garden produce, sugarcane, tobacco and poppy.

The miir soil, on which most of the cultivation is carried on, does not require irrigation for ordinary crops and the cultivator lias apparently little desire to increase his out-put.

The only form of irrigation ordinarily carried on is that effected by bdndhs. Bandits are temporary earthen darns raised at the lower end of sloping fields which serve to retain the rain water for some time after the monsoon is finished, in land so moistened the seed is sown and yields twice the crop which can be obtained from seed sown in dry land.

This method is simple, inexpensive and most effective and is admirably suited to the Rewah country.

Where wells are used the water is generally raised by means of the Wells. dhcnlurl, which consists ol a long pole working on a frame like the liorizonta 1 bar of Gymnastic at one end of the pole a counter-poise is fixed and at the other a vessel for raising the water. I t is worked by

?.o "B.ZSF ^ S f l ^ T E . .

Cattle.

Pasture. Cattle

diseases.

one man. A well costs from 20 to GO rupees to dig, and if it is lined with stone l i s . 150 to Rs . 180.

No special breed of cattle exists in the State but all cultivators raise cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats. No census ol live stock has been taken.

Pasture land is anip/c and far fn excess ol local needs. Numerous diseases are named by herdsmen. The commonest arc

bilari i.i which the throat and mouth become inllamcd and the a m m l w unable cither to eat or drink. Asafadida (huu,) and slrych.n.a (l-ocb a) with m« >Ara (var: of cummin) are administered mixed « ; n \ ^ ^ ; u ^ ' ^ a ; ti

Csit U<- 1 iiirfl ( T I . I . I M

X X V I I I ) .

A g r i c u l t u r a l population.

Ediim Indebtedness.

Takkavi.

Wages and prices, "

Material condition,

turn leaves while a poultice otmadar (Calotropisproccva) and sehunda.a

oi tbe u.te.tme.-, similar to colic. I t causes a s " '" "" No medicine is used, but charms and incantn popularly supposed to be due to a grub found ii JJu<( also called Uuirpaka and ' munhpaka (I'o

o\ tbe u.te.tme.-, similar to coVic. I t causes a swelling of the abdomen. No niediciue is used, but charms and incantations are recited. I t is

ib found in certain kinds of grass. >ot and mouth disease)

j , treated by administering bread made oi urad flour mixed v.\t\i Vm->ecd-oil, the beast being made to stand in mud up to its knees. Deri or cow-pox is cured by giving the animal a mixture of gram flour, b u t t e r - m i l k , 'film l eaves a n d coarse s u g a r .

rai.^nV'.r'u.tr110 m ; U k e t S " ° U e l J ' b u t c a t t l e a r e ^ at most big

fil'&hlMnZi, i Wi Kuijbis, Rujyuts and

The average holding is about 12 acres (23 blghas) and generally includes about G acres of bandh land.

The cultivators are on the whole well-to-do, and though most are in debt to tho local Bania they arc not so heavily involved as in many parts of India. They have now recovered from the dire effects of the famine of 1897.

As a rule the Darbar does not grant takkavi loans. But in times of scarcity advances are given freely, for the purchase of seed and bullocks, and the construction of bandhs. Interest on these loans is charged at the rate of 12 per cent, a year.

Section II.—Wages and Prices.

( T A B L E S X I I I , X I V . )

Though figures for prices from early years are not available, those since 1880 arc given in most cases. The lise in price is marked: kodon the staple food of the poorer classes.has risen from 2(.) seers to the rupee to 10 seers, jowar from 25 to only 18 or 20, rice from 10 to 10 and wheat from 20 to 13 . The figures for 1905 are abnormal. Wages are about double what they used to be in the case of skilled workmen, other­wise little change is noticeable.

The condition of all classes is on the whole good. A temporary depression caused by the famine of 1897 had an injurious effect on the cultivating castes, but from this they have now recovered. The traders are better off than any other class, their prosperity having increased by

FORESTS. 31

leaps and bounds since the opening of the East Indian and Bengal-Nfrgpur Railways, the extension of metalled roads, and improvement in the administration. . .

As regards the wild hilly tract there is little to be said. The jungle tribes live mainly on jungle produce, and eke out a scanty livelihood by the sale of forest produce. They have made no advance in prosperity.

Section III.—Forests. ( T A B L E IX . )

The total area occupied by forest in the State is about 4,GOO square miles exclusive of scrub jungle on waste land of which GOO square miles are reserved.

The forest falls into two main classes which are separated by the Kaimur range. On the north there is little or no real forest except the Makundpur teak reserve, but to the south a large area is covered with valuable trees, the timber and other products bring in a large income to the Darbar.

The predominant tree in the southern forests is sarai the b/iorca robusta, intermixed in places with a large amount of D<n<ha calamus strictus of first rate quality. On the higher slopes ol' (he hills llio MIM/ is replaced by other species.

Three belts may be distinguished, one of deciduous, a second of mixed and the third of riparian forest.

This class of forest is confined to the southern portion of the count ry. I t extends in a great belt commencing from tlie village of Kark (23°11 , N. ,81 ' and G h u . _ _ _ . . , x . . . . , .. _ wards and stretches through Beli, Mirli, Bfuidhogarh and Sajwahl up to Ilardl on the bank of the Son river. From Ilardi it again bends east­wards and stretches, but very irregularly in scattered patches of limited area, all along the bank of the Son river and its tributaries to the eastern border of the State. Its total length is about 200 miles Jt is very unequal in width varying from 2 to 20 miles. Throughout this tract the forest fills nearly all the small valleys and low lands and follows the wind­ings of all small streams, dipping eastwards and northwards toward the Son river. I t is estimated to cover an area of nearly 1,000 square miles.

The most important trees in this belt are Shorca robusta, Diospyros, Dalbcrgia and bamboos.

The mixed forests, which combine some of the features of both the deciduous and dry forests, are situated on the northern slopes of the Kaimur range on the Uewah plateau on a few hills on the north-west border adjoining Fauna State, and on the south-east of the deciduous belt. They include the greater portion of the State.

The forests of the riparian class owe their special cliaracter to the periodical overflow of rivers and ncdas. They are entirely different in character from the forest vegetation of the surrounding zones, and they deserve to be treated as a separate class, They are situated in the

extends in a great uen commencing irom me village or Jvarlcnti °11 ' N.,81° 33 ' E.)nearly 5 miles southof Burhar station (B.-K.U.), . stretches westwards through Singhpur, Sluihpur, Aunrher, and inguti up to Madaria (23° 21 ' N„ 81° 7' E.) where it bends north-

Forest area.

Classes of forest.

Peoiilnons forest bolts,

Mixed ferobts.

Riparian forests,

32 REWAH STATE.

south-west corner of the State, south of Chandia and Singhwara, along the banks of the Siudhuli and. Ghorehatar rivers. In this area the inundated lands produce quick-growing forests of sagwan or teak, Acacia arabica, and A. catechu, Buchanania latifulia, etc. Keproduction is very rapid in this area.

Classifica- The forests are, for administrative purposes, divided into two classes, tion. reserved and ordinary. There are 14. reserves in the State with an area

of 642 square miles situated at l iandhogarh, Majholi,13ardI, and Sohag-pur south of the Kaimur range which are reserved specially for the sural ( fthorca robusta) and bamboos (Dcnclrocalamas strictus) which cannot be cut without the permission of the Parbar . The forces of Govindgarh are reserved for sporting purposes only. I n addition to these there are four unirrigated natural grass preserves at Makundpur, J'.ara-pahar, Bahciiabhut, and l i ' r Kampur in the neighbourhood, of Kcwah and Satna town, which are used to supply fodder for the State cavalry. All other forests belong to the oidinary c la^ .

p , . Until 187.3 no restrictions were impo-od on the people in regard to the cutting of wood of any land, pros ided that it was required for household, agricultural or other local purposes and not for export. Later on, however, a rule was made re<er\ ing 15 kinds of tree, which the people were prohibited from felling, except on payment of a duty or on obtaining a free pa.-s from the F o r o t Superintendent. The trees thus reserved were teak, sural, parsld, bijuharu, sdja, saw/an, muhud, char, chiula, tun, shlshum, hurra, kosum, hurdu and tendu. These represent the most valuable timber trees in the State, and their reservation was con­sidered desirable as a source of revenue, and as a means of extending protection to the forest. Tin's rule and sonic others issued at i\\e same time caused a great deal of discontent, and were, therefore, modified in 3 885-8G and again in l ' J02. All cause of complaint has now been re­moved, the people being permitted to cut bamboos, sural, and other timber trees, which are under 5 ft. span in girth, for household and agricultural purpo-es and also for dahla cultivation. Exceptions are made in the ease of mahud, char, kosum, hurra, L-halr, chiula, sdyivdn (teak), tendu, tun and shlshum, which are allowed to be cut only on a permit granted by the Darbar. Cattle arc allowed to graze in forests within he boundaries of a village: for forests outside this limit a permit is required. The collection of muhud flowers and other minor products such as the fruits of hurra, chlroiiji, uonla, tendu, baichdndl, and bahcra, gums, resins, bark, etc., is allowed free, excepting lac, catechu, and ral {dltup) the refill of the Shorea robusta.

A Superintendent of Forests is. in charge of all arrangements. beiiT> assisted by two Hangers for the Sohtlgpur and Barcfl circles! For administrative purposes circles under Inspectors who are assisted by jamdddrs and dnfdddrs, have been formed.

The privilege of collecting the minor forest products of each tahsxl is auctioned to a contractor who can remove all such produce free of forest duty, but not free of customs duty. The revenue from minor pro­ducts is never very large. The same conditions obtain regarding the revenues from timber, bamboos, etc. Lac is much the most important source of forest revenue.

FORESTS. 33

The important trees and shrubs are given in the list at the end of this article.

Many useful grasses also are met with, the more important being rusa (Andropogon muricatum and other varieties), hngai [Eschccmum angustifolium), manj (Saccharum avnndinaceum), khashhns (Andropogon sqwirrosus), spear-grass (A. contortus), darbh (Erugrostis cgnosuroidis), dub (Ci/nodon dactylon) and others.

The tribes that reside in the forest area arc K«>ls, Gonds, TUiig.is Bharia, jUajhf, Panilca, Uaiswar, Dhurtia, IJiar, Acraria, Kotuiir, Ha>or, Lasuhar, Beniariha, Khairwur, and Ptithfiri. Of these the Kols, Daigas, Gonds, Bharia, lUfijlu, 1'anika, Agaria, Basor, Bemariha, and Khainuir are generally employed as labourers

Tlie rate of wages for males is 2 annas per day, and that for females 1 anna <J pies per day.

The revenue derived from the sale of forest produce is considerable. From J 810 to 1815 (he receipts averaged 1*7 lakhs, the expenses being about Us. 00,000; for 1895 to 1900 the receipts amounted to about 2 lakhs yearly, expenditure being about Us. 80,000. In 1903-01 the receipts were 7-7 lakhs, and expenses 1 lakh, and in 190-1-05, 3-6 lakhs, and expenses Lis. 75,000.

The receipts included 2-3 lakhs from lac, Rs. 91,000 from royalties on timber, Rs. 20,000 horn those on minor products, and Rs. 9,000 from other sources.

List of common trees and shrubs, etc.

Vernacular name. Botanical name.

Akol, Kollia ... Alangium lamarckii ..

Amaltas, Jhng- Cassia fistula rinvii, Kir war.

Amarbel, Akas- Cuscaia reflexx bel.

Ainarka, Am ... ZJungifcra indica ,.,

Anita ... Banhhiia vialauarica{

Anjir ... Ficus carica Aonlo, Lalli ... riiyllanthns cmblica.,

Asok ... Pohjalthia longifolia..

Bahera ... TerminaUa belerica,.

Remarks.

Wood for fuel. Fruit medicinally used. Young bhoots for tooth brushes also.

. Fruit used medicinally, wood to some exteut for implement?.

. Used in medicine in poultices, etc.

Wood yellowish, light, seasons well ; used for beams, rafters, door-frames, boxes, drums, doors. Fruit eaten ; leaves used iu Hindu ceremonies and festivals being placed on the toran or marriage-arch and as plates.

"Wood for fuel. Cultivated.

, Fruit eaten, used in medicine; leaves to tan leather; wood for fuel.

, Commonly planted in gardens. , Grows in dry rocky situations.

Wood used for posts. Fruit used medicinally. Bark of the tree called Mojith is used for dyiDg.

Trees.

Grasses.

Jungle tubes,

Revenue.

Trees and sluubs.

34 REWAH STATE.

List of common trees and shrubs, etc., (continued),.

Vernacular name. Botanical name. Remarks.

Baibirang .. Bakain Bamur or Babui

Embelia robusla MelUi azedarach Acacia arabica

Biinda

Bankapas

Bans, Uhadue

Bansa

Bar Ficus bengahnsis

Barga, Baranga... Kydia cahjeina

Barhir .. Be), Mahaka ..

Ber

Hliondl r>bcri, Tumi Bhilawan, Ko-liaka.

Bhiriha

Blnrar. KatuJ ... Bija, Bijdhara ...

Bilaikund Bilsena

... Fruit used in medicine.

... Loaves and fruit iibed medicinally,

... Good timber tree used in rafters, brains, body of carts, cart-wheels', etc. Leaves and inner bark u-ed for medicine ; pods and leaves givon to goat as fodder; the gum is collected and used medicinal­ly and for many purposes.

Loranthus longijlorus, A parasite, very destructive to malt u(i.

"lhesp>esia lampas ... Grows as nndcr-shrub with sal. "Wood useful and bark gives iibre and a yellow dye.

Demlrocahnus slriclus, The male bamboo used for many purposes.

Albizzia odoralissima, Wood for rafters, bedsteads, etc., and as fuel ; bark to tan leather.

. Fruit eaten; milk used in medi­cine; tree is worshipped by Hindus.

, Wood used for and fibre used of wood, etc.

Cultivated. Wood for fuel for sacrificial tires by Hindus and its leaves in the worship of Shiva. Fruit eaten; it.s fleshy por­tion is mixod with lime for mor­tar and used medicinally to stop diarrhoea.

Fruit eaten. Wood used in bed­steads, pegs, yokes, Indian clubs, etc. liipe fruits are dried and the fleshy kernel called bercliuv is mixed with a little salt and kept as a preserve.

Commonly cultivated. Wood for fuel. Epicarp eaten; nut used medicin­

ally; seeds yivo a marking ink. C'hloroxylon suretenia, Found on sand-stouo soil. Wood

hard, used for axe handles, etc. Tin's wood gives good charcoal.

Hand in tdiginosn ... Fruit for vegetable. rterocarpus mar sup- Good as timber for furniture and

Atrocarpus lehoocha, Aegle mar melon ...

bedsteads; hark to bind bundles

sometimes used

Zisyphus jujuba

Hibiscus cxculentus .. Cos curia tomo/tosa .. Semicarpus anacar-

ilium,

mm,

Pueraria iuberosa . Limonia acidissima.

Biihul, Jirila ,., Indigo/era pukliella,

in beams, rafters, beadsteads, musical instiuments.

Tubers used medicinally and eaten. Wood used for axles and in agri­cultural implements.

Flowers used as vegetables.

FORESTS. 35

List of common trees and shrubs, etc., (continued).

Vernacular 7iame. Botanical name. Ecmar7;s.

Bounria-chiola. . . Bulca superba . . . A climber. The tuber is called kohanri and this used medicinal­ly. Leaflets for puttalus (plates) and donas.

Char, Sareka .. . Buchanania latifolia, The fruit lias a delicious flavour and is most refreshing iu the hot season; kernel called chiranji is being very hugely eaten. Leaves used for plates.

Clihind .. . Phanix-acaulis , , , Leaf-stems for tooth-brushes, root-brushes to clean ornaments, leaves to thatch roofs.

Chiola, Mur . . . Bulca frondosa . . . Wood used in wells and under water generally. In marriage ceremonies magroliau and pata are made of its wood. Now shoots are used as Brahma-danda by Brfdimans and dried ones, ono foot in length, called samidha, are used for sacrificial purposes. A yellow colour (lesu) is prepared from its flowers and used in holy religious festivals ; fruit used medicinally ; root fibres (bakoura) arc used to tie bamboo roofs. Lac insects aro propagated on its young shoots. It is one of the prin­cipal lac producing trees. Plates, jxillals and dona* aro made of it,

Chirul . . . Uohptelea inlegrc- Bud has offensive smell; leaves used folia, medicinally.

Dahiman . . . C'ordia machodii . . . Wood esteemed for building aud in frames.

Dbamin, Dhan- Grcwia tiliaifolia . . . Wood hard and tough; used in im-kath, (Aehwood.) plements of agriculture, etc.

Dhawa, Anna .. . Anogeissus latifolia, Wood used in building; leaves to tan leather.

Dhawal, Surteli, Wood ford iafloribun'da, Flowers used for dying. Dhobaiu, Pfiusi... Valbergia poniculata, Wood for fuel; inner bark and

flowers used to tan leather. P fid hi, Mitha, Wrightin thicloria and Wood used by turners. Frui t

Indrajau. Wi'igfKia tomentosa. takon medicinally. (,Tho_ folli­cles arejofned at the tip, in t'nii:-taria while in the variety W. tomentosa they aro not joined).

Dudhi, Karu ... Uolarrhena anlidy- Wood used by turners, fruit Indrajau scnlcrica, medicinally. E a t h i ' , „ JJleictcresisora . . . A common under-shrub; fruit used

for mediciues. Gabtli Ganiar ... Cochlospermum gos- In dry stony places. Young roots

' sypiuin, used medicinally. Fibre used to stuff pillows, and its gum called hatira.

36 REWAII STATE.

List of common trees and shrubs, etc., (continued).

Vernacular name. Botanical name. Remarks.

Ghanto, Ghati- Schrebera swietenio yari, ides,

Gliont, Glniter, Zizyphus xylopycra... Ghotahar.

Ghunchi ... Abrusprccalorhis ...

Girchi ... Capcaria gravcolene . GulifsJare ... Millulta auriculuta.

GursakrI 0 t . Grewlapilosa

Gurar, Safed ... Albizzin procera Gurja ... Odina icodier

Haktr. ... Adina cord/folia

flarra ... Termhuriia chebula ,.,

Ilaruwa ... Erylhrina sitlerosa...

Jmll, Chitta, .. . Tamarindus indica;.,

Janirasi ... Eleodendro?i rox-burghii,

Jamuo ... Eugenia jambolana ...

- Fruit is worn by children round their necks. Wood generally USOflll.

Oi'leu gregarious to dry stony country. Ono of the principal trees used in the production of lac. .

Fruits of the white species and roots of both red and white are used medicinally. FruitH need ornamentally by Gonds and Biiild and as weights ( = 1 ratti). In marriage ceremonies of Gonds and Bhils a bracelet, of the ber­ries is tied to the wri'sls of brido-gioom and bride.

Small tree, wood for fuel, bark used for poisoning fish and

killing insects, also cures itch {Jihoura) on animals.

The fruit has a very pleasant fla­vour, roots used as a tonic.

"Wood for fuel. Wood useful. Gum collected. Wood used for

yoke branches for fences of fields to keep out cattle ; leaves for fodder.

Wood used by turners and for buildings.

This tree is found on sandy soil. The young immature fruit is nsed in medicine and is, when ripe, a valuable commercial asset.

Bark used medicinally and wood in swords, scabbards, etc.

Wood to burn lime ; flowor and fruit used in curries and chatni ; cultivated in gardens and avenues.

Wood pretty and used in cabinet work. Bark and leaves poisonous and isbivrnt by Pasis below swarms of bees to kill them when honey is being taken. The leaves are used meiiicinally as a ppecilic against rabies and Bnakebite.

Cultivated in gardens and ave­nues; wood used for buildings, and door-frames, leaves to thatch roofs ; and fruit eaten and used medicinally. Heart-wood very durablo in water.

FORESTS. 37

List of common trees and sbrubg, etc., (continued).

Vernacular name. Botanical name. Bemarks.

Jnrphali Jharbcr

Jb.au •

Kachnar

Kadara ..

Kaima Mundi, (Gondi.)

Kui tha

Tamarix dioica

Kali Makoya

Kauji

Karaunda

Kari

Katahar

Katb-jamun

Ficua Bcandena . . . Frui t eaten. Zizyphus munmularia, Fruit eaten, twigs used for hedges,

leaves given to she-buffaloes to eat to increase their milk.

Found on the banks of rivers. Bas­kets and brooms are prepared from it. Leaves used in medi­cine.

Bauhinia varicgata . . . Flower buds eaten as n vegetable and pickled; wood as fuel,

Antlwcephalus cadam- Planted in gardens and avenues, ha Mowers offered at sliriues.

Stcjrfiegync parvefolia, Wood used by turners and in buildings.

... Fruit eaten. Wood used as fuel. Wild in the Hand (Makundpur) forest.

. . . Fru i t eaten; twigs used for fences or to cover tiled roofs to protect them from monkejs .

,., Oil of the seed used medicinally. Young shoots for tooth-hnibh.

. . . Exceedingly common. Fruit eat­en, has a delicious flavour.

Wood yellowish, hard and tough, used for bed.-^teads.

Frui t oaten. Wood for fuel. Jack fruit cultivated.

. . . Fcronia elcphantum

,.. Zizyphus amnpHa

,,, Pongamia glabra

. . . Carissa spinarum

. . . SacC'ipeialum tomai' tnsiim.

Kasahi, Elc-dania, lircctelia rctasa Artocarpus hitegrefo-

lia. . Eugenia heyneana . . . Common along water course, river

banks, etc. Wood, etc., similar to jambulana.

Kat tang , Buns. . . Hambusa arundinaceae, Cultivated.

Kenkar

Keoliir

Keora

Khair

Kb ajar

Kharner

Kharhar

.. Garuga pinnata ..

, Bauhinia purpurea ..

, Pandajius oboratrisi-mus.

,. Acacia catechu

Phamix sylvestrio ,

Gmelina arborea

Gardenia turgida

Wood used to make yokes, leaves for fodder,

Wood used as fuel.

The fruit is eaten and a scent made of i ts exudat ion.

Wood used for posts, beams, etc. Kaltha or cntecbu is proparcd from chips of its heart-wood, its tanning being used to season lea­

ther. Fruit eaten; wood used as beams;

leaves for brooms. Wood used to make musical in­

s t ruments . Wood for fuel.

Leaves and fruits eaten. Kbatua , (Gondi) Antidcsma diandrum Anta .

Kiwanch . . . Mucunapruriens ... Fruit used medicinally.

38 REWAH STATE.

List of common trees and shrubs, etc., (continued).

Vernacular name. Botanical jiame. Remarks.

Kobria, Kahua.., Terminalia arjuna . . . Common by streams. "Wood uped in carts and implements, doors,

Kosam

Kulu

Kumbi

ScMeichera trijuga

Slerculia urcns

Carcya arborea

Kursi Lal-madar, Akua,

Cardenia salnifolia Calolropis procera

Lenria, Seji, Sed- Lagerslr&mia parvi ha.

BJabanim

Mabua, Ira

flora,

AilaulJius excelsa

•Bassia latifolia

Mahida ... JOauliinia racemosa M ahulain, (Gondi) Bauhina vuhlii

Paur.

Mainhar

Majni

Wenlidi

Mucbkund

Munga

Niguri Kim

frames, beams, posts, etc. Wood light red, bard, tough; a

good timber tree, but being one of tho principal lac-producing trees is protected.

Found on dry rocky hill sides of which it is the characteristic tiee. Wood used for doors; gum (kalira) used medicinally as a tonic for women.

Fiuit edible, used for pickles; hark fibre used to prepare fuses as it smoulders whea ignited.

Fruit eaten and used as tonic. Pool, leaves and milk used medi­

cinally. Wood used in straight poles, for

buildings and for fuel; bark in tanning.

Planted in gardens and near villa­ges; bark used medicinally as febrifuge.

Wood esteemed for buildings; fruit oil is used by low caste people. Flower i a valuable commercial asset, being used in distilling country liquor and is also eaten.

Used in bedsteads and for fuel. Tho pods are roasted and the seeds

then eaten. Leaves used for plates, bark fibre for ropes.

Wood for fuel, fruit and bark in inedicino.

In medicine, leaves sometimes as sand-paper.

Commonly planted in hedgCR. Leaves unod by females to color their hands and feet, and also iu medicine.

Planted in gardens. Fjower used medicinally.

pterygosper- The horse-radish tree cultivated largely near villages and in gar­den root is like horse radieh ia flavour.

Leaves in medicine, fcbiifnge. Grown artificially everywhere.

All parts are used — wood, fruit, bark, leaves and ilowers used medicinally. An oil is extractod fiom its seed to kill insects.

Randia dumilorum

Ficus gibbosa

Lawsonia alba

Pterospcrmum accri/o Hum,

JJoringa ma,

Vitex negundo

Melia indica

FORESTS. 39

List of common trees and shrubs, etc., (continued).

Vernacular name. Botanical name. Remarks.

Pakar . . . Ficns infccloria

Piipra, (Gondi) Gardenia laiifolia ... Paniabil

rura l , Jainiangal, Sicrcospcrmum sua-vcotens.

Pipal, AH ...Ficus religosa ..<>

Eai, Karaunda . . . Carisa caraundas . .

Rnsfilln, Lasora, Cordia myxa Lubhera.

Eeonja . . . Acacia Icucophloea . . .

Rohina . . . Soymida febri/uga ...

JRora, Kuuikum... A/a o£usi>fdlip2)inensis}

Kusa, Arusa . . . Adhatoda vasica . . .

Safed niadiir, Calotrojiis giganlea ,., Akaua,

Sagwan, Leak . . . Tcctona grandis „

Saj, Barsaj, Maru, Terminalia tomentosa,

Balai,

Sarai

. . . JBosiocllia serrata ..,

,,, Shorea robusta

Young shoots eaten. Wood for doors.and combs.

Wood for building and as charcoal fruit in medicine.

Frui t edible. Worshippedi ' by Hindus. One of the principal lac-producing trees. Dry twigs for sacrificial purposes.

Fruit eaten and wood burnt as fuel.

Flower buds and immature fruit used ns vegetable. Cultivated, not wild.

Wood good for posts, pegs; young pods eaten as vegetable.

Wood dark red, hard, close grain-fid, used in turning, also in beams, rafters, etc., internal baik used medicinally for rhue-inatisni.

A red dye is obtained from the capsules on the surface of the fruit nnd is called kumkitm. This powder is also used in medicine.

Very common in was-to land ; leaves used in medicine. Leaves have a yellow dye.

Root, leaves and milk somewhat poisonous used medicinally ; ilowers offered to Shiva and seed fibre used to stuff pillows, wood for gun-powder, charcoal.

The teak tree ; good for building and furni ture.

Often found associated with sarai or dhcioa; wood is used for build-ing, etc., and bark in tanning.

Common on dry rocky hills, used in making country boats, etc. Resin is collected. U*cd to make mandatm in marriage ceremouies.

Excellent timber tree, grows on sandy toil. Sleepers, beams, raf­ters, doors, bedsteads, the one-piece wheels of cultivators ' carts, etc., e t c , the fruit is eaten and a iesin called dhfip collected which is burnt t\8 incense in E i n d u temples.

40 REWAH STATE.

Liat of common trees and shrubs, otc,, (concluded).

Vernacular name. Botanical name. Remarks. •

Semal ... Bombax malalaricum, Wood light, used for door beams by poor people, drums, boxes, etc. Bark used medicinally ; roots of young plants ns a tonic ; its gum called mocharas used in medicine; its (lower is eaten in famine time, and the libre (/MM) from its seeds to stuff pillows.

Bhioham ... Dalbcrgia latijol'ia . . . Good timber u^ed in furniture boing the black wood of Bombay. Wood bard, close grained,durable, lac insects are propagated ou it.

Biharua. Khirsari, Xyclantlics arhor- Wood for fuel. Flowers used by llarsingar. trivlis, Hindus in religious ceremonies ;

corolla tubus give a d} e. Shoots with leaves used for thatching roofs.

Bins, Sirsa ... Albizua lebbclc ... Inner bark usrd medicinally and in tanning leather.

Sissu ... D'.dberrjla sissoo ... Planted in avenues. Wood good for timber and used in furni­ture.

SiVapbal ... Anona squamosa ... Planted in gardens, also wild in Bandhogarh.

Tendu, Tumri. . . Diospyros lomenlosa Wood for building, heart-wood also ebe/ium, called abmts used for sticks, carv­

ed works, etc., fruit is eaten. Tilman ... Wendlandia exerta . . . Common on broken ground, near

water courses; wood used for fuel, leaves in medicine.

Tinea,Sandan ...Eugeiniadalbergioides, Good timber, used in rafters, bed­stead, Indian clubs, agricultural implements, etc., bark used for poisoning fish.

Tut ... Morns alba and laevi- Commonly cultivated for its fruit. gate,

Umr\r, Gular,.., Flats glomerala ... Fruit eaten and used in medicine Toiya, leaves used in Hindu cen;inonie3

punch pallav. Dry twigs for sacrificial purposes.

Section IV.—Mines and Minerals. (TABLE XII.)

Rewah is rich in mineral products. The most paying is coal from Uraaria, of which in 1903, 193,277 tons worth G7 lakhs', and in 1905, 157,701 tons worth 7-2 lakhs were extracted.

Lime-Stones. Lime-stone is quarried by the Satna Stone and Lime Company whose manufacturing agents are Messrs. Gladstone Wyllie and Company, Calcutta, near Satna, a royalty of two annas per ton being paid. In 1903 the duty amounted to Rs."l,6-10, and iu 1905 to I ts . 4,528, Of other

Coal,

ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. 41

product.? 1G8 maunds of corundum were extracted in 1903, and 1,428 Corundum, maunds in 190,), while the right to quarry for Ochre (lidrnrqj) is sold liararaj. for Rs. 210 yearly to a contractor.

Formerly iron was locally worked to a considerable extent accord- Iron. ing to the indigenous method in the local mines called agars, of which a very few ntill exist. Many stone quarries are worked, but at present only supply the Jocal demand.

Section V.—Arts and Manufactures.

In art and industry Rewah, like the rest of Baghelkhand, is Arts and behind many native states and most British provinces. This back- Ul way­wardness is explained by the fact that agriculture affords a ready and ea-jy moans of livelihood, and no necessity has been felt for the deve­lopment of arts and industries. In Rewah little progress has, therefore, been made beyond the point of supplying what is absolutely njojss.iry for the ordiuary needs of the people.

Among the line arts literature and music have always been highly Fine arte, appreciated and patronised by the rulers of Rewah. The famous musi­cian T.in Sen belonged to the Court of Maharaja Ram Chandra, while Mah'irftj.I Visvanfith Singh and Mahar.ljfi Raghuraj Singh also retain­ed the best musicians of their time at the capital.

Among the ornamental arts that of the goldsmith is in advance of Goldsmiths, others. The locally made kakuniha, kantha (an ornament for the neck), the f/ojih and gunj (two other ornaments for the neck), katwa (neck ornaments for women), besar, ear-rings and ddniini (gold or silver orna­ments for (.he forehead) are especially noted.

An inferior Class of metal workers called audhias reproduce in brass Audhias. bell niital an I white metal all the ornaments that are made in gold ami silver, such ornaments being used by the poorer classes. 'Yhcaudhius are found in all the towns of Rewah, and ornament* of their workman­ship hold a very important place among the articles exposed for saie in all big fairs, being eagerly sought after by those of the lower classes.

The manufacture of lac ornaments is carried on to a considerable ^ a c ""0 ! k . extent in Rewah town where lac is easily obtained from the local forests.

The Kauderas (turners and joiners) make wooden frames for 7iukkas (called nigdli and busitha)* rulers, sticks, etc., and also miniature imitations of native vessels, toys and nick-nacks which are coated in bright colours in lac.

The articles turned out arc noted for their excellence, the huH-ns Wood work, of cocoa-nut shell especially finding a ready market out.-idc Rewah territories. DCulhia, sag wan (teak) and abniis (ebony) are the principal kinds of wood u^ed by the Kauderas.

The pottery iiii.lns.tiy supplies household utensils. The more Pottery, ordinary classes of vessel are the ghara or water pots of two kinds called gaghara or gagliati and the ghaila which is smaller, the dabhx, a vessel peculiar to the locality very like a leather chhugal in shape, aud many others. m p , ,,

The manufacture of the coarse cloth called gazi is of long m J . j . * standing. The Ivor! (Hindu weavers), the Julahas (Muhammadan *' weavers) and the Pnnas (aboriginal weavers) haye beeii engaged

42 REWAH STATE.

in manufacturing these stuffs since early days. The spread of railways, however, and the increase in imported goods, has diminished the demand for home-spun stuffs. Out of a total population of 50.800 Korls and Panas only 8,000 now carry on their traditional occu­pation. Before the advent of railways also a more skilled class of weavers called Lahanglrs manufactured fine stuffs used in making garments for women. There are still Lahanglrs in the State, hut they have been almost all thrown out of occupation. Cotton-spinning is chiefly done by poor women on hand wheels (rahta or char kit a). A t one t ime this occupation was very widely resorted to, and was the chief means of livelihood of this class, especially of widows, but now machine spun yarn is usually imported even by rural weaveis, who find it cheaper and better. The value of imported yarn has risen by 50 per cent, in the last 20 years.

A considerable dyeing industry still exists. The ravgrez and chhipas dye amuuwa coloured cloths in various shades which are still bought largely by the gentry of Rewah for winter garments, though mill-produced woollen stuffs and cotton chintzes are gradually dis­placing them. The following is a list of the chief kinds of amauwa and the locality where they are produced :—

Name of colour. Place where dyed. Khaki (black with a greenish Carh, some 14 miles east of Rewah t inge) .

liarigrah (deep green, Sud-panklri). ]3alus% (deep black).

Kochki (deep red with blue tinge).

Sonahra or piara (yellow colour).

town. Rampur, midway between Rewah

and Satna. Madhogarh, Riimpur and Amar -

patan. This colour is popular and commands a price amount­ing to 8 annas or 10 annas per yard.

Manufactured in Mangawiin,

I t is of two kinds, (1) dyed on the coarse cloth ga;i, it forms the material for the clothing of poor villagers and the lining of garments of the better classes ; (2) dyed on finer cloth, it forms the materials of the winter garments of the well-to-do.

Made at Baikunthpur, 15 miles north of Rewah.

Besides these common colours used almost everywhere, certain special dyes are used in Rewah town where most of the people, particularly those in the Chief's entourage, wear a bright coloured head-dress (the sclfa or muraitha) in imitation of the Rajputana fashion. ^ The names of the chief colours so used are dhdni, a l ight ami b r i l i ; a n t g r 0 R n > azmurdi, a bright yellow, janqali {zangari), a bright green with a blackish tint, argaza, guleandr and gulesattar.

6. Shikari ( the light green) .

ARTS AND MANUFACTURES. 43

Of the three last named colours argaza (sweet scented yellow colour) has long been a favourite colour for wear during the hot months of Baisalch and Jeth. Some 20 or 2o years ago argaza in the hot weather, and the crimson coloured gule andr and gulcsattar in the month of Srawan were considered the acme of tasteful dress. A t present the last two have rather gone out of fashion.

The manufacture of oil by means of country made oil-presses Extraction (kolhat) is still a nourishing industry, though the use of kerosine oil for of oil. lights lias begun to find its way even into the villages in remote parts of the State.

In towns this profession has made rapid progress and over 120 Tailory. Singer's Sewing Machines arc now in use in Bewah town. While even tailors in remote places have begun to use them. The ratio of tailors to tho whole population is 1 to 2G0. This occupation is followed both by the Hindu.-; and the Muhammadans. The Hindu tailors form a distinct class, thachhlpi, while the Musalm.ln tailors are commonly called darzi. But this distinction is fast disappearing. The chhlpis generally work in villages and Musalm.Tn darzis only in towns.

Printing on cloth is followed solely by the Musalman class called Cloth print-clthlpas. They print materials for bedding, toshafc and ncdis, ceiling , n £ ' and door cloths, etc. The chhip'ts are found chiefly in Sohagpur, Chandia, Bamnagar, "Dcora, Bcohari, Baraundha, Sih.lwal, Pathrehi, Kuan, Amarpatau, Madhogarh, Nipania and Bewah town.

Of these, the chhlpas of Amarpatan and Madhogarh excel in turn­ing out articles in bright and fast colours. They carry on their trade on a large scale, and the toshnh and r-uai* printed by them find a ready market. They also manufacture floor and ceiling cloths called jajam and chanduni, respectively. The chJripts of Mldhogarh and Amarpatau also dye amauwa cloths and print dhotis and tafus.

The carpenters of Bewah have made but little progress in their Carpentry, art. Agricultural implements, country carts and rude household fittings and furniture are all they produce. All the better clashes of chair<, boxes, desks, stools, etc., are obtained from outside or from the workshops started by the Darbar in the Bewah State Jail, Makundpur, Forest godown, and Umaria colliery. But the supply from these workshops is not c^ual to the demand.

The blacksmiths like the carpenters have made no general pro- Iron work, gress in their art. The only exception to this lie> in the manufacture of sarautas (betel-nut cutter) which find a ready market outride the State. The blacksmiths are indispensable to the agricultural population, and are found in every big village or group of villages. Tho following is a list of articles manufactured by the blacksmiths of Bewah. Sarautas, which are noted for their superiority, are made in Bamnagar, Amarpatan and Semeria; Pursa or battle-axes made in Singrauli ; arrow-heads in Sohagpur; axes (tangi) in Semeria and Baghurajnagar; and the big axe (locally called tanga) in Kachnikam, Jiawan, Bamgarh, Garhwa, Hinauti (BardI tahstl), Khannaudhi, Marwiis and Sohagpur ; knives are made in Raipur, Bamnagar, Amarpatan, Baikunthpur and Semeria.

44= REWATI STATE.

Section VI.—Commerce and Trade. General Trade is carried on mainly by means of country carts in places

character, where there are good roads, and by means of pack bullocks and ponies over rough and hilly t iac ts .

Before the introduction of railways the chief centres of trade were Mirzapur (United Provinces), Bila-mur and Ratanpur (Central Provin­ces); strictly speaking there was no regular export trade of any kind. The whole of the commerce was concerned with imports of rice, salt ami sugar , cloth and metal vessels, the latter being chielly imported from Mirzapur .

Sal t , sugar and rice were chiefly imported by Lawfmas or Banjaras who traversed the length and breadth of the country. Their pei iodical visits to the chief place* of the State were occasions of note to the people who then purchased a sufficient .stock of necessaries for the }-ear.

The t rade carried on by the. Lacunas was a source of consider­able income to the State, and the petty Thakurs whose lands they iraver-ed, the transit duty called jugal (a corruption of zulal) being levied not only by the JJarbar but all the petty Thakurs as well. The lates were light, being one and half anna perr/on or a pack animal 's load, but the amount paid by the merchants was heavy taxes being charged several times over by the State and the subordinate land-holders.

The Thakurs v.ho charged the zukat were held, responsible for the safe e-eort of goods through their estates.

The zukat (transit) duties have now been abolished, and a permit duty levied by Darbi r only has been substituted for it. Thakurs having no r ight to levy any duty.

Since the introduction of railways and the construction of new roads, the routes and centres of trade and commerce have almost entirely changed.

The .Jabalpur cxtention of the Eas t Indian Railway now skirts the north-western part of the State for about 100 miles, and the Uengal-2C fig pur Railway crosses the southern portion for about 13.} miles. Thevj two lines hive opened out the country to trade which hasincreased materially everywhere.

sports and The chief articles of export are cereals, wheat, rice, pulses, oil-Inuroitd. seeds [t/'li and linseed), cotton, and f/hl, while the chief articles of

import are piece-goods, yarn, iron manufacture-, metal vessel0,salt, sugar, spices, tobacco, kerosineoil and small articles of daily use or luxury in­cluding paper, hardware, umbrellas, boxes, niclf-nacks and fancy thin£ s*

The value of exports (excluding treasure, i. e., gold and silver) was in 1890-91, lOv* lakhs, 7*8 lakhs being brought by rail, and 2-5 by road, of which linseed was valued at 3*G lakhs, hides 1*5, tili 1'3> # ' " 1-5, and cotton 80,000 rupees. In 1901 the value amounted to 10-2 lakh*. G-5 by rail and 3-8 by road. The famine of 1901 which affected the southern districts caused a rise in hides, 3 lakhs worth being ex ,p o r l " ed. In 1901-02 the value of exports rose to 21 lakhs, 1G'7 by rail and 4-7 by road, linseed rising to 8 lakhs and / / / / to 3 lakhs : in 1902-uo the value was 18 lakhs; in 190G-07io 33 lakhs. 18'9 by rail a"« 14-1 by road. Imports excluding articles obtained by the P a r b a r

COMMERCE AXD TRADE. 45

on public service were valued in 1800-01 at 11-7 lakhs including 4-a in piece-goods, Vb lakhs of treasure (gold and silver), 2*5 salt, 1 of sugar; in 11)00-01, it rose to lbS lakhs, 2 in treasure, 0 in piece-goods, 2-7 in salt and l - j in sugar; in 1901-0^ to IS lakhs including VG in tretsure, ti-7 in piece-goods, oS salt and 2-(\ sugar; in 1902-015 to 218 lakhs, 2-J in treasure, 9 in piece-goods, 4 in salt and 2-G in sugar : and in 100(5-07, 'J 1-2 lakhs, 9-1 in piece-goods, 2-^in salt, 1-9 in condiments and 1*() in each in sugar and spices. J«

L''or the most part these articles, with the exception of food grain", are exported to Bombay. Of the imports cloth comes troni Cawnpore, i> >?nbay and Calcutta, MI .jar from Benares, Aliiv.fipur, Azamgarh and Jaunpur, salt from Pach-bhadra (Rajput m a \ pedlar's articles from Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi, and kiraiui, or apices frojn Cawnpore and Calcutta.

The chief centres of trade in tlie State are places on railway lines or Trade near them, r/;., Satna (E. I. li. , .Uajhgaw.wi (JJ I.II.), and Sheoriljpur; centres, strictly speaking, the la>t two are not within .Slate territory, but as trade centies exercise much influence ; and Chandia, Untaria, Sahdol, -Burhar, daithri, and lvhairi, all on the Bengal-Xagpur line.

The principal market towns are Iiewah, Amarp.ltan, Riijpur, Maiket Manga wan, Raghun ithganj, 3lauganj, Garb, Sohai;i. Sithlha." Bai- towns. Ictinthpur, Semiiria, Guraiya, Mildhogarh, Kharwahi, R unnagar, Bar-ii ' inlhi, Danr.ljna^'ir, Amirpur ALlup.ir, Jobi, Jaitpur, Kuthinigwanf, H i.npuru I'kin, C.'iorliir, Senium Sidhi, .Marwa, Sonbar^a, Ilinauti (in Chorhat), Sihawal, Payulkhi, .Ji;"i\\an, Garhawa, Bamgarh, Badga-\\ii\), KaclniF, Khutar, Wairhan, Pathraiira, .Marwas. Khadd, Sarai an I Sa nun I. Weakly markets are held in Rewah town, JMangawan Baikunthpur. Sihawal and Chandia. All these markets are distribut­ing and collecting agencies A list of fairs is given in Table X X V I I I .

The chief selleis are Bani'is, who are not producers. Brahmans Trading and other castes al<o deal in the articles of export. They buy food classes, grains, oil->eeds, and cotton from villagers and dispose of them to the big merchants wh > carry on the export trade. Messrs. Ralli Brothers and several big native linns of Bli.Xtias and Marwiiris have agents in the chief markets. The cloth dealers are mostly Parwars (Jains.) and Marwaris.

Shop-keepers are found in all large villages and are of the Bania Shop-class. They sell necessaries to villagers buying grain, oil-seeds, etc., from keepeis. taj.'ii for export or sale to%ig merchants.

Carriage is effected by moans of country carts and pack ponies and Routes, bullocks. The chief roads and routes used are given below.

The Great Deccan road passes through the Unzur and Mnugnnj tnh-slls and is connected with Satna town, the emporium of the State by the Satna-Bela road. This road is extensively used by merchauts taking good's to Satna and Mirzapur from the Huzur talisil and Mauganj tahsil. The chief markets of the export trade lie on this road, Iiewah,

1 These fi cures are not absolutely accurate being based omthc customs duty receipts, but they give au idea of the condition of trade.

4G REWAII STATE.

AmarpaTan, Raipur, Raghunatbganj , Mangawfm, Man, Khatkhar i , and Hanumana . The Allahabad road branching from Mangawfm rid Sohagi is used by merchants carrying goods from Tconthur ta/tsll to markets in the xVllahabad District.

The Sohagi-Dabhaura/md Teonthar-Shcorajpur unmetalled (racks are used by merchants carrying goods to the Dabhaura and Shcorajpur railway stations. The Sitlaha-IJcwah (unmctalled) road is u«ed by merchants bringing food grains from Teonthar tulisll to Jlewah town; the Semaria-l taghurajuagar and Anuirpatan-HaghurfijiKigar road by merchants carrying goods to Satna ; the Itainnagar-Satna road via Gnrsai i -ghut and Amarpiltan, by merchants carrying goods I'rom Itfuu-nagar tchsll to Satna town. Other routes are tho-c from lifunnagar to ltowah riii Govinilgarb, H.nnnn^ar tr> I'.coliari, Kamnai>:ir to ^lanpur, M i n p u r to (Jmaria, CJhorluU to Rcwah via (<arh, Hard! lo j \ l irzlptir by Jarkul-ghat . Sonbarsi to Mirzapur by Damak-ghat and (.Jopal-tclult, Sihawal to Mir/.apur by Lalganj-ghiit, Singrauli to -Mirzapur, J a i tpu r to Sohiiwal and Kolhinigwfml to .Jaitpur.

Vehicles. In Rewah and other towns springed and rubber tyred vehicles arc met with, and the Chief also uses motor cars. Hut country carts and unspringed slu'grams drawn by bullocks are u.-cd by most people.

I n Sohlgpur (uJinl the Lawanas still bring food grains to the railway station markets, as in this ttilull country carts are very scarce.

WEIGTITS These measures are u<ed in measuring corn and liquids. AND 2 Puufhis or Chuchuri equal '<) Addhi or i a seer.

ME\SURES 2 Addhis „ 1 Kurua. peculiar to 4 Kun,as „ I Puila. the> Hawaii 4 Pallas „ 1 h'urai.

b U t e ' 20 h'urais „ 1 Khouli. 1 Pauthi or Ch thuri is ccpial to ;}- ol a s tandard seer.

In the Iluzurjl iaghurajnagar and Manganj taltslls the Kumi measure holds about o seers weight of grain, but the weight necessarily varies according to kind of grain. In lifunnagar and Sohagpur, however, the Kurai holds about 2}- seers of grain.

In the Teonthar tdisil the following measures oT capacity are used:—-The Chaclniri is the standard, and is equal to J .', sevrs.

Measures of rPhe measures used in weighing bulky articles arc :— capacity. t „. _ 1 , „ / r • \

4 Chahnns equal 1 kurua (or o seers). 4 Kuruas „ 1 Puila (or 24 seers). 2 Pailas ,, 1 Dumani (or 1 maund, 8 seers). 2 Dumanis „ 1 Pdtlil (or 2 maunds, Hi seers).

1G Patina „ 1 Path (or 38 maunds, 10 seers;. 20 Pathls „ 1 Khandi (or 48 maunds).

of weight 4 Fai'8&s (Pakka) C°r r° t o l a s ) equal 1 Chhatalc. W C ' S ' * 2 Chh'itahs ",, 1 Adhpai or Adhpasie.

2 Adhpnis ,, i Pau. 2 Pdus 5> i Wsi saivaiya or adhsecr

(used by cotton sellers).

M E A N S OF COMMUNICATION. 47

4 Pans equal 1 Seer or Arliaia. 2 Seers or arhaias „ 1 l^ascri 5 Seers ,, 1 l3«nseri (equal 1 Dhara

or 4 pakka seers). 8 .Pansaris • ,, 1 Maund.

N.-B.—The bisi is now generally talcen as equal to half a seer or 40 tolas, but originally the seer was equal to lUU tolas. The suwuija and urhaiya m pahha weight are respectively equal to \ \ adhscer, and 2h adhsecr of k'tclihu weight.

Jewellers use the following :— GO Khashkluis equal 1 grain (Chawal). Jeweller's

8 Chdwuls „ 1 liatti. weight. 8 Hattis „ 1 Masha.

12 Masha& ,, 1 2W«. In earth-work the following measures arc employed :— Cubic

4 Miitlds ^handfuls) equal 1 Cubit. meagre used 4 C:<Ms „_ 1 A-«>»>7. d iners 1

In surveying land the blghn is the unit. 'os1-'1^ 20 Kutfiwansl equal 1 Bitwansi. Square n A n . . • T ii-,„., measure?. 20 Biswansi ,, 1 Btstca. 20 Biswas ,, 1 I»I#/m or 2,500 square yards.

The official year commences on 1st April. Time.

Section VII.—Means of Communication. The railways which traverse the State are the .labalpur-Allahfib.ld Hallways,

section of the East Indian Railway and the Bengal-Xagpur Railway, The dabalpnr section runs for about ;»0 miles through pans of the Raghurajnagar and Teonthar tahslls with stations at Satna anil Dabhaura. The Bcngal-Xfigpur passes through the Soh'igpur tub oil with stations at Chandia, Umarifi, Karkeli, Birsinghpur, Ghunghuti, Sahdol (for Soh.lgpur), Burhar, Annuppur, Jaithfiri and Khairi.

The "Darbfir maintains 141 } miles of metalled, and 288 of unmctalled Roads road. ( T ^ 1 0 X V>'

The chief metalled roads are the Great Pcccan road from Jabalpur to Mirzfipur, with anunmetallcd branch to Allahabad, and the Satna-Panna-iSrowgong road. These roads were, before the opening of the railway, of the first importance but have now become feeders. Other metalled roads lead from Rewali to Goviiulgarh, Bela to Govindgarh, Govindgarh to Rainnao;ai> Rfunnagar to Amarp.ltan, and Satna to Bela. The cost of up-keep of the metalled and unmctalled roads is about Rs. 30,000 a year.

( i n former days there was no regularly organised postal system, Post offices letters being carried by special messengers. The village chaiihiddrs or (Table hot wars were bound to carry Darbfir letters or other articles from XXIX). village to village. As regards public letters, people, in urgent cases, had to send special messengers at their own expense, and in ordinary cases they had to wait for travellers who happened to be passing through the places to which they wished to send messages. This state of things existed till loog after the establishment of the British power. I t was only

48 REWAH STATE.

in about 1833 or lSG-i thai an Imperial Post Office was, for the first time, established in Rewah town. Even after this no change in the condi­tion of affairs took place in the districts, except tha t branch ofiioes were sometime after opened at Govindgarh and Miidhogarh. In IMnhiiriijii Visvanath Singh's time an improvement was affected by the enlistment of a reserve body of runners called dliauruhds or harkdrds whose business it was to run with messages on special occasions; but no regular line of mail runners was olabliMicd In 1875 this body of kcrkdids was made more efficient by the ebtabli.-hmcnt of regular dak or postal lines to various important places in the State, and mails were regularly run, an overseer at the head of the organisation supcrvi.-ing operations. This arrangement existed mainly for State burdness, but private letters and other articles were :ibo dispatched on payment of postage at the rate of one pie per tola. The system did not prove satisfactory. The receipts from postage fell far bhort of the expenses, and in ] iSfi-f an arrangement was made with the Imperial Postal Department by which it engaged to workia po^al service to all important places in the State, all official covers b ing duly franked by a u t h o r e d State ofnYiaK A yearly payment of Rs. -170 was made by the Darbar which undertook to open its own post offices in places of importance/)

Almost all villages are included in the circle of a post office, villages which are far from post olliees within State limits being served by the nearest. po.-t office in l>riti>h Ind ia .

Tiie>o postal line.-! are worked through the Agency of the Imperial Postal Department assisted by the police officials al (he local tlianas and cli'mils, tliev cover a total length of nearly 121 miles. An arrangement for mutual exchange of letters and packets between offices in the State and in British India, has been made for articles passing over State and Imperial lines, double postage being charged both by Government and the State at British India rates.

The total receipts amount to only about Rs. 200 a year which falls far short of the expenses incurred, amounting to about Rs . 2.-100 a year. The total strength of the establishment conducting the work of these lines is Id, while in several places the police officials have to perform the dak work in addition to their own work.

Telegraph. A telegraph line from Satna to Rewah town was constructed by the Government Telegraph Department at the cost of the .State in ]S8^ . and the office formally opened on the 20th October that year. The financial arrangement with the Government is that all the receipts of the telegraph office should be credited to the Darbar, the cost of maintenance of the line and salaries of the establishment at Rewah being also debited to them.

The receipts have been rising and now easily cover the expense of management. The cost of (he line is about Rs. 1,200 a year. The yearly receipts have risen from Rs. 1,,°>00 to Rs. 3,000.

Telephone. A telephone line has been erected between Rewah and Govindgarh.

Section VIII.—Famine. (TABLE XXX.)

3arly records. The earliest famine known to haveocenrred in Rewah fell in V . S. 1888 or 18ol A . D . The details of this famine are not known, but the

F A 3i m : . 49

proverb AlJiast pars/ai or '•(he year 83 iui> returned," still used in reference to any severe calamity is suflieiently signiiieunt. The famine of V.,S. 1925 or 1SGS A . D . is also v.ell remembered hy the people, and (lie term J'<<c/u'x" "the year 20" by which it is commonly known, is .still associated with untold horror in the mind* of villagers. There were no regular relief measures in those days, and a famine absolutely crippled the people, who took years to retrieve their position, while many families altogether succumbed to its hardships.

Kxpcriencc of former famines had led in 188;) to the preparation, Famine of a^ a precautionary measure, of a list of projects which could be opened *^yG ( J ' ' as relief works.

The causes which led up to the famine of 1800-97 were the ex­cessive winter rains of J 8!).'i which destroyed the ruhi crops that year, tluj exee-sivc monsoon of I SI) 1 which severely injured both crops, and the eaily cessation (on September Joih of the monsoon in 189f>-9l>. l^nfortumitely the rainfall of I8!H> on which >-o much depended suddenly

ceased at the end of August, and the winter rains, though abundant, did not come until it was too late.

The early crops of minci)), and l-al'iin in the districts north of the Kaimur range and the *a-n<ln an 1 maize in Bardu Sohiigpur and Iwlmnagar were saved, hut by the end of September the stock of food grain was exhausted, while in the meantime the ko'hni and rice had withered, jotcdr, which had been sown in bdwlh land and low-lying mnir S-MI, produced an 8 anna crop in the west of the 3fauganj, south of the 1 Iu/.ur and in the I1-i<_*-!inriijiuii nr t(i!i"l!^\ in tlu>se dist riets, therefore, the distress \\;u not locally so keen a .A in oilier parts. Owing, liowe\er, to high prices and the impo^ibilih of keeping the starving people fiom wandering a condition of famine declared it-elf throughout the whole .State by the 1st of October 1 SIM!, the wor^t affected dMiicts being Teonfhar, north of the Tons river, eastern Maug.uij, northern Aladho-garh, nearly the whole of Uardi and parts of liiimnagar and Sohagpur.

To meet the crisis which had a rmed the "Parbar at once drew up schemes for the employment of 10.000 per.sons a day for 11 months at a cost of :) lakhs of rupees. The percentage of the people relieved was 7'G on the population of 1891, and the average cot-t per head per diem 1 anna.

Out of the total population of the State (1,508,910) those coming on relief numbered 293,21 9, of whom 2o2, \o?> were esibuated to be, labourers and (>I,0(Hi arti-aus.

The relief works undertaken included the construction of 218 bunr/hs, 3b' tanks, and 17 roads, besides minor works such as State build­ings, cfc.

The total c o t to the State was 18 lakhs, of which 7 were spent on relief works. IU, 55.000 on charitable relief, and 1-J) lakhs in toldori advances and loans. Of this amount 2 2 lakhs were spent on 'works giving a return. >Sccd. food and clothes were freely distributed.

The famine necessarily had a considerable effect on the health of the people. The mortality could not be ascertained with accuracy, the only data available being the returns of poor-houses.

50 REWAH STATE.

Cholera broke out in several of the big relief vrorks, but cncrgclic measures were taken by the medical officers to stamp out the disease.

Famine o£ The rain full in 1899-1900 was below the average, while a long 1899-1900. break occurred from the end of Augus t to the middle of September.

I n the •Ranmagar and BardI tahsxls the crops dried up completely, and scarcity became imminent before the end of October. A Famine Commissioner was appointed by the Darbar .

I t was found, however, that the reports of the local officials were exaggerated, while the winter rains of January greatly improved tIio situation. Although nearly 12,000 people came on relief works there was no real famine, bnt only distress in parts of the southern tuht-xls of Sohagpur and Ixamnagar. A noticeable point in the connection with the arrangements for relief during this famine was the ready co-operation with the Darbar of local zaminddrs, who had almost entirely held aloof in the former famine.

CHAPTER m. ADMINISTRATIVE.

Section I.—Administration. (TABLES XVI—XXVII).

Though very lit tie is known about the administration of the I\ewah Euily days. State prior to the period ol* its reorganisation by ]\Ialmr;"tjii Yisvanath Singh during 1835, something can be gathered from old official papers and reports. Here as everywhere eke in India the Chief has always represented the sovereign authoiity but in early days it was also a time honoured custom that he should delegate his executive powers entirely to his dxwitn who practically held the control of State affairs. During the early period of concpiest the l>aghel Chiefs and their fol­lowers simply formed a military camp and the court at Bandhogarh up to the lGth century was little more than tho headquarters of a body of adventurers who with the Chief at their head periodically sallied forth into the plains and exacted dues from the villagers. Gradually as the country became more settled, the military and revenue sections of the administration became more and more distinct. The former based on the feudal system was iti a considerable state of development, while the latter was still in a very unorganised condition. The conquered ter­ritory being divided roughly into jCujlrs or lands given out in grants to the kinsmen of the Chief and persons of note for their maintenance in return'for which they followed the Chief with a body of men. zdbta, and some kothdr land under the control of the Chief, the revenues from which were paid directly to him, and formed his privy purse.

The whole attention of the Chief was devoted to the development and training of his army. Ihiring this condition of affairs it nas more convenient for the ruler to remunerate every kind of service by grants of land, than by cash payment-*. Besides military grants other grants such as ri-itta, civil jftylrs, paipnkhdr. etc., v>ero also made. Grants made to maintain religious institutions were known as rlcircrlha and pnmjdHha grants. Similarly, most of the State officers, including the inferior village and tuhsll officials held small grants of land in return for their services, while tho big officials such as the karinrf* or tahabtu and the principal k/idtkatams (wriiers-in-chief; held hand­some jd'jlrs. Even public servants who held no land were usually paid in rukkas (or credit notes) upon the taltsll officials, and had to go personally and realize the amount. Thi-? arrangement, though it entailed much trouble and inconvenience to the servants was simple and convenient under existing circumstances

52 REWAII STATE.

The recognised official; oi! the D a r k i r in those days were, first the d'ucdn to whom all administrative authority was delegated, and who also exercised full judicial and executive poweis. !Ne\t came the Ishaskulams or writers and accountants eorrespondhg more or less to secretaries. These men belonged to the Kfiya-tha community. Though tlio title is not pretentious, and these men never held the oreti-eally independent charge of any branch of the admini.-lration, their power was very great. The Kiiya-thas or writers were in-eparably associated with every official, without v.hose asHVtaiice they were practically helpless being in these days often soldieis who were illiterate or very little educated. The thfu-buLms were thus practi­cally responsible for the entire routine work, and the keeping and examining of accounts. The officer in charge might express the general tenor of his intent ions but to carry them out systemati­cally was the business of the klta^holctwu. They alone could draw up documents and promulgate outers, and see to their due execution, while the whole of the State accounts were, even up to quite late days, in their sole charge. The khdskalmi system of keeping accounts as used in the State was nio:.t favourably spoken of by Dritish officers w ho had charge of the Slate while under the management of Government.

The Kfiyasthas were allowed t<> ke.-p all or any portion of the State records at their own hop. e--. except treaties and LJutrll'is of importance, and the Stare Jte -ord-moms are consequently nearly destitute of early documents. The accounts department was the only department which exi-b'd, prop.')-]/ sp.« du:ig, he-id'-; ih>.'. Chief's private estab­lishment ami his army. 'J he dluxnt was at the head of tiie v.hole. syst>mi but below' him it bifurcated into two distinct sections, one as mentioned above held by the Lld*hil<<ni>i and the other by the custo­dians of State property (•"•ash and jewels, etc.) called bluivddris. This same system, modilied, was extended to the. districts. A t the head­quarters of the State were the chief hLa*i;<ihnns with their stafi of writers and IJi'ui'loris. In the pargan'tp, thep>n-g<mu officer called Tahfdua (or LdriuJ,f) was a-^hted by the jmnjuna kliasktilum and the jicyjana tahrll lar. Thus from the court of th) Chief down to the >mal-le>l village a ho.-t of Kfiyasthas was busy in recording receipts and ex­penditure and preparing and examining accounts, a duty which virtually placed the State sidunni- tration in their hands . The vil­lage accountant during the h a r v o t s -went round from village to u l lage and recorded the produce of each cultivator's harvest with the share due as State revenue and other rates and charges. rJ heve k<nlnlm or rough detailed accounts were prepared for all villages and submitted to the pargunu officer, who had them examimd bv (he p in/cnut kliCi*-knlam. This official made parg.nvi summaries from them and sent them to the head office of (he diirda where his writer-in-chief simi­larly examined them and piepared a final summary for the whole State.

The p'trginu and the State ekhah-as (abstracts) of all the. items of receipt and expenditure arc singularly comprehensive and deal so clearly with major an I minor portions oV each account that it is easy to olta::i at a glance all information concerning any cue item.

ADMINISTRATIVE. 53

Besides these nccourrs and documents conferring titles or rights, practically no records of any kind were kept.

The ordinary affairs of i.'ic people were invariably settled by their rural /\inchdy<ds.

Administration of justice.—There were no regular courts of law. The purijuna officer* enjoyed full powers in their respective jurisdic­tion and cases were usually decided by arbitration. Recognised com­mittees of influential persons called vhnuras existed at convenient centres which were pre.-ided over by the leading men of the locality and these were constantly referred to for decisions in complicated civil and criminal cases. They corresponded to village panchaij'tts. Criminal cases in which the Durbar was interested or what are now called cognizable offences were few, and even in these cases a line {(land) was, as a general rule, the only punishment indicted.

Cases of adultery came in (he category of HK-II cases, and the fines exacted for such offences were technically called aiiltu. Re^idcj the linos to the Durbar the culprits, if they belonged to the lower castes, were compelled to give satisfaction to their community in shape of feast-* technically called kodm, bkaji (/. c Icodon-vxcQ and vegetables).

Most civil cases, such as the liquidation of a debt, were decided by making the parties undergo different ordeals or take solemn oaths. .Among the ordeals, plunging the hand into a ve-sel full of hot water, or lifting a red hot iron ball with the hand were commonly imposed, if the burns were well in three days' time the accused was held not guilty.

Old rilfaffes and n'ranne nii/fi.—Up to the t ime of Msilitirajii A p t Singh the State revenue records seem to have been kept, on a very comprehensive sy-tem including Uhaha and alienated lands. An abstract rogi>ter or buhl of the old records, dated 1". S. 1818 or 1701 A. D., gives the following interesting information :—

When the Emperor Bihar in 15-7 organised his territories into I'hCihd provinces and the possesions of the feudatoiy chiefs, he i.-sued a ndnl:d>' grant for the Bftndh< garb territories included' afterwards in the subuh of Pray,Ig to Iviijfi Blr Singh Dev, which was later on renewed to Raja A jit Singh as a rrilta grant or tribute free tenure. The total number of villages held was 1C,UU2. The gross value of the revenue being just over 1 crore. '•

Two methods were in vogue for collecting revenues. Villages were leased to fanners or were held in ain-kamal khahd, that is, their revenues were collected directly by State oilicials. Revenue was universally taken in kind and so varied from year to year.

The Rewah Chief enjoys the powers of a ruling Chief of the rresent day first ela^s having full powers in all administrative matters, including Chief, those of life and death over his subjects. He pays no tribute to Govern­ment.

The Chief is the final appellate authority in all matters, reve­nue and judicial as well as those of general administration.

*• » oe .\ppend*x ''. and l-».

54 REWAII STATE.

Dlwau. No (firrin or Minister now exists in the Stale, this appointment having been abolished in 1004 after the death of Lul Pra tap Singh. Two Commissioners, however, one for revenue and one for judicial work, assist the Chief in the administration, while a Secretary to H i s Highness deals with all matters which require the Chief's per­sonal attention put t ing up cases and papers submitted by the Com­missioners for his perusal and orders. The .Revenue Commissioner to a large extent perforins the general functions formerly executed by the dlwdn.

Departments The departments of administration arc as follows : — of Jwticial, under the .Judicial Commissioner ; Revenue and Execut-

Adininistra- {ve^ controlled by the Revenue Commissioner, dealing with the tion. revenue administration and all general matters ; Customs and Escisc,

in charge of the Superintendent of Customs, who acts under this .Revenue Commissioner, and is assisted by two Deputy Superintendents of Customs in charge respectively of the northern and southern circles, the latter being assisted in the work of supervision by Customs Inspectors ; Police, in charge of the Superintendent of Police, under the control of the Magistrate of Rcwah town, who is practically Inspector-General of Police, the Superintendent of Police being his immediate assistant ; Public Works, in charge of two Sub-divisional Officers stationed at Rcwah and Satna, assisted by Over­seers ; Medical, under the Agency Surgeon of Baghelkhaiul, who acts as Medical Officer of the State, Hospital Assistants having charge of the various dispensaries ; Educational, under the general control and supervision of the Kevenue Commissioner, the two High Schools being in charge of their respective Headmasters, while the Verna­cular Village Schools, Sanskrit Grant-in-aid Schools, and the Girls Schools are in charge of an Inspector of Schojls ; Forest, under the Superintendent of Forests, who is directly under the Durbar, the forests being divided into two ranges each under a Forest Kan«-e.Y, who is assisted by Inspectors and dafd'ldrs ; Accounts -Department, un ler the Accountant dealing with the audit and check of all acjonnts.

Official Hindi is the Court language and all papers—Judicial, Revenue,

Language. Accounts, etc., are kept in that language. There is, however, an English Department attached io the Darhiir and Accounts ol'lice for correspond­ence with the- Political Agent, the Public Works Department, L'maiifi Coal Fields and others. .

Ailminislrat- The territories of the State are divided into 7 tafoll* four of n ° n ' V v m 8 W h i d l ]i(> n ' , r l h of the Kaimnr hills, and three soulh of them Tlu^e

unci a , , c : — t h e Huzur, lying round the chief town (1,201 square miles)

Chapter I 'v). R aS l l l l™Jn nK : U* 01' Satna (977 square miles), Teonthar (816 square miles), and Mauganj (78-1 square miles) (uhblls north of the range and the Bardi (2,1)12 square miles), P.amnngnr (2.775 square miles) and Solulgpur (3,5o5 sqrare miles) tahsils lying south of it. i.

Inti.n ,'} r i<>V ' ; ' / l A 7 / 'L h a t 05 ' ' ^^^^a rh .T iTbcen created since the com,,!-

lat.ou ol this Ga^ttccr. It ,nc hides portions of Ufmmngur and s-ohuyp.ir n,]3cuhu 1 , r ° V I O U b ] y ^ s l . t u t c d . The Kfunu^ar tajj is now LLOVU

ADMINISTRATIVE. bb

Each tahsil, in addition to kothar or khdlsd land, contains a certain proportion of land granted to Thakurs and petty jdgln/drs, etc., the whole of the Sohagpur tahull comprising the valuable 1'niariii Coal Fields being thus alienated.

The following table gives the chief statistics of population and revenue by tahsils :—

T a h s i l .

( 1) H u z u r . .

(2) Teout l ia r

(3) R a g h u r a j i m g a r

(1) M a n g a n j , .

(5) B a r d i . .

(G) Run inaga r

(7) Sobiigpur

TOTAL

3 £ a 1 1 "i • -

<

1,201

816

977

7SI

2,912

2,775

3,535

13,000

N C J I U C R OP

Towns.

2

.. 1

..

..

.. 1

•i

Vil­lages.

075

505

4S7

GOO

818

919

1,192

5,565*

"Population, l'JOl.

310,139

105,151

111,312

99,53 i

198,921

221,9S0

2l"],315

1,317,365

t I =. j .

u o c.

itio

n il

c.

!_-5" C-,

2G3

129

151

127

C8

80

C9

.«

= _. .= o *i —' *E "

> — "c x

U a

1~ ^

— 11

— -11

— 10

— 31

— 16

+ 7

— 20

- 1 ,

o o 3 « . •X Oi

1! l~ •5 =

I2 V,

10, ' l l7

1.G11

•1,039

1,831

6.969

1,910

9,109

35.9JG

7 2. t 5 S |

H I5g

111 3 = 3 r :

-4

2SG

329

251

212

1G3

8G

27

1.351

The tuhsllddr is the chief revenue officer of the charge and al-o Tuhsll staff, a-Deputy Magistrate exercising powers of the 2nd class in ciiminal cases, and being empowered to entertain civil suits not exceeding I ts . 500 in value.

The tahsllddr is assisted in revenue matters by a •ndib-tah&lhldr, kdnungos, pat wails and the usual office stall'. In judicial matters he is assisted by the Honorary Magistrate, when any such happen to have been appointed in his tahsil. A thdndddr or kotwdl deals with police matters, the village school masters and hospital assistants, supervising education and medical relief.

Except in purely village matters there is now no independent internal administration in any village. Eacli village forms an integral part of a tahsil and is, for revenue purpose, included in halka or circle in charge of a patwdri who records all village events of interest. I t is also, if a kothar village, held k farm by a contractor or thckdddr who collects the revenue from the cultivators and pays it into the tahsil treasury, after deducting his commission. The recognised village officials arc the village accountant or patwdri (only in the four northern tahsils) ; the village thekdddrs (in kothar villages) and the village

jrfiaukiddrs (kotwdrs).

Interim! ilhigeAilnii-uibliatiou.

!• Since the Census of 1901, the Eegistcr.

831 more villages have been brought on

5(> REWAII STATE.

In alienated lands the holder keeps his own /:d//a<(h i\ho superin­tends the village admiuisf rati.ni. These three, the pntir'dil. thekariiir and the chauk\rldi\ are responsible for giving information to the nearest police thdna or chiuki of the commission of any cognizable offence, or the tu/isll in case of any other occurrence of note.

W i t h regard to crime and litigation each village is connected with a certain polico flation in charge < f a jnml'/dr or thtindridr. who ir­responsible for the prevention of crime and maintenance of peace. He collects information through the village chcutklildrs and others. r ihe village autonomy common in most parts of Central India never so.'ins to have existed in tiiis State except in regard to caste matters or the most trivial village disputes?.

Sec t ion I I .—Law and J u s t i c e . (TABLES XVJ AND XV 11.)

Early days. In former day-, as has already been stated, practically all eases were set tied by arbil ration either by the people themselves or on reierence to a State o'Vieial. During Mahiirfr'fi, Yisvan.llh Singh's times re­gular judicial courts were first established ](resided over by 1'andiis who decided cases according to the Dh"r,nn 'Shdstrat of the Hindus-. Pet tv disputes were settled orally and only in very' important eases did judges give written judgments called lJ!t<irm<i-V>i<tvasthufi. The-e were apt to be very discursive containing not only the statements of the parties concerned, depositions of witnesses and the findings of the judge?, but long disquisitions and ((notations from the Sha^-tnts. The.se Vi/avaslluis were generally written in a \ery lab mred .-style and were full

of unnecessary repetition and literary jargon. They formed, however, the only written records of judicial eases.

Present sys- Legislative Acts, RuL-s and Notifications under Acts and Rulings turn. of the High Court are contained in the orders known as hvfOynts,

which are either issued by the Darblr on its own motion or on receipt of a reference or report from the Revenue or .Judicial Commissioner.

Legislation In criminal matters tlie provisions of the Indian Penal Code and anil (Jiiinmal Code of Criminal P r o - d u r e of IJriti~.Ii India arc followed generally. l'iocydnre. Tw > or three importa it particulars in which the State Criminal Law

differs from that of l.ritish India are these :—(i) Xo criminal proceedings can ba brought against any person for defamation ; (ii) Life imprisonment is a legal sentence in the State where transporta­tion for life is provided for by the Indian Penal Code. The latter is of course also a legal sentence; »iii; Amongst Hindus charges for adultery can be brought against a man by a relation of the woman with whom he is olmbit ing. even if she is a widow, provided that the woman belongs to a ca~te iu which widow jmarriage is not customary. There is another important provision in this connection, n':., t l" '^ the husband or near relations of the injured woman can insist on the adulterer v-ith whom the woman is cohabiting being expelled from tho village or town, together with the adulteress.

Civil. In Civil Law the provisions of the British Indian Code of Civil

L W l u r e are nior, ,,,- less followed. I t appears, however, that the diuicultics of decree holders here are greater than tlio-c in LrUi-di

LAW AND JUSTICE. 57

India. No judgment-debtor can be imprisoned as provided in the British Code, in execution of a decree, moveable property can never be attached in execution without the special sanction of the highest Court of Civil Judicature (the Court of l l is Highness), and no house in which a judgment-debtor lives with his family can be attached and sold in execution of a decree, unless it has been previously mortgaged in payment of the debt. I t is a striking feature of the existing Civil Law in the State that it should deviate in several most important particulars from the rules laid down in the Dhunna Shastras, not in regard to rules which have become a dead letter, but with respect to those which still govern custom and are recognized as Law in British India. This is especially the case with reference to adoption, partition, inheritance and succession, and transfer of property. In the lirst place, no male or female can adopt a son so as to affect property unless the adoption is made with the sanction of the Darbiir. Be­queathing and gifting away property is subject to the same limitation. Secondly, with reference to inheritance and succession, those only who are within 5 degrees of the deceased in consanguinity, reckoned ac­cording to section 5 of the Indian Succession Act, can inherit property, all other supiudas, including a daughter and daughter's son, being excluded from inheritance. This rule was acted upon more or less prior to the year 18S0, but became strict law in the year 18'.)0. The reasons for this provision of the Law, which is opposed to both the spirit and letter of Hindu Law, are that formerly grants were made freely to Brahmans and Rajputs and even other castes, on the assumption that what could be so easily given could be as easily recovered, while in the second case the Darbiir always recognises the obligation to maintain widows and orphans of the grantees who are left without means of subsistence and are too young or too old to be able to work for a livelihood.

In regard to partition many of the Thaluiriits are of the nature of what are called in the Ilindu Law in force in British India " Im­partible Raj ." In Rewah the right of primogeniture is recognised and the eldest son becomes Thfikur, his younger brother receiving a grant for his maintenance. In Rajput families also it is customary for the eldest brother to get a larger share of the ancestral property than his younger brothers. In most families the rule of partition is jianch dax, that is to say, the elder brother gets three shares and the younger two. Even amongst Brahmans and other castes the elder brother gets some preference for Jethai, (i.e., for Lving elder or Jct/i) though it is not so marked as in the above case. This, though not in accordance with the Mitdkslium or any other treatise uf l l iudu Law, is an old custom which originated in feudal days.

All important provisions of the Indian Limitation Act are in force in the State with the exception, that part payment of a loan on interest, even after the expiry of the period of limitation marks a point from which limitation proceeds to run afresh according to the nature of the original liability. I t is not necessary in the Rewah State for a bond to be written on a stamped paper, an ordinary paper

. answers the purpose. The system of civil and criminal justice in

53 REWAH STATE.

force in the Rewah State is thus analogous to that in British India . Vakils appear for parties, and although all the rules of the Evidence Act and Codes are not strictly followed, the general procedure is simi­lar to that in British India. I t may be added that mere techni­cal points are held of minor consideration so long as justice is secured.

Courts and (aj. The Honorary Magistrates :—These officers exercise powers Powers. of the third class in criminal matters and are empowered to entertain

civil suits for money'and moveable property not exceeding R s . 000 in value. A t present there are six Magistrates, the Thiikursof Deorajnagar, Kripalpnr, Chorbfit, Ranipur and Marwus and an Honorary Magistrate at Rewah.

(b). Deputy Magistrates :—The seven tahsilddrs are Deputy Magistrates exercising powers of the second class, and as Civil Judges hearing suits for money and moveable properly up to Rs . 500 in value, and title and other suit; up to Rs. 250 .

AsM.itant Deputy Magistrates exercise half these powers. The Deputy and Assistant Magistrates of Huzur tahsll deal with

criminal and ci'rii cases oi Rewili town also. (c). Magistrate of Rewah :—This officer exercises the powers

of a District Magistrate, and hears appeals from the subordinate courts.

(d). Civil Judge ofTtewali:—This officer hears civil appeals from the subordinate courts. In original civil matters his powers extend to suits for money and other moveable property not exceeding Us. 1,000 in value, and title and other suits for Rs . 250. In addition, all civil suits for Rewah town below Rs. 500 are heard by him.

(e). Judicial Commissioner:—The Judicial Commissioner is Sessions Court Judge . In civil suits his powers are unlimited, all suits over Rs. 1,000 in the case of money and moveable property and of over Rs . 500 in other eases being preferred in his court, l i e hears appeals from the District Magistrate and the Civil Judge .

(f). High Court.—This court is presided over by His Highness himself. It, is purely appellate in character, all final references in criminal and civil cases being dealt with in this court of which the powers are unlimited.

Fees. The court-fee charged to suits is, in civil suits one anna per rupee, in rent suits ^ anna per rupee.

JRegistration. Registration of documents is not earned out by any special official or office, but by the ordinary courts. The fees realised amounted in 190-1 to Rs . 021 and in 1905 to Rs. 551 .

The documents registered in 1905 included 161 mortgage-deeds and 102 sale-deeds, the total value of the property dealt with being 1-6 lakh.

Section III.—Finance. (TABLES XVIII AND XIX.)

All accounts of Receipts and Expenditure are kept in tho State Accountant 's Office and in the Offices of the Departments.

The accounts are examined, checked and audited by the Account­ant, who submits annual reports to the Darlmr Office, showing esti­mates and actuals of total receipts and expenditure under all heads" Except fixed salaries and contingent charges which are paid by \ h o

FINANCE. 59

State Treasuries on a demand from the officer concerned, all money is paid out in cheques issued by the Accounts Office and signed by His

mess. This system is a recent one having been introduced during the Government superintendence of the State. I t is the first principle of tho State accounts that all the money received by officials on behalf of the State must, without delay, be credited to the nearest treasury cither at the tahsll or the small treasuries belonging to the Forest and Cus­toms Department. No money can be paid out from the treasuries without a cheque issued by the Darbar, except from money received for contingent charges at the beginning of the month or from the Imprest kept with each officer which is periodically recouped. Messrs. Ganeshdfts Krishnajl of lndorc are treasurers to the State and have their agents at the Sudr Treasury at Rewah and at the headquarters of the various tuhitlls. The money is kept under the usual double locks, one key being wiih the cashier and the other with the Revenue Commis­sioner, at the iSadr Treasury in liewali, and with the tahsllddrs else­where.

A regular budget is prepared annually by the Accountant for all classes of expenditure and is submitted for the sanction of His High­ness. The new budget conies into force on April 1st, the commence­ment of the official year. No item of expenditure can, in any case, ex­ceed the amount allotted in the budget unless specially sanctioned ; but even in graining such special sanction the Chief generally consults • the Accountant as to whether (he budget estimates admit of such in­crease.

The financial position of the State is' satisfactory, a large saving Financial having been made during the period 1881-1 902. In 1903 the clos- position, ing balance was 4 lakhs, or under the average closing balance of the decade 1881-90 (which was about 6 lakhs), due to the extraordin­ary expenses incurred on account of Delhi darltir and the marriage of the Chief's sister, amounting to 11 8 lakhs. The fact that this large sum, was spent without burdening the State is a strong proof of its excellent financial position. The opening balance in 1904-05 was 1 0 1 lakhs.

The total normal income of Hie State is about 29 lakhs a Sources of year. The chief sources of revenue are Land Revenue 10 lakhs ; revenue. Forest 7 lakhs ; Umarifi Colliery 7 lakhs ; Cesses on land Rs. 50,000; Customs 2 lakhs : Muumla or tribute paid by jdg'trdurs Rs. 90.000 ; and Excibe l is . 70,000.

The chief items .of expenditure are Chiefs establishment P.-8 Expenditure, lakhs ; Army J-3 lakhs : Collieiy 4 lakhs ; Public Work* 3 lakhs : Collec­tion of revenue 1*3 lakh ; Forest I lakh : Police Rs. 35,000 ; Education Rs. 28,000 ; Law and Justice Rs. 22,000 and Medical Rs. 03.000. The total expenditure is about 25 lakhs.

There has never been a silver coinage in Rewah State, but during Coinage, Maharaja Visvauatli jSingh's time in 1838 a copper coin called the Baggha Shahl was issued, of which 5G went to a British rupee. It.* remained current until the time of Maharaja Jai Singh. A ll»t of coins

60 REWAII STATE.

which formed the ordinary currencies of the State before the introduction of the British rupee in 1808 is given below: since this year the British coin alone has been legal tender.

Coins in circulation before 1SG8. No. Name of coins "Weiu'lit iu Average ex-

used locally. viashas. c h : u w valno It E M A II K S. iu British coin::.

Gold coins :— 1 Akbari Aluhar, 11 7Hushas, Formerly 24

rupees kal­ddr, now 30 rupees kal­ddr.

2 Shall Jahdnl, 11 mdsJias, Formerly 24 rupecB, now 30 rupeca kalddr.

I o£ a kal-ddr rupee before 1803.

Silver coins ••— Bandrsl Sik- 11 manias,

lift or Kfitihi bJifihl (Ma-chhaliddr).

5 raids.

2 Salrah san...

3 Solah Ban ...

4 Puiha

ditto.

12 mdshas,

11 mash a 8, 15/10 o£ a kalddr.

5 FarrulthdJjddi or Gardriddr.

12 7ndJui8, 15/10 of a kalddr.

6 Nag purl

7 Wazlri

10 manias, 7 raids.

10 md,<has, 9 raids.

13/16 of a kalddr.

3 1J/1G of. a kalddr.

Was the logal lender for re­venue in tlio Teonthar, Mau-ganj, BardI and IJamnagar tahhils. Inscription in Persian characters as follows :—

1. On one Hide :—" Mu­hammad Shah Bful&hah Alam suit Ilijri J I"

2. On tlio other Fide- :— " Maimanat Mayus Izribbad."

A conventional name- for the Bnndrsi Sikka.

A conventional name for tho kalddr. (These names aro no longer in vogue.)

During Maharaja, Visva-nath Singh's time .^tate dues were taken in Purlin coins which was also the standard coin for the payment of sala­ries in the army, while the Ra. hinis (domestic and private servants) and members of tho Maharaja's household were paid in the Ndgjmri issue.

Curront in bazar transac­tions before the introduction of the kalddr rupee. Inscrip­tion in Persian.—

1. On one side.—" Ala Ami-i-Din Muhammad Fazl Shah Alam Badshah Ilaft-Kishwar Bad shah."

2. On tho other side :— " Maimanat Mayus Julua san 45 Farrukhabad."

Very extensively used till 1868. Payments to State servants were generally made in tho Nugpurl.

Current simultaneously with tho JSdgpurl and Purhax

2£>VL

LAND REVENUE. 61

No. Name of coins used locally.

Weight in miUhas.

Average ex­change value

in JDritish coin.-1. E U A R E ' S

S i l v e r coins.—(Concluded) . 8 Srlnugail . . . 10 mushas, Less in va-

9 ruttls. lno tlmn the A'dgpurl.

9 Pathan Slid- 11.J masluts, 10/1G of ' hi. a kfihh'ir.

10 Gwdlddsi ... Cannot ho ascertained. 11 Gauhar Shdhl, 11 mdshas, 9/10 of

a kulddr< ,

12 Farruhhdhddl 12 mdshas, , Hound (plain).

13 Top Shdhl ... 10 mushas, 7 rat (is.

14 S&W/J Juhdnl 11 mushas, }

15 Muhammad 10 mushas, 7 Shu hi. I'atils,

16 / U f r m ... 11 mdshas... 12/16 of a

Copper coins : — 1 ,J/d<MtK S//u/u_, 15 /nas/jos ... 3G/18 or 3/4

of the Brit­ish paisa.

2 DdH Shdhl... ditto.

3 Ekaidilr ... Not known,

4 Dagglia Shdhl, dit to. 11 gamlas or 5(! pieces for lie. 1/- kulddr.

Though never etrictly legal tender it passed in circulation along willi the JWigpuii with which it was a contemporary bearing san 1203.

Mentioned as current in old accounts and records but no coins are now to be met with.

Inscriptions in Persian — 1. On one side :—'' Fazl

Shfdt Alain lifuUlifdi Ami-i-Dln Ilal'i Ki.-hw.ir Bad-hfih.''

2. On the other s ide:— " M u'manat Mnyus Jnlus san Jj5 Farrukhabali : " not iu ex­tensive circulation.

Mark of lop (gun) and san J 20 3.

In circulation as an equival­ent to the Kdshl Shdhl Sitcka.

Inscriptions :— 1. On ono side :—'* Badtdifih Oliazi-ud Din Muhammad Shah Jahfin Sahib Khan Rami JShiih Zarb lllahabful."

2. On the other side :— " T h e Kalma and 222 llijri."

Ei|uivalent to the Kdshl Shdhl Sihku.

Coined by Alddhu Shdh of Pfitua.

Formerly in circulation, par­ticulars not known.

In circulation till the t ime of Maharaja Jai Singh.

Coined in Hewah town dur­ing Maharaja Visvanatli

Singh's time, 1838, A.D,

S e c t i o n I V . — L a n d R e v e n u e ,

( T A B L E X X . )

I n early days tlio land was made over to farmers who held large t rac t s often whole dis t r ic ts . They paid a tixed sum into the S ta t e Treasury and made what they could out of the cultivators, being left to all in ten t s and purposes entirely to their own devices.

Revenue was collected mainly in kind in the system known as bhdg or share, in which a fraction, which varied with the locality was

Early dayi

/

62 REWAH STATE.

taken. Ti( ITuzur, Tconiliar, Ivaghurftjnagar and Manganj tahsils the rates of bhdg given below obtained in kothdr lands, before the substitu­tion of cash payments and still obtains in many estates held by jdglrddrs.

Cultivators enjoying special privileges or Brahnians, Kshatriyas and Kayasthas paid in Icind at the rate of one-seventh of the produce for lands in which the cultivators held no proprietary right and one-eighth (or one-tenth in special cases) for lands in which they held proprietary r ights such as hdndh lands, etc. Cultivators enjoying no special privi­leges such as Kachhls , Kunbls , etc., paid one-sixth, for lands in which they held no proprietary right, and one-seventh for land in which they held proprietary r ights .

One-tenth was taken for waste or bagdr lands. In addition to the bhdghai or bhdg paying land there was generally some land on which revenue was paid in cash; this was called karta. It is levied still in jdglrs but only on highly improved land known as klier or dlh or land tha t was formerly occupied by a village and was afterwards converted into fields.

In the Raghurajnagar tahsll the low caste cultivators used to pay one-fifth of the local produce on very rich lands which were expected to return a very heavy crop.

In certain cases the cultivators received an allowance for agricul­tural expenses but in tha t case the fraction of the bhdg was higher.

The general rule in bhdg payment was (and still is) that one-fourth of the total produce is allowed to the cultivator for his expenses, one-fourth or one-fj'th as the case may be, being levied on the remainder as bhdg.

I n the Bardi, Ramnagar , and Sohagpur tahsils the bhdg rates range from one-ninth to one-twelfth of the total produce. In the south­ern portions of Ramnagar and in the v\holc of the hilly portions of Bardi and Sohagpur the cultivators are allowed to till as much hilly or waste land as they can with one plough on payment of one rupee revenue. In such places the cultivators can often cover twenty llghns with one plough, but as the soil is poor and they are not skilful agriculturists, the yield is extremely small.

Present day. The revenue is now entirely replaced by cash payments in the kothdr, (khdlsd) land, but Thakurs and camindtirs still adhere to a certain extent to the old practice of levying revenue in kind, though there is a growing tendency even in these cases to replace it by cash payments.

The seven tahsils already given form the revenue units of the State. All revenue work in the tahsils is controlled by the Ke\enuc Commissioner under the guidance of the Chief himself.

Settlement. . 0 n l y o n c settlement has as yet been made, that of 18S1-95 which is now under revision. During the settlement the rule followed in making t h e assessments vras to find out what the cultivalor had ordinarily paid either i i rcash or bhdg. The average produce of the field was estimated and an equivalent in cash fixed as revenue. In making the assessments the anxiety to make an equitable conversion of the produce payments into cash which would secure

LAND REVENUE. 63

a full recognition of the Dnrbiir's rights, but should not be a burden upon the people, led to the land not being fully assessed. So far as can be ascertained before the settlement two-fifths of the gross produce were usually paid in kind. Settlement operations are now in progress for n revision of the settlement. Two systems are being followed. In the four Northern and more fertile tahsils of Huzur, Teonthar, Raghuraj-nagar and Mauganj the land is being measured and each cultivator given a lease (patta) for the land in his possession. In the Southern tahsils the land has not been measured, and no leases have been granted, but the contractor pays fixed revenue to the Darbar, assessed on the village at the time of the settlement. In the first instance rates are determined on the crop bearing power of the soil, exigence of bandits and the position of the fields as regards facility for export or sale of produce.

Improvement of the land is mainly effected by the construction of bandits and the periodical change of \illage >itcs called khertisalna. Cultivators who construct bandits with the Darbor's pernii-sion are permanently assessed in the ratio of 55 to -15, the Darbar reserving 55 per cent, of the gross revenue. At the same time proprietary rights are conferred and the holder is able to transfer and alienate such land.

The revenue demand is about 11 lakhs giving an incidence Demand, per acre cultivated of 10 annas u pies and per acre of total area of nn,-I 2 annas 2 pies. The incidence of the total revenue paid to the Darbar incidence and Thfduus is 6 annas -4 pics per acre and per bead of population.

The incidence varies in the different tahsils. It is highest in the Teonthar tahsll where it rises to lie. 1-7-8 per acre of cultivated land and is lowest in Sohiigpur where il is only 2 annas 3 pics. The net profits of a cultivator from an average holding of 12 acres are about Jls. 1G a year, which only suffice for his maintenance to the end of the year and leave no surplus as provision against a time of distress or famine. This is not due to heavy taxation but partly to the exhaustion of the productive power of soil due to want of enterprise replenishing it by the use of manure and other artificial means.

The average rates now paid in cash are for inair land per llgha Hales. Re. 1-4-0 ; for domut annas 12 per bigha ; for sit/on annas 8 and for bhdta annas 3.

Certain grants of grain are allowed in repayment of professional services.

Kharhi, as it is termed, is given to the kdgaHh x or village account- Cessea, ant at the rate of 2 seers of grain per maund levied as bhdg, in addition to a seer cess called neg levied at 7 - seers on every khandi (H- maunds) of which the kayasth receives two-thirds and the hot war or village Watchman one-third. The kotwdr also receives kharhi at a seers of grain per plough in the village.

The cess called agora was paid to the kotwdr in cases in which he was obliged to keep watch over the threshing floor of cultivators who would not pay their revenue and who, it was feared, would dispose of his grain.

!• There are no hdymths or patwdrls in hothdr villages in Southern tahsih. lu the Nathan tcdulls paticciili are paid in cash so they receive no

Kharhi,

G4 REWAII STATE.

Collection,

I t was levied at the rate of 4 seers of kharlj and 2 of rubi grain for each day he was required to keep watch.

Village artisans also receive khurhl and agora at 30 seers per plough and Chamars at 4 seers.

Jenta or jmra is a grant of one sheaf per day to each labourer, about l.1, seers of grain.

All revenue is collected through thekdriars or fanners. ^ These

and l i s . 3,000 ; for sums over l is. 5,000, o percent, is allowed.

Thekdddrs have the right to eject defaulting tenants and make arrangement for the cultivation of tlicir land during the continuance of the settlement.

hist

IU M . ' l l l U l l l l . ' L l l ' .

The revenue is paid in two instalments, the Aglinnl or the kharlf ...„., paid between 15th December and 15th January, and the Uui&tdhl or rubi kist between the 15th May and 15th June .

The cost of collection is about 1-3 lakh. Tenures. The territories of the State arc partly held by the Darbar direct and

arc then known as koihdr lands and partly by Thakurs and ztuninddrs under various forms of tenure classed generally as puivuiya land. In kuthar land cultivators hold their land under the regular settlement of 18S1-95, in which lea=e- were given in the Northern tahs'ds for 10 years or till the next settlement: they have only cultivating rights so long as they pay the revenue demand, and no proprietary r ighK Cultivators who improve land by constructing irrigation works, howeu'r. are now allowed to enjoy propiietary rights and are permanently assessed in the proportion of 55 to 45 per cent., Darbar receiving 55 and eul tha tor 45 per cent, of the gross revenue.

Kothdr land amounts to 40 percent, of the total area, CO per cent, being the pmc/u'i/.i or alienated.

The important tenures in pawaiya land arc given below :—

llndmhi (literally "transaction ").—Mudmla is in the nature of a partition for support made by the head of a house, rather than a grant for maintenance such as ndnlar for instance. I t is given to the younger members of their ruling family, and ako to Thakurs whose estates have been resumed by the Darbar. The grant may be here­ditary and carries with it a liability to pay tribute, which is amenable to enhancement on the recognition of a new successor. All Mitdinht-ilars have full revenue rights, excepting the lights of sale or transfer. Theoretically, the tribute paid is one-fourth of the gross revenue of the estate, but in practice is much less.

Paipukltdr (literally "washing the feel") .—It is a form of vol' gious grant made only to Brahmans. The grantees enjoy all nVl f • the sod subject to the payment of clututh (1 of the revennoW , Darbfir from the fourth generation of the grantee. ' ° t l l0

Jdglrs.—These are ordinarily understood to mean P mni e ~ ^ ' in return for personal service. They are not confined i? " ! o f lu»<l

any pp<*ia.

MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE. G5

class. The grants arc temporary and discretional, and the grantees have no right of alienation or transfer vritta (from Sanskrit vritti, a means of livelihood):—Revenue-tree laud grants corresponding closely to paip'ikhai'. The holders have, excluding the liability to chuuth, practically the same rights, but whereas paipakhar grants are made only to Brahmans, vritta grants are made to all classes.

j)£urwdra.— Murwdr or death grants are revenue-free grants made to persons whose relations are killed lighting for the State. These grants are hereditary and transferable, subject in certain cases to rendering military service.

Dewarth.—These are "religious g r a n t s " made either for the support of the temples or to provide a dole for indigent person. They are not transferable.

Ndn!:dr, literally "bread."—Maintenance grants made chiefly to Th'ikurs whose estates have been resumed by the Durbar. They are heritable but not transferable.

JJhdip (bhdi).—Friendly grants of much the same nature ns vn'tta, carrying similar rights. Theoretically, they are given as a mark of friendship and were to last as long as the friendship survived.

Section V.—Miscellaneous Revenue. (TABLE XXI.)

The chief sources of miscellaneous revenue are Excise, Customs Excise or Permit, and Stamps.

No special department deals with this, the Customs offices con­trolling the liquor and drug trade. I t brings in a revenue of about l i s . 00,000 a year.

The amount of poppy grown is not large and.the produce is in- Opium sufficient for local consumption about 18 uiaunds being purchased yearly at In do re and imported.

The cultivation is controlled by the Parbar, only selected cultivat­ors in the Toonthar, Sohiigpur, Uardi and Mauganj tah^lls being allowed to grow it. Most of the cultivators are in Teonthar. An attempt is being made to increase cultivation to meet the local de­mand. The acreage, produce and revenue since 1895 is given below:—

Year.

1895-96 1896-97 1897-98 189S-99 1899-00 1900-01 1901-02 1902-03 1903-04 1901-05 1905-06 1906-07

Acreage.

150 156 109 120 156 156 156 158 150 162 HO 194

Produce in inaunds.

Rids. Srs. 25 4 86 4 12 8 19 33 25 0 15 10 26 3 13 1 I t 3S 25 8 21 37 22 0

Revenue.

Us. 6,735 7,432 9,700 5,753 6.436 9.538

18,673 8,160 3,212 8,344

11,131 5,969

GO REWAH I? .-.A.

No special rate is levied on l r .owing poppy. An acre gives about 10 lbs. of crude opium.

All crude opium produced is.^ade over to the Inspector of Permit, who sends it to Rewah where tho Darbar manufactures it into calces. These are then sold to the State contractor at Rs. 18 a seer and be is allowed to retail them at Rs. 25 a seer. No other traffic is per­mitted. The contractor gives security before taking up the contract. He is the only person licensed to sell in the State.

Hemp drugs. No hemp is cultivated in the State. A contractor is licensed to import by the Durbar. No duty is charged on these drugs. 'J hey are sold, bhang atRs. 1-14-0, Ualuchar gdnja at Rs. 40, Sanawad gCwju at Rs. 78, and chams at Rs. 25 per seer. The import since 18'JG ' , u 3

been as below in maunds :—

Year.

189G to 1900 1900 1901 1902 1903 190 i 1905 1906

Giinja.

3 to 4 4 5 5 6 26 22 83

Bhang.

80 50 no 100 F.0 100 A U 100

Charas.

7 7-20 9-12 7,1-20 7-20

Ail. 30 22

About 30 maunds of Sanawad gdnja are also imported, which is used mainly in Soliagpur, as the people there do not use JJCUuchar gdnja.

The liquor drunk is distilled from muhud (Bussia latijbh'a) flowers and gur.

A contract for the sale is given for a term of years to a contractor who has sole right to manufacture and vend. He pays a security of Rs. 20,000. The revenue ordinarily derived from this source is Rs. 45,000.

No wholesale shops have been established, but there are 1,151 retail shops giving one to every 1,153 persons and every 11 square miles.

The liquor is of six strengths and is sold at from G pies to one rupee a bottle.

The contractor may sell to any person for consumption but not for export, and not more than one bottle at a time except on occasion of marriages, etc., when a special permit is granted by the Excise In­spector.

The Customs or Permit Department is managed by the Superin­tendent assisted by three Deputies and Inspectors. Duties arc levied on imports and exports at varying rates according to a schedule, the receipts amounting to about 3 lakhs a year.

The income from stamp is included in judicial receipts.

Liquor,

Customs.

Stampa.

iV:- TC WORKS. 67

' Section V -Public Works. The State Public Works Depi itment is divided into two Sub-

Divisions, each Sub-Division being 'under a native Engineer. The Sub-Divisional Officers who have their headquarters at jRewah and Satna, are directly under the orders of the Secretary to His Highness. Each Sub-Division is divided into sections under Sub-Overseers, who re­ceive instructions from the Sub-Divisional Officer. A yearly budget is prepared by the Sub-Divisional Officer and submitted for sanction.

Ilegular estimates and plans are submitted in the case of all im­portant works. These estimates are forwarded through the Account­ant of the State who checks the estimate with the schedule of rates before he forwards the papers to the Secretary to Ilis Highness with such remarks as he thinks necessary.

The cost of the Public Works is a considerable item of expendi­ture. The Stale maintains 432]- miles of roads including 141 j- me­talled, a greater length of road than any other State in Central India, Gwalior and Indore excepted.

The expenditure on Public Works in the three years under the several heads is given in the following statement :—

Year.

(a) 1UU2-03

1903-01

1001-03 11)05-0(5 1 006-07

C I V I L BUILDINGS.

Ori

gina

l.

55,000

•13,700

Rep

airs

.

21,700

20,800

1 lakh 28,000 1-20 ,.123,000 l-Q'J , ,25,000

COMMUNI­CATIONS.

9 a 3 < 1 1 ' o rt o x >~. a

Ori

gina

l.

1,000

Ml.

Mil.

Bep

airs

.

37,000

36,000

35,000 2.200 -16.001) 4,100 9,400

41! Jill

41,700

1,02,500

•1,000

* •-

Mil

itar

y bu

in

gs.

7,300

Sal

arie

s.

12,000

Total. Remarks.

(«) 1,79,300 In this

jyear the ex­cess expen­diture on

3,300 12,700 2,21,800 miseellane-plus is <!no to (lie- 1 isifc

•of 11.E. the Ml. 1 11,500] 1,R2,100, Viceroy.

50.ooo liu.no1 i:;,30o! 2.74,000' 78,600 45,000,31,5)00 3,03.000,

During the eight years previous to the abovementioned years the average annual expenditure on Public Works was 2 lakhs of which about Rs. 12,000 were spent annually on feeder roads to railway stations on the Bengal-Nagpur and East Indian Railways. The average annual outlay on the construction of bdndhs, tanks and irriga­tion works is Rs. 11,700. This country not being suitable for irriga­tion by canals and wells on a large scale, no attempt has been made to construct such works, but the erection of bdndhs is encouraged as much as possible. Within the last 10 years the most important and useful works constructed by the State are these railway feeder roads and bdndhs. A narrow gauge railway from Sntna railway station on the East Indian Railway to RewaU town was commenced in 18U7, but

08 HEWATI STATE.

Army

has not been completed. The Stair police station at Rewah with a clock-tower, was constructed at an outlay of Rs. 23,000.

The establishment of an electric installation at the falls of the Tons is under contemplation and professional experts have been con­sulted regarding the scheme.

Section VII.—Army. (TABLE XXV.)

In early days the army absorbed more than half the State income jn spite of contributions of men and horses made by feudatory Thakurs. The actual strength at present is 3,221 including regulars and irregu­lars and 57 guns.

The regulars include— Cavalry 574. Infantry 1,1-10. Artillery 9-1 with 13 serviceable guns.

The cavalry are fairly well mounted and carry lances, the infant­ry an obsolete mutket. The regulars are fairly well drilled and could, if efficiently armed and better instructed, make an effective force, l l i s Highness takes a keen interest in military matters and has weeded out a large number of feeble old men who were encumbering the ranks.

The irregulars comprise the Eklca-snrddm and their retainers, who are relics of the army of early days. They are not given any real training.

The Maharaja is his own Commander-in-Chief, being assisted by a Military Secretary.

The cost of the army amounts to about -4-5 lakhs a year.

S e c t i o n V I I I . — P o l i c e a n d J a i l .

( T A B L E S X X I V A N D X X V I . )

P° l i c e - In former days all policing was done by the village chanklddrs. They belonged to the koiwdr tribe and were granted small pieces

of land in remuneration for their services. They also received Lharhinnd pura dues from cultivators in the village.

Regular In course of time a regular police force began to be evolved, Police. though it was long before the officials of the new department could

realize the exact nature of their duties. In addition to this, the es­tablishment of a thana in the lands of a subordinate Thakur meant a formal assertion of the Durbar's authority, and was invariably looked upon with distrust and resentment. For a long time no definite system of training existed. Any man who could read and write was deemed efficient to discharge the duties of a tlidndddv, mulum ir or jamdddr, while able-bodied illiterate men of the Kshatriya, Musalman, or Brah­man castes were appointed as constables.

Since 1888, however, thdndddrs, muliarrirs and jamdddrs have been required to pass a simple examination, while constables have to satisfy certain conditions of physical fitness before they are eligible for appointment.

The total strength of the regular police is 701 of whom 196, who are posted to the thdnos of Rewah and Satna towns, are regularly

EDUCATION. 09

drilled. The Rewah and Satna town police are also dressed in uniform and are armed with muskets.

The strength of the force gives one regular policeman to every 19 square miles and 1,785 persons.

The total number of village chaukldars receiving cash salaries from the State in the four Northern tahsils is 294, "while the total number of them in all the tahsils including those of the subordinate zamindars is about 2,150. Mo^t of these men receive land grants khur/tl and pur a dues.

Though arms are not provided by the Darbar except to the Rowan and Satna town police, most of the district police have arms of their own.

The village kotwars are bound to give information of the occur­rence of any olfence vrithin their villnges <o tiie tlidna or chaukt of the circle within which the village lies, but owing to the imperfect organis­ation this is not as regularly done as it should be.

A man instructed in the classification and registration of finger prints is attached to the Jail at Rewah and takes finger impression of all prisoners according to the rules issued from the Central Bureau at Indore. The cost of the police is about Rs . 36,000 a year.

Only one jail exists at Rewah town, which is capable of accommo­dating 300 prisoners. Industries are carried on, an ice machine and cloth weaving looms having been recently introduced.

Section IX.—Education-(TABLE XXIir.)

The Chiefs of Rewah have always been great supporters of litera­ture ; while several have been good scholars in Sanskrit and Hindi, and they extended their patronage to persons noted for their learning giving them grants of land to induce them to settle in the State.

The large grants of land made as paipahhdr, punyurth shews extent of the patronage held out to Sanskrit and Hindi scholars. Maharaja, Visvanath Singh, himself a good, scholar, was a great patron of Sanskrit learning and invited Brahmans to settle in deffer-ent parts of the State and form seminaries for teaching Sanskrit. Maharaja Raghuraj Singh not only followed in the footsteps of his father, but gave encouragement chiefly to Hindi. His own works in Hindi poelry created a ta.ste for the culture of Hindi literature and a circle of Hindi poets sprang up in Rewah, some of whose works are of considerable merit.

The first public school was started in Rewah town by Sir Dinkar Rao, the famous minister of Gwalior, in 1869 with seven teachers, four of whom were to teach English. The people, however, were still too backward to understand the advantages thus offered them, while the old habit of regarding the courts of the Chief and Thakurs as the only proper centre of learning militated against its success. Under the efforts of Colonel P . W. Bannerman, however, in 1876 and of Colonel P . W. K. Ban- in 1881, the educational movement made a fre«m start. Tn 1886 a Rajkmnar class was opened for the

Village Police.

Village Kotwars.

Finger impression.

Jails

General.

70 REWAH STATE.

education of the sons of sarddrs. Ten village schools had been opened in 1882, and in 1887 the Satna school teaching English, l l indl and Persian was raised to the status of a high school.

Control. In 188G the village schools were placed under an Inspector while Girls' Schools were opened in 1888 in Rewah town. Colonel D. Robertson added a technical class to the Rewah High School for the training of paticdns, and revenue and police officers, fc The gradual increase of work led to the creation of the Director

of State education in 1893. But later on the classes fell off and the post was abolished in 1»95.

There were in 1900-01, 42 schools of all kinds. The two schools at Rewah and at Satna are High Schools, 8 are Secondary Vernacular Schools, 2G Primary Schools, 4 Girls' Schools, and 2 Sanskrit Grant -in-aid Schools

University Examination.—The High School of Rewah was first affiliated to the Calcutta University in 188-1, and that at Satna in 1887. Under Lord Curzon's new scheme they now both send up students to the Allahabad University Examination.

Primary Education. — Of 34 village schools, 8 send up students for the Vernacular Middle (now called Vernacular Final) Examination of the United Provinces and 20 are Primary Schools teaching Hindi, reading and writing, and arithmetic up to the Upper Primary Stand­ard. The total number of boys reading in schools was 2,40G (for 1903), and taking one-sixth of the male population to be of school-going age the percentage of those under instruction comes to 2*1.

Girls School. There are four Girls' Schools in Rewah town. The following are the figures of attendance :—

Year.

1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907

Attendance.

80 93

102 138 122 102 110

The subjects taught are reading, writing and simple arithmetic up to Lower Primary Standard, needle-work and sewing.

Sanskrit Education.—The Sanskrit department of the Rewah. town High School was originally started on the modern system of teaching and began to send up boys for the Punjab University llhrh. Proficiency and Shastri Examination in 1886. But the people preferred the old custom of sending their boys to the houses of their gurus their hereditary teachers, and two Grant-in-aid School* were therefore, established in Rewah town to support this branch of teaching. LL Vl

I

SURVEYS. 71

Muhammadan Education,—The Musalmans form a very small section of the population. The number of Muhammadan students at Rewah is about 40 and at Satna 35. Two have passed the University Entrance Examination from Rewah High School.

The average annual cost of each pupil is about Rs. 21 in the Rewah High School, and Rs. 11-2 taking the whole of pupils in all the schools. The cost of the LLigh Schools at Rewah and Satna is about Rs. 13,G00 and that of the village schools Rs. 11,000. The total cost of education is about lis. 27,000. All educational expendi­ture is paid from State revenues, no fees being taken.

A printing press is maintained at Rewah where State work is carried out. Two State Libraries have also been opened, one of English books and the other of Vernacular and Sanskrit manuscripts.

S e c t i o n X.—Medica l . ( T A B L E X X V I I . )

The State possesses 17 hospitals and dispensaries. All are in charge of llospital Assistants except that at Umarift Colliery which is under an Assistant Surgeon and at Wairhan, where a compounder is in charge.

The number of cases treated in 1903 was 110,009 and in 1004-05, 120,848 or 9 and 9-5 per cent, on the population. 'The numbers vaccinated in 1904-05 were 44,800 as compared to o7,7Sl in the preced­ing year. The total cost of the department is Rs. 49,000. including 0,000 on vaccination. The Agency Surgeon is chief medical officer of the Stale.

S e c t i o n X I . —Surveys . The State as a whole lias never been surveyed. "What is known

as the Mukammil, or Regular Settlement, was made in the four North­ern tahsils of Raghurajnagar, lliizur, Teonthar and Mauganj in 1881, but even here big estates such as Rfmipur, Chorhat, Naiagarhl and Gangewa were not surveyed. The Imperial trigonometrical survey was carried out in Rewah in 1802.

CHAPTER IV. A D M I N I S T R A T I V E D I V I S I O N S A N D G A Z E T T E E R .

( T A B L E S I-1V, V I I I - X , X V I I I - X X ,

X X V I I - X X I X A N D X X X I . )

910 r l ^ o - , ^ ' 1 : r T , , i s ta1iSl1 w situated between 24° 12 ' and ™ arc, 5 " i % m W l d 8 1 - i 5 2 ' E " 8 « ™ ^ " S the chief town. I t has an aica ol 1,201 square miles.

the chief n^- l f 1 ' HSUJA 8 0 C a l I e d f ™ » its having Ion- formed ihccaT J! tnr 0 1 U i e S f c a t c territories aud the presence within it of

t h e w t hv t l " , 7 T / f 1n o r l h hy ^ e tahsll of Teonthar, on

tanCnr^ , ° U n { j h , , r f l J n n ^ ' on the south bv the tahM The " u e \ ^ f °V f ° a S t b y t h e ' " ' "* '* °f l ! ^ ' and Jiang.™J;

£ ru ' b ° ^SU H c s i n t h e "Huvial plain, north, ot i„ S , ; «»«» section to the south of that range Irmg

V h t | e • l l y , n , l h e T«-ak«rats of Chorl.flt and Kampnr. porlio, o e ^ T r 0 I t h e K a i , » a r 1'iHs that ski. t the southern in the ^ I ^ ^ i * h 0 c r o a r c n ? o t ^ l » l l s . The important streams miles throush its H " a " d . B a « * s rivers, which Jlow for * °« Stnlo, and p , £ ^ f ^ V ^ 1 0 1 1 ' 1 1 1 0 ^ ^ ^ i n ^ in the Ma** Hawaii t o w n * C f t h e 2 ^ ^ " W r to join the Bicl.hi* .°* ^nd after i l o w , ^ 0

11 8

L \ C , a V l l c » ™ 8 near the village of ^ ^ combined waters of m i ", j ° l n S t l l G B l l ) ^ "<• K°"«h town. ^ the Ghoghar t l \ e n L ? P J " ' I ! '1

1J J i c l , h i f t ™ d * r the common name ^

The rive? B l l ^ V 'n'V' C 0 U r s c t U 1 " " * i o i " l h o T o l , S ^ 0 ^ l e s north of K e w T t 0 w ^ C W C l U k n 0 w n ™terfal lof Chachai, some ^

lucre are several l i e / A* GoviimVarh a l a r . , e i ' i . '• *. o t "importance in the t«JlSll

e'A\lCi - ^ r g e d and o w, ' '" 8 1 t u a l c d ^ h is being still f a * TI"« tank was o r W ^ n ' B

f tU T C r residfinco o [ t h e Mal..lr*jd f » (

ja

M a h l r a j . The tan!- , { considerably extended by the 1 l t

b u l « also useful f0 the , ? J a d d s i o the picturcsqucness of the 4 The Uupsao-ar t ^ l - 1 K ? 0 °1' ^ g ^ i o n . i =aid

to have been c o n s t r u c t e d b v \ ^ k l ? d P ^ i s * ™ 7 o l d t a n k ' , v > 011 a pilgrimage. } U l n d u Queen named Rupavati,

^S^n^'rT is «•»«" "idtank » « « £ $

S raid t« l « V been yc , T - . P 0 r a , y * " > «'o Malnnulpur t . £

Kupav,, , . b e e n constructed by Earn Malksvnll, « * " * ot

" • W l f c » t d ^ 8 ' ™ " was coD.tra.led by «•« 8 " " *

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 7.5

The total number of masonry wells in the Uhsll is 2,150, that of kachcha wells 5,859, and of bdons 21 . These figures do not include the wells and bdons in the Rewah town.

With the exception of the large number of kachcha wells used by vegetable growers, the wells and tanks are used solely for drinking and bathing purposes, and are never utilised for irrigating crops.

The bdons almost everywhere are in a neglected condition and as a source of water supply have no value whatever. They lie chieily in groves of mango trees far away from habitations and beyond commemorating the name of the constructor and affording a pleasant shelter to the traveller and wandering sddhus are of no real value.

The tailed forests on the Kaimur hills contain much big game including tiger.

The average rainfall in this tahsll is 45 inches. This district belonged originally to the Bhars, who played such

an important part in the history of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand in the 12th and 13th centuries. The places of interest in this tahsll are Chandrehi where there is a very fine temple, Makundpur where there are many remains, and where the Emperor Akbar Shah I I is said to have been born, Gurgi-Masaun one of the sites proposed for the ancient city of Kausfunbi, Baijuath where there are some interesting remains, Govindgarh with its large lake, palace and shikar preserves in the vicinity and Rewah town.

Population was in 1881, 402,499; 1891, 328.932: 1901, 310,139 persons ; males 150,GIG, females 159,523. Density 203 persons per squai*e mile. Two towns Hawaii and Govindgarh and 075 villages are situated in the tahsll witli Go,383 occupied houses. Hindus numbered 205,109 or 84 per cent., Sikhs 23, Jains 9:5, Mu&almfwis 11,458 or 3 percent., Christians 14, Auimisls amounting to 39,412 or 12 per cent.

The soil is, for the most part, fertile and cultivation general. Of the total area about 717,000 blghas (180,000 acre') or G2 per

cent, are cultivated. The prevailing crops are ko<lon and joicdr 278,000 blghas, rice 135,000 blghas, wheat 127,000 blghas, gram 80,000, barley 00,000 and masur 55,000.

The internal trade of this tahsll may be roughly estimated from the amount realised from the laydl (bial) or weighing tax which is leased out to contractors for Rs. 10,000 yearly ; and which corresponds to G-7 lakhs worth in imports and exports.

The tahsll is traversed by the Great Pec-can road will) a branch to Allahabad, Bela-Govindgarh, Rewah-Go\ inclgarh and the Salna-Rewah road, as well as liewah-Baikunthpur and Govindgarh-Ramnagar fair weather roads. Imperial Post Offices have been opened at Rewah and Govindgarh, and a Telegraph Office at Rewah.

The tahsll is in charge of a tahsllddr who is a Peputy Magistrate and the Revenue Collector of his charge. Ilis headquarters are at Rewah.

The total revenue of this tahsll is 9 lakhs including tribute from subordinate holdings, the land revenue and cesses amount to about 2-80 lakhs.

7-L H E W A I I S T A T E .

. Taoi l thar TahsU :—This tahsll which is ono of the four districts lying north of the Kaimur range occupies the northern-most portion or the State. From a revenue point of view it is the most important of all the UJis'ils. I t is situated between 2-1° 47 ' and 20° 12 ' N\, and 81° lb* and 82° 1' E., with an area of 810 square miles.

n1116 tu!l'-11 i s d i v ^ u d into two sections by the eastern extension of the Panna range locally known as the Vinjh pahar two-thirds of (ho

n e t in the fertiln ulnin L.L.iv <l.„ vn„,„. district in the fertile plain below the range. I t is bounded on the north by the Allahabad District, on the

south by portions of Keuah, on the ea.t by the Allahabfid Distiict and theMauganj (ahsU of Pewah and on the west by Panna State and the La .uk District. The soil is of more than average fertility and a certain amount o poppy i s g r 0 W I l f o r i u m >

K l i r p n] V mjli pahaj- traverses the north of the tuhsU where it forms the

ecigeot the llewah plateau.

Dhtrn??nT 0 1 1 S H v e i V U l d s o m c tributary streams leave the high level fc f " s o f ^ngnificent cascades at Piawan, Purua , Cl.acl.ai, i i u a t i and Ldom on the southern border.

ancient P i n ^ i r l ^ °/ T e o , l t h a r ™ " c the Venuvanshfs *boso ance kingdom lay round Allahabad with their capital nt Jli«"»*»-J t ? s f t e cu m a m W the.people.

W t V ^ d V U T d l , r i l , f i t h e ™*» of CJanapati S . n g ; J

l > e . l t n t e u ni •,• o ^ ] U S •'! l ? 1 " 1 ™ ^ But on her husband's n»^° of the n i l f lZ": l f , ? , l l m i S h e ™ l I d reveal the cau.e in P ^ told h J win t W "I1 g I f l h C y b ° U l » c u t to Hie Iiaja and the buU £ butcher' w K ^ t l n t g0UC; l ° h i m - 0 n the Paj-rs cnqunJ ' ^ Wo. 1 u V S * T l a t : V C r e s h c to reveal the cause itJ would c o ^ *>n»cr cxiftenc f l t f m y ^ f ^ ° ™ d ^ ^ ^ te*>«« - t h _ t h e arm of B h t o L T f n i n ^ . ^ . 0 " , T ! ^ ? £ V l th tree to gav What " h a t made me l a u X V * , ' ? , - ° l t h e a r m . a n d j t lV'U i n t ° 1 ^ ' 1 Piece of flesh, W n i l o f},

a ; t l n s ^ / e was that it could not bear a -

*° ^ a v y that Ihe b n ^ ? ^ t 0 ^ s o fe' ™th a ^ f ^ No sooner had the w / i V r e G b r o k e n n d e i ' i t s ^- ' 'S1 '1- h0 d'^1'

At lamp two des Delhi i a

as

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 75

sad asked her what ailed her. She related the \A1IO1C story to him. Ho then asked her to describe the place, but this she was unable to do, but said she would mark its position during the next visit. The Mahfiraji on discovering the place attacked the Venuvanshf Raja with an over­whelming force. The fakir was killed and a general massacre ensued in the town and the Raja taken prisoner. The Mnliaiaja then niaiclied towards the south and came to the spot where the modern village of Teonthar stands. Finding that the R a p was innocent he relea.-ed him and gave him this place to settle in saying that it was very similar to that he had lost. Hence the place was named Teonthar, meaning a similar place {teon, " just l ike" and thar (Sanskrit sthal), %> place").

There is a Hindi couplet relating to the abo\e story about the origin of the name of Teonthar.—

Jhunsi hai shall:id par Gavpali A"rip l:o dhdm, Maharaja hakshat bliai/o 2'eonthnr garh ko nd<n.

" King Ganpati'h place at Jhiin^i is bounded by six bends (in the river bank). The Maharaja (of Delhi) named bib fort Teonthar."

During the early settlement of the Bnghelsthis tahsil was still held by the Yenuvanshi^ and the Bhars. Gradually the whole of it fell to the Ka-auta branch of the Baghels. This talnil was formerly known as the llaka of Jtraonha.

Sitlalia was the headquarters of the tahsil until 188G when Teon thar was made the headquarters.

This tahsil, like the Iluziir and Raghurajnagar tahsils, contains the ruins of many old settlements. The foris of Theonthar and Sitlalia are still in fair condition and are used h}r the Darbar officials as the places of residence.

The population was in 1881, 138,700; 1891, 139,G97 ; 1901, 1 Oo, 154 ; males 52,(527, females 52,527. Density 129 persons to iho square mile. By religions there were 87,850 Hindus 2,070 Musalmans, 15,234 Auimists. The tahsil contained 505 villages, with 21.922 occupied houses.

The soil is, comparatively speaking, more productive than that of any other tahsil.

The total area cultivated amounts to 431.000 bighas (224,000 acres). The predominating crops are rice 113.000 bighas, jowar 54,000 bights, gram Go,000 bighas, wheat 29,000 bighas, linseed 22,000 bighas and poppy 210 lighas (124 acres).

The following villages are noted for cultivating poppy : —Chaur, Shivapur, Bhakanvar, Khatia-Machia, SohagI and Rfiipur.

In point of commerce and trade this tahsil is in no way inferior to the Raghurajnagar and Huzur tahsils.

The chief centres of export and import are Bargarh and Shankar-garh, both on the East Indian Railway. The export trade in building stone is gradually growing in importance.

The Jabalpur-Alliihabad Section of the East Indian Railway passes through the extreme norlh-western corner of the tahsil with a station at Dabhanra, while the Shankargarh and Bargarh stations situated just over the border in British India, arc of great use for the export of commercial products.

76 R E W A I I S T A T E .

The Mangnwan-Allalnlbad road, branching off from the Great Deccan road at Mangawan, 20 miles east of the Jlcwah town, runs through the district for 22 miles serving the villages of Garb, Deogan], Sohagi and Cbak. Post offices have been opened at Dabhaura and Sitlaha. There are also several fair weather umnetalled roads.

The tahsllddr in charge is a Deputy Magistrate. Ho resides at Teonthar.

The gross revenue of this tahsll is 4-4 lakhs, of which fcotftar lands produce 2-6 lakhs and alienated land l-!f lakh ; the land revenue and cesses amount to 3 lakhs.

Out of the total area of 81C square miles 211-5 square miles belong to alienated holdings. The biggest ildkdddrs are the Thakur of Chamu and the Thakur of Lalgaon.

HaghUTJijliagar (Satna) T a h t l l :—The Raghuifijnagar tahsxl is the western frontier d^triet of the Stato lying between Jjat. 24° 1 1 ' and 21° 57' N., Long. 80° 48' and 81° 22' EM* with an area of 1)77 square miles. I t is bounded on the north by a portion of the Panna State and the Teonthar t'lhsll, on the west by the States of Kagod, Maihar and Sohawal and on the east and south by portions of "Rcwali. J t lies wholly on the alluvial plateau north of the Kaimur range and is watered by the Tons and its tributaries.

Thcprescnt name of the tahsll dates only from 180G vhen the head­quarters were removed from Madhogarh to Satna or Piaghurajnagar, the latter being the name chosen by the late Mahaiaja Kaghuiaj Singh, in whose time the town of Satna came into existence. Portions of this tahsil have always been included in the estates of the ruling Chip ' s bro­thers, and other relations, and as the holders of such estates have always lived with the ruler in bringing them up to the same standard as the kothav district-, this talnil is far in advance of any other.

The tahsll comprises the four estates of Amarpfitan, JUadhognrli, Scmar,a_and ivotar held by descendants of younger brothers of previous Maharajas. L

The only hilly and jungle clad portions in this tahsV lie in the north and northwest and arc formed by the Vinjl. pahar. The most import­ant hills locally known are Sraman-dongri or Majliokar, which is com­posed of two lulls standing side by ,ide. Below them lies a small tank

l 4 ! A - l ^ r ' r I i ° n i , t S v b a n k S a i d t 0 b e that of a jor/t named Sran.an Lab.i who hvod a nd diod here. An annual fair is L i d at this epo*

tlli^'n^i?/f7Mnfcr5!,''whicllisviBitod hy V™1^ from long dis-tances and lasts for a week.

c o n t I I l e n E a i m a , I r h l ! 1 l i0 ' t b ° K ° t a r " l n t e i s ^ *oodccl and also ^ S o T ^ ^ C b a l k a n d H n i e - S t 0 n c J ^ Rakhnnda hill there i*

T o n s l i T d l t b e ' r i i V C r S i n ^ S i a m ^ Awards the north. Th°

be twc h £ 3 - f A j a i g a r , States and forming .he bounda /

vill«t?e of P i l - l T • .i T * i h l S tah*l> f«"s i l l t 0 l h c T o n V J t 1 1 *,e or jjijnhta m this dish-rt TI .- • «F +lm largest'

tributaries of tli» Tn™ u ' ^ n c t . 11ns river is one of tiic !»• =• Panna, A h l , ? T ? d d ™ n s * considerable portion ol ^

.»» A,.»fca.h, Nugod and S c h a w l States. The Bihar i ^ S

AD3TINISTIUTIVE DIVISIONS. 77

in the Ivaimur lulls at Mowhas in the south of the tahtil. I t enters the Huzur tuksll and falls into the Bichhia river at the south-western corner of the Bcwah town just below the old palace. The Kariari rises in the Bahelia Batha forest preserve and forms the boundary lino between this and IluzGr tahsil. I t falls into the Tons at the. village of Bakia. The Senirdwal rising in the village of Patarl in Kothi State, enters this tahsil and falls into the Tons. Next to the Tons it is one of the largest streams in the tahsil. The Asrawal has its source in the village of Sikraura, in Sohuwal State, enters the tahsil nt Patna and'falls into the Tons at Golahta. The Khorbai rises at the village of Khorbai in the Sohiiwal State, enters this tahsil at Bara and falls into the Tons at Ataria. The Jarmohra from the Panna State, enters this tahsil at Lahargawan and joins the Khorbai.

All places along the Tons river are liable to floods during the rains, the most notable floods were those that occurred in 1867, 1875 and 1882. In very early days portions of this tahsil formed the possession of the aboriginal tribe of Lodhls. They were gradually dis­possessed by the Kshatriyas from Baisviara.

I t is believed that Mahil Parihar, who figured so conspicuously in the Ghandcl kingdom of JMahoba, had his residence at Mowhas, in this tahsil and the ruins of a fort here are generally ascribed to him.

There is a very large number of forts in this tahsil, a fact which &ncws how constant disputes wore between the petty zamimlars.

Population was in 1891, 1 o 1.705 ; 1901, 1-11,312 persons ; males 71,245, females 73,067; density 1-18 persons per square mile. Con­stitution, Hindus 123,533 or 85 percent., Sikh 1, Jains 229, Musalmuns 3,859 or 3 per cent., Christians 17, Animists 10,673 or 11 per cent. The decrease of population in 1901 as compared with that of 1891 amounting to 10,393 or G7 per cent, was due to the famine of 189G-97.

There are 487 villages in the district and one town Satna. The important castes arc Brahmans 24,703 or 11 per cent.,

Chhatrl 1-1,511 or nearly 10 per cent., Kunbl 12,558 or 8-7 per cent, and Banias numbering 4,773 or 3-3 percent.

The total number of actual cultivators is 58,972 or 41 per cent, of the population; artizans numbering 22,424 or 15 per cent.

In this tahsil there arc altogether 32 garhls, 7 paJdca tanks, G cJiaupam*, 32 bdon«, 759 pakLa and 2.G24 Lachcha wetts.

The general conditions of the soil are the same as those in the iFuzur tahsil.

Of the total area of the tahsil (977 square miles or 41 percent.) 260,000 acres are cultivated. The principal Ichailf crops being kodon, joicar. etc., 80,000 acres, rice 105,000 acres and at the rabi wheat 120,000 acres, barley 11,000 and gram 8G.000.

Tho total number of cultivators is 84,583 (including actual cultivators 58,972). Farm servants 7,371, field labourers 1G,791 and vegetable growers 1,419, or 58-G per cent, of the total population. The estimated number of ploughs in this tahsil is 25,351; the area covered h one plough is about 20 highas or 10 acres and that of fallow laud ^served for pasture is about 9 bighas (4J, acres).

78 REWAII STATE.

The toUxl is in charge .of tahsilddr who is a Deputy Magistrate and the Collector for his charge, with his headquarters at Satna. The revenue amount* to 2-3 lakhs, of which land revenue and cesses amount to 1 lakh. The tahsil is served by the Jabalpur Extension oE the East Indian Railway on which the headquarter town is situated. I t is also traversed by the Great Deccan road and the Nowgong-Fanni high road.

MailganS TahsU ".—This is the smallcst-fa7m£ in the State and it lies between 24° 33 ' and 24° 54' N., and 81° 42' and 820 20' E. , hav­ing an area of 714 square miles. I t is bounded on the north and east by the Allahabad and Mirzapur Districts of the United Provinces and on the south and west by portions of the State.

The tahsil lies for the most part on the alluvial plain on which the town of Itewah stands, and is covered with good fertile Boil. To the north, however, it is traversed by the eastern-most section of the P a n u i range, known locally as the Vinjh pahar.

The general direction of drainage in this tahs'il is to the north. There are no big rivers in it. The only streams of importance are given below :—

The Alhwa, flowing from the Kaimur hills in the south, joins the Belan at Guntha in the Teouthar tahsil. I ts total length is 54 miles. I t passe? by the village of Man. The Adi rises at Bilonhi, 8 miles north of Mauganj in the Kaimur hills and running through a valley in those hills for a distance of 73 miles, falls into the Uclau at Nawa-gaon in the Mirzapur District. There are no important villages along its banks.

In olden times this tahsil, like many other portions of the Itewah State, was inhabited by the aboriginal tribe of the IJhars. I t was later on conquered by the Sengar Rajputs who came from Jagamnianpur (Jagamanpm), Jalaun District.

The Sengars who had fully established their power in this part of the country struggled long and fiercely to retain their supremacy villi the Bagliels on their entering the country, and it was only after a severe struggle that they were subjugated and became feudatorie*-They continued to cause trouble as laic as Maharaja Visvaii»U» Singh's time (A. D. 1835) when their holding of Mau was incorporat­ed m the Itewah State, and converted into one of its hthslls.

In 1838 the Sengar Thikur of N a i ^ n r h i , a feudatory of Iho Sengar Raja of Mau, caused disturbances and it was ultimately found necessary to resort to arms.

" Again during the Settlement of this tahsil (1881-1890) t h e ' S o n g ^ J hakurs on several occasions gave trouble, through m i s u n d e r s t a n d s the objects of the Settlement operations

Population was : 1881, 120,779 ; 1891 123 !8G • in 1901, 99,<r)^ persons; males 49,423, females 50,111. Density ' l 2 7 persons V<* square mile. l s J i

per c e n f t U A ° n ' ^ ^ 8 4 ' 1 5 2 0 r W P<* cent., Musalmflns 3,183 or 3 P " cent., Ammists 12,199 or 12 per cent. Occupied houses 1 8 > ^ 0 '

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 79

The tahsll contains GOO villages. The soil of this talis'd is in no way inferior to that of the four tuhtils lying to the north of the Kainnir hills.

The cultivated area amounts to 112,QUO bighas (103,000 acres) or 25 per cent, of the total area.

The soil is best suited to rubi crops. The predominating crops are rice 123,000 bighas, kodon, etc., 47,000, wheat 30,000, arm' 20,000, gram 19,000.

The villages of Phiil, Gauri, Shivarajpur, Raijala, Majan, Mandarin, Duhgaon, Dagdauwa and Rajha are specially noted for their cultivation which is due to the large proportion of Kunlus in their population.

The greater portion of jthc local trade is carried on with the outlying UritLh District of Mirzapur. Being connected with the import­ant trading centres of Lalganj, Drumondganj and Mirzapur in the Mirzlpnr District, and with tiatna station by a good metalled road, its trade in the export of food grains is considerable. Some idea of the value of the exports can lie obtained from the customs returns for 19O-1-05. According to these the duty on wheat and linseed exported amounted to Rs. 53,000 and 51,000, origin to Rs. 27,000, //// and mustard seed to Rs. 3,000, ?nahua flowers to lis. -1,000 and hides to lis. 7,000 ; in all to about 1-i lakh.

Imports produce about Ks. 70,000 in duties ; Ks. 20,000 being derived from salt, Ks. 7,000 from gar and Ks. 8,000 from inot.il utensils.

The only road that runs through this tahnl is the Great Deccan road, its total length being about 30 miles. The talw-ll lies far from the railways, its headquarters being 80 miles from Satna and (Jl miles from JMirzfipur and consequently its whole trade is road-borne. An Imperial Post Olhee is located at Mauganj.

The tahsihldr in charge is assisted by a ndib-iah.nhlar and two kdnungos. Police stations are located at Mauganj and Xaiagarhl under thdndddrs and at Laur and llanumana in charge of jamadars.

The revenue derived by the Darbiir from the kothor or unalienated lands is 2'2 lakhs, the gross revenues ou alienated land including the big Thakurdt of Naiagarhl being approximately 2-1 lakhs. An annual sum of about Ks. 9,100 is paid by the Thakurs, and other holders of land as tribute or mudmla.

The jclglr of Naiagarhi is the most important alienated holding in the tahsll. The Thakur is of the Sengar clan of Rajputs. The revenue of his estate amounts to Rs. 30,000 a year and he pays chauth or mudmla as tribute to the State.

Bard ' Tahsi l :—This tahsll, which forms the eastern portion of the hilly tract, lies south of the Kaimur range, between 23° 45 ' and 21° 43 ' N., and 81° 47' and 82° 51 ' E., having an area of 2,912 square miles. I t is bounded on the north by the Kaimur range, on the east by the Mirzapur District of the United Provinces, on the south by the Chang Bhakar and Korea estates in Chhatlsgarh Division of the Central Provinces a n c l o n ^1C wcs*i ^y portions of Rewah. The country is, for the most part, cut by a series of parallel ridges covered with heavy forest, and cultivation is but little practised except ou a few plateaus

SO REWAII STATE.

in the valleys. The rainfall averages 45 inches. The most important of these valleys and paths (plateaus) are noted below :—The valley *»f the Son river (called the lialca of Kuvpuva) BIretching between the Kaiinur hills in the north and Kehanjua hills on the south. Tlio plains of .Hawaii (called the Ilul'u of U/juura), consisting m a small depression surrounded on all sides by the hills of Nowgain on the north, Khandaull on the west, Sajhar on the south, and Ramgarh on -the south-east. The valley of Singrauli in the south-east bounded by the hills of Sajhar and Ramgarh on the north.

The chief pdtlis are those of the Kaiinur on the north, and the Kehanjua hills of which the Reserve Forest known as the Son-ranma is the most important, the paths of "Nowgain which run from east to west along the ri\or Son, till it enters British territory, the Khandaull ?)tith, Sarai-Samud p(Vh, and Churi jidlh in tin1 Khandaull hills and a few others. The Son and its big tributary, the Gopjul. travei^e the tah^xl besides many smaller streams, of which the mobt important are the Mayabi, Rerh, Xakti , Sajhar and Deonarb.

Before the .settlement of the ChandeK probably about in the 15th century, the country was ruled by the aboriginal tribes of Bhars and .Balandas-. l- and the ruins of their fortres>es are still found in several places. Very little is known about this country until it was occupied by the Chandellas, long after the fall of their Mahoba Kingdom. The following account is given by the local Chandels us to their settlement iu this district :—

The Chandella Chief Parmardideva (Parmal) (11G7-1213) of .Ma­hoba had five son<.. One of them Raujll Dev iu S:\mvat l o l 3 ( A . D . 1250)-- established himself at Agori (Mii>.iipur District) . The second son Asajlt Singh became the Raja, of Kabar. The third Sobhajit Singh remained in Mahoba, while Brahma Dev and Brahmajlt were killed, l lar ihar Shah, 20th in descent from Ran jit "Per,* the T»aja of Agori, had two sons, of whom the elder succeeded to Agori while ilio younger, Rudva Shah, received the llabi of Jitjmtru (Bardi iuhtU) as his share. The river JLJallisi formed the boundary line between <1)° i v , ° estates. Rudia Shah, removed to the village of Gaihwn in the J)ipn^ /fdv.«, where his descendants remained for two generations. l u

f . ^ 18th c n t n r y (24th gen-ration) Raja Maulr "Shah removed n ' ^ Garhwa to Bardi at the junction of the Son and Gopad rivers. ^ ° fc

Rah the younger brother of Rao Ratan, -10th in descent from p a n ^ f c

J)ev, received as his share the village of Bhoparl, G miles to ^ i e v 'g>

of Sihawftl, where he built a stone fort. Bodh Rai had two s ° ' ' Sarnam Singh and Faujdar Singh. In 1810 Dalganjan Singh, a S\.K brother of the Raja of Mandha who lived in the Mirzapiu* D i s t * ^ committed a henious offence. To escape arrest he first took r e . ^ with Sarnam Singh. Eight month's later "Dalganjan Singh, on ^ " V g that a force had been sent out by the British ^Government to effect arrest, fled to Faujdar Singh at BhopaiT. Faujdar Singh, when c a ^

triya orii'hf B a l a n d a s a r c ' ^ s c u t c d by the Raja of Marwas who claims £ ^

t c r Patmardiacva'

son. death 'v'1n->ate lS ?f C T 3 0 imPO^ib!c ns it is H3 years after ^ a t b . Laniit may have been a direct doaccutLuil, thiugh not a

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 81

on, refused to surrender him and the British force assaulted and took the fort of Bhoparf after a tough light. The two brothers Sarnam Singh and Faujdar Singh with their followers escaped and sought pro­tection with the Chauhan Thfikurs of Sidhi, who afterwards gave the refugees the village of Riimadih for their maintenance. The fort of B Imparl was made over to the Maharaja of Rewah by the British.

This exploit is commemorated on a stone slab at Jlaliya on the Adhwa river in Mirziipur. The inscription is in English and Hindi. I t states that—

Under the auspices of lord Minto, Governor-

General of India, and General Ilcwelt, Commander-in-Chief and Vice-President,

a passage icas made through the Kirahe Pass, of vast height, 2 miles in extent,

into Burdee, etc., etc., bg Lieutenant-Colonel James Tetley, Commanding the 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment A'ative Infantry,

aided by great exertions of his gallant and willing corps

the following of ivhom fell courageously assaulting the Dabarrah Ghurry in Burdee,

April A. D. 1811, tohich is now destroyed

and levelled with the ground. (Here follow the names of those ivho fell.)

The Hindi record is longer and mentions how a road was cut and built up witli stones along the Kian-ka-ghdt for two miles, to get the 18-pounders past. On the 18th April the fort was assaulted, but did not surrender as the tiluddr fled. The walls were then levelled and the wells destroyed. The record adds that the forts of Tadu and Joki were also levelled- Tadu is Tedua, 5 miles south-east of Bhoparl, Joki is -1 miles west of it.

The Mirzapur Gazetteer adds that this expedition was made at the instance of I^allu Naik, a well-known merchant of Mirz.lpur, to punish the marauders of Rewah, who used to plunder the convoys passing through the Katra pass before the construction of the Peccan Koad. LalluiSTriik or Lallu Mor was the Naik or head of the Banjara commu­nity of Mirzapur.

A local couplet records this event— Samvat athara aur othsat sal uchdr, Yuddh bhayo Baisdkh Badl dasml tithi Guruwdr.

"In Samvat 188G on Baisdkh Badl 10, Thursday, a great struggle took place."

The Rajas of BardI made over the Ildka of SingrauU to Maharaja Jai Singh in lieu of tribute, and later Ajlt Singh, the Chandel Riija of BardI, being constantly harrassed by his clansmen came to ltewah with his Rani Jagat Kunwarl and formally made over his es­tate to Maharaja (then Biibu Sahib) Visvanath Singh in 1819, retaining for himself only as much as was sufficient for his own and his Rani's

S2 REWAH STATK.

maintenance. The following 15 districts constituting the Chaudel Uaj oi BardI then came into the possession of the Rewah Maharaja.

Kanpura, Tvalkali, J iawan or Bijaura, Ramgnrh Garhwa, Snrni, Samud, Kigri Niwas, Singraull, Korwal, Jaghat , J3igouri or Bag-hounh, Sidhi Alarwa, Auiilia, Khenva Medhauli, and BardI proier

On the assumption of the BardI Raj by the Rewah Darbilr, land yielding a revenue of Rs. 6,000 was given away in vdnlcdr grants (main­tenance allowances), while Ajit Singh, the ex-Raja of BardI, received Rs. 2,000 a year cash. Ajit Singh died without an heir and his bro­ther's son .lagjit Singh was recognised as the titular Raja. Maharaj.-

^ i s v a u a t h Singh married Jagjl t Singh's daughter, Subhadra Kim way Jagjit Singh's elder son, .lagmohan Singh, being also without an heir, hi.- younger son, Bhawani Singh, was recognised as Raja. Bhawjini Singh's three grandsons still live and enjoy ajfujlr. They bear the. title of Bubu Sahib.

The village of Ghoghra (U° ZS' N. , 82° 5' E.) , 18 miles west of Sihawal, in the Hale a of Kanpura, is traditionally connected with Birbal, Akbar's witty favourite. The story runs that in a small temple here dedicated to Chandi l>evi,onc Raghubir Ram, Brahman of Chandainia village, daily worshipped the goddess for twelve years, l i e was helped by his sister's son Birbal, in keeping the temple clean. One day while the boy was sweeping the temple and Raghubir Ram was away, he accidentally hurt his little finger and the blood from it stained the goddess's image. This propitiated the goddess and she promised the boy that whatever he prophesied, would turn out right. On leaving the temple the boy met a Kcwat fishing, l i e told the Kewat that a bird was entangled in his hook and drawing up tire line a bird was actually found upon it. The same night the goddess appeared to the boy in a dream and told him that in>taad of wasting his power in such follies he should go to the Emperor 's court. Accord­ingly the boy went to Akbar's court, where he soon rose to honour and distinction. Apart from the legend it would appear that Birbal was at one time an attendant at the Baghel Chief Ram Chandra's court.

Badauni !• notes that Birbal " who was formerly in Hie service of Ram Chandra Bha ta" was sent with Zain Kh-m Koka to bring the old Chief to Delhi. Birbal was killed in 158G while fighting under Zain Khan in Swat. 2-

An AsJdabhuja (eight armed) Devi, whose ima«-c a Chandel B » j a

is said to have obtained in dowry from Rajputana, s tands in tins village. I t is the special object of worship to the Chandels, a l ^ S e

fair taking place annually in the month of Kuntvar lasting I 5 d a y S #

Chauluinsof Sidhi.-Sidhi i s a s m a l l v i l ] 3 o n n i i e s west of Sihawal inhabited by Chanhfins and for this reason the district is com-inonly known m Rewah as Chauh&n-Mand, it is stated that a Chaub»» Narsmgh by name came to Rewah from Mainpuri, and received a g * i n t

!• E.M. 1I...V., B38. * " Do. VI., 80, 91. Blocbmann-^„ .^M«r , - I I, 404.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 83

of Gt villages in the Ildka of Sidhi, from the Rao Sahib of Chorhat. Later on, he received another grant of 20 villages from the Raja of Bardl. All these grants were made free as bhaip grants, and the Chauhans paid no muamla for then). In course of time, however, when the Bardl Raj came into the possession of the Rewah Durbar, the tenure of the grants was converted into muamla.

The Singraull Ildka.—It is said that when the VcnuvanshTs, a ruling family of Jlmnsi (Allahabad), were in poor circumstances some of their clan went to Singraull and took service there under a powerful zumindar of the Khairwar tribe. They faithfully served their master for som:j time and the Khairwar zamindar dying heirless the Veim-vanshls acquired the estate to which they added more territory.

They were the founders of the family of the present liajuof Singraull who is, however, popularly believed to belong to the Khairwar tribe. This seems, however, to be erroneous, as the Raja of Singraull is connected with the Chandcls and Gaharwars. Formerly, the Raja of Singraull was subordinate to the R.ijas of Bardl.

The portion of Singraull lying in the Rewah State is now held by the Raja as a muandadar.

Population was in 1881,19*3,816 ; 1891, 243,203 ; 1901, 198,921 persons ; males 99,527, females 99,394. Density 68 persons pet-square mile. Constitution : Hindus 158,772 or 79 per cent., Jains. 2>>, Musalmans 4,173 or 2 per cent., Animists 35,956 or 18 per cent.; villages number 848.

The hilly nature of Bardl places it far behind the other tahsils i.n point of cultivation. Only 1G-73 per cent, of the total area is under cultivation, the most cultivated parts being the valley of the Son (Kanpura Ildka), Bijaura 'or Jiawan) and Singraull. In the first two divisions rice is chiefly grown, while in the last gram and kodon are the predominating crops. The total area cultivated is 430,000 bighas (222,000 acres), tlie predominating crops being kodon 133,000 bighas, rice 121,000. Though the classes of soil met with are the same as elsewhere, mair and domett arc confinedioa very small area, while sigon and a still less productive variety called sigain cover the largest area.

Forest occupies 1,296 square miles or 44 per cent, of the area. Except a very small reserved tract extending along the right bank of the Son it is open to the people.

The revenue derived by the State from sale of the lac produced in Singraull is a very important item in the receipts.

Corundum is locally worked at Pipra in Singraull. A royalty of Rs. 3 a maund is levied. Agaria*, a local tribe, work iron in the usual crude way. Their annual output of metal is from.10 to 15 maunds.

Of all the tahsils Bardl, being very remote from the railway and good roads, is in a very backward condition as regards trade. The nearest market is Mirzapur, bnt;as the Kaimur range has to be crossed through difficult ghats to reach it, there is little or no incentive to commerce.

The average value of tho duty from exports per year is Rs, 3,500.

86 REWAH STATE.

Jabalpur. The Maikala range, which connects the Yindhyas and Sntpiir&F, lies in the south-east corner. I t bears upon it the source of the Son and Narbada n \v \ s and the sacred \illage of Aumrkantak. The tahsil is watered by the Johilla, Son, and Narbada.

Before the opening of the Katnl-Bilfispur Extension of the Bc-igai-Nagpur Railway, this part of the State was a terra incognita to the people of Rewah, and was but sparsely populated. Of late, however, the tract has been widely opened out and is gradually rising in pros­perity.

There can be little doubt that the early history of this tahsil is full of interest that would amply repay careful historical and archaeological research. The numerous ruins o!t buildings and other old remains met with in it, carry its history bade to the Gupta period. I t s history during the Chcdi period would also be interesting as it was until the end of their rule a highly prosperous district, most of the tuht-il being during tho 10th and 11th centuries included in old Kalachuri kingdoms of Ratan-pur and Bilaspur.

The fort of Bandhogarh which was then in the possession of the Kalaehuris passed in dowry to the Baghcl Chiefs of Rewah.

After the Barbels had established themselves at Bandhogarh they gradually took possession of the surrounding country, much of which has passed from the Kalachuris to the Gonds.

Later on, a small portion of this district was seized by a minor branch of the Baghcl family descended from Janmni Bhtinu, the younger brother of Maharaja Virbhan. This territory continued to remain in the hands of this branch of the family, and did not actually form a part of the Baghcl chiefship. Subsequently, the whole of this district together with the neighbouring districts of Chhattlsgarh passed into tho hands of the Bhon-la- of Nagpur, and with the fall of the Maiiitha power into those of the British. In 18G0 the territories now consti tut­ing the tahsil of Soh&gpur were restored by the British Government to Maharaja Raghurfij Singh in recognition of his good services during the Mutiny of 1857.

Population was in 1901, l- 241,345 pe r sons ; males 120,091, females 120,604. Density G9 persons per square mile. Constitution : Hindus 147,873 or 61 per cent., Jains 143, Tarsi 1, Musaln ans 5,389 or 2 per cent., Christians 30, Animists 87,00'.) or 36 per cent.

The large Christian population is due to the Euro} cans employed in the Urnaria Colliery. The return for Hindus is not quite correct as many of the Gonds who form the major part of the inhabitants so re­turn themselves, thus diminishing the Animist percentage One town Urnaria and 1,192 villages are situated in this tahbil Occupied houses 413,454. ' l

The soil of the tahsil is, for the most part, poor and favourable only to the growth of the kharlf crops.

The cultivated area amounts to 340,000 blghas (175 000 acres). The

™ ? ™IZT T licC 1 0 5 ' 0 0 ° hlgha*> kodon> e t c - 81,000, tili 23,000, gram 2/ ,000 and wheat 23,000. ' '

In 18S1 and 1891 this tahsil was united with Ra imnagar.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 87

The forests cover 1,474 square miles or 41 per cent, of the total area. The timber export is considerable while the cultivation of lac is carried on on a large scale.

.The net profits to theDarbar from the sale of lac and the contract for minor forest products is, as already stated, about 5 laklis a year.

The trade of this district consists in the export of timber, food grains, oil seeds, skins, ghl and luc ; and imports of salt, sugar and cloth. Since the extension of the Katni-Bilaspur Branch of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway, the prosperity of the bazars in the vicinity of the line has grown rapidly.

The duties on export amount to about 7 lakhs a year of -which till and mustard seed account for 2-7 lakh", rice for "2o lakhs and wheat for l*o lakh. Import duties amount to 4-5 lakhs, piece-goods account­ing for l-G and salt for Rs. 99,000.

The tuh.^il is traversed for 101 miles by the Katnl-Bil.tspnr Branch of the Bengal-IN"agpur Railway, the principal stations being at Cniaria and Sahdol, the latter being the station for Sohagpur town.

Metalled roads lead from Birsinghpur to Dindori (ll.1, miles) and Sahdol to Sohagpur (12 miles). L'ost offices are situated at Sohagpur nnd Umariaand Telegraph Offices at Umaria, and all railway stations. Atalisihldr whose headquarters are at Sohagpur is in charge. An Assistant Magistrate is in special charge of Umaria,. ^Nearly the whole of the t ah fill being split up into petty Thakurats there is very little kotliar land and the revenue work is comparatively light.

The gro>s revenue of this district, which is mostly comprised of alienated lands hold on miiainlu tenuiv, is 1-155 lakh, land revenue is about 27,000 and the total net revenue Rs. 3(J,000. In addition 5 lakhs a year is from the sale of luc and forest produce and 7 lakhs from Colliery.

Alienated lands.—The important Thakur.lts of this tuhsil are given below:—

Chandia Ilaka.—The Thaknr belongs to the Baghel family. The annual gross revenue of the holding is Rs. 18,877, the muamla paid to the Uarbiir being Rs. 4,500. The Thakur being at present a minor, the estate is under the Court of Wards.

Singhwdra.—The ilakaddr belongs to the Riij-Gond tribe. The gross revenue of the estate is Rs. 10,000, the muamla paid to tho Darbiir being Rs. 3,925. The holder is entitled to td;7m and enjoys the title of Riija.

Sohagpur.—A large estate with an annual income of Rs. 20,000 paying a muamla of Rs. 4,875.

' In 1808 A. D. during the time of RaghujI Bhonsk the estate of Sohagpur which was then held by a descendant of Jamuni Bhanu, a younger brother of Maharaja Vlrblmn, fell to the Marathas. I t passed in 1826 A.D. with other possessions of theBhonsla Chief to the British. In 1860 A.D. it was restored with the district of Amarkantak to Maharaja Ragkuraj Singh in recognition of his services during the Mutiny. Maharaja Raghuraj Singh acknowledged Vijaya Bahadur

88 HEW An STATE.

ncome of Rs . 7,200 and

and llic muamla pt..„ . , nior branch of the Soliiigpur Thakurs . Jniijiur.—The holding has an ii

muamla ;tt the rate of Ks. ] ,800. , , Kfiuirha.—The holding is valued at Us. 2,800 a year and \)(

as muamla I ts . GJO. 1-

G A Z E T T E E R .

o _lv 's pointed out as being relics of Allia's day, such as the mark of his snc

a . the cave he lived in, his treasure house, etc. Uesides this sonic rn'l

i i n r l n l l i o r r l o i t i n o •!,•,» ..,-,1 , . , . < l . . . 1. . rm

ghat which _ _.0 „.

An old tank at Bhandla village below the ghat is attributed to Alha.

4 0 ' N . , and Long. 81" 46' E., ^ o Z ^ ^ ^ T " l ^ f " famous as the site of the source of the ^ - i - lT i - S V a _ l e u J ; Anmrkantak is sacred spots in India. I t is n ^ U o S - 7 - ^ a i l ( ° l l e ot ' most where it is called Amarakuta * 1 V u h d u S m l u s " MeghadQta"

y i-&3 a^Ti'ofe 1" aV^ "'**« Tisited «b<»», and Son .Mu„dll, Z n t l ' t t ' T . ° t h o Pd"d»™ M m a™

plan, arc uold and e 0 m f ^ "T7i' coml><ete curvilinear form P~ - ' n a t i ) e shikl,,,,.,, „ - " H I I ; ^ I.UUUB" toe, l,„ilt by " r, T/","'0 Kh»i«l>o 1.LZ nT iS °f tfl° 8'"fCf01

11th century l t " f |U ' e ? ' , (10-12-112->| ™ ''Cs- " i s said t o . have

fourteen otncrseW ' » »™Uo 1 ' J * « „ . . date ,n the

GAZETTEER. 89

which the rivor ib now supposed to take its source is not the original one. The old tank, to the north, half filled up with earth, can still be seen close by. The Nannada-bai temple is also old and may possibly bo older than that of Kama, but a thick cover of whitewash, and the fact that it is in use makes examination difficult. u

Population was, in 1901, 214 persons ; males 135, females 79, all Hindus ; occupied houses 42.

Aniarkantak is 25 miles by country road from Sahdol station on the Katnl-Bilaspur Section of the Bengal-3STagpur Railway.

Amarpata iL tahsil Raghurajnagar :—A very important place on the Great Deccan road, 21 miles to the south-east of Satna, situated in 24° 19 'N . , and 81° 4 ' E . Old tanks are large and numerous in its neighbourhood, shewing its importance up to the 12th century. I t de­cayed for a time but was resuscitated and given its present name by Maharaja A mar Singh in 1626. Later on, it formed the chief scat of the estate allotted for the maintenance of Ravendra Balbhadra Singh, the youngest brother of Maharaja Visvanath Singh, who greatly im­proved the place. I t has a vernacular school, customs and policeckaukis located in it. Population was, in 1901, 2,577 ; males 1,241, females 1,33G; Hindus numbered 2,140; occupied houses 143.

Amarpu r , talisll Ramnagar:—A large village, twenty miles south-­west of Ramnagar, situated in 23° 57' N., and 80° 58' E., situated on the western border of the tahsil adjoining the Jabalpur District. It has a customs chauki, a police outpost in charge of a jamadar, and a vernacular school located in it. I t has also a fine tank with an old temple on its bank, and a good bazar. Population (1901) 975 persons; Hindus 703 ; occupied houses 194.

Ani lppur , tahsil Sohagpur f—Anuppur village and railway station situated in 2a° V N., and 81° 42' E., on the Katnl-BilSspur line. I t is a place of rising importance. Several ruins of old temples lie here, ami at Piparia village 2 miles south of it and at Samautpur l.\ mile north. Population (1901) 251 persons.

B i h u n t i , tahsil Mauganj :—A small village lying in 24° 42 ' N., and 81° 57' E., 7 miles from Mauganj. noted for a fine waterfall made by the Adhwa river. Population (1901) 9 persons, all Hindus; occupied houses 3.

Ba i jna th . tahsil Huzur :—A village 8 miles west of Rewah town, situated in 24° 30' K , and 81° 17' E. A temple dedicated to Siva as the Vnidya Niitlt stands here. In 1884 the roof fell in. Figures of Ganga and .Jumna standing as usual, respectively, on a crocodile and tortoise are carved upon the doorway and another image, 7 feet high, of Ganga lies near by with other remains. 2- A fair is held here on Ham nauml (Chait Sudl 9).

B a i k u n t h p u r , tahsil Huzur (24°4C N., 81°28 'E . ) :—The chief Boat of a l'hakurat situated 15 miles north of Rewah town connected by an uninetalled road with Kevati and Teonthar. I t contains a customs chauki and a vernacular school.

I- ( \ A. S . R., V I I , 227. •>• (' A. S, H,. X X I , 151.

90 PIEWAU STATE.

BandllOgarh) tahs'il Rumnagar :—The old capital, situated in tlie south-east of tlie State in 23° 4U' N., and 81° 3 ' E . I t is n place of considerable archaeological and historical importance. The fort stands on a hill 2,032 feet above sen-level, and eor.&ists in fact of two hills, the Bamnia hill clote by being also enclosed by a rampart and considered as part of the fort. 1-

I t is undoubtedly a place of antiquity and was an important stronghold long before the Baghel dynasty acquired the country. Ptolemy "• mentions a Bul'intipyorgon as one of the towns of tlie Adeisathroi. Cunningham has suggested that this is a Greek render­ing of Iluya Kshetra, the country of the Haihayas. Tradition assigns the early rule of this region to the Baland tribe, which would give some support to the identification, the names Balandipur and Balanti-pura being practically identical.

I n the 13th century it was given as part of the dowry of t he Kalachuri bride of Karan I)ev Baghela, and became the centre from which this clau gradually extended their sway. Muhammadan histo­rians refer to it as Bandhu and to the Baghel Chief # as Raja of Bandhu.

I n 1408-99 Sikandar Lodl annoyed at the refusal of Raja Salivahati to give him a daughter in marriage, invested Bandhogarh, but ineffect­ually, and "although his most valiant soldiers showed their courage at the fort of Bandhu, the strongest castle in that district," he was obliged to retire and take his revenge by sacking tlie country as far as Banda. 3<

In the 8th year of Akbar (15G;'>) the fort was invested by Asaf Khan but the siege was raised on the intercession of other Rajas at Delhi. In the 12nd year of Akbar (1097) disturbances arose at Bandhogarh and Raja Patr Das was sent to besiege the fort. After an investment of eight months and live days he took it and was in 1599 seut there as governor. From 1509 till 1G02, it remained a Muham­madan possession. d- In that year it was re>tored to Raja Vikramilditya. I t was, however, no longer the capital town, that position having been given to Re wall.

There i- a curious local legend that Akbar was horn here, a legend firmly bcli-ved in but which is entirely without historical founda­tion. Many old remains are said to exist in the neighbourhood. Population (,U)01) 22C; Hindus 218 , occupied houses 2G.

BariOIl. taJttil Mauganj :—A small village situated 5 miles to the north of Mauganj, in 21° 12' N., and 81° 50' E., noted for the fair of (Juuo'hji lieU in the month of k'drtik (October-November) which lasts for 1-3 days. Population (1901) 182.

Baraundha , tahsil Ramnagar :—A village situated on the rigid 1 , a ,ck °/ l-!1C ^ ° n ' ** i n i l c S s o u t u - w e s t ot ' Uamnagar, in 21° 10' 2J., and * l c l o ' E. I t is a very important place, chiefly inhabited by the traders in food grain*, and was at one time the headquarters of the Inhsil.

!• Cidcutla Itcview, 1811, p. 215. -• ^U-i'Y\nAW\—l'l<>lem>fs Ancient India, 164 \f>G a- K. M. II , IV. 1C2; 'U. F.. t, 508. '

o r , u'~ ;]{"')slr <il-Lrmr« (I'oivian Text). 223-?. IMochmaim—Awi-i-Aftlntn, 1, •i'U , 1<'I . I V . ) .

GAZETTEER. 91

I t has a vernacular school and an old fortress. Population (1901) 1,378 ; Hindus 1,121 ; occupied houses 275.

Bard i , tahsll Bard! :—A village situated in 24° 32' K , and 82° 29' * E . Once the chief place in the tahsll, but except for this not a place of any real importance lying as it does in rough jungle-covered country. The Cbandels are (said formerly to have carried on human sacrifices here to Hard I Devi, and a buffalo, its substitute, is still sacrified at nxvmdtri. Population (1901) 119 persons; Ilindus 119.

Bolonhi) tahsll Mauganj :—A waterfall on the Adhwa river, 8 miles north of Mauganj. The fall is 4G4 feet in height.

EGOhari, tuhsil Rfunnagar :—A large village and headquarters of the tahsll lying J4 miles south-east of Rfunnagar in 21° 1' N., and 81° 25 ' E . I t is a trade centre of con-iderable importance, and contains n police thdna in chaige of a thdnd'ldr, a cu.-toms and a forest chcit/.l. Population (1001) o37 ; males 1G9, females 1Gb'; Hindus numbered 80; occupied houses 07.

Bh5.<3, tahsll Raghurajnagar :—A village situated in 24° 37' N. , and 80° 54' E . A very big fair is held annually at the temple hero during the navardtras in the months of Kunwdr and Chaitra in hon­our of the Chcdi Devi. A very large area in this village is covered with valuable bamboos. Population (1901) 231 ; Hindus 17G ; occu­pied houses 46.

Bhalua, tahsll Tconthar :—A village, situated in 24° 58 ' N., and 81°40' E., of importance only as being tho present residence of the representatives of the Venuvansln Raj-is who formerly ruled this tract. Population (1901) was 71)1 ; Hindus 711 ; occupied houses 108.

BharjUiia, tahsll Raghurajnagar :— Situated six miles to the north of Satna town in 24° 39' N., and 80° 58' E . Near this village are the ruins of an old fort and temple containing some good sculpture and images. Population (1(J(>1) was 414, comprising 374 Hindus ; occupied houses 188.

Nothing is known as to the origin of the fort or temple. In the vicinity of the site of the old temple there now stands a small modem Blirine in which the image of a goddess with 18 arms is erected.

BllUmkahar, tuhsil Raghurajnagar :—Situated seven miles to the north-west of Satna town in 2L° 38' N., and 80° 52' E . I t takes its name from a spring called Bhumka.

Formerly an old fortress, said to have been built by the Baghelas, Btood here. I t is now ruined. Near the spring are several slabs of stone carved with images of Jain Tirthankars, known popularly as the five Pandawas. Population (1901) was 374 ; Hindus 343 ; occu­pied houses 74.

Bichrata , tahsll Mauganj :—A village lying 5 miles north-east of Mauganj in 24° 42' N , and 82° 2' E . The representatives of the former Sengar Raja of Mau reside here. He is known as the Raja of Biehh-rahta and is a tributary land-holder of the Darbar. Population (1901)505.

92 REWAII STATE.

Blirhar, tahsil Sohagpur :—A village and railway station on the Katnl-Bilaspur line situated in 23° 13 ' N., and 81°30 ' E . I t i s incrcas-

• ing rapidly in importance. A forest and a police chaull are situated in it. Population (1901) 50G ; occupied houses 101.

Chachai, tahsil Huzur :—A waterfall on the Bihar river, 9 miles west of Kevati, in 24° 4G' K , and 81°22 ' E . The fall is 3G8 feet high.

Chald tahsil Teonlhar :—A village lying in 25° ?>' E\ , and 81° 52 'E . , 4 milesnorth of Sohagi, on the Tons river. I t i s situated on the northern border of the State and is well-known for the (jlud on the Tons which is crossed by means of a ferry boat during greater part of the year. A fail-is held here every Tuesday in honour of god I lanuman. Population (1901) 216 ; l l indus 1 9 1 ; occupied houses 54.

Chandi, tahsil Tconthar:—A village 5 miles from Sitlaha situated in 24° 5 7 ' N „ and 81° -10' E . A big fair is held here during the Shiva-rdtri. Population (1901) 352; Hindus 311 ; occupied houses 90.

Chatldia, tahsil Sohagpur:—A large village situated in 23° 40 ' N"., and 80° 45 ' E., on the western border of the district. I t is also a railway station on the Bengal-'Nagpur Railway. Population (1901) 3,409; males 1,G36, females 1,833, comprising 2,57G ll indus and 530 Animists ; occupied houses 893.

Chandia is the seat of the Thiikur of Chandia. I t has a customs and a police chauhl and a vernacular school situated in it, Being the scat of a Thakuriit and a railway station it is a local centre of rising im­portance.

Chandrehl, tahsil Hnziir:—A village situated one mile east from the bank of the Son river in 24° 15 ' N., and 81° 35 ' E., once a very large place. A very fine temple and an old monastery arc still standing here. The temple faces west and now stands on a lofty platform, which, how­ever, appears to have been added in later days. I t i s quite unique in being constructed on a circular plan. This extremely unusual design is followed not only in the exterior but also in the sanctum. The circle outride is unbroken by buttressing or recessing, and though it thus lacks relief and does not produce the same effects of light and shade as temples built on the ordinary plan, it is nevertheless pleasing. The facet ornamentation on the spire resembles that used at Kbajrnho in the Chhatarpur State. I t is assigned to the 13th or 1-lth century. The palace, or as it should be called monastery, :itthc same place belongs to the 14th century and is interesting as an example of domestic archi­tecture. I t is built in the form of a square with a pillared courtyard inside, with chambers round it. The ceiling of the rooms is elegantly ornamented. Population was (1901) 229 ; Hindus 1 9 3 ; occupied houses 45.

Chorhat, tnhnl Huzur (24°25 'N. , 81° 45 ' E.) :—A large village and seat of the Thakur of Cliorliat, who is an Honorary Magistrate. Population (1901) 411; Hindus 288; occupied houses 80.

Dabhaura, tahsil Teonthar :—A small village and station on the East Indian Railway situated in 25° 8' N\, a n d 8 1 c 2 5 ' E . The village con tams a small fort belonging to the Dikshit family, which holds the v i l l a s

GAZETTEER. 93

under a paipakhdr grant. Customs, police and forest chaukis and an Imperial Branch Post Office are situated in it. I t is connected with Tconthar and Sitlaha, the two most important places in the taltsil, by an unmetalled road. A line of mail runners from Dabhaura to Sitlaha and Tconthar is maintained by the Parbar.

There is a spacious encamping ground here used b\T British Troops from Allahabfid. Trade in firewood and food grain is on the increase and the construction of a good bazar is under consideration.

An important fair is held here twice a year during the narardtra in the months of Chaitva and Kunwar which, though religious in origin, has now become commercial. Population (1901) 1,928 ; Hindus 1,225 ; occupied houses 357.

Deogailj Xatara, tahsll Teonthar:—A village situated six miles to the south of Teonthar in 24° 54' N., and 81° 46' E., on the Mangawan-Allahabad road. l ias a fair sized bazar especially important for travellers going from Rewali to Allahabad who generally stop there enrovJc. Population (1901) 150; Hindus 149 ; occupied bouses 37.

Deoiajliagar, tah-ll rxiimnagar :—A large village, four miles east of Ramnagar, situated in 24° 13'N., and 81° 15' E . A fair weather road runs from Ramnagar to Dcor.ljnagar.

Being the seat of a big Baghcl t'ldkathlr, it is a place of import­ance. A fine temple to Vishnu, and a large bazar are located here; it is a considerable commercial centre. A vernacular Middle School and a customs chuukl are also situated here. The Thakur of Deoraj-nagar is an Honorary Magistrate for this district.

The jliiihi ceremony of Thakurjl in the month of Srawan is cele­brated here on a grand scale. Population (1901) 3,400.

Garh, tahsll Teonthar:—A village lying 10 miles west of Sohagi in 24° 48' X., and 81°45' E . I t has an old g<whl, a police station, a customs chaukl and a vernacular school. Population (1901) 1,419: lliudus 1,17G : occupied houses 295.

Ghoghra, tahsll Bardl:—A village situated in 24° 33 ' N.. 82° 5' E . This place has already been described under Bardl tahsll as connected with the Blrbal or Akbar's great favourite, and a place where a large fair is held in the narardtri (October). Population (1901) 1G ; occupied houses 3.

Grhumill. tahsll Teonthar:—A village lying 5 miles to the cast of Dabhaura in 25° G' 1ST., and 81 u 27' E , with which it is connected only by a track. Its importance consists in the fact that it is the seat of a family of a Baghcl Thakur who formerly possessed the vJiole of the Jiraonlm pargana, a part of the Teonthar tah-ll. There is a very big tank situated'here. Population (1901) 448; Hindus 38G; occupied houses 102.

Gldhaila, tah.nl Ramnagar :—Village lying 5 miles to the north of Ramnagar in 24° 18' N.. and 81° 15' E.", situated at the foot of the Gidhaila hill, popularly identified with the Gridhakuta of the Puranas.

A fair of some importance is held here annually on the Basant Panchaml in the month of Mdgh (January), when visitors bathe in the Mansi Ganga. Population (1901) 93; Hindus 45; occupied houses 18.

94 ' REWAH STATE.

Ginja Hill , talisil Teonlliar :— This place which is of some arch­aeological importance lies 11 miles south of Bargarh station in 24° 58' 1ST., and 81° 28' E. I t rises to 1,32ft feet above sea-level, the hillside being covered with jungle. On the south face the scarped rock overhangs forming a cave 100 feet long by 50 broad and"20 feet high. In the centre at the back is an inscription in red paint with rude drawings of men and animals. The inscription is in Gupta characters. I t refers to a ^Maharaja Bhlm Sen and is dated in year 52 which of the Gupta era will corre­spond with A. D. 271.1-

Groraia, iahsil Paghurajnagar :—The chief seat of P iksh i t Raja situated 10 miles north of Madhogarh in 24-° 38 ' N., 81° 9' E . Formerly, it-was a very important trade centre visited by the Lawanas. I t is 15 miles to the north-east of the tnht-Hl headquarters. Population was (1901) 100; Hindus 95 ; occupied houses 73 .

GrOVin&garh. Town, tahsll I luzur :—Situated on the edge of the Kaimur scarp 1.200 feet above sea-level in 21° 22' N., and 81° 2 3 ' E . Govmdgarh is a favourite summer resort of the chief on account of its fine position on the edge of the range, affording a magnificent view over the forest-clad region below, and the sport to be had in the adjoin­ing forest reserve. The surroundings are most picturesque. The chief lias a palace in the town. A large lake is situated here.

Population was, in 1901, 5,022 persons ; males 2,8G7, females 2,155, comprising Hindus 4.014 or 80 per cent., Musalmftns 591 or 12 per cent., Animists (Gonds) 417 or 8 percent.; occupied houses 913.

Govindgarh is 12 miles south of Rewah with which place it is connected by a metalled road and by telephone.

GrUrgl-Masaun, tahsll^Huzur(Garha in our maps) :—An old-silo of archaeological importance situated twelve miles east of Rewah in 24° 30' N. , and 81° 22' E , I t is strewn with remains showing that it was formerly a place of great importance. I t has been suggested as the site of the ancient city of the Ivausiimbi. 2- There Is a fine fort here called Rehuta. attributed to K a m a Chedi (1042-1122), which has a circuit of 2?2 miles with walls 11 feet thick and originally 20 feet high, surrounded" by a moat 50 feet broad and 5 feet deep? The temple remains are mostly Brahmanical, though some Digambara Jain figures are lying about. GurgI is still famous for its pan gardens. 3-

Qhirh, toMll Huzur :—A village situated on the left bank of the Bichhia river, 15 miles south-east of Bewah town, in 24° 2 9 ' N . and 81° 25 ' E . Contains customs and police cliaulis and a vernacular school. Formerly it was a well populated place. There are the ruins of an old fort here. Population (1901) 379; occupied houses 79 .

Hanumana, tahsll Mauganj:—A village on the Great Deccan road IGmilestothecastof Mauganj, in 24° 46 'N . , 82° 12' E . I t i s the head­quarters of the customs administration of this tahsll I t contains an

i- C. A. S. R T X X I , 119~ " ' — — 2- J. A. B., 1004, 219. =• C. A. S. R., XXI . 119.

GAZETTEER. 95

encamping ground and a police chauH, and is an important place on the extern border of the State. Population (1901) 77; Hindus t>G; occupied houses 15.

Ha ta , tahsll Mauganj:—A small village 1 8 miles east of Mnuganj in 2-1° 15' N., and 82° J 3 ' E . A largo fair is held here during the Shivuratvi in honour of the Mahadeo.

ItWaH) tahsll Ramnagar :—A village situated 13 miles south-west of Rmnnagar in 21° 11 ' K , and 81° 1' E . I t is the seat of the Thakur of Jtvsan, a representative of the former Thakurs of llamnagar. Population (1901) 211 ; Hindus 130 ; occupied houses 41 .

J a i t h a r i , talitll Sohagpur :—A village and railway station situated in 23° 2' N., and 81° 50' E. I t is also a rising trade centre. Population (1901) 820; Hindus 704; occupied houses i~G4.

J a t r i , tahsll Teonthar :—A village 5 miles south of Dabhaura in 25° 3 ' N., and 81° 2-1' E . A large fair is held here in honour of Devi in the Navardtra. Population (1901) 39G ; Hindus 298; occupied houses 89.

Tobi, tahsll Ramnagar :—A village 14 miles south-west of Ram­nagar situated in 24° 3 ' N., and 81° 2' E . Three miles to the east of Jobi in Duara village, at the junction of the Mahanadl and the Son, stands a large Banyan (Ficus inrfica) tree v>hich is said to mark the site of the hermitage of the Rishi Markandeya, and a big religious fair is held there on the Mahar Sankrant. Population (1901) 281 ; Hindus 194 ; occupied houses GO.

Jodhpurs tahsll Mauganj :—A village 13 miles west of i lauganj, 3 miles to the north of the Great J)eccan road. A village and head­quarters of a Scngar Thakur situated in 2-1° 42' N., and 81° 45' E . Population (1901) 3G8.

Kachni* tahsll Bardl :—A village situated 85 miles south-east of Sihawal in 24° 5' K , and 82° 40' E . I t has a large bazar and is well-known for its country made shoes. Population (1901) 14.

KakOTlSlha, tahsll Bardl :—A village situated north-east contain­ing a large number of ruins of 12th century temples and some earlier 9th century remains. Population 181; males 85, females 9G ; occupied houses 30.

Kandhwar , tahsll IIuzQr:—A very large village situated in 24° 22' N., and 81° 3G' E., 12 miles south of Ghar. Population 284; Hindus 252 ; occupied houses 57.

Xeva t i -kund , tahsll Teonthar :—A sacred pool situated in 24° 48 ' N., and 81° 35' E . A t this spot the Mahanadl river precipitates itself over the edge of the Rewah plateau in a magnificent cascade, 331 feet in height, into a pool (kund) formed by the erosion of its waters. The spot is one of unusual and romantic beauty. Below lies the deep pool of • clear blue water, hemmed in on three sides by lofty wall of perpendi­cular rock, while the escaping stream flovts for over two miles down a canon with beetling cliffs on either hand. The eastern cliff is crowned hy a fort and some small shrines, below which lie two caves. One cave, the larger, is 200 feet long by 43 broad, but only 3 feet high, while

96 REWAH STATE.

the second called the Mahadeo cave is partly artificial, the outer nail being built up. Inside the smaller cave are a few lingams. On the rock outside are two representations of Buddhist stupas shewing the origin of the caves. Inside on the ceiling is an inscription cut in Pali characters of 200 B. C , which runs :

Haviti putena?7i SonaJcena Icavita pukharini. " T h e pool (cave) caused to be made by Sonaka, son of Har i t i . "

In Chanel's Prithinrdj Rdisa a hermit Harit is mentioned. Some paintings of animals in red ochre adorn the rock. A

mile from the waterfall at the village of Kevati (Keonti) is a row of sc^i-nillars, bearing inscriptions, dated in V. S. 1390 and 1397 or 1333 and 1341 A . D . In them a Raja llainira Dev of Lukasthana of Kathaula is mentioned, and also Shrl Maharajadhir:Vjl)evaka of Kathaula, his overlord. Who those kings were it is not possible to say. Cunningham suggests they were Chandels, but from local tradition they appear to have been VenuvansliI chiefs. The light in which the people com­memorated in the pillars fell, may have taken place between the Oaghels and Venuvanslns.

In these inscriptions this place is called Kevati-sthnn, while Kathaula-sthan now Kathaull near Maimani-ghat is mentioned as the residence of Maharaja Devaka. i«

Population (1901) 589 ; Hindus 482 ; occupied houses 113.

Kl ia i r i , tcih&tl Sohagpur :—A village and station on the Kaln i -Bilaspur line, situated in 22° 55' N., and 81° 5 1 ' E . I ts bazar is rapidly rivalling that of Sahdol. I t has a police, customs and forest chaukls located'in it. Population (1901) 20G.

Klialesar, hchsll Sohagpur:—Sister village to Umaria. Formerly, the names of these places were united as Uniaria-Khalesar. This village is separated Trom Umaria only by a small stream called the Ulnar. I t is the seat of a petty Baghel Thakur, belonging to the Chandia branch, Population (1901) 20G; Hindus 110; occupied houses I I .

K h a r a m s e r a . tohsil Raghurajnagar :—A village k i n g 24 miles south west of the tuh.nl headquarters in 24° 1 3 ' N. , and 81°' G' E . Former­ly, it was the headquarters of a tahsll of the same name. It possesses an o\d]pnrJu built by the Paikwar Rajputs. Population (1001) was 1,380• Hindus 3 ,191; occupied houses 270.

K h a r w a h i , iahsU Rnghurajnagar :—This village lies ten miles south of Satna town in 23° 53' N., and 80° 50' E . I t contains an old fort now ina dilapidated condition which is said to have been built by the Raikwar Ksliatriyas. I t is one of the largest villages of the talisil. A customs chauli is located here. The river Tons Hows to the west of the village. Population (1901) GGG; Hindus 597; occupied

* houses 133.

E h a t a i , tahstl Bardl :—A village 14 miles east of Bardl in 24° 31 ' N., find 82° 40' E . The descendants of the old Rajas of Bardl reside here. Population (1901) was 943; occupied houses 157.

1. C. A. S. R., XXV, 115.141 ; I .~A7I^278 ; IX, 120. " ~ ~ ~

GAZETTE EH. 97

' E l i a t k h a r i , tahsll Mauganj: — A village lying 8 miles from Mauganj on the Great Decean road in 24° 42' ]ST.,* and 82° 6 ' E . I t 1ms a vernacular school and a large bazar. Population (1901) 1,49G.

Kothara , ta7isll Raghurajnagar :—This place is situated 10 uiiles to tlic north of Satna town in 24° -12' 2ST., and 81° 5' E. I t contains an old garhi built by Maharaja JBhao Singh in 1675.

E r i p a l p u r , tahsll Raghurajnngar .-—Situated in 2-1° 86'N., 80° 59' E. ,on tlielcft bank of the river Tons opposite to Madhogarh. I t is the birth-place of the present Maharaja and the chief seat of a Thakiniit. Population was, in 1901,1,270; of whom 1,183 were Hindus ; occupied houses 254.

L a l p u ? and Sathi?., tahsll Raghurajnagar :—These places lie o ' miles to the north of Satna town in 2-1° 37' !N\, and 80° 55' E . A very

large lime-stone quarry which is being worked by (he Satna Stone and Lime Company, is situated here. Population (1901) 813 persons; occupied houses 1G2,

Laur , tahsll Mauganj:—A village lying in 21° 41 ' N., and 81° 49' E., 10 miles west of Mauganj on the Great Decean road. It contains an encamping ground and customs and police chaukls.

Though a very small village in point of population, it is a very im-portant.centre of trade. Most of the local merchants trading in food grains and other articles of export resort to this place to make purchases, and the population of Banias is far above the average. Close to the village stands the temple of Somanalh and tiie Dev Talao where the biggest fair held in the Slate takes place on Shirariitn. Population (1901) 222 all Hindus; occupied houses-11.

Irak, *a/isirreonthar:—A village lying in 24° 54' N., nnd81° 32' ' E., G miles south-east of SitLiha. I t contains many archaeological remains of interest. Population (1901) 791 pjivx-ns ; occupied houses 108.

Jdoxihogarh, tuhsil Raghuinjnagar:—Situated five miles to the east of the Satna town on the Satna-liela metalled road aud the right bank of tho Tons in 24° 34' N„ and 81° 0 ' E . Formerly it was the head­quarters of the tahbV. I t contains a very tine garhi, a vernacular middle school, a police chauLZ and a good bazar. Population was, in 1901, 3,335 ; males 1,G24, females 1,711. Iliudus numbered 2,977; occupied houses 1,000.

yLo.jho.Uli,- tahsll Riimnagar :—A village situated C4 miles east of Ramnagar in 24° 7' N., and 81° 43 ' E . I t is a sadr station of the Fores-1 Department whero a forest produce depot in charge of a dajadar is located. A stock of lac is always stored here. Population (1901) G.

MakuadpU?) tahsll Uuzur :—A large village, 10 miles south of * Rcwah town, in 24° 24' N., and 81° 20' E., which contains the ruins of an old fort reputed to be the birth-place of Akbar Shah I I . There are many Jain images lying about very similar in their appearance to those at Khajmho in the Chhatarpnr State. At Sukulgaon close by and on the banks of the Rupsagar tank are the remains of old temples aud fine

98 REWAH STATE.

stone ghats. The chief temple which now enshrines n h'ngam is con­structed from the remains of an old Vaishnav temple as Vishnu seated on Garuda can still be seen carved on the doorway. *• Close by there is a marsh named Bhadwa in which the keora or screwpiuc (Pandanus odoratissitnus) grows in large quantities from which £eom-water and perfume >are manufactured. Makundpur is also the headquarters of a forest inspector. A workshop which turns out furniture is attached to the forest cliauki here.

Makundpur is traditionally said to be the birth-place of Akbar I I . In 1758 his father, All Gauhar (Shah Alum), fled here after the failure of his attempt on Patna . -•

This place is connected by the Bela-Govindgarh metalled road with Rewah. A fair called the Talcia of Shdhzada is held annually in the month oE Chait. Population was, in 1901, 1,551; l l indus 1,287; occupied houses 310.

Mailgawalli tahsll Huzur :—A village situated on the Great Dcccan road, 18 miles to the north-east of the Rewah town, in 24° 40 ' N., and 81° 39' E . I t contains an old tank named Malakpur. A police thana, a customs chauL%, a vernacular school, a dispensary, and a branch Imperial post office are located in it. I t also contains the ruins of an old garhl. I t is chiefly inhabited by petty traders who deal in the export of food grains; a considerable trade in food grains and linseed being carried on. The Great Dcccan road affords facility for carriage to traders, and tho agents of the big Satna grain merchants visit the place regularly. Population (1001) 3,1 L3 ; l l indus 3,123 ; occupied houses G08.

Malipiir, tahsil Ramnagar:—A large village situated 33 miles south . of Ramnagar in 23° 40 ' N. , and 81° 11 ' E., connected with its country

track. I t has a police thana, a headquarter chauhl of the customs depart­ment in charge of an inspector, and a forest chauhl, a vernacular school and a dispensary. Population (1901) 1,9-16 persons; males 937, females 1,009 ; l l indus numbered 1,706 ; occupied houses 380.

Hara (Muri), tahsil Bardl :—A small village situated in 23° 5 3 ' N. , and 82° 35 ' E., the Murof our maps. This village is remarkable for the series of rock-cut caves which have been excavated in a neighbourino-bill. There are three groups of caves called the Bara-dan, Chhewar and liclvan. Some of the caves are ornamented with sculptures of a rude kind. They date from the 4th to 9th century. Several are of large size, one called the Biyali-mdra or man iage cave, being constructed inside on the plan of a structural temple; it is, however, unfinished.3- Population (1901) 217; Hindus numbered 200 ; occupied houses 3G.

MarwEs, tah&il Ramnagar :—A village situated in 21° 7 ' 1ST., and 81° 52' E., being the chief seat of a big Hakadar belonging to the

* Laland tribe. I t is 11 miles south-east of Majhanll. The Hakadar is popularly known as the Raja of Marwas, though

the title is not recognised by the Darbur. He considers himself3a

!• C. A. S. R., XI I I , 4. " " 2- Francbn, Shah Alain, p. 12, *• C A . S . R . j X I I I , 20-31.

GAZETTEER. 99

representative of the family of "Karan Raja," possibly the Chedi Chief Karandev (1012-1122). Population (1901) 46.

Maugailj, tahsil Mauganj :—Headquarters of the tahsil situated in 24° 89' N., and 81° 5S' E., 71 miles east of the Rewah town. I t is composed of the two separate villages of Mau and Ganj.

Population was, in 1901, ],804 persons ; males 840, females 974, comprising Hindus 1,437 or79 percent., Animists 3G0 or 20 percent., others 7; occupied houses 360. A t Dev Talao 10 miles west is an old tank with a temple to Somauath and many old remains. A big fair is held there on Shiraratri. The town stands on the Great Deccau road, 40 miles from Ilewah, Gl from Mirzapur and 71 from Satna.

An inspection bungalow, a police station, a vernacular school and an Imperial post office are situated here.

MowhaS, tahsil Raghurajnagar :—A village lying 30 miles to the south-wc4 of the tahsil headquarters on the Kainiur range in 24° 18' N., and 81° 4' E. I t lias been deserted about 50 years but was once au important place. I t contains an old fort named Jhanjhanagarh which is said to have belonged to Mahil Parihar, who was a conspicuous lead­er among the allies of Parmardideva(Parmal), the Chandella, Ruja of Mahoba. Population (1901) was 379; Hindus 331; occupied houses 72.

Naiag^rhi (Naig.irhi\ tahsil Mauganj :—A large village situated 10 miles to the north-west of Mauganj in 21° 46' K , and 81° 51 ' E . I t is the chief seat of a big Sengar Thakur. Population (1901) was 1,591; males 804, females 790, comprising 1,013 Iliudus, 450 Musalmans; occupied houses 307.

NarWaS> tahsil Ramnagar :—A village 6 miles south-east of Ram­nagar, situated in 24° 5' N., and 81° lG'E. , on the right bank of the Son. An annual fair is held here on the Shivurutri. A temple said to bo very old stands in the village. Population (1901) 306 ; Hindus 178; occupied houses Gl.

Nowgaill , tahsil BardI :—A village lying 24° 29' N., and 82° 23' E., 10 miles south of Sihawal in north-east. I t is the head­quarters of the Forest Department, a large depot being located here. Population (1901) 447 ; Hindus 410 ; occupied houses 74.

Pabhat, tahsil Teonthar:—A village lying 13 miles north-west of Sohagi in 25° 9' N., and 81° 48' E., well-known for a quarry of build­ing stones. Population (1901) 791 ; Hindus 711; occupied houses 108.

Palii tahsil Sohagpur :—Large village and railway station situated in 23° 22' 1ST., and 81° 8' E . I t has a bazar of rising importance. I t is the chief seat of the Gond Thakur of Singhwara. Many remains of old Jain images are to be seen in the Hindu temples here. I t has customs, forest and police chauhis located in it, and is the headquarters of the • Forest Ranger of the Sohagpur Circle.

A big fair is held here in honour of Devi during the navcucilra, in the months of Kunivar and Chaitra.

Population was (1901) 1,212 ; males 618, females 534, comprising 810 Hindus and 324 Animists; occupied houses 240.

100 ItEWAU Si'ATE.

TaijUa. laliAl B-amnagat -. — A. \arge village 8 raik = soiith-cas>t ot Amavpur in 28° 50' N., and 81° 0' E. A good garden is maintained here. Population (1901) 82 : occupied houses 1G.

PiaWan, tahsll Raghurajnagnr:—A small village 7 miles froni Somaria containing an old record on the argha lingam, dated in 789 of the Chcdi era or 1038 A. D. of: Gangeyadev Kalaclmri who is men­tioned by Al Bcruni as ruler of Dahfilu j 1 - close by lies the village of Kakredi in Panna State, from which records of tho Malmranakas of this region were obtained.2-

Population (1901) 521; Hindus 390 ; occupied houses CG. Pipra, tahsll Bardl:—A village 8 miles east of Wairhnn in

23°58' N., and 82°45' E. It is known for ores of mica and corundum which occur there. Population (1901) 475; Hindus 445 ; occupied houses 79.

Purwa, tahsll Raghurajnagar :—A village and fall on tho Tons river 17 miles north of Ilcwah in 24° 47' N., and 81° 19' E. The fall is 240 feet high. A fair is held every Monday'2 miles off in honour of Baswan Baba. Population (1901) 521 ; Hindus 390 ; occupied houses 149.

Raghunathganj, tahsll Huzur :—A village situated in 24° 40' N., and 81° 42' E., 24 miles to the cast of the Rewah town on tho Great Deccan road. Though comparatively n very small place, its im­portance as a trading centre is considerable and' it is oltliU xWU'dJby merchants from Mirzapur. Population (1901) 787; Hindus 50/ I occupied houses 157.

Raghurajnagar— Vide Satna. ., R;f« ^ im?ogo a r ' tfSl1 Kamnaffar:—Formerly headquarters of the tah" situated at 24° 12' K , and 81° 14' E., 30 miles south of Rcwah l o ^ and 18 miles south of Govindgarh

i«lf t^°ff l a? i 0 n V f a S , , i n l i ) 0 ] ' 2 ' G 2 1 Persons; males 1,311, f o ^ * & o « ? n ^ ^ o r c d 1,700 or G7per cen't., Jain 1. M n ^

It P n n f - ° C n t " rA n m i i 8 i s G 1 3 <* 23 per cent.; occupied house* £

cu^to ns T„T * fi,v S t °" C f ° r t ' a vern'acular school, a port o ^ c «nn,cMLi i 1 ?°llC,e iMna a n d a dispensary. It is connected >j S f c d ' ^ m ; l e S i n l e n &*. vnth Govindgarh, whence a m c £ by a h , i , f ? C W a l 1 ° W n : i t i s a l s o l^ncdlo Amarpatan o»?.SJttko t l ^ r g o o i ^ n ^ M°St °f t L C t r a d C r S f r 0 m iWlS d i S t r

cu t t e r^ P k C 0 JS n0fcCd f01' t h 0 manufacturo of sarautas or betel-"11*

9QO o^??TPW Baghol, tahrd Rnghurainno-ar : - A village ^ X Is tho h f i ^ 8 i ° 1°' E " ] 5 l u i l e" c a s t oC §.it„a on the road to B $ » port o f f i ^ n : [ , 0 r a °E t h 0 R a i n P n r B n ^ o l ThAkors. Hasa ,cho

Ponni - , " n n d m i n sPc c l ion bungalow situated in *• g c 8 . population (1901) 1,844 ; Hindus 1*552 ; occupied hou«* *

(inoi) 7 ^ W V T ' f t ^ n i n 7 ' a r : " - T h e c h i e f seat of a Thukur. r o i ^ - T ^ l ^ j ^ ^ G ; occupied houses 148.

i: i:t^S1 ,8 !E-'-'"'M'-

G A Z E T T E F J I . 101

R e w a h TOWH, tahsll Iluzur :—The chief town of Uio State and headquarters of the Iluzur tahsll, situated in 21° 32' K , and 81° 21 ' E., 1,0-15 feet above the sea. I t is 31 miles by metalled road from the Satna Railway Station on the East Indian Railway.

The town is situated in a picturesque spot near the junction of tho Bihar and Bichhia rivers, which after their junction force their way through a deep rocky channel and are called the Ghoghar. 1 he town has spread considerably of late years and now covers an area of about 1,000 acres.

Traditionally it is said to have been built by Maharaja Yikrama-ditya in 1G18, and the familiar talc is told of the chase of a hare which defended itself against the dogs at this spot, and thus determined tho Raja in his choice of a site. This, however, is incorrect, as it was already a place of importance in 155-1 when it was held by Jalal Khan, son of the Emperor Sher Shah, who, on hearing of his father's death, moved to Kalinjar and was raised to the throne as Islam (Sallm) Shall.

Rcwah became the chief town after the destruction of Biindhogarh, the old capital, by Akbar in 1507. *• Vikramaditya added palaces and other buildings and raised it from the position of a fortified town to one befitting the capital of a large State. In about 1731 Rewah was attacked and sacked by Ilirde Shah of Pannii, Raja Avdhut Singh flying to Partabgarh in Oudh.

The old town is still enclosed by a wall 20 feet high. The most prominent feature is the palace. On the east side the town is entered through the jhula duricdza (swing gate) a very finely carved gateway taken from the old town of Gurgi Ma^atin of which the remains lie 12 miles east of the capital. In 1882 a large part of the modern town was destroyed by a flood. Between the old walled town known from its high level as the upardhaii and the modern extension or tardhati (low lying) lies a deep ravine. This is crossed by a causeway at a point known as the Bund eld darwdza, from a gate that formerly stood there, which the Bundelas erected after their capture of the town.

The different sections of the town arc the Bichhia muhalla, formerly called Ranbahadtirganj, lying on the east along the Bichhia river, aud chiefly inhabited by the lower classes, and the Khalga muhalla to its north. A part of the latter section is known as Bdbu Sdheb-ka-katra where a vegetable market called the Mangli Bazar is held.

Fdndc Tola is a quarter which was formerly held by tho Fandc banking community, who were once the richest men in the town, their prosperity has now passed away, as the big empty stone houses testify.

TheMuhanimadan population inhabits the Nagadia and the Ghoghar muhallas, the latter situated on the stream of that name. The town is uot a trade centre and but little export or import trade is carried on save for the supply of local wants. Women called Kochai'nis bring in supplies on pack animals. Piece-goods, salt and sugar arc the chief imports.

Tho houses of the people generally arc not in any"way re­markable. Those of the poor are mere mud huts while even the

!• Maasir-uhUmra (Persian Text), 228.

102 . REWAII STATE.

well-to-do show only in n few instances any desire to improve the construction of their dwellings. A courtyard surrounded by rooms, varying in size witli the wealth of the owner is the plan of most dwell­ings, roofs are tiled and owing to the depiedations of monkeys are kept covered; with labiil thorns. The chief buildings in the town are the palace of Visvaualh Singh, the Icotlu or new palace erected in 1883, and the State offices. To the south-east lie the military lines and a large parade ground.

In a garden known as the Lakshman T>agh are five modern Vaish-navite temples erected by the Chiefs. The SivtintZ or High Priest of the State, the spiritual director of the Rewah Chief, is the head of the Liakshuiau Bagh. Three generations back the Chief of Rewah became an ardent supporter of Vaishnavism. An income of Rs. 40,000 a year is attached to the post and the SwcimZ has great influence in temporal an well as spiritual matters. Many other religious edifices, about 200 in all, stand in the town of which the temple of Madan Mjohanjl, erected by the MaharanI Ranaval Sahiba in 1875, the temple to Shri Raghu-nath by a late Diuan in 1850 and one to Rajadhiriij by Alaharaja Visva­ualh Singh in 1833 are the most important.

Population was in 1881, 22,01 C; 1801, 23,G2G ; 1001, 2-1,608 per­sons; males 12,202, females 12,40(5. The town population increased by 11 per cent, between 1881 and 1001 and by -1 per cpnt. in the last Censuo decade. Hindus numbered 10,274 or 78 per cent., Sikhs 23, Jains 03, Musalmans 5,007 or 20 per cent., Christians 1-1, Animists 107 ; occu­pied houses 5,120. The principal castes v.ere -J, 1G2 I'ralimans, 1,200 Kshatriyas, 2,270 Banias, 2,333 Kahars. Mallahs and K«-uats; 1,514 Chamars, Donis and BhangTs,and 1,0G2 Kiiyastbas, besides other classes. Of the occupations followed State service employed 5,0-13, artisans numbered 3,535, day labourers 3,372, domestic scrvauts 2,250, shop­keepers 2,173 and agriculturists 1,77G. Of the whole community 12,G18 were actual workers and 11,060 dependents.

The town contains several schools, a High School with a Boarding House for sons of people of position attached to it, with an attendance of about 300 scholars, four Girls' Schools with 150 pupils, and other institutions of a private nature.

The Victoria Hospital, a Jail, Printing Press, combined Tost and Telegraph office, a Guest-house and many charitable institutions arc also located in the town. Watch and ward of the town is kept by a force of 111 policemen.

SahdoL tahs'il Sohagpur:— Large village in 23° 18 ' N. , and 81° 20' E., and railway station for Sohagpur lov>n. Tt is a consider­able trade centre in this part of the State and its bazar is fa*t growing in importance. I t is also the headquarters station of the customs and forests inspectors of Sohagpur. Population (1001) 1.598; males 004, females G94, of whom 1,140 were Hindus; occupied homes 2GG.

Satna (Raghlirajaagar), tahsll Raghurajnagar:—Headquarters of the tuhsll situated at 24° 34' N., and 80° 55 ' E . I t is also the head-

quaiters of the Political Agent in Baghelkhand.

GAZETTEER. 103

I t is a place of considerable commercial importance and the prin­cipal centre of trade in the State, the value of exports and imports pass­ing lb rough the town being about 4 lakhs a year.

The town is clean and well built with many good houses. To the west of the town and across the railway lie the Agency limits containing' the residence of the Political Agent, offices and other buildings. Satna was selected as the Agency headquarters in 1872, 1- During the earlier days of the Agency the Political OfTicer lived at Nagod. The Agency occupies 95 acres and has a population (1901) of 382 persons; males 248, females 134. Population of Satna town was in 1881, 5,385; 1891, G,771 ; 1901, 7,027 persons: males 3,G19, females 3,378. Tbe popu­lation has increased by 30 percent, since 1881. I t comprises Hindus 5,G2G or 80 percent., Jains 184. Musalmans 1,097 or 15 per cent., Animists 110, others 10; occupied houses 1,487.

A High School, Government dak bungalow, combined post and telegraph office and an Agency hospital and State dispensary are situated in the town. Satna is also situated on the Jabalpur-Allaliahad Section of the East Indian Railway and is connected by metalled roads with Rewah (31 miles), Panna (45 miles) and Nowgong (101 miles).

Semaria. tahsll Raghurajnagar:—A village Iving 32 miles to the north-east of the tahsll headquarters in 24° 48'N.,*ancl 81° 15' E. I t formed the chief seat of the State of the same name which was granted to a junior branch of the ruling family. An abundance of mango groves and old stone rivetted tanks arc the remarkable features of the place. Good betel-nut crackers (sarautas) and axes are manufactured here. I t contains a vernacular school, a customs chuull and a police chauLi. A big fair is held at If ardua, 3 miles olT, in April and November in honour of Nanda Baba. Population was, in 1901, 1,022, comprising Hindus 152 ; occupied bouses 1,204.

Sidlli, tahsll Bardi:—Already mentioned ns the headquarters of a Cbauban Thakur lying 30 miles west of Silmw.il in 21° 20' N., and 81° 58 ' E . A police thana is located here. Population (1901) 450 ; Hindus 372 ; occupied houses 75.

SihaWal, tahsll Bardi :—The headquarters of the iah*il is situat­ed in 24° 34' N., and 82° 20' E., 30 miles south-east of Mauganj by country track.

Population was, in 1901, 198 persons ; males 99, females 99, almost all Hindus ; occupied bouses 33. The place is of no importance except as the headquarters of (lie tahsll. I t has a vernacular school, a branch post office and a dispensary in it.

Sitlaha, fa/isiri'conthar:—A village on tfic right bank of tbe river Tons, 20 miles east of "Dabhaura on the Tcontliar road, situated in 24 J

57' N., and 81° 3G' E . Has an old stone fort standing in it. Form­erly it was tbe headquarters of the tahsll. Adjoining it is Nagma village held in paipakhar by a rich Brahman banker. I t is noted for the manufacture of sword-sheaths and also possesses a good bazar. A post oflice is located here. Population (1901) 704.

x- For a list of Political Officers attached to the Rewah State, see Appendix E.

10 i IIEWAII STATE.

Eoh&gl, tahnl Teonthar :—An important village situated on the MangawaiwYlIahabad road in 2-4° 59' N., and 81° 48 ' E., 15 miles east of Sillaha. I t is the headquarter station of tho customs department in the Teonthar tahsxl. The lime-stone quarried hero is of first class quality. I t contains a vernacular school and a police thana. Population (1901) 9G5; Hindus numbered 791 ; occupied houses 191.

SohaHDUIS tahsll Sohagpur:—Headquarters of the ta/m/situated in 23° 19' ]SU"and81c 2G' E . ^Traditionally it is supposed to have been the capital of the Vira l King with whom the Pandavas took refuge. I t is the chief seat of the Thakur of Sohagpur, one of the biggest landholders under the Darbar. I t is a place of some commercial importance.

Almost in the centre stands a largo palace, a heterogeneous mass of buildings surrounding a large courtyard. I t is constructed partly of brick and partly of stone, the latter being almost entirely taken from older structures, while the numerous pillars employed have all been taken from temples, and differ in ornamentation and appearance. Among these remains are many Jain relics. One mile south-east of tho present town are the ruins of an older settlement, full of ancient remains. One temple, in a moderate state of preservation, resembles in style those at Khajraho in the Chhatarpur State. A figure of Gancsh is cut over the door of the sanctum which is profusely ornamented with carving. The spire is graceful and of curvilinear form, not unlike thoso at Khajraho. The sculpture is line but in many cases highly obscene. The temple probably belongs to 12th century.

To the east of the temple numerous ruins lie scattered over a wide plain. This once had eight groups of temples upon it, but these have been destroyed and almost all the stones have been removed and used in buildings in the present town. Sail stones, images of the gods and Jain Tirtbankars lie strewn around. The site is one which requires careful and systematic exploration. l- A t Jamni village 3 miles south are more remains. Population (1901) 2,12G ; Hindus numbered 1,525 ; occupied houses 215.

Tecn tha r , taJisll Teonthar:—Headquarters of the tufail situated in 24° 59' N., and 81° 45 ' E . Population was, in 1901, L593 persons; males 809, females 784, of whom Hindus numbered 1,241 or 77 per cent., Musalmans 25G, Animists 93; occupied houses 110. A branch Imperial post office, a vernacular school and a dispensary are situated in the town. I t is 30 miles eastot the Dabhaura station on Ihe East Indian Railway, which is reached by a fair weather road.

U a w i a > tulisil Sohagpur :—Town and centre of the coal fields, situated in 23° 3 1 ' N., and 80° 55 ' E. , 1,500 feet above the sea.

Population 190] , 5,381 persons; males 2,925, females 2,45G. Hindus number 3,496 or G3 per cent., Jains 28, Parsl 1, Musalmans 902 or 16 per cent., Christians 21, Animists 933 or 17 per cent.; occu­pied houses 1,238.

The town came into existence on the opening of the mines in 1881 . Tho coal fields are situated in the Supra Barakar and Lower Barakar divisions of the Gondwanas. The former rock consists of variegated

x- O. A. B. I t . , V I I , 23'J. "

GAZETTEER. 105

clays, the latter of sandstones and shales through which the coal ."-cams run. u The Held has a dip of one in sixteen towards the north-cast on its western side, towards the north-west on the eastern border, and noith-wards in the centre. The seams at places reach a thickness of 31 feet, liorings shew that the area occupied by the coal is very extensive, ibe proved area being estimated fco contain 21 million tons of coal. The coal is, except in a few places, of a dull laminated variety mccli impregnated wiih fossilized resins. Analysis gives Calorific value 55-40, Fixed Carbon 53-08 per cent, Ash 20-45, Coke 73-GG, Volatile matters 2G-33, Sulphur PIG. I t does not coke well, and gives a white a>h, forming little or no clinker. The coal is worked both through pits and inclines. The pillar and stall method is employed, the pillars being destroyed on reaching the coal boundary. The gallery roofs aie supported with logs of sell (S/wrea robusta) from the State forests.

There arc ten scams, of which two arc now in work. The output is regulated by the demand, but the mine could, if required, put out 1,000 tons a da}T, though the actual maximum output in any one day had reached 890 tons. .Between 1883 and 1903, 1,877,071 tons have been extracted. The actual output in 1903 was 193,277 tons and in 1904-05 175,740 tons, of the respective value of 7'4 and 7-2 lakhs. The average yearly profits amount to about 3 lakhs. The Great Indian Peninsula Kail-way takes 70 percent, of the output. The mine was worked by the State from 1883 to 1885 when it was taken over by the Government of India. In 1900 it was replaced under the Darbar.

The workers number 1,279, among them 312 Musalmiins, 295 Kols and 102 Gonds, the rest belonging to vai ions clas>e<. Tin; average num­ber of workers i^, above ground, 221 men and G women, below 1,258 men and 235 women ; a total of 1,723.

A hewer earns about 5 annas a day. tram-pusher 3 annas, mates 12 to 25 rupees a month.

Accidents have been very few. Between 1881 and 1901 there were only 0*G2 per cent, serious accidents, on the number of workers, and 0*13 fatalf A special hospital under a qualified Assistant Surgeon is main­tained for the use of the Colliery.

The European Managing Staff consists of a Superintendent and Manager, an Assistant Manager and Surveyor, an Overman and an Underlooker, all of English experience, with other locally trained subordinates.

A Post and Telegraph Office stand in the town. Umariii is situated on the Katni-Bilaspur Branch of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway.

Wairhan, talisll Bardl :—Nownngar of maps in 24° 2' N., and 82° 4 1 ' E . A village situated 4 miles east of Kachni. This is the most important place in the ildka of Singraull and has a police thana, customs and forest cliaulcis and a dispensary located in it.

1. Economic Geology of India (1905) : llecords Geological Survey of India,

XXXII, Pt. 1 (1900).

A P P E N D I X A. 107

Note on the early Chiefs of Rewah, and their Chronology.

I t is almost impossihle to assign dales to the early chiefs of Rewah. The accounts which have been compiled in late years under the ausi>ieies of the Durbar are the most hopelessly incorrect and confusing narratives.

As'examplcs of their untrustworthinoss it may be mentioned that the 12th chief is said to have been contemporary with Tiniur Shah (14th century) and at the same time is said to have flourished in V. S. 109G or 1039 A. D., while the 11th chief Bariar Dev is said to have married a daughter of Parmardideva (Parmal), the last great Chaudel ruler (11G7-1213).

The first certain date we have is that for the lGth chief Bhlra who was contemporary with Bahlol and Sikandar Lodl. From his time onwards up to Anup Singh the Muhammadan historians give the dura­tion of each chief's rule. The early date of A. -H. 631 or 1231 A. D. given for Vyaghra Dev, limits us at the other end.

The first fourteen chiefs ruled between 1234 and 1470, about 17 years to each chief.

1 Vyaghra Dev .. . The founder of the Baghelkhand (Baghel house). He came from Gujarat to Baghelkhand in A. H. G31 or 1234 A. D. He obtained Mavpha fort and married Sindur Mati, daughter of Makund Dev Chandravat. He had five sons, of whom Karan Dev succeeded his father, while Kandhar Dev became the founder of the Bara Rajas (Allahabad Dis­trict).

2 Karan Dev .. . Married Padma KunwarT, daught­er of Soma-datta Uaihaya of Katnnpur (Central Provinces), receiving the fort of Bandho-garh as part of her dowry, which he made his capital.

y Sohag Dev .. . Married a daughter of the Raja of Bijaipur. Some accounts state that he founded Sohagpur, which certainly contains 13th century remains.

108 R E W A I I S T A T E .

8

9

10

11

12

Sarang Dev ... Married a daughter of the Pariliiir chief of Barmai (iNiigodj.

Biias Dev .. . Married a daughter of Uii-n, Singh Kachhwaha of Gopal-pur (Urai District).

Lhimmal Dev .. . Married a daughter of Blutgat Rai, iSunja Vansla, of Uatanpur.

Anik Dev .. . Married a daughter of Jayaraj Singh, Galmrwfu* of Bijaipur (United Provinces).

Balan Dev .. . Married a daugliter of Ranjlt Rai, Raja, of Uatanpur.

Dalake.^hwar or Married a daughlerof Rup Rani, Dal Kishor, Raja of Bai.suafa.

Malakeshwar h Married a daugliter of Kishor or Mai Kishor, Singh, Raja of Kiigod.

Bariar Dev

Ballar Dev

Married a daughter of Parmal Dev Chandella. Tiiis cannot be the chief A\1IO ruled from 1107 to 1213.

Married a daughter of n a n n m a n Singh of Nagod.

U

15

l, Malaki

Singh Dev .. . Married a daughter of the Raja-of Nagod. ' Tlii< Baja drown­ed himself in the Ganges.

Bhairav Dev ... Married a daughter of Klra t P ° r ' Raja of Narwar (in Gvralioi' S ta le ) . A Klrti Singh & given in tlie list of Ton^ar* chiefs of Gwaliorand N a r ^ ' j ' who ruled from l-!54-79,whic'» agrees with this chief's date.

Narhar Dev . . . Married a daughter of B h a g * a l l t

Singh of Nagod.

Crrmiinghani speculated as to whether theBC were the Dalak1

of Feriahta and Minhaj-us-Siraj Sec C. A. S. R„ XXI, 105, • Circ, 1150.

AlTESDlX A. 109

1G M70-1195 Bl.Ira Dev Bhaira Dev,

17 1495-1500 Salivalun

18 1500-1510 BIr Siu^h (Dev) (Vlr Singh)

19 1510-1555 Virbhan

20 1555-1592 Rata Chandra ..

21 1592-1593 VirbbsuLa (Dev),

22 1593-1621 Vikramaditya ,..

The Raja Bhid of Muhammad-an writers contemporary with Bahlol and Sikandav Lodis. Married a daughter of Basntan Dev, Raja of Buxar, and also of tho Rana of Chitor. This chief's younger brother, Janak Dev, founded the Jiraunha family in Teou-thar taksll.

Utncked by Sikandar Lodf. Mar­ried a daughter of Sumer Singh Bais Rajput, Raja of Dhauniakhera (Unao District of Oudh).

, Married a daughter of Mohan Singli Kacbhwaha. llis young­er brother founded tho Kevati (Kconti) family, who were later on dispossessed, and re­ceived Khair-Majhihar, in lluziir tahsll, where their de­scendants live.

. . . Married a daughter of Sultan Singli Kacbhwaha, Rais of Goralpur. l l is younger broth­er Jamuni Blianu received Sohagpur in jagir, and the youngest Iloril DOT, Bida and Tendun, founding tho Rfmipur and Baikunthpur families.

Generally knowu as Raja Ram Singh. Well known iu AUbar's day. Coppcr-plato

'g ran t of 1557 known.

l i e died from the effects of an accident while on his way to Bamlhogarh from Delhi to occupy the gaddl.

I t is curious that the State accounts do not mention the next chief but continue this ruler's peiiod down to 1610. He is a? ways

f

110 R E W A U »STATE.

erroneously credited with build­ing Rewah. l ie married a daughter of Raja Mandhata, the Sarnat Raja of Bansi in Oudh.

23 Duryodhan

(The State Lists omit this chief, but there is no doubt as to his succes­sion as he is specifically mentioned in contemporary histories.)

The Maa*ir-ul-Umra states that in the 47th year of Akbar (1602) Duryodhan, the grandson of the deceased Raja, was recog­nized as chief, and being a minor one Bharti Chand was appointed his guardian. This shews that Vikrarnaditya was then dead.

21 1621-1610 Ainar Singh Married a daughter of Pratap Singh, Raja of Ratanpur. His brother Iudra Singh received Pathrahat (now Madhogarh) and is still represented by the Thakurs of Barda-dih and Kripalpur. The Thakurs of Panarsi in Tconthar tahsll are descended from another broth­er Sarup Singh.

2,3 1610-1660 Anup Singh

26 16GO-160O Bhao Singh

27 1690-1700 Anirudh Singh.,

Married a daughter of Mohan Singh, Chandcl chief of Agori (Mirza-pur District).His brother Fateh Singh founded the Sohawal chiefship.

. Married a daughter of the Rana of Udaipur. His brothers Jaswaut Singh and Jujhar Singh received Semaria and Ranmagar mjtujlr. The latter is represented by the Itwan and Deorajuagar Thakurs.

He was a son of Jaswnnt Singh adopted by Bhao Singh. He married a daughter of Fakir" Shah, Raia of Partabgarh. He was killed in a ii-bt with the Maugani Sengaia.

\

A P P E N D I X . A . I l l

2S 1700-1755 Avdhut Singh .. . Succeeded at six months old. RcwaU was attacked by the Bundela chief. IlirdeShah of Panna,and .Avdhut tied to Partabgarh in Oudli.

20 .1755-1800 Ajifc Singh

30 1800-1833 Jai Singh (Dev). . .

:U 1833-1S51 YisvainUh Singh...

32 1851-1830 Itaglmraj Singh, M

S3 1880— Venkat Raman II.' Singh, G .C. S. I.,

Married a danghier of Anup Singh Gaharuar of Bijaipur and also daughters of the Dikshit Raja of Goraiya, and ofYikram Singh of Silpara, both in the State.

Made trcafy with the British. Married a daughter of Udwat Singh, Gahanvarof Madn. and also of the Goraiya Dikbhit Baja. l ie had three sons. The eldest succeeded, Lak^h-man Singh founded the Ma-dhogarh family, and Balbhadra Singh the Amarpfttan Thaku-iat . Both estates have lapsed for want of heirs. A - daugh­ter of Jai Singh married the Udaipur chief.

Married a daughter of the Raja of Mada, of tbe Nfigod chief, and of the Ohandcl chief of Bardi and of the Teonga fami­ly, l ie had two daughters who married Bam Singh. Ma­haraja of Jaipur, and Muhab-bat Singh, a son of Maharaja Takht Singh of Jodhpur.

Married eight wive?, one being a daughter of the Udaipur chief. His two daughters married Kislior Singh, a broth­er of Maharaja Jaswani Singh of Jodhpur and another the^Bfitidl chief.

l ias married twice, once the daughter of the Maharaja of Dumraon, and secondly the sister of the present Raja, of Ratlam.

112 REWAII STATE.

A P P E N D I X B.

TREATY of FRIENDSHIP and DEFENSIVE ALLIANCE concluded be tween the BRITISH GOVERNMENT and the RAJAH J E Y SING DEO, RAJAH of REWAH

and MOOKUNDPORE-1812. Although the relations of amity have uniformly subsisted

between the British Government and the State of l ie wall, and especially since the augmentation of the intercourse between the two States by the annexation of a portion of the province of Bundelcund to the British dominions, those amicablo relations have boon cultivated and improved by reciprocal acts of friendship, yet no formal engagements, imposing upon tho two parties specific obligations with respect to each other, have hitherto been concluded ; and Rajah Jey S ing Deo, tho present ruler of Rewah and Mookundporo, having now expressed a desire that this defect should be supplied by tho conclusion of a Treaty of friendship and defensive alliance, and the Right Honorable the Governor-General in Council being cordially disposed to accede to tho wishes of the Rajah in this respect declared ; the following Articles of Treaty are by mutual consent concluded between tho British Government and the said Rajah Jey Sing Deo, his heirs and successors:—

ARTICLE 1. The Governor-General in Council acknowledges Rajah Joy

Sing Deo to bo the lawful possessor of the present dominions of Rewah, which have been held by him and his ancestors in successive generations during a long course of years, and in­compliance with the Rajah's request, and for his entire satis­faction, assures him agreeably to justice and tho uniform principles of the British Government, that so long as the afore­said Rajah, his heirs and successors, shall truly and faithfuHy fulfil tho obligations of friendship and allianco according to tn true spirit and intont of this Treaty, it will not commit hostu" ities against the Rajah of Rewah, nor take possession of or i^ any way encroach on any part of his territories. On tho con* trary, the British Government engages to protect and delein the dominions at present in the Rajah's possession from y ^ aggressions of any foreign power in the same manner as the*-minions of the Honorable Company are protected and defender«

Ap-ncLx 2. The British Government having, by the terms of the p r C '

ceding Article, engaged to protect the territories at prcscn possessed by the Rajah of Rewah from tho ao-orcssions of aw foreign power, it is hereby agreed between"Tho cont rac tus

AlTENDIX B . 113

parties that whenever the Rajah shall have reason to apprehend a design on the part of any foreign power to invade his terri­tories, ho shall report the circumstances of the case to the British Government, which will endeavour by representation and remonstrance to avert such design, and if its endeavours to that effect shall fail of success, the British Government will be prepared, on tho requisition of the Rajah, to- detach a force of British troops into his territories for their protection. In which event tho expenses of those troops during the period they may be so employed, calculating from the day of their entering the Rajah's dominions until that of their quitting them on their return, shall be defrayed by tho aforesaid Rajah. If the ap­prehended design of invading tho Rajah's territories shall be referable to any disputed claim between tho Rajah and tho other power, the Rajah shall report all the circumstances of such disputed claim to the British Government, which will then interpose its mediation for the adjustment of the dispute, and the Rajah, relying in the justice and equity of the British Government, agrees implicitly to abide by its award. If, not­withstanding the Rajah's acquiescence in that award, tho other power shall persist in its hostile designs, the British Govern­ment will be ready to afford its assistance in the manner above provided. If any of the Rajah's troops shall at any time bo required to serve in tho British territories, the Rajah engages to furnish tho same ; and in that event, the cxpenso of them, calculated at the rate of 20 Rupees per mensem for each horse­man, and 6 Rupees per mensem for each foot soldier actually furnished by the Rajah, shall bo defrayed by the British Gov­ernment from the date of their leaving the Rajah's territories until that of their return. Whenever the troops of the British Government and of tho Rajah shall have occasion to act togeth­er, the Commander of the Rajah's troops shall conform to tho advice and act under the instructions of the British Command­ing Officers.

ARTICLE 3.

Tho Rajah of Rcwali being the acknowledged sovereign of his own dominions, tho British Government will not consider itself entitled to take cognizance of any complaint which may bo preferred to it by any of the relations, subjects, or servants of the Rajah, who on his part, shall not possess a claim to tho aitl of British troops for the support of his authority within the limits of his dominions.

ARTICLE 4.

If tho Rajah of Rcwah shall at any time have any c l a m o r cause of complaint against any of the Rajahs or Chiefs allied

m HEWAII STATE.

to or dependant on the British Govcrnnicni, the Rajah engages to refer tlie case to the arbitration and decision of that Govern­ment, and to abide by its award, and on no account to commit aggression against the of.hcr party, or to employ his own force tor the satisfaction of such claim, or for the redress of the grievance of which he may claim. On the ofher hand, tho British Government engages to withhold its allies or depend­ants from committing any aggression against the Rajah ofc Rowah, or to punish the aggressor and to arbilralo any demand they may have upon the Rajah of Rewah, according to the stric pnncip es of justice.: the Rajah on his part agreeing im­plicitly to abide by its award.

AllTICLE 5. The Rajah of Rewah engages never to m-ant an asylum

withiiWiis dominions to any enemies of the British Govern­ment, or to rebels, but on tho contrary io ev<>rt his n^0al

endeavours for the apprehension of suM, per>ons. and if «l»-prenendedto deliver them up to tho 0 fleers of the B r ^ J ( ^ e m i n e n t . The Rajah further e n ^ v s not to permit tho

i o r V ° \ r S 0 U ^ t h s l t ^ " p t i o . r i o r , , v , i , l e within h * tc .done,. I t any of the enemies of the Rajah or the rebels to I * ' - e n i n i e n t shall take refuge . i t h i n the British territories 0°

I t i h h of n e r T U t ^ i i ° n ™ c c i v i"tf "otice thereof from « ^a.]ah of Rewah, will, after due inveslio-ation, Vnrsivi -iV nieasures wi thregard to the fugitives ^ i and j u s t i c ^

o i o r t n V n n t tl ,G11, c o m ™ t t i n g any acts injurious to _ i c in lo i j and Government of the Rajah.

. r i ARTICLE G. - ,\a1i

of R e w l u T r0UlfrS i s T O i n e f r o m ih° territories °V*oW*' 1> " ^ he 1 ? ' r m l y C 0 I n m i t R e l a t i o n s in thoseof i H t l lo

tho mining t l b o v P 1 ' n m o i l t . tocxpr liH : l l U , , C1-W »n?lw " r r r o ? t i , n « , h e l * ™ " * "ci-'""-1 "L ?"C u to t"c

« i d Office;.?1"' e ' l d 0 d t 0 °»™e thorn to l,o delivered ovd

, r, . A m i c u s s. , J i»"

K l , c d >'} the Jiriliah (JovlrnnioHl in H>e same d<V

APPENDIX B. 113

that in which they were estimated by the former Emperors oil llindoostan.

ARTICLE 0.

W honcvcr the British Government shall deem it expedient to send its troops into the dominions of the Rajah of Rewah, or to station or canton a British force within the Rajah's territor­ies for the purpose of guarding against the advance or inter­cepting the retreat of an enemy, or of Pindarrahs, or other predatory bodies, it shall be competent to the British Govern­ment so to detach its troops, and the Rajah of Rewah shall givo his consent accordingly. The Rajah shall also on any such occasion station his troops according to the advice of the Officers of the British Government Jit the Ghaut of (Jhundeah, Kawrcah, or such Ghauts or passes as the British Commanding Officer shall point out. The Commanding Officer of the British troops which may be thus employed in the Rajah's territories, shall not in any manner interfere in the internal concerns of the Rajah's Government. "Whatever materials or supplies may be required for the British Cantonments, or for the use of the British troops during their continuance in the Rajah's territories, shall be readily furnished by the Rajah's Officers and subjects, and shall be paid for at the price current of the bazar. If any materials which arc indispensably necessary should happen not to be procurable by purchase, and it shall consequently become necessary to take such articles wherever found in the Rajah's dominions, the price of such articles shall be paid for by the British Government at the rate that may be settled by arbitra­tors appointed by the British Government and the Rajah respectively.

ARTICLE 10.

The Rajah of Rowah being admitted among the number of the Allies of the British Government, engages at all times to comply with any just and reasonable requisition connected with the interests and prosperity of that Government, to con­form to its advice, and to the utmost of his power to fulfil the obligations of friendship and attachment towards the Brit­ish power.

ARTICLE 11.

This Treaty, consisting of eleven Articles, having this day W n concluded between the British Government and Rajah J e y Sing Deo, Rajah of Rewah, through the agency of ^Ir. John4Richardson, in virtue of powers delegated to him by the Right Honorable Lord Minto, Governor-General in Conned, °« the one part, and Bukshy Baugwau Dhut, the vakeel of the

11G R E W A H STATE.

said Rajah on the other, Mr. Richardson has delivered to the said vakeel one copy of the Treat}- in English, Persian and Il indee, signed and sealed by himself, and the said vakeel has delivered to Mr. Richardson another copy duly executed by the Rajah, and Mr. Richardson has engaged to procure and deliver to the said vakeel within the space of thirty days _ a copy ratified by the seal of the Company and the signature of the Governor-General in Council, on the delivery of which the copy executed by Mr. Richardson shall be returned, and the Treaty shall be considered from that time to have full force and effect.

Sb/ned, seeded, and exchanged at Banda, on the Fifth of October A. D. 1812.

SECOND TREA1Y concluded between the BRITISH

GOVERNMENT and RAJAH J E Y S I N G D E O - l 8 l 3 .

Whereas on the 5th of October 1812, corresponding with l.r)th Kooar 1869 Summit, a Treaty of mutual friendship and defensive alliance was concluded between tho British Govern­ment and the Rajah of Re wall ; and Whereas the Rajah of Rewah having failed to fulfil the engagements which tho, aforementioned Treaty imposed upon him, the British Gov­ernment was compelled, in vindication of its honor and H* rights, to detach its troops into Rewah to enforce the execution o those engagements, and to obtain security for their duo ful­filment in future; and Whereas the Rajah, bavin" now rctnrned

to a proper sense of his relations with the British Government, and having expressed his contrition for the past' aorces to the following conditions, for himself, and for his heirs and sue-ccssors.

ARTICLE 1.

n f t * ^ S9

h P u l a t l o n s °« the treaty concluded on the 5th f October l b l 2 , corresponding with the loth of Kooar l^] fcumbut are hereby declared to be in full force and effect, in £

far as they are not affected nor altered by the following <*n

unions contained m this Treaty.

ARTICLE 2.

The Rajah of Rewah hereby binds himself to engage in «° coirespondence of a political nature with any Foreign S ta te* 1

U.ieL whatever without the privity and consent of the B r f ^ Government, or i t , representative, the Agent in Bundelcund.

APPENDIX B. 117

ARTICLE 3.

The Rajah engages to receive and permit to remain at his place of residence a news-writer or any other Agent on the. part of the British Government or the Agent in Bundclcund, and to maintain an authorized vakeel with the Agent and witii tho Commanding Officer of any British detachment which may be stationed within his territory, both for tlic purpose of main­taining the general relations of amity, and of enforcing (he supply of provisions, and ready compliance with the just de­mands of the Commanding Officer.

ARTICLE 4,

The Rajah of Bewail agrees to allow dawks to be estab­lished through his territory by the Officers of the British Gov­ernment in any direction that may bo deemed necessary, to compel his feudatory Chiefs to do the same, and to punish them in case of opposition ; and the Rajah acknowledges the right of the British Government to punish them for such opposition, in the event of his own inability to do so.

ARTICLE 5.

Lall Zubburdust Sing, the jaghiredar of Chourhut, having, in a very insulting and contumacious manner, refused to per­mit the llon'ble Company's dawk to bo laid through his jnghire. tho exemplary punishment of the aforesaid jaghiredar is indis­pensable. The British Government is accordingly resolved to inflict exemplary punishment on this jaghiredar, and the Rajah of Rcwah not only acknowledges the right of the British Gov­ernment to do so, but agrees to aid and co-operate with the British troops in effecting that object.

The Rajah further engages to use his uimosfc means to punish Lull Zubburdust Sing himself, whenever tho British Government shall require him .to do so.

ARTICLE G.

Frequent instances of robberies and other crimes have occurred within tho British territory, the perpetrators of which issue from and take refuge within the Rewah territory: and thereby not only escape the punishment due to their crimes but continue toiufest the Hon'ble Company's adjacent territory with impunity, keeping the inhabitants in a constant state of alarm. With a view to suppress this evil, the Rajah hereby agrees to per­mit the troops or Police Officers of the British Government to pass into the Rewah territories for the pursuit and apprehension of all such offenders, and also to afford them, and to cause his

118 BEWAH STATE.

a n ^ r ^ h I l * e a a , ; S t 0 ; l f T O T d them, every necessary asslst-a ^ " i u h . ^ e r , n g a n d a p p r o h e n d i n g t h e objects of their pursuit.

ARTICLE 7.

and ?therl a jr l-?l f ^ r 'W^ t o C o n s k I e r those jaghircdars

occasion a s h i - f ^ T m i t / s h Government, on the present them f0r t l i r n » ; , a n ^ V l l I n o t m o l e ^ °r retaliate upon The fdends of Z T ' ^ ^ [ i ™ they ,nay have shown, its e n ^ l l t e m i e ^ G o v c r n m c n t « M bo "his friends, and

ARTICLE 8. On the 2nd of M-iv i<5i-i

Bysakh 1870 JSumbufn ' c o r r o s Ponding v/i(h the 17th of'hostilities w r ^ n c l l o f r r 0 1 ^ f o r l h o '»»<«»1 suspension t ^ part 0f the fi ' { f V e ? n L a l l a *»•<*» Singh, on Commanding the British t 1' a n d C o l o ] l d MarSndell, a cart of military stores m n ? 8 ' , P U 1 ' t y o f S0P°)'S escorting from the Singrownah p ^ p ( f t a l n i n g t o a detachment proceeding responding with the 22nd o F ^ - U ^ ° f M a > ' 1 8 1 3 ' c o r " oubIy,andin direct violation n f t l i ° S u m l , u t , trcacher-b j a large body of horse an fn ° V e " S ^ ™ " ' , attacked and second slm?""e™^led T * ° t h e v i l , u « ° o t S n t t c » < * ' plundered. Tl e ltanal of el- Tl "?imd^ and the properly all knowledge or P 5 1 Ho n ' i Y D g ^ . n n l y disavowed acknowledges t h e V ^ o ^ o B r i u f r a t r o c i ™ a e t , hereby the perpetrators of ?t in wh- iw Government to punish time it nujy please; and the & T n r t T ^ a t w h a t e v c r

every assistance and cooperation in n * '^'^ t o afford above object that the Brit/sh G o v ^ r m w a C C ° m i j l i s h , n o n t of the

w eminent may require of him. T . ARTICLE 9.

^ ^ n ^ L ^ ^ ^ the Bajah of Bewah the armament which h a b e e n T ™ 6 ™ £ o r the expense of Bewah m consequence o f ' h i s " . T 1 T f

I p P c d a m l "'arched into of his former engagements. A 7i ! 1° l j e r f o r »i <ho conditions expense of that armament costs 1? T - ^ ? s t i , n a «on the ext-a sum of thirty-three thousand eicrh/ i B l ? t l ' s s h Government the Per mensem, and the preparation h , ' ' ^ a n d e i^ rht ™pe e S

before the 1st of April 1813 C 0 1 r * V I n ? . C O n , I 1 , o n c o r t *°» i e da-yS

[ h y t e l 8 7 0 S a m b u U t is a C d T « 8 V" i t h i h ° 1 5 t U ° that the expense shall be calcuMo i 7 ^ B r i t i s h Government of Bewah a c c o r d i n g h o n - b v ^ f r o , n t h a t d ^ The Bajah responsible for the p L £ £ of +

a c k n ? w I e d S c » himself justly ^ - British Government' t k L f e ^ J 0 C X P ™ * monthly to

' u u c u l ' l t m g from t h c l s t o f A p r l l

ArPENDix B. 110

1S13, or the 15th of Chyte 1870 Sumbut, until such time as the objects of the present detachment shall have been entirely completed. In consideration, however, of the Rajah having obeyed the summons to repair in person to Colonel MartindclTs camp on terms of unconditional submission, and in order to remove from the Rajah every excuse for the punctual liquida­tion of the amount, the British Government consents to limit tlie period of the charge to the 10th of May 1813, correspond­ing with the 25th Bysakh 1870 Sumbut, the day on which the Rajah came into camp. Upon this piinciplc the sum to be paid by the Raj ih is forty-five thousand ono hundred and seventy-three Rupees. The Rajah hereby engages to pay the above sum by the following instalments, any deviation from which will subject him to the penalties of a broach of the Treaty.

Rs. A. r . On the 8th June 1813 or 25th Jyto

1870 Sumbut ... ... 5,000 0 0 On the 10th August or 15th Sawan 1870, 13,400 0 0 On the Gth December or loth Aughun 1870, 13,400 0 0 On the 23rd June 1814 or 30th of

Jyte 1871 ... ... 13.373 0 0

45,173 0 0

ARTICLE 10.

This Treaty consisting of ten Articles having this day been concluded between the British Government and Rajah Jey ^ing Deo, Rajah of Rewah, through the agency of Mr. John Wauchope, in virtue of powers delegated to him by the Right Honorable Lord Minto, Governor-General in Council, on the ono part, and tho Rajah in person on the other, Mr. Wauchope has delivered to the Rajah one copy of the Treaty in English, Persian and Ilindce, signed and sealed by himself, and the said Rajah has' delivered to Mr. Wauchope another copy duly executed by himself, and Mr. Wauchope has engaged to pro­cure and deliver to tho accredited vakeel of tho Rajah within the space of thirty days a copy ratified by the seal and sig­nature of the Governor-General in Council, on the delivery of which the copy executed by Mr. Wauchope shall be returned, and the Treaty shall bo considered from that time to have full force and effect.

Signed, sealed and exchanged at JBuddeiah, on the banks of the Tonse,on the 2nd day of June 1S13, corresponding with the 19th Jyte 1S70 Sumbut.

120 REWAII STATE.

SUPPLEMENTAL ARTICLE to the TREATY conc luded between the HON'BLE EAST INDIA COMPANY, and

RAJAH JYE SING DEO, the RAJAH of REWAH, on the 2nd of J u n e 1813, corresponding with

19th J y t e 1870 Sumtmt .

Whereas by the 3rd Article o£ Treaty concluded between the Honorable Company and the Rajah o£ Rcwah on the 2nd o£ June 1813, corresponding with 19th Jy tc 1870 Sumbut, the Rajah of Rewaii has engaged to receive and permit to remain at his place of residence, a news-writer or any other Agent on the part of the British Government or the Agent in Bundel-cund ; and Whereas the Rajah has by the -ith Article of the aforesaid Treaty engaged to allow a dawk to be established through his territory, by the Oflicers oE the British Government in any direction which may be deemed necessary : The Rajah, in the true spirit and intent of those stipulations, engages to treat the news-writer or Agent of the British Government or o£ the Agent in Bundelcund, with every mark of attention and consideration due to their relative rank and character, and also to allow a free passage through his territories to all hurcarrahs, cossids, or other messengers, whom the Officers of the- British Government may, at any time, have occasion to employ, and to compel his feudatory Chiefs to do the same under the penalties and conditions prescribed with respect to tho dawk. The Rajah further promises and engages to perform at all times those offices o£ friendship which aro usual between allied States, and which may be necessary io accomplish tho objects of tho Treaty.

(Sd.) MINTO.

„ N. B . EDMONSTONE.

„ A. SETON.

Done at Fort William in Benr,cd, this Twenty-fifth day of June in the year of our Lord one Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirteen.

(Sd.) J . M O N C K T O N , Persian Secretary to Government.

APPENDIX C. 121

A Statement of Agricultural Produce in the time of Maharaja AjU Singh (1761).

Ko.

SEED SOWN.

Crops.

A rea inuler

cultiva­tion in Uiirha*.

Paddy (Dliiiti).

Pitman MukK-a (Maize)...

Kale no Hiijiira

Kodonand Kodiiili

{)

10

11

Urad and iliing,

Motlii

Cotton Til

Mejhaii and Kutki

Quantity in

Maunds.

Estimat­ed value

in Rupees.

ESTIMATED PRODUCE.

Quantity in

Mamids.

Estimat­ed value

in Rupees.

REMARKS.

755,563! 417,338 4.17,336J 4,533,377,45,33,377

40,091 87,774

575 21,321

10,519

617

85,7 *o;

143,371

G 1,588

8GJ 3,292

11 S'JU

818,073 51,1211

750

311

5,3.18 2,688

1,615

571: S,L'92

1,000,

40,003

1,875

G2

10.76S 8,004

1,077

118.3C6 203,324

2.588 £3,972

?,556,450

1,22.811 2,63,324

1.7 711,905

At Re. 1 per Mnund. The total produce cornea up to nearly ten­fold of the seed sown.

23,13S

9,270

214.43S 134,100]

80,736

20,45,160

57,S45

18,540

S.57.752 4,03,200

53,821

At Re. 1 per Maund.

Produce 3 Mds. per hit/ha; prico at Rp.'l-J per JVld.

Kodon form 8 the staplo food of the poor peo­ple. I t is chief­ly cultivated in hilly portions. 'Die rates of pro­duce are veiy veiiable, some­times going- up to hundred-fold, but it suiters greatly if there aro long breaks of rainfl.

At lie, 21 per Lid.

At Ha. 2 per Md.

P r o d u c e 50 t imes ; price at Rs. 3 per Rid.

Cultivated in billy tiacts.

122 -REWAII SPATE.

No

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

23 24

25

26

Crops.

Aica iindei

culiiv.i-lion in Bel las .

SCL-D SOWN.

Quantity in

Maunds

KsLim.it ed value

in

Rupees

Wheat

Reiri (mixtiue oi u lieat ami gi.uii j ,

Ciia lU

Matai aud Ma&ui

Jau and J.iu lieru (bailey and nux-tme of bailey find g u m ) ,

Liubecd

Sareonand Rai

Castor

Pin (betel leaves) p ° p p y

Sugarcane

Tobacco

1U'J,496'

30,5 U

301,7011

G141

4,lU0

1,141

11

210,963

3,371

305,1Gb 152,733

212,703

211,833

171,038

3,922

167

347

284

175

688

O,lo_£

1,1.301

14

4,33,926,

0,142

E S I I M \ T C D P R O D U C I .

Quantity

Maunds

100,49b'l)G7)403}

144,194 1,80,617]

49

H,0G8| 3S,893i

196

10

"*25

205,300,

83,800

37 1

1,081,815

20.2GS

2,03,GilJ 1,009,131

703,492

1,155,952

291,7i0

2,150

117

ropp\ w t is 5ba MiU

Estiin.it ed value

in Rupees

21,G9,G30

3G,S51

17,81,885

1172453]

14,44,940!

9,72,333]

9,800

1,042

4 357 2,840

esio 21,00

R E M A R K S .

13,765

P r o d u c e 50 t ime- ; p n t e at 32 MS. pei liipee.

75 tunes pro­duce ; (>i ice at 32 si s per rupee

A I 32 ^rs per i uper* , asan item ot iood aiticlo •••-pooially t o n -lincd to Ram • n.igai jHugann.

5 tunet> pio-dueu; at Rb. 2 per Md.

P r o d u c e 0 limes ; price tit 22 HI--, p t r uipefl

P i o d II c e 7 t imes, pnee at 21 sis. pei in pee.

P r o d u c e 7 times; puce n t24 bis. per mpee.

1 ' i o d u c e o times ; p u r e at 1] mpee a Md.

P r o d u c o 25

times ; at l'J «»<• a mpee.

1>, od n e e 50 t u n e s , at 10 bra. pei m p e e _-

p , o d u c e <i> U i n e b ; a t l 6 b . b . per rupee.

At 12 in pees

pei %/<«•

AlTENDlX C ]23

No

27 28 20

Crop3.

llahli (tin meiic) Vegetables FJ ix

Aiea undei

cultiva­tion in Bi«has

SLFD SOWS.

J e i l \ . d u e i n

Mauuds Rupees

E s T I M V I T D PRODUCE

.-, . , I I j b t l l l l . i l Quantity , , J c(i \alue

M i u i u d -

RLMARKS.

2,120 315

TOTAL, 3,1^3,11511,118,337,15021803 I2,bl»0 .idl-V() >d ai t i t It

I2(,9l)30() opium 2Sj

lt)4oliUO Tin*- total \-\)uc of pro luce ts t im t d i i'i b t t ik n is I urlv con l i t , btem-t_ i i <-uniin„' tin n n li in e of lun l 1 1 \ J of U e tc t il pro h u e t h e tot il pio li ci uoultl l )1 it Up tO It-1 t )7 7oO 'llio dit-U r u i t of It- . H " i) cr ii l rh 2J l tklis c uuitit in tt_n i 'h t£-f i t-ULli i b.0

r i U cu] ti JII

..R< lr.,52.1S-) 27,s_',lT)9 43,35,444

DEDUCT . —

For beedB e\en without cieddoi 's piofits ... Keuts paid by the cu l t iva tor to Darbar and I'a tenuis

Theiefoto net profits of (lie cul tua to is Now, Hiipposing that the l a r g ^ t .irei oL cul lna ted Ian I

CO\eied uudti one plough is 2 ) bi</h(e> and that the total aiea under cu l lna tmn is 3 -195,11 5 highlit, the u u m U r ot plou^lis lequned to till the whole area would he 1.5'J,8UG

'Hie a \e iage amnt d tucome ot a cultivatot lot one plough would therefore be

Ar-Ii—A person gene r t lh c i i l tnatnif j wi th one plough I n s °» i " " "wi t f , fiveper-oiis nion including In- I ai i itha to support . i h u s h i a condition is q u u c a t a p ir with low p ml moliai M / J of the a t i t e .

The fuetage nnuu il income of ono cultivatot out of 648,689 tul t ivatois ts letuincd iu the last Census

T l teave iage income of one cultivatot pei j ea i out of 878,332 peisons entirely depending on agi lcultuie

1 he average produce pei bujhu coiibidenug all kinds of soil and crup is neail}*

The cash value of pioduce on an avciago The total pioduce 12,6'JO,306 minus J,552,19") Mds o i

seed gives 8 Mds., 15 st-. , 8 tha , as the shaie ot one iu m per >ear, that is, 15 chhatulb pei day tor the whole population of Rewah 1,327,385

T h e a v e t a g e share of onp petsou out of 87S,3G2 persons entiiely depending on agucultuie . . . ••• ... 12 Mete 27 srs., 7 clis ayear

=-1 fer, G clis. pet day. T h e i n c i d e i c e of land tax per hi/ha ... ... Re 0-12 9. Tuo a\era"-e incidence of land tax on the total pioduce of land oi all kinds = l .

,,1,21,16,1150

Ra. 8G 11-0

IS 11-6

13-14 0

3 Mds , 24, sis , 4 clis. 4 J 2 G

HEW AH STATE.

APPENDIX D. A Statement of Villages by Parr/anas in the time of Mahdrdjd

A jit Singh (1761).

Name of Pargana or revenue units.

1| Ghughari , Ghur, etc.,..

Kapuri , Kcvti . Gurua, Ueur, Chowan,

Dihi, Ramnai

Scngran, i.e., the terri tone-; of the Scngar>, divided into two parts, viz.,—

(1) Canwar or forest lauds.

(2) Dimwar, to t h west of Mauganj, clear of forests.

Kharanisera

Number of villages.

G Naikin and Chovliat

Chagdeora

200

350

350

700

•oo

550

350

Jama or value of

the villages.

Its

Remarks.

Glmghari is HOW ;1

deserted village. I ' 3

Kile is marked by a •streamlet n a m e d Ghuglwiri, on tilts south sideofKainiui', . 0 miles to the south \ of Garh.

This pargana was re­cognised up to a recent date. J3lio-waii is situated near Mangawan.

Ramnai to the cast of the Rewah town ^ a distance of 8 niiK'p; Dihi, 8 miles to the south of the Rewah town.

Includingson(h-^cst-ernpartofthel luzm-tah*V*, o n t h c r n part of the Rnghu-tajnngnr tdhsil and the State of Mail""-

Included into tbc es­tate held by UK*1*0

Sahib of Chorhat. I Pa r t of it included I intothcMadhoffnrJi

AlTENDIX D. 125

Name of Pargana or revenue units.

Os thora the

(a7)

(«) ( / ) (V) CO (0

^10 parganas) in Banda District— Bhitari Kon Parsenda Darsenda Koni Gahora Lakhanpur Kalayaupur Chaurasi

Pardawan ( 4 parganas) (a) Ai-ail (b) Khairfigarh (c) Bardawan (d) Kanti t

Number of villages.

12.1 12i 3 2i 81" CG

84 200 84

484 750 750 750

Jama or value of

the villages.

lie marl s.

or Baghurajnagar pargana and part composing the ilaka of the Thakur of Durjanpur, an uld-rldar of Sohawal State.

Chaurasi was the most common convention of naming parganas.

Pardawau is a village in the Allahabad District situated on the bank of the Jumna on t h e borders between the Banda and Allaha­bad Districts. Par­dawan has long been the pargana of Bewah below the V i n d h y a n pla­teau of Ptewah. The following coup-lei of Hindi fully corroborates t h e fact:— Barali Pardam

sorah Dahar. That is, the revenue of Pardawan was 12 lakhs and that of Dahar, i.e., of the territories on the plateau, 16 lakhs.

126 R E W A H S T A T E .

JO

14

15

16 17J

1! 191 20

1 1

12}

13

N«»u of Pargana or revenue units.

(a) Patehra J

(J>) Kolan (c) Kai ra

(f/) Magrauiha ....

if) Bijaigiri (g) Barhar (/jj Kariya

Baijnath (Chaura^i)

Rahath, extending t o Bada S h i r r a j p u r , E . I . R. station, 28 miles to the south of| Allahabad.

Kotar (Bada)

Ba I'mam

I la t i

Candhogarh K o t

Mardari Karkati Bhakhar

2 J L P i n d r a

, r , Jama or dumber of lvalue of

villaap.R \ tj J

tillages.

5G 300 200

315 300 350 700

12 84

1,400

750

250

175

350 350

HO 700

1,400

350

Remarks.

Ivan t i t is i u mt_ fcapur talsll.

All these parganas " e n ° w out of the Kewah terri tories

Included in t h e Huzur talisU.

Forming part of the A j a i g a r h S t a t e (Bundelklinnd). I t long formed a scene of contested fighting between the Bunde-las and (he Baghelas represented by the forefathers of (he Raja of Kot hi.

Forming the terri­tories of (lie Raja of Nagod.

Included into par-gana of Raghuraj-nngar.

To the west of the Bandhogarh hills..

The village still exists.

The hilly tract beyond - Sobagpur.

Now forming (j,e

APPENDIX D. 127

29

23 24 25

2G 27

28

20

30

Name of Pargana or revenue units.

Kliardhar

Murlcatia Sohagpur 11 aha s owned by 13 a ran

(perhaps Balandas) • •Thiria 13 ansa

Bhainswahi

Ilaka held by Rachhas of Sirguja in Chota Nagpur.

Deogarh (3G parganas)— (a) Bardi (b) Agori (c) Sengrouli (d) Mar was

TOTAL .

Number of villages.

84

140 84 350

350 84

350

350 350

1,400 350

13,499

Jama or value of

the rilliiges.

Remarks.

District of Bilaspur. Part of R am n agar

pargana represented by the villages of J o b i , Aiuarpur, Barhi, &o.

Now forming part of Govindgarh.

Included into the Murwara tahsll of the Jabalpur Dis­trict (Central Pro­vinces).

Total villages 18,820^, out of which Chhaparband 16,002 and plots 2 ,818^. ~

Statement shewing Khalsa and alienated land in the time of Maharaja A jit Singh (A. D. 1761).

Land owned by the kinsmen of the chief to the value of l is . 13,10,000, the number of villages being 6,949.

Details of the above :—

,c>

-=;

1

2

Name of original oirner.

Babu Keshovao, son of Maharaja Avdhut Singh, holding the pargana of Gurh.

Babu Makund Singh, nephew 1 of Maharaja Bhao Singh.

Number of

villages.

48

210

Jama or talue Oft/f

villages.

Rs. 32,000

45,000

Remarks.

-

Almost all t h e s e villages h a v e now lapsed to the Darbar.

128 R E W A I I S T A T E .

Name of original owner.

%

Number oj villages.

1. Semaria, 84 villager of Rs. 25,000.

2. Villages formerly owned byDhanderas, 84 of Rs. 10,000.

3. Binda, 4.2 villages of Rs . 10,000.

Babu JujUar Singh, son of Maharaja Anup1

Singh, holding t h pargana of Ramnagar

Babu Fateh Singh, son of Maharaja Aniar Singh, head of the Sohawal chiefs.

Details :— (o) Soli aw a l . "J

12 villages, ( Rs. (b) Dnrjanpur, (10,000.

42 villages. 1 (c) The territories for­

merly owned by the Bais K s h a t r i y a s identified b y t h e

, modern villages 'o J h a r i , Majhgawan, &c , in Raghuraj-nagar par g an a, v i l l a g e s 175 of Rs. 50,000.

(fl) Singhpur, 22 villages of Rs. 10,000.

(<>) Rounr, 22 villages of Rs. 10,000.

The parganas (d) and' (e) are now included into the Panna State ( B u n d e l k h a n d ) . They are some 0 miles beyond Nagod

(f) Deohata, 24 villages of Rs. 15,000.

(g) Jharli, 24 villages. I (Ji) Raigaon, 12 villages]

of Rupees 12,000

Jama or value of

the villages.

Remarks.

Rs.

200

481

80,000

1,G7,000

APPENDIX 1). 129

Name of original owner,

10

(Now forming a jaglr under the chief of Sohiiwal).

(/) Bhajikher, 81 village? of lis. 25,000.

(j) Jaso, 21 villages of Rs. 15,000 (Nov, f o r m i n g a Tha-kurat of a Bundela Thakur) .

(k) Kothr, 30 villages of Rs. 20,000 (Now f o r m i n g a se­parate chiefship).

Parvat Singh, kinsman, belonging t o t h e house of Aiiiawa, now represented by the Thakur of Lalgaon in Teoulhar (Rewah State).

Lai Samar Singh's hold­ing ( i n c l u d i n g Maihar).

S r i M a h a r a j Singh (Lilk, Chowkhari and Jirounha, all in Teon-thar) .

Chatur Singh . (Deori and Kasauta).

The share of Chowkhari. now lapsed to the State. (

(a) Garhl. held byi Pra tap Singh.

(b) Manik. held by RachhapalSingh,

(c) Soharwa. held bj Chain Singh.

(V) Barha, held by Umarao Singh.

(c) Chamu, held by Rachhraj Singh

Chandia Kauria, h e l d JSZ. F*kn' Shah. I

Number of villages.

Jama or value of\

the villages.

Rs.

81 15,000

1,100 1,00,000

210 1,50,000

V25 1.00.000

•12

•12

22

IG

1

00

20,000

10,000

10,000

8,000

8,000

10,000

Remarks.

130 REWA.H STATE.

\ \ Name of original owner

"1 11

12

\ Jama or '. Number of\ value of

villages. \ the villages.

Remarks.

Naikin, Chorhat, held by Rao Jagannath Singh and Lallu Sahib.

h e l d b y Hemraj, of Maihar

Sohagpur, Bhaiya kinsman branch.

(a) Sohagpur (b) Singhpur (c) Aniippur (d) Rampur (e) Dhanigawan (f) 'Nawalpur \g) Karkat i (h) Pindra

TOTAL

125

400 300 400 300 300 300 700 350

Rs. 55,000

1,00,000 30,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 25,000

1,00,000 50,000

6,949 13,10,000

Land granted to or held by petty Rajas and Zamindars who dered periodical services to the Maharaja of Hew ah.

Raja Chain Singh Pari-j har of Barraain (an| old name for the Nagod State).

(a) Unchahra (b) Bataiya (c) Surdaha (d) Lohraura (e) Xagod ( / ) J ignahat (g) Others

Dikshit Raja A. n a n tl Singh of Goraiya.

Raghicvansi R a j a ofl Blrgarh,P;1thar Kachar,

Surki Raja Hirdai R a m holding parganas of| Gahora (Banda).

Venuvanshl Raja, holding tho pargana of Teon-j thar now lapsed to the State. I

The Sengar R a j a of 'Man. |

ren-

250 84 84 12 24 24 84

1

168

1,043^

200

1,00,000 20,000 20,000

6,000 10,000 10,000 30,000

1,000

1,00,000

20,00,000

1,00,000

700 1,00,000

A P P E N D I X 1). 131

9 10

Name of original owner.

of

Of

Number of villages.

Tho Raja of Sirguja The Chandel Raja

BardI and Agori. The Raja of Chang The Gaharwar Raja

Kan t i t . Land included

Avail pargana Khairagarh Chanarh Bijaigiri

Territories sei Maihar Bada Kotar Baisan Barmain and Kothi Amawa and Kakveri

700 700

500 989

Jama or value of

the villages.

Rs. 1,00,000 1,00,000

G0,000 6,00,000

Remarks.

into the Imperial territories.

TOTAL

484 750

1,400 350

:ed by 700 700 350 300 100

the

70,000 6,00,000

30,00,000 1,00,000 Bun del as 1,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000 2,00,000

15,000

7,15,000

TOTAL

Lands in direct jwssession of the State and distributed among Ranis, Paipalchdris or other minor landholders.

The parganas of— (a) Rahath (b) Ghughari (c) Blmgdeora ... 2,400 j 5,00,000 (r/) Kharamsera

Chowkara ... 240 50,000 Bandhogarh ... 2,000 70,000 Teonthar belonging to 240 70,000

Pardawan. Kothi ... 240 75,000 Hatipathrahat ( n o w 175 70,000

portions of the Raghu-rajnagar pargana).

Naugawan, B h o w a r I, 42 10,000 Scmari.

Dihi, Raujanai . . ." 434 1,00,000

6,011 9,45,000

132 KEWAII STATE.

APPENDIX E.

Political Officers of the Baghelliliand Agency.

(An account has been* given where pos>iblc.)

1857-62 Colonel Wi l loughby Osborne, S. C , was temporarily appointed British Agent in 1607 to assist the Maharaja, of Rewah in his govern­ment and was withdrawn in 18G2 at the MaharfijJl's request.

1871 Captain G. R . Goodfeliow. 1871-7-> Colonel (Sit) Edward Ridley Colborne Bradford (Bart), son of

Rev. W . M . K. Bradford, born July 27th 183G, educated at Malborough : entered Madras Army, 1854; served in Persian campaign, 1S5(>; Mutiny, 1857-0, commanded Central India Horse, 1800 ; Political Agent, Jai­pur, 1 8 7 0 ; Political Agent, baghelkhand, 1 8 / 1 ; Political Agent, Bharatpur, 187o ; General Superintendent, Thagi and Dacoity. 1874 : attended I I . R. I I . Prince of Wales, 1875-G ; Agent to the Governor-General, Raiputaua, 1878 ; accompanied Duke of Clarence, 1880-00 ; K. C. B.. 1890, A. D. C. to the Queen ; Chief Commissioner Metro­politan Police, 1800-03; K. C. S. I., 1895; G. C. 13., 1097; G. C. V. 0 . , 1002 ; extra equerry to King, 1002 ; Baronet, 1002.

1872-77 Colonel Patric Wilson Bannerman, I. A - Ensign, Bombay 1S77-78 Army, June, 1852 : As-i.-tant to the (Superintendent, ]simach, July,

1850 ; Assistant to the Governor-General's Agent, Central India, Deputy Pdiil Agent and Political AsMstanl, Miinpur, 1805 : also Blill Agcnc and Commandant. Malv\a Bhil Corps ; Political Agent, Baghelkhand, 1871; Political Agent. Bhoiiil, 1880 ; Resident East­ern States Rajyutana, 1 8 8 1 : Resident at Gwalior, 1 8 8 2 ; acted as Agent to the Governor-General for Central India. 188:1-81 ; and a'-fam in 1887 ; reverted to Military Department, 1888 ; to U. S. Li. t, 1800.

1878-70 Major Fredrick Henry Maitland (afterwards Lord, Lauderdale), S-C-, joined service, 18G1; boundary Settlement Oiiicer, Bundellihand and Chopal, 18G9-72: Political Assistant, Bundelkliand and Cantonment Magistrate, Nowgong, 1872 ; Assistant to the Governor-General s Agent in Central India, 187:1 ; Political Agent and Superintendent of Charkhaii State, 1874- ; Assistant to the Agent to the Governor-Gen­eral in Central India, 187G-78 ; Political Agent. Baghelkhand and Superintendent of Rewah State, 1878 ; Political Agent and Superin­

tendent of Charkhavl State, 1880 : retired, 1885.

1879-81 Maj Commit' Gener Opium Agent in Malw5, A.-sistant G eneral Superintendent, Tha-i and

1

amy, rva<iimir, ioo-i ; Political Agent lWrloli V : m P '1Lt

Kepal, 1 8 8 5 ; Resident and G o v e v J r « k , a n d< 1 8 8 ^ = Resident — :crted to Military D e p a r t m e n t ! x ^ ? A g e n t * tBa"* l »-

l xtment, l s g i ; to U. S. List, 1893.

188G ; revi

ArrEN'Dix E. 133

Lieutenant-Colonel Norton Charles Martelli, S- C, joined service, 1801; Cantonment Magistrate, Morar, 1872 ; Assistant to Gover­nor-General's Agent, Rajputana, 187 1 ; special duty at Alwar, 1 8 7 7 ; Political Agent, Daghelkliand, and Superintendent of Rewah State, 1881, 1882, 1880-87 : Superintendent for the control of Moghia<=, 1883 ; Political Agent in Bhopfuvar, 188.") ; Political Agent, Charatpur, 1886; Dholpur, 1887-93 : Resident at Jaipur and at Gwalior, 1S93 ; Resident at Baroda. 1S05: retired.

Lieutenant-Colonel David Wi l l i am Keith Bart*.—Corn Xoveni- 18S2-S8 ber29th, 1810; entered the army, 1801; served in the Abyssinian expedi­tion; Boundary SettlcuieiiL Officer in (lie Miilwaand Blill country; As<i\lant to the Agent to the Governor-General for Central India, 1870 ; Political Agent at Jodhpur, 1878-70; in Daghelkliand and Superintendent, Rewah Stale, 1881 ; Resident at Gwalior, 1888 : in Kashmir, 1892 ; Agent to the Governor-General for Central India, i894 : Resident at Hyderabad. 1900 ; K. C. S. I., 1903 ; Member of the Council of India, 1905.

Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm J o h n Meade, L A . , C L E - pi^- l?37, 91 ed service, 1S73 ; Attache Foreign Office in connection with the Imperial Assemblage at Delhi, 1870 ; A^-Mant to Resident at Hyderabad, 1878; to the Governor-General's Agent in Central India, 1S79-S1 ; Doundaiy Settlement Officer, Bhopal, 1881 ; Superintendent for control of Moghias, 1885 ; Political Agent, Daghelkliand, and Superintendent of Rewah Slate, 1887, and again, 1891 ; Political Agent, Bhopfiuar, 1889; Political Agent, Bbopal, 1891 : Political Resident, Persian Gulf, 1897 ; Officiating Agent to the Governor-General in Central India, 1901 ; Resident "at Baroda, 1901.

Lieutenant-Colonel Donald Robertson.—Born June 21th, 1817; 1888-94 son of Colonel J . S. Robertson; educated at Cheltenham Bonn and Radley; entered the army, 1865, and civil employment in Madras, 1809 ; served as Political Officer in Rajputana ; First Assistant to the Governor-General's Agent in Central India, 1 8 8 1 ; Political Agent in Bhopawar and in Bundclkhand, 1885; First Assistant to the Resident at Hyderabad, 1887; Political Agent, Baghclkhand, and Superintendent of Rewah State, 1888; Resident at Gwalior, 1894 ; Resident in Mysore, 1890 ; C. S. I., 1899; K, C. S. I., 1903 ; retired.

Colonel Henry Alexander Vincent, L A-—First Commission, 1891.96 1806; served in the Central India Horse ; President Council of Regency, Rampur ; Political Agent, Baghclkhand, and Superintendent of Rewah State, 189 1 ; Political Agent, Bikaner. 1897: Resident, Bikaner, 1897 ; retired, 1901.

Major Alexander Fleetwood P inhey , C L E - , I. A-—First 189G-10OO Commission, 1882; served as Assistant Political Agent, Banswara, 1880; Assistant General Superintendent Thagi and Dncoity, and Superinten­dent for control of Moghias ; Political Agent, Haraoti, 1885 ; Political Agent, Baghclkhand, 189G: Resident, Mewar, 1900; C. I . E . , 1901; Resident at Gwalior, 1907.

Major Robert Bruce BcrkefeyXA —First Commission in military 1900 employ till 189(5, when he was appointed Political Assistant, Rajputana,

13 i REWAH STATE.

2nd Assistant to Governor-General's Agent in Baluchistan, 1808 ; Political Agent in liaghelkhand, 1900 ; Political Agent in Kotah and Jhalawar, 1900; Political Agent in Haraoti and Tonk, 1905.

1900-04 Major Steoart Farquharson Bayley, I. A —First Commission, 1 8 8 4 ; Political Assistant, 1 8 9 2 ; Political Agent, Bikaner, 1899; Political Agent, Baghelkhand, 1900; First Assistant to the Agent to the Governor-General in Central India, 1904; on special duty in Central India, 1905 : Political Agent in Bhopal, 190G.

1901-07 Major Wi l l iam Martin Cttbitt, I- A.—Firs t Commission, 1881; joined the Political Department, 1888; Deputy Commissioner and Political Agent, Thai Chotiali, 1899 ; Political Agent, Malwa. 1899; on Deputa­tion as Superintpudcit of Dholpur StnW, 190o; Political Agent, Haraoti and Tonk, 19U1; Political Agent, Bs.ghelkhand, 1904.

1907 Mr. Leonard W i l l i a m Reynolds , 1. C S-, joined service, 1898, as Assistant Magistrate nnd Collector, United Provinces; Assistant to the Governor-General's Agent in Central India, 1902, and on special duty in connection with the Coronation Darbar at Delhi; held charge of the Central India Gazetteer Office in addition, 1903; First Assistant to the Agent to the Governor-General in Central India, 1905 ; Political Agent in liaghelkhand, 1907. On special duty at Datia, 1907.

1907 Major Charles Frederick Minchin, D . S. O., L A-, joined the service, 10th May, 1882 ; Political Agent in Zhob, 1897 ; in Bikaner, 1902-03; I I . B. M.'s Consul General and Agent to the Governor-General, Khoiasan and Seistan, 1904; on special duty in connection with the District Gazetteer of Baluchistan, from 18th March, 190G ; Political Agent in Baghelkliand, 1907.

135

TABLE I.

TEMPERATURE.

He wall Sia'.e.

YKA

1893 1SJ4 189.3 189U 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 19J4

1905

190G

1907

1908

1H09

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

Station

Rewali Towu.

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE.

JANUARY.

5 9 0 03 1 6ro 01-2 04-7 01-1 57-1 02-2 59-0 03-7

o Q

MAY.

G

89 7 9 1 1 95-4 90 5 9G2 93 4 93-4 92 G 9 3 8 91 1

to

JCLY.

o 3

81-7 81-3 83-7 837 80'] 62 0£ 80-0 83-7 87-1 83-0

NOVEMHER.

• a <D

r5

10

G7-9 07 5 710 f" . ) . *7

/ - 1 69-0 69 9 707 09-1 G'J-7 67 1

.2 35

o Cj

11

• ••

• •• ...

a * .

...

12

-' Average iliftcr«.ucc Jjetwecu maximum uud minimum of each duj.

Rcicali State.

13G

TABLE II.

RAINFALL.

YEAR.

TAIISIL.

Average) total for

Stale.

2

1800-01 1831-92 1802-93 1803-94 1894-05 1895-96 1890-97 1897-98 1898-99 1899-00

Average foi-10 years...

1900-01 T^Ol-02 1902-03 1903-04 1904-05 1905-06 1906-07 1907-08 1908-09 1909-10

Average for 10 years...

1910-11 1911-12 1912-13 1913-14 1914-15 1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20

Average for 10 years...

3

54-19 43 07 43 78 56-81 63 95 40 21 30 24 42 97 53 06 27 38

45 46

57-69 47-30 44 92 51-46 58 0G 4112 27-97 50 58 64-54 23 66

46 74

44-47 40 00 37 51 54-91 63-49 36 29 17-33 34-38 18 12 34 61

4117

53 48 4852 46-39 63.58 04 08 45-40 28-62 41-25 58 37 2656

47 63

51-30 42-33 58-82 55 31 U-43 19 92 39 15 47-50 34.01

4297

46-23 49 21 43 18 37-46 17 65 48-OG

«

60 82 40 91 44 89 68-22 74 95 34 61 42 17 45 28 55-64 29-34

54-51 29 82 46(3 43 87 67 85 42-37 45 47 47-16 44- 2 25 11

48 78 47 69

44-46 55-74 40-46 30-35 24CG 32-33

63 25 72 41 59 03 40 72 2554 37-07

REMARKS.

10

\

137

TABLE I I I .

DISTRIBUTION OF FOFUIATION, 1901.

Rcivah State.

s Administrative

Divisions.

ITuzur Tahsil...

Teouthar

Kaghurfijnagar,

Mauganj

Bardi

Rfiranngar

Sohagpur

Total

1,201

S1G

977

781

2,912

2,775

!}.5:J5

13,000

TOTAL POPDLATION.

975

505

487

009

8-18

919

1,192

0

310,139

105,154

1-11,312

99,531

198,921

221,980

2-11,313

frt)

5,565 11.327,385

150.,010

52,027

71.243

49,123

99.527

109,218

120,091

a i)

s

159,523

52,527

73,007

50,111

99,391

112,732

120,051

URBAN POPULATION g

P-.

9

29.C30

7,02

Pi

10

15,009

3,01!

6 o

11 12

14,501

3.378

,3S1 2,92;

239

[129

140

127

OS

... j SO

2,450, 07

059,377 G6S.008 42,033 51,643 20,305 199

(a) Since Uic Camis oi ICOi, b 31 IK v.vill.i^ have lx\u brou-ht.on thv lUyiact,

138

Rcwali State. TABLE IV,

GENERAL STATISTICS OF POPULATION,

PARTICULARS.

Religion ..

Hindus .. Jains Musalmans, Christians, •Aniniists .. Others ...

Civil Con­d i t i o n -

Unmarried, Married ... Widowed,

Education-Literate ... I'literato ..,

1901 1891

1,327,385 659,377

1,013,350 506,292 529 284

32,918 1G.759 Oil 33

280,5021135,990 25i io

fc

668,008

507,058 245

16,159 28

144,512 C

1,508,943

520,260 288,700 231,560 629.GG1 307,377i322,28.J

63,300,114,164 177,461

••aiiguage-

Baghell ... Hindi Bundel-

kliautli... Urdu Others '

35,946 1,291,4,39

1,165,604 583,142 305! 157

[1,251,155 51,490

21,701 1,245 1,794

\30,599 028.778

610.470 29,206

5,317 602,601

634,685 22,28-4

11,9201 9,781 845l 400 93GI 858

36,591 5

306,411 27

1881

758,638 750,305

18,706 4

156,614 149,797 15 12

654,182

194,510 44

15,619

143,987!

10

650,942

177,278 42

15,488 11

158,120 3

139

TABLE V,

VITAL STATISTICS.

IZticali State.

YEAH.

1

t i

O

H

2

BIRTHS.

r/3

ale

P S

3

03

ale

CM

4

Rnto 1,000.

5

- i

O EH

fi

DEATHS.

tD-

ale

1=5

f

7

DO

ale

3 - CM

8

Eate per

1,000.

9

REMARKS.

10

TABLE VI. DEATHS ACCORDING TO CAUSES.

YEAR,

TOTAL DEATHS FROM

REMARKS.

CM

10 11 12

Hewah State.

140

TABLE VII.

A G R I C U L T U R A L S T O C K .

YCAR.

o

HORSES AND CATTLC.

iBufi'alces.

5 a C3

tc

10

CAllTri

to

11

to

12 13

REMARKS.

I t

Ml

TABLE VIII—(Continued).

LEADING STATISTICS.

iu'U'a/i State.

YEAR.

1

Normal year,

1902-03

1903-04

1904-05

1005-OG

1906-07

1907-08

1908-09

1909-1J

1910-11

1911 12

1912-13

1913 11

1911-15

SQUARE MILES.

< f -o

H

2

13,000

I - * '•2 7= J~ tz 3

3,700

13,000 3,028

3916-10

1916-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

•_: cfi

f-3

4

9,300

9,372

AREA IN

ACRES.

• J

H O

H

5

8,320,000

8,320,000

CD

^

G

2,323,100

2,323,122

1

,5: ,1° • - 3

7

5.996,900

5,990,878

.

XUMBER OF

TOWNS.

• j

o —I

8

4

4

03

.a M

9

3

3

J

• ^

to • - 3

10

1

1

-

113

Ym-(Condudetl).

STATISTICS.

Rcicalt Stale

R E V E N U E

TOTAL,

23

W

'24

5P ^

25

INCOME DEHIVED FROM LAND.

2G

03 ,52 ,700 29,08,500

53 ,52 ,703 29,08,507

24,41,200 38,01,200

24,-14,106 38,01,189

fcd

27

13,57,000

13,50,903

28

REMARKS,

24,41,200

24,44,196

29

1-12

Rewali State. TABLE

L E A D I N G

YEAR.

NUMBER OF POPULATION.

VILLAGES.

CULTIVATED AREA.

TOTAL. lURlQATED.

11

Normal year...

1902-03

1903-04

1901-05

1005-06

1906-07

1907-C8

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

1916-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

6,396

0,396

12 13

TOTAL.

11

1,799

1,799

4,597

4,597

1327385

1,327,385

w 15 16

H O H

17

Jfi *A

18

,is V.n *S

19

r-

H

20

12

? - i

21 0 9

1794100

1,794,005

1,000

1,967

feiuw. tut tcu.u , 0£ i w i , M 1 n u , NUl l lKca l u ^ c ^ u b i o u o u t h c 1 U t , l b U l .

144:

Bewali State. A P P E N D I X TO TABLE V I I I .

LEADING STATISTICS FOR A NORMAL YEAR.

Husur Tahsil ..

KLfUsa .. Jagir ..

Teonthar.. Kbalsa .. Jagir ..

Xlaglm-rajsagar, Jaglr ..

Kansanj .. KhalbA ... JAgir ..,

Sardi ... Shell sa ... Joglr ..,

Eamnagar, Kbalsa ... JiiKir ..,

aoaagpur,

Khraaa

1,201 50 i 700'

816 616 200

97 577 40i'

768,600 ; 2 1,053 310.000 j 2| - 0 8 -158,000 ].. i 790

522,200 3':6.900 135.300

625,500 I 1 392.700 j J 232JG00

8

1,000

9

12.S9.700 4,39,500 8.00,200

G,7G,000 4,01,(500 2,71,100

7Si 501,800 381 23.5.800 400 268,000

2,912 1,833.700 1... 973 412 261,000 406

250 0| 1,599,700 |... 567

2,77*1 1,776.000 !... 1.175) 733,000 1,600 1,013.000

3.S35J 2,262,400 3") I 2,100

3,500, 2,260,300

13,000 8.820,000 3-700J 2,323.100 9,300, 5,996.900

11,47.000 i'.sr,,so0 8!GO,200

G.00.G00 3.29,500 2,71,400

5,37,000 2 51,600 3,35,41)0

5.17,000 9 12,400 3,0 J, COO

3.39,000 1,63.200 1,75,800

3,87.100 J 86,300 3,00,800

aif-l28 1,96,000

O ) - S i n c e the Census of mm «QI -n * ttejagir f,»«re, Z H • V i ; DCW V SCS h a v e b c c n taS^ "Pon the Ecgistcr.

J •/" J1SU1Cl»»n this table deal with the "nniB n , vwui me er i\nts called j/aivaiya only,

145

TABLE IX. Kcicah State,

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE AXD IRRIGATION.

Y F A . I I .

Korni.il iv. tr . .

1001-02

1002-03

1003-01

1001-05

100'.-0C

1000-07

10O7-0S

1008-03

,lr'00-10

1010-11

1011-12

1012-13

1013-1 1

lo i i - i r ,

1915-10

1010-17

1017-18

1018-10

1010-20

To:al j ' . r c *

of t l r S ta te i

acres.

U x c u r / n v . v T E D .

3 ,320,000/^0 5:O30 2,0SV.\M

S,320,000^-~','-;-^''J

8,320,000 G..5:-;0::J^Q 1.2

C C L T I V A T K I ' .

&21,200 2,737,C0o;

,030,110 "737,230

821,202-2.737.

1,70: m-

1.701031

/ / v . ' ' . ' , 7.

1,000

1,702

1.007

l.l.'O

.7,903 1,702,100

£,Wi.2,310,6S2j

ltuG7,1,702,00,'

1? 33

r.9,G00, 132,00->

,-•0,031 ] 132,031

146

JRucah State. A P P E N D I X A TO TABLE I X .

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE' AND IRRIGATION FOR A NORMAL YEAR.

Total Name of Tuhbil. " | area in

acicb.

U N C L L T I V A T E D A R r A IN ACRLb.

TOTAL, r 01 est

H u z i u Tahsl l . .

Teon lha i . .

Haj lmrujnagar . .

Mauganj . .

Bar II

Rumnagar , ,

Sohagpur , .

TOTAL

768,600

522 200

625,300

501,800|

l,863T0O

1.7/6000

2262100

8,320,000

:is,soo

321,800

:c3,ioo

3uS,Q00\

1 551,000

i,zn ,oo

2 087 900

Cultui able.

Waste .

C L L T I V Y T I I D A R E A I N

AC11L-.

L rigalrd.

81,400

128,100

102,S0o

110,900

&J9.CO0

761,C00,

013,-QO

6 526000 2964,200l

100,200

110,800

113.C00

127,000

121,000

40,000

103,000

131,200

79,000

117,000

91,100

001,300

732,700!

911,100

T O T A L .

410,SOO

107400

~61 C00\

1G3,S00

m.boo

2Z4,S00

171,500

824,200 2,737,600 1794,000

Dry.

Area mult i double crop.

1,000

200

200

100

100

100

200

10

118,800

197,200

201,700

103,700

311,700

231,700

171,3001

A i c a under mixed

crop.

31,100

2G,C00]

1,000

900

23,000

27,500

70,100

3,000

2,100

1,000 1792,100 59,000 132,600

1-17

APPENDIX B TO TABLE IX.- ~ Ecwali State.

LIST OF TANKS, WELLS, BAORIS, &C, EXISTING IN TIIE EEWAH STATE (1907).

Administrative Units and llakas.

1 Huzur Tahsll

2 Tconthar

8 EagbiuTijnagar.

Area in Blirha.

tc

1,188,706

1,011,056

1210512

98G

580

519

NCMUKU OF

1192

500

115

£

8015

11G0

3380

P

21

10

41 1-1

20 Spr­i n g

Name of conspicuous tanks and their con­

structors.

The following arc the conspicuous tanks in this tuh.sU :— 1. The big tank at Govind-

garh, constructed by the late Maharaja Eaghuraj Singh in Samvat 1910. This is the largest in the whole State with a fine palace and pic­turesque temples at its bank.

2. BOpsagar at Makundpur, constructed by Efipa-vatl Rani.

3. Malakpur T a 1 a b a t Mangawfm, constructed by Malkapati Rfuii.

1. At Siruiaur, constructed by some Rani of the liaghel Rajas.

3. Earn Talab at Eewah Town, constructed by a Rani of Eewah, belong­ing to the Mainpuri family.

The only conspicuous tank in this tahsll is the one at Ghuman, con­structed by T h a k u r Ajayapal Singh, 400 years ago.

The following are the conspicuous tanks :— 1. At Simaria, constructed

by the Thakur Sawai Lai Jagmohan Singh ; jiaklia (jhuts with tem­ples built on its banks.

At llardua, constructed by Jagaunath Hathia Farash, a sub-cast.: of

148

Rewah Stats. APPENDIX B TO TABLE IX—(Continued).

Administrative Units and Ilakas

N a m e of conspicuous t a n k s a n d the i r con­

s t ruc to r s .

-1 Mangan j

S a r w a r i n P.rfihinanp. in Samvat 1SS2. All the four sides have jjahka

At ilowlifira, constructed by .J.ioannaih Ilathia l<'aia<:h in Samvai 1SS7.

At Pant, constructed by Pom iladhava i lathia FariWi in Samv.it 1SH0.

Victor Tank at Karhi on the Satn.i-P.ehi road, constructed by t h c Itcwali .Darbfu' as a monument to Prince Albert Vicler.

Jagatdr-x Ta'ab.'cnstruct-ul by l'atido ' .lagaUlev c.i' bcwali T o w n i n Sain vat 807 A.D.. when the I own of Satna was founded.

At Amaipatan, c->nstrncl-cd bv Pil.hu IUm and ManKU- Hum, Sanadhy^ Piahmans.

.v.'in:r lanhs.aro

it Gr.nj. con-lhe ' 0 l i a« ;

,ife oi

Tli- foil •nsjncu<n^

La- i T.ila. f-tiu-'tid 1. I1 inin I'.".n J, J>tn M Sludi, the Sony** 1': ia of .\Lin. ,

2. KhatMi.uil a, constmcteu by Ihu I.l.ar?. &ome 'la generations i-?0- '*-tank ;.-, at J.Yo Taiab.

3. Sa araaf DeoTalab. con-ftruetcd l . y A m a n s i ^ 1 1

Sen-ar of Lour, some lot) ycais oco.

b Tara i ' Tala at Intairra, c o n c l u d e I by Tbakuv Shiva- Intra HinfOb *ei\-gar.wJiue 012 ycard ago,

149

APPENDIX B TO TABLE IX— (Continued). Hawaii State.

Administrative Units and Ilakas.

Area in Llirlia.

5'Bardl

G Rfimnagar 1 Jldk<i Uamnagai 2 ,, IJaraundha S ,, Jobi 4 ,, Aniarpur... 5 ,, Mfuipur ... 0 ,, Gangaur... 7 ,, Pathroula, 8 ,-, 11 wan 9 ,, Gorsari ...

10 ., Palhrchi. . . H ,, Kunwa ... 12 ,, Khannandhi 13 ,, Karuwa ... 11 ,, Marwas ... ! 5 „ Beoliai-i ... 1 { | „ r.iubva ... 1? ,, Sariya 18 ,, Chachai ... 19 ., Dcovaiuagar1

T O T A i

o '-r

i

JG0808J

3-13831G

NUMBER OF

802

It) 8 1)

150 75 7G 10 16 33 39 50 2G

111 GO 25 10 15 G5

H

400 2135

G7 57 29

390 252 70 17 7

29 27 2G 62 20 180 11 10 10 51

-J81 142 25 75 474 135 505 130 29

159 85 70' bv

126| JG5

17 25 579

12 24 1 1 2 1

Name of conspicuous tanks and their con -

struetors.

8 3&

KalandarTal atChavaiya, coustrnclel by Kalan-dar Pi am. Pathak oC Ciiarai>a, s o ta c CO veais a?o.

iJnchm.it ha, Talfib at I'ubia, constructed by D u b g i r i Gosiiin, of Dubia.

fherc arc no conspicuous tank? with pahha ijltuto in t'ais talull.

3] 5

25 15

920,13520885 58. 128

150

Rewah State. APPENDIX B TO TABLE IX—(Concluded).

Administrative Units and Ilakas.

7 Sohagpuv Ilaha Chandia .. .

,, Singhvuira... „ Sobagpur ...

Ilaha Jaitpur „ Rasmohni.. „ Kotlu

Nigwani Munda Mananra Kliairlia Dharluu-CJ irari Amarkaiitak

Area in Bigha.

4,380,006

^

255 10J 358

98 11 9G

13 41 90

128 30

1

NUMBEU OF

1 1 G 1

100 13

3G3

217 108

1825

91 105

49 10

4

137 1G

131

121 13 5G 132

132 GJ 28

8 1

12

2 /

4 20 15

11

G C 1

12

Name oi" conspicuous tanks and their

constructors.

Mo„t of tin o lank* get dried i'l> in iii,$ - . c i ' - o i i - .

The following arc the |coDFpici!oiif laubs:—

iiaiil Tfil at SohagP"1". constructed gome 300 years fH_ro.

•2. lfajhaTal at Sinhapur, coiisliwled by H»J:l

Heniraj liiij Singh-3. Mohan Tfil, constructed

by Mohan E -ri HI , » Sanaclliva I'.rfihnian ° r

Amarj.atan, Eagluiraj-ua'jrar (a/all.

in this ructed Out of the tanks

Udht, tink construe^

Singh, some - u •> atro. is conspicuous,

rears

151

TABLE X—(Continual). Pxcicah Stale.

AREA IN ACRES UNDER PRINCIPAL Cuors. '

YEAR.

I

Normal year ...

1902-03

1903-04

1901-05

1905-05

1900-07

1907-08

190S-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1911-15

1915-16

1910-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

o

o / 3

Tot

al o

f

1

2

1,854,000

1,853,713

TO

TA

L.

3

1175000

1174S36

1

Pad

dy.

4

3 9 0 . 3 0 0

390,2C9

KIIAKIF CKOPS.

Sani

an.

5

2 .3S00

23,807

1=

a G

4 5 , 3 0 0

45,331

Kft

kun.

7

3 0 0

297

*

1

cj

C3

! «

11,000

11,OH

Kod

on.

9

421,100

421,151

152

Reicali State. TABLE

AREA IN ACRES

YEAR,

Normal year ... 1902-03

1903-04

1904-05

1905-06

1906-07

3907-08

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1914-15

1915-16

1916-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

-6 I*

p

10

53,000

53,915

1 tc

a a

3,200

3,115

1

otto

o

12

44,300

44,306

KIIARIF CROrs.

„ •

H

13

72,500

72,505

» 3

w 14

4,100

4,083

• - H

<?

a 15

29,300

29,278

u."

o

o C3

a 3

16

"~ 56,600

50,604

. t -

<j

17

10,800

15,701

ous.

ane

^

isce

a 18

4,000

3,357

153

X—{Concluded).

UNDER PRINCirAL CROPS.

Reicah State.

RABT CROPS.

19

679,000

G78.877

2) 21

186,800' 0,300

CD

22

3

23

186,830 G.29J

j 157,S00

157,782;

49,300

49,363

24 25 2G

60,500

G0,5O3

92,300

92,237

100

130

27

1,900

1,901

28

121,800

121,789

29

2.G00

1.987

151

Re a-ah Stale, AITENDIX TO

AREA IN BIGIIAS UNDER PRINCIPAL

Name of Tabsll.

2

HuzurTaliBl

Teonthar ...

Ragliuraj-uagur ..

Mauganj ..,

Bardi

Ramnagar..

Soliilgpnr ..

c-tTn °3

K II A B 1 F

252,391

134.3GS

133,545

112,680

•222,484

181,800

137,050

4SS.C35

2CO,13G

258,543

218.1G5

430,730

351,001

200,300

135,526

113,769

54,139

123,479

121,420

08,587

105,034

G

3,065

584

5,535

3,295: ...

47-l' 118

397

27 1,430' ...

37,81G 52,342

216 12,074 ...

20,951

W

10

fcd

U

323 2,714

40

278,503

43,030

83,432

47,890

132,023

145,460

84,111

NOTE.—Figaro cs nrcjrircn in ihjhas as they arc more useful to State officials.

155

TABLE X—(Continued).

CROPS FOR A NORMAL YEAR.

lie wait Stale.

0 it o p s

tD

tX)

I 3 13

£3

M. I 15

16,38:»

2,110

15,980

7,939

25,212

21,137

15,220

8SS G!5

5,102 ...

DS ...

2 OS

1

o 10

" H

17

•f s> s 13

3 a 14

19

34,513 11,440

15,200

29,440

1,139

i,5c:

19,000,

4.G.9

3,150| 31,249

1,507 45,093

402 23,735

1,804!

* 5S0

394

8,2S0

11,5601

15,83l| 7,901

18,173

20 21

53,701

22

•10,080 067

10,65S 12,511

1,730, 10,009

1,523 1,00c'

921 130

300

15

10-1,373 / C.103 G15,' 299| 85,7771 140,3139 56,CS2! 7.904 G3»0l5 3,155 3 i s | 154 44,306 | 72,505 29,273 I 4,0S3

109.585

23

2,534

0,09i; ... I o

30.513, 315 2,558

50,004.15,761 162 1,321

0 n ° }>l<jha equals about 2.0U0 square yard?, or 1 acrc=r93 bljha.

156

Rewali State.

£ 3

S5

Nam© of TttllBll.

II uzur Tahsi

Tconthar ..,

Raghuraj-nagar ..,

Mauganj ..,

Bardi

EamDagar...

Sohfigpur ,.,

« 1

24

228,377

89,9oo

128,387

51,102

90,310

52,990

37,750

APPENDIX TO

A R E A I N B I G H A S U N D E R P R I N C I P A L

442,138

174,152

248,558

98,933

174,841

102,588

73,095

. TOTAL mBighas...| 678,877 1314,305

Total in Acres . . . 678,877

R A B I

26

127,181

29,685

59,897

30,481

58,478

32,G7G

23,300*

27

11,692

490

361,704

186,830

12,187

6,295

o 28

86,116

65,632

44,456

19,636

30,856

25,390]

27,378

305,464

157,782

29

37,181

13,961

31,049

6,531

2,501

1,111

3,171

95,568

49363

a 30

54,904

12,207

23,428

10,127

2,255

0,120

7,792

31

74,512

22,338

37,152

20,301

13,479

5,334

5,568

117,133 178,687

00,503 92,297

157

TABLE X—{Concluded).

CRors FOR A NORMAL YEAR;

Rcicali State.

C R O P S .

32

W

39

80

92

41

33

277

10

575,

2,783

o

34

167

ir -4-> o ca ^ • ^

a ..-j

G-

35

316

a •*-> 00 O

CW

36

246

37)

37

110

10i

49

179

340

38

17

150

8

39

55

ua

40

1,558,

3

252

105

Go

122

14

C5

41

GO,175

17,924

52,099

11,155

00,959

30,770

2,702

42

480,771

224,323

261,932

163,791

312,794

234,790

175,312

252 3,680

130 i ,90l

167

86

347

179

289

149 355

175

91

61

32

27,119

1,095

235,784

121,789 1853713

158

Eewali State. TABLE X I .

STATISTICS OF FACTORY INDUSTRIES.

GINNING FACTORIES.

NUMBER OF

PRESSES.

NUMELI: OF

(

] 0

lo 9

TABLE XII. R, ivah State

QUANTITY OF MINERALS PRODUCED IN

YEAR.

1891

* 1901-02

1902-03

1903-01

1901-05

1905-0G

190G-07

1907-08

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

19U-12

1912-13 1913-14

1914-15

1915-15

191G-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-2)

Coa

l.

Tons.

09,711

164,302

171,538

193,277

...

157,701

Co

run

du

m.

Aldb.

...

3,496

602

1G8

...

1,128

1

o c © J)

.E

Cub. ft.

...

G1G.228

1,418,374

046,228

...

1,701,500

i

! ! i

I i

1

i

i

i

1 . j i

l

i

I 1

1

i ! i

i

i i

i

160

Reicah State. TABLE XIII.

PRICES OF STAPLE FOOD GRAINS,

YEAR.

1881-90

1891-00

1901-02

1902-03

1903-04

1904-05

1905-OG

1906-07

1907-OS

TABLE XIV—{Continued).

WAGES.

Jicica/i State.

YEAR.

1

1880 ...

1890 ...

1900 ...

1901 ...

1902 ... 1903 ...

1901 ...

1905 ...

1903 ...

1907 ...

1908 ...

1909 ...

1910 ...

1911 ...

1912 ... 1913 ... 1914 ...

1915 ...

1916 ...

1917 ...

1918 ...

1919 ...

1920 ...

o? o

Pi

2

A H .

3- 5

4- 8

4- 8

4- 8

13-10

G-10 C-10 G-10

6-10

03

L.

P a o © a o

3

As. 3- 5

G- 8

G-10

G-10

8-12 8-12

8-12

8-12

8-12

DAILY WAGES FOR

SKILLED LA DOUR.

Car

pent

ers.

4

' As. 3-5

4-8

4-8

4-3

4.-8 4-S 4-8

4-8

4-8

i .s o

»-3 5

As 3-5

4-8

4-8

4 8

4-8

4-8

4 8

4-S

4-8

1

to

53 o a

PI

G

v\s. 3-5

4-8

4-8

03

a 05

3

7

As. 4-5

4-6

4 8

4-S 4-S

4-8

4-8

4-8

4-S

4-8

6-8

Pain

ters

.

8 —

As. 4-4 4-0

4-8

— TO

.~ o > c

o «

£-1

9

A. R.

12

12-1

4-8 12-1

4-8 J 12-1 C-8 1 4-S | 12-1 G-8

C-8

G-S

1

4-8 12-1

4-8

4-8

12-1

12-1

!

J

CO

V

c< o

S5

10

As. 4.

4-5

4-5

4-G

4-6 4-G

4-6

4-G

4-G

O

O

O

l_l

l_i

L_J

I—

I I—

i »—

' *—

l (

—•

it

-«

l—

ll-

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OO

CD

OO

OC

OO

OO

O

t^

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—

—

*-

>•

—.

—

> ^

O

O

O

l-J

O

O

O

M

<U">

O

Ol

O

O

O

CD

C

O

CO

CO

tO

.—

O

O

O

Ki

to

to

to »

o

CO

CO

CO

uS

CO

co

CO

W1

' C

ham

ars.

CO

CO

CJ

CO

CO

CO

CO

to

B

elda

rs.

^ ji

|£k

(i

{i

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Hi.

rfi.

w

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C-

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t

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to

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to

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and

chi

l-0

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Bel

dars

.

to to to to to to to to t^.

to to tb to t'o

I'O 'V ur ,c" OT

K^.

tc-

ICT

* ic

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i-

CO

C

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ar.

Kum

bars

.

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^

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lock

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Ikka

s.

a1 IC

Po

ny c

arri

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> j

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n

by

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o

d>

i—i r- •<i 3 > Q W

CO

*n

o

P3

t>

Cfi

'

ft

ft

&3 > M

i—i

< o

L

O

1G3

TABLE XV.

R O A D S .

"IteicaJi Staic.

MILEAGE.

YEAR.

1902-03 1441

P

2SS 43S

METALLED ROADS CONSTUCJCTED AND MAINTAINED BV

O

State.

R E M A R K S

164

Iieicah State.,

YEAK.

I 1

1

1881-90 ...

1891-00 ...

1901-02 ...

1902-03 ...

1903-04 ...

1904-05 ...

1905-0G ...

1906-07 ...

1907-08 ...

1908-09 ...

1909-10 ...

3910-11 ,.

1911-12 ...

1912-13 ...

1913-U ...

1914-15 ...

1915-16 ...

1916-17 ...

1917-18 ...

1918-19 ...

1919-20

.

SUBORDINATE COURTS.

Su

its

for

mo

ney

an

d in

o v

a b

l e

pro

po

ity

.

2

2,036

2,121

1,903

2,033

1,902

2,070

2,232

^

r 1 o c .

3

...

...

...

•

Ren

t su

its.

4

624

989

515

571

457

...

...

jr

1-2

b

5

3,610

3,110

2,448

2,604

2,359

2,070

2,232

i .

TABLE

LEGISLATION AND

Civil Justice—Courts

SMALL CAUSE COURTS.

J S

uit

s fo

r m

on

ey

^ an

d m

ov

ab

le

1 p

rop

erty

.

Tit

le

and

oth

er

suit

s.

7

CO

s

8

TO

TA

L.

9

DlSTKIC'I

Su

its

for

mo

ney

an

d m

ov

ab

le

pro

per

ty.

10

27

13

17

37 7

18

5

•

Tit

le

and

oth

er

suit

".

11

...

...

... ... ... ... ...

'

1G5

XVI .

JUSTICE.

and Suits instituted.

COURTS.

Reivali State.

12 ] 3

HIGH COORT.

C _2 R E M A R K S ,

14 15

a

1(3 J7 28

20

22

40

43

27 33 39 63 60 18

5

1GG

lleicali Stale. TABLE

LEGISLATION

Criminal Justice—

YEAR.

MAGISTRATE'S COURT.

IS UMBER OF PCKSuNJ Till ED FOR

1881-90 1891-00 1901-02 190-2-03 1903-04 1904-05 1905-00

190G-07

1907-08

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-M

1914-15

1015-1G

191G-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

2 ,459 3 ,224 3.0S7 2 ,802 2 ,464

SESSIONS COURT.

NUMBER OF PERSONS TKIED FOR

61 4 7 19 31 12 £ 8 2 6

57 37 JO 31 11 23 23

V. _ _ <L —,

o

ci — O PP.

5£ « O

H I G H COURT.

N'UMBER OF PERSONS'

TIMED FOR

10

c p

11

'X. •—

^ e

= J 33 ^E

o 12

13

167

XVTI.

AND J U S T I C E .

Court and Work done.

Reioali State,

DISPOSAL OF WORK IN

MAGISTRATE'S COURT.

11

1,337 1,7 H3 2,176 1,932 1,774 1,<J02 1,873

T 3 <D

O

> a o o to

a o GO

S d

15

1,122 1,432

it 11 870 GOO

1,079 1,073

S4-5

o T3 o CO

o a, 03

<r5 09

a m c3

o IG

1,4 27

1,715 1,704 1.51G 1,339

... 1,793

SESSIONS COURT.

r3 o iJ

s cr O C5

to a

C

17-

32

22 4

' " 5

11

T3 O

o F» a o o CO

a o CD t »

o CU

18

29

25 15

' " 2 3

12

o

19

H I G H COURT.

20

33 2l> 13

18

R E M A R K S ,

o

23

168

Rewali State. TABLE

F I N A N C E —

YEAR. < H O H R A •<

<A O

1901-Oi

1902-03

1903-01

1901-05

1905-OG

190G-0

1907-08

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13J

1913-M

1911-15

1913-10

191G-17|

1917-1&

1918-19

1919-20

>M

•g«J

CUSTOMS.

48,41,267

53,52,708

56,14,348

53,25,283

53,83,09?

23,97,067

29 ,08 ,508

31,70,148

28 ,81 ,083

29 ,38 ,897

11,1-1.513 2,64,978

13,56,993 2,G9,2G7

13,11,572

12,04,008

10,10,292

2,77,961

3,20,557

2,90,125

19,793

21,201

21,831

22,9

22,252

2,15,185

2,48,0G(

2,50,127

2,97,5,90

2,07,873

EXCISE.

>4 H O H

8

44,039

56,560

'16,014

70,793

63,259

i £ & t>>

a a s o

O

9

31,570

47,850

37,827

59,959

51,050

10

9,4Go

8,701

8,187

10,831

9,209

169

XVIII.

RECEIPTS.

STAMPS.

11 12 13

23,712

10,072

20,023

S0,SG5

-13,230

13,051

11,323

10,501

13,051

1-1,705

1-1

10,058

8,310

9,S22

13,211

23,171

13

4,275

0,722

G,19S

10,012

7,517

16 17

fa

IS

1,80,GS7

4,11,266

7,05,075

3,01,305

G,l 6,287

20

llewah State.

21

1,51,431

1,09,9821

1,21,024

1,25,805

1,55,745

a

22

0 13,132

6,78,010

7,21,031

7,00,32s;...

7.10,433

24

2444,200

2444.200

2444,200

2444,200

2444,200

170

Bewah State. TABLE

FINANCE—•

YEAR.

1901-02

1002-03

1903-01

1901-05

1905-06

1906-07

1907-08

190S-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1013-14

1914-15

1915-16

1910-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

CHARGES IN REsPECT of

COLLECTIONS. SALARIES AKD EXPENSES.

o

19,40,522

20,83,485

20,93.921

22,43,381

23,23,986

1,35,070

1,38,430

1,33,558

1,35,115

1,43,849

54,201

1,03,110

1,03,071

74,646'

76,725

3,52,326

3,74,338

3,81,545

3,84,847

4,49,724

19,772

31,412

22,089

49,834

25,053

9

42,005

43,363

35,150

35,925

35.1481

10

27,398

2,G95

27,592

27,184

25,313

11

31,510

48.921

33,022

43,338

3G.090

171

XIX.

EXPENDITURE.

TlUBCTE TAID TO

13

73,220

76,819

7G,928|

72,992

72,001

4,10,418

4,33,231

4,30,GC1

5,G6,2G3

5,21,183!

18

Eeicali State*

2,47,339

3,21,029

3,36,423

3,17,391!

4,65,216.

3 20

51,098

59,«06|

54,793

56,320:

85,379

4,18,014

3,73,

4,04,471

4,08,69

3,22,365'

172

Reivali State. TABLE

REVENUE DEMAND AT SUCCESSIVE SETTLEMENTS AND

a Name of Tahsil.

YEARS OF SETTLEMENT AND DEMAND.

1881-9-1

2

1 Iluzur Tahs-Il ...

2 Tcontliar

3 Raglmrajnagar

4 Mtuiganj

5 Bardi

6 RaniDagar

7 Sohagpur

2,-J8,037

2,Qi>,2W

1,7-2,41(1

1,-12,-tOO

l,Gl,Gi2

1,01,827

10 11

TOTAL 11,25,668

XX. Rcicah State.

PRESENT DEMAND FOR REVENUE AND CESSES.

PRESENT REVENUE DEMAND AND 0'KS.SES.

W

12

1,88,011

2,G0,Go7

1,44,12G

91,043

1,42,061

G7,901

13

G0,015

3S.G28

28,319

48,357

19,580

33,926

25,250

8,96,839 2,28,825

M

2,18,056

2,99,295

1,72,445

1,42,400

1,G1,G41

1,01,827

25,250

11,50,914

INCIDENCE I-ER ACRE.

o

15

0 8 9

1 7 8

0 10 G

0 13 10

0 8 3

0 G 11

0 2 3

0 10 3

Tot

al a

rea.

10

R E M A R K S .

17

0 5 1

0 9 2

0 4 4

0 4 G

0 1 4

0 0 11

0 0 2

0 2 2

17-1

Rexcali State. TABLE

E X -

Y E A R

1881-90

1891-00

1900-01

1901-02

1102-03

1903-01

1904-05

1905-06

190G-07

1907-03

1908-09

1909-10

1910-11

1911-12

1912-13

1913-14

1911-15

1915-16

1916-17

1917-18

1918-19

1919-20

«

COUNTKY SPIRITS.

Receipts

Rs. 29,019

40,772

32,085

32,085

30,500

30,500

45,000

45,000

o

G5,O00

G0.000

58,000

53,000

57,000

GO.000

58,000

50,000

DRUGS.

CONSUMPTION IN MAUNDS OF

« fcH

RH. 308

O

aids,

40

3G

35

36

35

36

35

36

M

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

o

aids. 7

7

6

G

7

G

7

7

175

XXL

CISE.

Reicth State.

OPIUM.

H

10

Rs 12,45S

21.702

23.900

16,330

13,457

18,571

20,257

23,790

o 11

Total receipts.

Aids. Srp.

20 0

25 0

28 6

30 37

32 34

33 21

35 35

34 30

Total charges.

i:

INCIDENCE OF RECEIPTS FEU 10,000 OF POPULA­

TION FIlOM

Liquor I,. . including!0 Drug*. jOpun.

" t . u i .

lis. 42 ,415

6 2 , 5 3 0

55.9S5

4 8 , 4 1 5

4 3 0 5 7

49,074

65.257

6 8 796

13 14

]{s Rd. A. r

4 , 9 9 3 (223 0 0

7 ) 9 8 4 305 0 0

7 ,500 241 12 0

14,771

21 ,289

16,450

15,743

16,204

•241 0 0

•229 12 0

J229 12 0

339 0 0

339 0 0

15 | 1G

Rs. A. P. 95 7 0

114 3 0

lfiO 1 0

123 0 0

101 6 0

133 15 0

152 10 0

179 4 0

NUMBEU OF SHOPS.

REMARKS,

17G

Rewah State. TABLE XXIT.

MUNICIPALITY.

YEAR

1881-90 ...

1891-00 ...

1901-02 ...

1902-03 ...

1903-04:''...

1901-05 ...

1905-06 ...

190G-07 ...

1907-08 ...

1908-09 ...

1909-10 ...

1910-11 ...

1911-12 ...

1912-13 ...

1913-14 ...

1914-15 ...

1915-16 ...

1916-17 ...

1917-18 ...

1918-19 ...

1919-20 ...

177

TABLE XXIII. Reicah State.

EDUCATION.

Y E An.

*

1

1881 188G J 801 180G 1001 1902 1903 1904 1905

1006

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1911

1915

1910

1917

1918

1910

19-20

HIGH SCLIOOLS.

c

° a •_ o C j . - •

~k ^ 'SU

2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

O C3

*- o o j= g 5o P

3

271 298 278 329 346 469 402 453 479

MIDDLE SCHOOLS.

•s.

V 33

t . C C •_£

"s -si

4

...

'*3 4 4 1 4

"9

1 ^ - . J= i s " P

5

...

... 179 233 225 •208 236

U P Pin:

PimiARY.

en

e—1 C x 1- O c> -^3

"= ^ X".

6

5 18 18 10 15 14 13

"0

CO

CJ-i

0 7J

-2 •-- ~

p^

7

...

3J4,

715 1,06'J

839 777 75»5 G56

.

LOWER

PniMAKY.

12 10

i) 9

10 JO

OTHER SPECIAL SCHOOLS.

260 375 361 310 3J6 3(10 3G7

o 5

10 11

105 112

75 C3 Gft 61 CG

GIRLS ' SCHOOLS.

lie wait Slate,

178

TABLE XXIV.

POLICE (1905-OG).

*2 £ is o CO

1

1 2 :i 4 6 0 7 8 y r-<

11 12 13 H 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

isaine ot TLana.

2

Superintendenoy Kotwiili Rewah Th. iua Gird Kotwali Govindgarh Thi

)?

„ • i

,, )•

., i )

., ,, „ !! )' !> I t

,,

ma Mangawan Chorhat Gurh Aruarpatan Ramnagai-

Manpur Sohagpur Sol.agi Sittaha l lauganj BardT Seedhi Singraoli Umaria " Jaitapri ' Ram pur Raghurajnagar " Naiaparhl Beohari

TOTAL

W

MOUNT­ED

1'OLICE.

R U H A L POLICE.

10 11 12 13

Rs.

1.71G 20,98(5

2,*715 1,305

720 1,(559 2.934 1,512 1,014 1,719 2,091 1,251

831 2,832 1,947 2,010 3,123

111 1.8C0

53,029

179

TABLE XXV.

ARMY.

Rewah Stati

AUMV.

l

STATE—

Artillery

N Cavalry

Infantry

S o

NUMBER OF

o ~

?5'S

to

6

23

32

13

33

7o

518

68 1,010

40

16

50

13

R E M A R K S

TOTAL , . , 61 114 J,C33 112 13

Hewah Slate.

180

TABLE

NCJMBEP. CF AVKRAGU

DAILY JAIL PO­

PULATION,

YEAR.

1881-90 1891-00 1901-02 1U02-03 1903-04 1904-05 1005-OG

1906-07

1907-08

1908-09

1909-10

1910-H

1911-12

1913-u

1914-15

1915-16

1916 17

1 9 1 7 - I 8

1918-lg

1919-20

fc< o O PU

80 86 82 C7 25 49

Us.

12.000 13,120 10,183 9,803

12,002 13.G4G

A. i'. l?ss. A. P.

10

BS.A.P-

14 8

13 4 1 G

45 51 43 46 32 48

10 13 13

1 13 14

<) 5 8 0\ 8 0

10 6 0 «

0 a

11

|Rs.A.r-|

o'o o o o o , , °°n\ 0° A

181

XXVI.

ILS.

He wah State,

ADMISSIONS (Rigorous Iiiiprisoniuent for)

Two years and under 2 years.

Transpor tot ion

foraterm.

Transpor tution

for life.

Sen ence of death.

. o

V

"a = G3 j Gj

s 1=4

REMARKS.

182

Re wait State. TABLE

MEDI-

YEAR.

NUMBER OF

— Q

o

1901-02 ...

1902-03 ...

1903-04 ...

1C04-05 ...

1905-06 ...

1906-07 ...

1907-08 ...

1908-09 ...

1909-10 ...

1G

17

17

17

17

cq

AVERAGE DAILY NUMBER OF

110-53

122-40

137-77

121-82

118-96

1.000-15

967-93

914-18

990-50

1,019-19

EXPENSES MET FROM

6

Rs. 33,802

33,7G4

31.6G3

31,003

3i,409

£ c

Ks. 33,802

33,761

31,603

31,003

3-1,-iO9

XXVII.

183

]]ewah State.

CAL.

EXPENDITURE ON

11 12

Us 3,273

Bui

ldk

13

Us. J > 7 5,939

2,331

3,156

4,769

"3 o

14

RH. 1.552

1,5'2(i

2,099

1,613

1,011

VACCINATION.

£ C

15

RH.

33,80

33,774

31.663

31,074

34,159

16

37,932

37,967

37,731

17

30,932

32,223

33,580

44,7941 41,698

48,022

18

23-38

24-36

25-39

30-7

33-601

19 20

UsA.r 7,096 0 2 11

6,218.0 3 1

4,93i»|0 2 4

6,3-42 0 2 4

6,241 0 2 3

184

Rewali State, TABLE XXVIII.

F A I R S .

Name of Fair.

10 11

12 ! 13 i

14 ! 15 J 1(5 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 2G 27 28

29

30 31 32 33

Place where held.

3

Time when held.

Bnrdi Ghoghra Lanwa Khad-Bnila ..." Gau-Ghfit ... Govindgarh Bhamarsen Shikarganj Dliareslnvar Ma-liadeo Kliajulm,

Gurh .,.' Dantaliib, Shiva-pura Hata

Baraon Mujhokhar near

Kampura Nanda Baba Hardua j " Usarha Hhisharnpur " [ Harwar Maikandev ..] Gidhaila pahar..'. Ainarpura Beohuri Birbinglipur ...

Ainarkantak Jatri '" Birpur [" T a g h a

Belua | "

Cliandi

Kevati Sohagi T.-rli Chak

N'avnrat^i (Kim war) Navaratri (Chaitra)

Do. Maknr Sankrant

Do. Do. Do. Do.

Do. Do.

Sliivaratrl Kartik

Makar Sankrant Kartik

Every Tuesday Do. J

. Shivaratrl Do.

Makar Sankrant Basant Panchami Makar Sankrant

Do. Naumio f K.mwar

and Clmitra. Magh Aniavas

Chai t ra Do.

1 3 t h o f e v e r y m 0 n t l l

l o t h and 30th of every month

13th of every month

Makar Sankrant W o f PanBi,

Do. Every Tuesday

Average number a t tend­

ing.

Heli gious

#

2,000 4,000 2,000

3,000

4,000

3,000

4,000 2,100 1,500 207

300

150 2 200 1,900

500 900

135

TABLE XXIX— (Continued).

POST AXD TELEGRAPH.

Reicah State.

TLACE.

Re wall

Raipur Mangawan Govindgarb Dabbaura Sitlaha Teontbar Mauganj Sibawal Ram n agar Satua

Madbogarb Rampur Amarpatan Tala Manpur Cbandia Umaria

Birsingbpur Sabdol Sobagpur Burbar Anuppur ••• Jaitabri Kbairi

Raipur Baikuntbpur •••

Tabsll.

r

Iluzur Tabsll

Do. Do. Do.

Teontbar Do. Do.

Mauganj Bardi

Beobari Ragburajnagar

Do. Do. Do.

Baudbogarb Do. Do. Do.

Do. Sobagpur

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

State Po Huzur Tabsll

Do.

CLASS.

§'&.'•§ +=> r o g to o

Combined Sub-office

• •

••

•• •• • • **

Combined Head office

...

• •• ... . . . ...

Combined Sub-office

Combined

...

. • •

POST ONLY.

Imperial.

Imperial.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

Imperial. Do. Do. Do. Do". Do. ...

Imperial.

Imperial. Do. Do. Do. Do.

st Offices.

... •••

State.

State. Do. • • •

...

.. •

. i .

...

...

•..

...

...

...

...

...

...

".'..' ... ...

State. Do.

Telegrapb separate.

t i <

. . .

as

< 2

18G

Reicali State. TABLE XXIX—(Concluded).

P O S T A N D T E L E G R A P H .

PLACE,

ur

Gurh Chorhafc Pampur Khadcli Burwa Majhauli Pathranra Booliari Garhi Soharw Ja ipur Soao Garh Naigavhl Hanumana Wairhan Pamgarh Garhwa Sidhi Jiawan Sarai Seniaria Khonnoudhi Girari ^.markantak •^gwani ^anchanpur Jaitpur

C L A S S .

Tabsll. H 3= ^ o <y

^ - .2 E ~ '-3

o

P O S T ONLY

Imperial.

Huzur Talusll Do. Do. Do.

BeoLari Do. Do. Do.

Teonihar Do. Do.

Mauganj Do.

Bardi Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

P aglm raj n agar Bandhogarh

Solmgpur Do. Do. Do. Do.

Stale.

State. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do . Do. Do.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.

ITclegrnpli separate.

187

TABLE XXX. Rewali Statt

ACTUAL COST OF FAMINES DURING 189G-97 AND 1899-1900.

Heads of Expenditure.

Relief works

Poor-house and other gra tuitous relief

Supervision

Purchase of tools

Suspension of laud revenue

Remission of import duties,

Remission of miscellaneou items of revenue in Forest tracts

Takkavi

Loans

TOTAL

Recoverable

1896-97

7,30,980 8 0

55,849 0 5

80,165 4 4

15,7-11 1 11

7,41,369 4- 10

16,521 5 0

3,963 5 3

1,91,228 0 0

31,200 0 0

18,20,026 13 9

2,25,428 0 0

1899-1900

N O T E . _ 0 £ the Land Revenue suspended dar. remitted later.

og famines, Rfl. 3,50,000 were

ts&

"71 %**

TABLE X X X I . ficimli State.

LIST OF PERSONS EXJOYIXG GKAXTS OF LAXPS.

Name.

?ami!y or

cian. Title.

U

Maliiirao Raja Bauspati SiugU.

Baghel

•3) Q

< II

Maharao of Knsnofa

and Rajfiof Bfiru,

K

7

lis. About

i lakhs (the estate part­ly lies in

the _Rewab State and

paitly icthe Allahabad District).

Brief history of the family.

This family repre­sents the first off­shoot of the ruling family of Rewah.

The founder of this family was Kandhai Dev, iheyouugestson of Yyaghra Dev, the first Baghel.filing of. Rewah* Iu Bijri era 1185

the Emperor of Delhi conferred on Vikra-inajrt Singh, 2Gth in descent from Kan-dhar Dor, the title of Raja Bahadur and a Command of 2,000 Cavalry and 2,000 Infantry.

In the time of Rao Raja V i k r a m a j i t Singh's g r a n d s o n ,

~Rao Raja Jag at Raj Singh, the Biitish power was establish­ed in the country.

JMaharao Raja Bans-pati Singh did good loyal service to the Government dining t h e M i l l i n y , i t, recognition of which the Government of India was pleased to continue to him the title and khihit i f Raja Bahadur grant­ed by the Mughal Emperor. The Ma-harao Raja is entitled to a full UUtiu.

ISO

liewali Stale. TABLE XXXI—{continued).

£ 3

55 Name. Family

or clan.

Kunwar Lai Vish-weshwar Singh.

3 Kunwar Yftshvant ! Singh.

Title.

Baehel.

Do.

Thaknrof Mahidal.

3 — 23

Th&kur of T5la.

Brief history of the family.

RB. 9,750

13 Rs. 25,000 or ,

Rs. 60,000 (including the reve­

nues of his subordinate zaminddrs).

II is forefathers belong to a very old family of Pulli-rahat, founded by I n d r a S i n g h , younger brother or M a h a r a j a A m a r Singh. Kunwar. L>u Vishweshwar Singn has risen to euch a great distinction. » J received the grant oi the ilaka of Mahidal in 1901.

Son of the late Rao

Bahadur L ^ ' h e l d dan Singh w b o h j j the responsible poa" of the Secretary to

His H i g b 7 8C o n , -

Mnhriraia ana _^u « Maharaja and J Q£ inander-w-Cmet the Rewah tor and who was chief adviser or

H . » , ^ t h t e n e g ^ n -ra]a in tup b t e . ment of f ^ f d Rao Bahadn» g b Janardan highest rose to the l u | t a t e position in the o n . and enjoyed i " j , v fidence of the M^ raja.

100 -

TABLE XXXI—(continued). Ixeicah State

s is Name,

KunwarLal Rang-inandar Singh.

Family or

clan. Title.

Baghel.

o *» \°

4- C = "

<£ 25

Thakur of Cbamu.

a o

55

Rs. 20,000

Brief history of the-family.

Hia ancestors were an offshoot of the (Jhorhat branch of the Bafihela, having been descended from the eecond son of Medni Siugh, Rao of Chorhat.

Owing to some ill-feeling with the Rao they left Chorhat, and entered into the semce of the Maha­raja who, in recogni­tion of their good services in the field and in the State, gave them landed property s o m e generations ago. Bnchhraj Singh, one of his ancestors, gained-great name in lighting many battles in Baghclkhand and Btindelkhand. H e obtained landed pro­perty worth about a lakh from Chhatarsal, the famous BundelS Hajfi of Panna. Kun-war Lai Hangman-dar Singh's father, the late Rao Bahadur Lai Pratap S i n g h , was one of the ablest sanldrsoi the Re wall State. He rose to tho highest p o s t o f Dhvan. Kunwar LAL

m ill

Ren'ah Sluti TABLE XXXI—(continued).

Nairn Family

or clan.

Title.

Lai P.amanuj P n w i ' l iMtigli Uev,C. I. E.

Baghel. j Thflkur of ' Oovrftj-

nagar.

0-5,-2 I

118

o '/5

its.

25,000

Kunwnr Lul Fa-teh Bahadur

Si 11 all.

1)0' IJao Sahib of Uhorlnit

85

Brief history oC tbo family.

35,0001

a Major inU'e xv

Artillery-

r Lai Bfl0" Son ol . „ ! , , ti

d a m a n S » n » ^5,1

iu tbetnoeot t ol.rij

was at)1 Ti,i8 V

nl.riasat. * £ the

younger bi«J£ ^ a -• he Ka» lDa? l,V Ba-

younge b r s i ngb.

Lal R 5 ! u Cld t l10

P ° ^ ° f ,Dc l tb« e i

in-Chief a u

wan. ; t

Secon-1 son

T b e C l . o ^ o f t b . i s a n o f t ^ > .?J

,1,0 i 3 » g j i n ^ l ;

i o V i l u , u . J1 f jtua

Ka[fll\vl o° o-^!a

'nine * < ?

1cffc

1 02

TABLE XXXI—(continual). Iiewali Scale

Brief history of tho family.

and camo to Rewah where a fresh graDt oftheestate of (Jhor-hat with (he title of Rao was made to lini by the then

Maharaja of Rewali. The present Rao

Sahib was a member of the State Council during the minority of the present Ma-ifiraja. Belongs tothe Ram-

nagar T h a k u r a t fonnded'by Babn Ju-jliar Singh, younger brother of Maharaja Bhao Singh. JBabu Jujhar Singh got the pargana of Ramna-gar for his mainten­ance. The pargana was confiscated by

'i Maharaja Visvaniith Singh, in the time of Lai Dalganjan Singh, an ancestor of the present Thakur. The Thakur received a grant of 40 villages in return.

The Thakur of It-wan is a (tizTinl sar-ddr, and enjoys the privilege of using the chhari, langar and chamar.

The Thakur Balciud Rajput

is a : tho

193

Rewali State. TABLE XXXI—(continueJ).

' c Name.

Family or

clan. Titk ^ u

c rt '-~: <o%

t

5

o ; i~ 0> u.

-o <y - S>J — c3

<C

6

Rs.

Pande Uameswur Prasad.

Sary-upfiri j Brahmau

10,000

Brief history of 0'» family-

family w» v e r>; °,h' o n o . When nod >•> whom it w,.H fonnrt ed is not known fro" the records ot " family. I 'erhansb* ancestor* ca.no j T o o k a n d e e u . l c here, long before t* « BapheU cainofron Gniarat. . rt,

Tho Thakur is tiizlnu sardtir.

This fatnil> bo to the very " u

0£ tial c o m « » ; ' ^ M \

«-*r us -constituted p e W H h

State. T ' i e s eb v >v«y

*** P!,D d^istinctio"

Maharaja '^ndo nath Sing"' tn<>

. p a n d e B a n s . ^ L p d e grnnd-fa» i e r j,raB»il, BSmeswar nlftcle his Diwa«» a " f 4 v ll-him a g™n t o t

lages.

194

TABLE XXXI—(continued). Reicah Stat?.

10

11

Name. Family

or clan.

Title.

Lai Sanftt Kumar) Baghel. Singh.

Sardar Upendra Hainan SiDgh.

Do.

12 BanBdliari Singh. Bagbel.

13

<• — .

Sardar Lai Arjiin S ingh .

Baghel.

rbakur of Kothi Nig

wani.

Phiikur of Chandia.

Thakur of Ghuman

Thakur of Bhikham-

pur.

124

250

34

Rs. 30,000

18,81

5,000

10,000

Drief Iifstnry of (ljo family.

A representative of the collateral branch of the Thakur of So-liagpur,

Tho Tliakurs of Chandia are the des­cendants of Mangnd Rao who was tho fourth, son of Mahii-raja Vikramajit Singb, thefounderof Hewah. I h e founder of the family used to live at Delhi in the Dar-bar of the Mughal Emperor as represent, ative of the Maha­raja of Rewah.

A Baghel sardar separated from tho ruling stock ^ g e n e r ­ations ago. Original­ly the family enjoy, ed a grant of 360 vil­lages in the Jirounhan parganc, In Maha-raja V i s v a n a t h Singh's time t h o minister Bhondn Lai attached Jirounhan to the State and in lien of it gave 6 villages worth of Rs. 3,C0O.

A descendant of the Kripalpur f a m i 1 y which sprang from the brother of idaha-raj£ Atnar Singh of

1&5

Rtualt State. TABLE XXXI~[<ontimn>J).

o , a s __ c3 •C c£

1

14

15

IG

Name.

2

SarcUi Bbagw.it Singh.

Lai rradyumna Singh,

Bajl Ilolkar foingh.

Family or

clan.

3

Do.

Do.

Gond.

Title.

4

Il iakur of Baikunth-

pur,

Thakur of Knpalpui

Thskurot

Singh w aia.

•M .

"i re O c

<C

5

...

...

-M O

3> -0 ^ C

- tc ~ _4 4

6

13

173

" i

c S

_ ^ c

7

Bs.

25,000

7,300

17,000

•

Bik J' hMoiy ol the J a i i i l K ,

•*

8

C e \v a h . W a s a meinbei of the State Council dui iug 1 li o imnoiily of 11 i s Highncdb the present AltihaKija.

This fimily traces itsdehccnt fioii) Haul Uev, youDger ton of Mahfuuja Noihar Dev of Bandhogaih, from M hom lie ob­tained the estate of Bida in share. Sfl?--dur Bhagwat Singh was the member of tho State Council duiing the minority of tho present Maha­raja,

The estate is a pai t of the old Pathrahat (Madhogarh) which was gi anted in ehaies to India S i n g h , joungei biother to the Maluiaja Amai Singh.

He belongs to the Gond tiibe. M ° i e

than two centuries ago when the par-qana of Sohfigpur \\ as hist in the possession of Nizam Shah of Mandla uhose SODS, tho anceBtois of the Smgliwraa c h i e f

196

TABLE XXXl-{eonthuieJ). Iicicah Slalt

Name. Family

or. clan.

17

IS

Raja Rfjjendra Bahadur Singh.

Lai Sahib Rajendrii Bahadur

.Singh.

Senear.

Baglicl.

19 Raja Vishwcdhwnr Singh.

Dik.-hit Bajput.

Title. «4J O bS.

53

Rs.

Raja of Bichhrahta

Thakur of Ram pur.

Raja of Goraiya.

15

Brief history of the family.

7,000

30,000

6,000

received the estate of Singhwara and K )> a n n a n d h i as shares from (lie an­cestral property, l a 1853, when it was made over to the Mahaiaja of Rewah in r e c o g n i t i o n of his good services during the Mutiny, the Singhwara d u c t c.uiie under the suzer­ainty of the Rewah Darhfir. He is en­titled to a tazlm and enjoys the title of Raja.

Belongs to the an­cient family of Sen­iors, the former rul; era of the iMaugan] pargana.

A descendant of Rao Medni Singh of Chorhat. Represents

, the younger brunch j 0f (|1C Rao family Of

Chorhat.

Some generations a f f 0 , Raja Bahadur-S n i n g h , t h e a n ­cestor of the family, owned an estate of the value of about G lakhs in the * 5 n f , a

District. But being oppressed by the then

107

Reicali Stati TABLE XXXI—(continual).

Name.

20 Swaml Jan.tr- nAniiinnj dan Das. Sampradfiya

, Acharva.

Brief history of ihc fami ly .

SwaniT of | ,., Lalcs-liiiian !

13ii»h. j

21 Lai Janaidan Singh.

Bachel. Tliakur of Ghoghar,

governor of Ihc plnro caine in Mahaiaja Yiinamadilya Sin^h'rf rc-ign 1o i i e w a l", where lie had heen connecled will) mat­rimonial relations. The Maliaiaja of Ha­waii granted him : | landed propeily »I1(' made him the Hfija of Goraiya.

80,000 The Swam! of LnUi-Ji" man Bf.gh is i l 0

spiritual head of tlie Vaishnavitc s o c t which forms t «> ° State religion. J ^° founder of this *//<«" was Swam! RhiU"n , , a* charya, the r e ­ceptor of Hio l;1 ? Maharaja. K..fil"'";lJ Singh, who inixU ' grant 'of lands n n ; ; ' .

•y *>*** ,,.,.?r,. -ante of sovcml " , pies in and o n t o •« Mate and for d- l> to sCulhas and s ^ 1 * *

3,000 B e l o n g to H ' ef ^

thi offshoot of tn Rnohel braneli Kasanta. L,H , c . dan Singh ib t e n d e d irnm J d

man Singh « 1 , ° 1 " 1

153, TAP.LE XXXI— (i-oNihwnl). Jlim-ah Sta[,>

1

Nan

2

10. Fi i in i ly

or 1 clan.

•

3

Title.

.

4

- ~ ' & f

5 1 G

inco

me.

N

orm

a

7 •

j Brief hNtorv of tho family.

1 8

lis,

22 L a i ' Surfarshan Singh.

Baghel, Tlifiknr of Lillgaon.

30 1-2,000

received landed pro­perty in Rimdelldiand including MOIIIO 5 vil­lages iu .Ajaigarh io addition (o a number of villages which lie had already possessed. All these j ' ie lJei a revenue of about threo lakhs and a h a l f . When Baji Rao Pesh-wft's depnt}' invaded Kewab, K h u m a n S i u g li with his nephew K a m o d Singh fouglit brave­ly from ilia Uewah side. For tin's loyal service the Mahaiajii gave hi in a pat to, of zanundaii yield'

a revenue of 40,000 a year.

Jaunrdnn Singh the member of t-'tatc Council .

during tho rniinority of His Highness tho present Alaliurajii.

Belongs to tho Se-maria branch of the

• ruling Baghel fami­ly. In .Samvati]81 i ( 1754 *A. IX). tho estate, was granted iu recognition of t h e Tbakur's service'aL'ter the light with tho Biindeias in Mahara­j a A jit Singh's time.

in g lil Lai was) tho

Jlewali Stale.

199

T A B L E XXXl-^ordinucJ).

K Name, Family

or cluu.

RaJH Rudrapva. iVenuvunslii fcHcl ^mgli. Rajput.

r

Tillo.

1 V _c 1 ~ V i . I c ti

J, 7* •""

"i-l o u

"J"5 '- -=

\<

- -c — -

r^

2 C o o .s ~ O

'/,

r,,ief l.i^tory of 0-family .

Raja of ^liah|.iir

s ^ ' i« ianl i .

•221

24 ^ h 3 * a BaLWu,. L " l Sukh Uev Bagliel. TluLknr of

Suhagpu,-. ! 343

H b - I • „,.tite co'11" 00,000 Tine o ^ b .

of t h a t nor-l pribeb ot Ue,vi,l» tion only j p a r t l y ' n «»° f t l y m which lies | Stale »»'1 Arr i tor ' f i n l h e Re- the H r . j i ^ , t e

i l l C cP) ;

, a h S t a t e i ( U n i t * - c ^ | F o n . i e i l > i ' ( e WAS

Sen«rault £ § ,J»-

caste. A i> lVl ln-

I Kaja, f1 of T e ° ' K b b a t n p f ftlia''

'"-"f' J:'t "'' , < , ami C b l ,K\0u i° „ ,

Singh s l

d<?:

I acencled i e , „

1111,111 f l ' e o f s K

the e f V ^ o u f rt ' ^ the e»t- „ r -and S o b ; ^ s l l i l r e ,

of

tate ^R B„ t?,p f' juH1

- a J o P ^ KC'CO«a

( 1808 A' 1 £ ill.* the tun*' ^ ^ "

•m

TABLE XXXI—(continual).. Iitncu'Ji Stau\

sc Name. Family

or clan.

Title. ° Mo

v-£ rz tc c S "

Ra.

25 Bf lb« Akhandpra-l«p Singh.

Cliandel. Ilakadar of Bardl.

10,000

Brief history of ths family.

Bhonsla o£ Nagpur Hie estate which waa then lield by Duni-yapati Singh came under the yoke of the Maratbas, a n d when in I82G A. D. the possessions of the Bhonsla c h i e f came under the Brit­ish rule this estate was also annexed for a lime to the British territories. Jn • 1S59 A. D., however, it was given back with the pargana of Amarkan-tak'to the late Maha­raja Raghuraj Singh in recognition of the valuable service ren­dered during t h e Mutiny. JUaharaja Raghuraj Singh ack­nowledged V i j ay ,i Bahadur Singh, son of Garul Singh, one of Duniyapati Singh's sons, as Thakur of-Sohaijpur on pay­ment o f annual tribute of Es. 5,000 and conferred upon him the title of Bhai-ya Bahadur.

Belougs Cliandel Bardf.

t o t.li e rulers o i

Rajii A jit Singh, aucestor of the present

201

Il/nc.ik State TABLE XXXI—(conclude!).

_z *"' - it

c r; VZ

~ ^z. ^

5

—

o . •

5 i

~ — A

G

5 3 o '—* ,_ rt

o K

7

KB.

Biicf histoiy of the family.

81 93,000

T h a k in-. g n v o over his il'ikct of Bar-ill to the Rewah Dai J har in Sam vat IS-3 (1621 A. D.), «»li

received from t h e Durbar for hie "»<»»-tcnance 75 villages which fire still in the possession of t l 1 0

present Thfikur.

This family is a

branch of the ben-gars of Maiigun] w jo are an ollVhoot of he clan which inigraled f.om the J a l a i m ^ ' ^ Irict. For many gen­erations the Seogais and the Ba Sl\0^. were rivals foi' -promacy. The Senga'S conquered and ht « t h e north-eastern po.tion of the coun­try comprising t i present pargana Mau«arij, their leatUf being styled the h^ of Mauganj.

GLOSSARY.

Abbreviations--^ Hindi; A.=Arabic ; P.=Persian ; Skt = Sanskrit.

Bhag [U.].—Division of crops between cultivator and landlord.

Blgha [ H . from Skfc. v/grah.].—A land measure very variable in Central India, on an average=£ acre (See Blochuiaim—Am-i-Akbari, II, 61, 62).

Chaukidar [ I I . from chauki, a place where four ronds mecfc.J.— A village watchman or an irregular policemati j one in charge of a chauki or outpost.

Dafadi r [II.].—The highest non-commissioned officer in the cavalry, corresponding to Havilddr in infantry.

Darbaf [ P . a dwelling.].—Used in two senses : (a) Darbar, tho administration of a Native State, (b) darbar, an assemblage, e. g., Rewah Darbar or State of Rewah, and Dasahra darbar, the yearly assemblage at the Dasahra festival : also Huzur Darbar, chief's own office, Darbar-i-dm, minister's office, open court, &c.

Dasahra [ U . from Skt. dasha, ten and liar, removing, i, c, removing the ten(sins).].—Is held on tho Ashwin Sudi 10th (September-October). I t is an important festival with Rajputs and Marathas, being especially affected by the martial classes. It commemorates the day on which Kama marched against Ravana, on the 10th day after he worshipped Durga whence the feast is called Durga-puja. On account of Rama's victory, gained after an appeal to the goddess, . the 10th day is also called the Vtjaya-dashmi, or 10th of victory. Its l-eal importance,, however, lay in the fact that it fell at the end of the rains when tho warrior class re-commenced their forays and raids.

DiWali [H« f,-oin Skt. dip, a lamp and awali, a row, a row of lamps.]. The autumn festival held on the last two days of the dark half (Badi) of Aahwin (September-October) and the new moon of Kartik (October-November). I t lasts from the 13th or Dhan-trayodushi (13th of wc.ilth) or the 14th called Nurka-chaturdashi (1-lthof Nark), as commemorating the slaying of the demon Nark by Vishnu, to the Varna-d wit it/a

ii GLOSSARY1.

the day of thp new mnnn which ig snored to Yama, tho god of the lower regions.

DiWall [ P . and A . = a register or account.].—The minister of a state.

Lufas l i [A. fasl, harvest ; fast, cutt ing.] .—L and bearing two (du) crops.

Gha t [ H . from Skt. ghathat, cut . ] .—A cutting or pass in the hills ; a landing stage on a river or tank ; a bathing place with steps.

QhT [ H . from Skt. ghrita.-].-Clarified butter, produced by boiling it. b

GrUr [ H . from Skt. raw sugar.J.—Molasses.

H a r k a r a [ P . from far, every, kar, woifc . ] . -A messenger, especial­ly dak-runner. r

Holi [Skt . IIoU'L-a.'].—The great spring festival h e l j a t t i i e

vernal equinox during the ten days preceding the full moon of PhaJgun (February-March). I t is only observed, as a rule, on the last three days.

I l a k a [ A . l i t . - re lat ion or c o n n e c t i o n . ] . - ^ district, tract or" estate. One m possession is called ilakadar.

J a g i r [ P . homjao, place, glr, to ho l , l . ] . -An assignment "of land held under various conditions, but usually requiring payment of a certain percentage of the revenues, or the_performancc of feudal service, (-tf«,-,one holding a

Jama&ar [ P . and A . from jama, an atrcroffitP "1 On„ n u o d r n g . body t f m e „ . i n S f X / t i ^ f i L £™t" ... mnk of a rtfaMJ- (captain) . i c W 1 * n „,oy «

EanungO [ P . a speaker (go) of rules (lcann).].^x revenue ofl,c,ul„l,o supervises tbo patwarU, J

KhalsX [ P . from khalifa, pure rrenninp n T i , • . t h e l W d i r i ^ etc. g n e n o n f a r m> m ;o«7*'*.

Khar i f [A. autumn.].—The autumn „„ • u , October). agricultural season (May-

K o t h l r [II.].—Unalienated villages n* ™ , . ,. 7*»*«i>a villages. ° ** ° P P ° S c d t o a h e i ^ e d . o r

M u a m h [A. from amal, action, cff,w a ™ - • n * , tenure similar to y ^ . ' d o m m , o n - ] — A f o ^ oE

Ill GLOSBAHY.

Nakshatra [Skt. ].—A n asteiism in the moon's path. All agri­cultural operations are regulated by the nakshatras, of which there are 27 iu a year (See Iudore State Gazetteer, Appendix B).

^ a t w a i l [Q. from Skt. patra-ivarin, a doer of writing.].—The village register and account-keeper, subordinate to the Jeanungo (q. v.).

Habi [A., spring.].—The spring crop season (October-March). Sardar [ P . from sar, head.].—A noble, leader, officer in the army,

person of rank. Tahsi l [A.=collection.].—The revenue units which compose a

zila or a state are called talnxls, the officer iu charge of a tahsil being tahsllddr.

Takkavi [A . from kari, strength ; re-inforcement.].—Technical term for loans made to cultivators to enable them to cultivate, etc.

Thana [ H . from Skt. sthana, a station, place of standing.].—Now applied to a police station ; or a revenue sub-division of a pavgana or tahsil. I t originally meant a body of men forming an outpost, later on it was transferred to the outpost itself and to small border forts (See Blochmanu— Ain-i-A hbari, I, 3-io n).

Thekadar [U . thelca, piece-work.].—A farmer of the revenue ; a contractor.

Samilldar [ P . zamin, laud.],-—A landholder or landlord, culti­vating himself or employing others,

I I N D E X .

Explanation :-r==rivei : t=tov;n ; tr=-tiibe; v^village.

All Ganliar (Shah AJam), 17, 98 ; attacks l\ila i ; hut flies to Makuud-pui, ib.

All Klicin, govertioi of Kalauj u, 15 Allahabad, 1 ; silbah, 8 ; pjJJai w-

sciiptions, 8, 8S Aman Da-, of Garha-Mandh, 13; 11, Attiaikaritnlc, tange, 3 ; plateau, 4.

oiiiim

A .

^ I 'o lu ion of all t iansit .lues, IS ; of fa rming of io\emies, ib

Abtil Fa / | , on Bhat-Ghoi i section, S; on A.nan Daw 13; on .MMII Tan ben, 15

'Ulci^ailuoi (Qa ihayas ) , see Bainlho-ga th .

Auhwa p) , 81 Adi (ij 7S Administ ial inn, in ea ik da js , 5 1 :

1'tesent d iy, 53. Adnnn i s t i a i n e I ' u Morn, 51 , A d m m - t t a t i v e D n IMOIIS and G.ucl-

' ee i , 72. Adii i inis t ia lh e Setlion, ,"31-71. Agency, cstablihhiiicut of B i g h t ]

k lnnd , 18 Agt i iknl j , K.ijpul (Iain, 11

o l , i b . A//o>a ccs=, 03, 01, Agon ah i / apu i , 80. Agia Daib.u, 18. Agiiculti i ie, Section, 21-31 : in eail_v

<\d) s , 2 I ' general conditions of, 25: KOIN, ib, neat-ons, iJ>, influence of A ahf.huti (ib on, ib ; practice, 28 ; implements used in, ib , ltupiove-«ue its in, 20 ; population engaged in 30.

Ap\ipal i, U AJIL .^ingli, Raj i 17 ,121 ,124 MIC-

< rssion of, 17, gi \ s a^\ linn to \ii G i u h i) (Shah Alain) / / : opposes A l i T d i a d i u and M ua tha Aimy, tb; offeib tei ins and pa j s a l akho i 111 p e s , 1 b, bo i ious money fiom '1 haktii < i Maud in. ib, Bull h ioico s-hlioned .it M ikimdpui to pitne-nt iWnalhas s t n k m g houth l u n l s , d , MJOCU u \ e i t m c s b> Untish Go\ ci ninorit lot t tc i ty , ib, Ins d-ath, ib, statistics* of agucul -tm il moduce in his iin e, 121 123, of \ i lhges b} /Mit/ tiica in hia time 121-131

Akbcii ,8 , legend of I n th it Bandho-gaili, l i ; sends Kaj 1 Bubi l ,mil Ztin Khan Kok 1 to i t feb Haja Kanichandia, 1<3 ; l i i l emews at Fatehpm Sikn, Ifj

Ak lm- ,11 ; Ins h iuh at iMakitudpiu 17, 97.

Alamgu IP, 17. Al Birfini, on V i k m n a d i h i , 9 Alii i^hat ( p i s s ) . S9 , li» , I -folds of

i\T usiiiba I), v K .1 1 Inn 1 H* Alhw 1 (1) 7S,

- , - 0 - , _ ( I , - -I Aiiiurkantak ( \ ) , 88; 2; ancient bite,

83. Amaikanlak dibtiiot gi anted to Ma-

luiaja Kaghtiiaj fcringh, IS. Amirpat in ( \ ) , Slk Aniarpiu (v) j §.r) Aniai Singh, Raja, IG; succeed?, 16",

\ibitb Delhi, ib; joint. Jinpeiial ami} undei Khan 2'anian against Jnjhai Singh of. Oithhii ib.

Amusements, 21 ; dice, cardb, chess, ulqjatt, pilao, thai ni pud 1, kabad-0>; dancing, Hinging, Junitn, iJania) an, Mahabliaiat.

Anak.i bolanki, 11. Atihilwaia Tat in, JO, 12 Aninidli Singh, Kaja, 17; succeeds,

17; killed, /*. Anuppiu (\), 8'.', Aniip Smgh Rajl, 1C>, 8i : '•nccession

of l ( r at t tcked by Tahai Singh of Oichba *J; \ is i t& Shah J.iban, i ecenes S<h hasu/t and command of 3.U00 Fioise, ib , 81.

Aiai l (v) , 13. Aichaeolosry, 18, 19. Aichaeological iccoids of the P.in

vi5jaki and Lchhaki lp i Chiefb,!!' Aiea, of State, 1, o t B u l g a m , tb,

undei cultnatioii , 28, under crops, JsO, hh a if iob>. 29; ioi tahbtls, st e Chapfei IV, 72-S8.

A ipin i\ a~, 0 Ai )im LVi-., I i Aijunch v, 12. A11113 , Section, OS. A1 no Kajl, *ee Anaka Solanki. Aits n»ii Indusf i j , 41 Aits and M inuf ictme, Section, 11-

43 arts and n d u - ^ n , line aits, goldbiinth-, Audlnas, lac woilc, wood woilc, potteiy, cloth, 41 , cloth d jemg, 12; punting, ib, wood. and iion woilc, 43

Asaf Klun, 15. A.-apt Smgh, 80. A'ilifcha j\aK<iha(ia 26 ,27 Asian ad (1) 77. t n l h i . s II

\ I I I i l l - / ' ' h

11 I N D E X .

A\clliut Siugli, Raja, succeeds, 17, dis­till bauces in State, ib; invasion of Uncle Shah of Pauna , ib\ flies to 1'ai tabgaih, ib ; appeals Empeioi Bahadur Shah, ib ; Hirde Shall evacuates but l e tams B i i t i nghpu i , ib,

B. Pabai . grants Bha ta territories in

^ i lor to Raja, Bir Singh, 14. Battclnii, C lu luk ja king of, 9 Budauni, on Ramchaudia, 1G. BaghMx B iamh , 11 . Baghtlaa (Baghe ls ) , 10, 11 ; origin

o£ ranie, 11 Baghcl l dialect, see Baghelkhaudl

dialect Baglielkhand, 7 10. binvey of, 7 ,

t iact , 8; seized by Lhedis, 9 , le-coids of Kalachmi dynasty found in, 10

Baghelkhand Political Chaige (Agen­cy) , I.

Baghelkhand! dialect, 19. Bahadui Shah (einpeioi) , 17 Bahadui Shah (Guj u at) , 11 Bulieia, forest t iee, see Toiest. Bnhlol Lo'll, 13. Bahunti ( \ ) , b9 B njoath, aichaeological site, 89 l ' \

73 Baikunthpm ( v ) . 80. Baland, Bal.m laB (ti) 80, 90 Balandipui, see Bandhogaih Bal iDtipiiui, see Bandhognh Bi lan t ip j igon ve Handling uh Balbhadi i Singh of \U\M[ atari, 17 Bal ln (r), 80 Banas ( i ) , 1,72, 81 Banda, 1, 13

Bandhogaih ( \ ) , 90, foit of, 1,12, 13, 15, i0, 3 i , L\ iesi iese i \c at 32.

BitHlhu, see Bandhog u h B inia 30 Bannenmn, Col , P, W , G'l, 139 Bawl ghat. 2 B i i a o Q ( i ) , 90. B u i Raja 12. B a i a k u , iock«, 4, G Bai nii idln ( \ ) 90. Baidi tuh-U, 10,49, 50, 54, 79, 80

histoiy 0 ) 79 82. foi est a i d e , 32, Rajas of, 83, 81 ; ilai 1 of, suiten­dered to Reuah chief, 81

Baidi (v ) , 9 1 , 4 .

B m , L t - U o l , ( S i r ) D . W . K. ,69, 133 Baiuahi fv), 4 ' l i t t l e of K ( m i n L l l o r K a n u M i a , ^

ot HaiHon, 10. '

Baley, Major, S. F., 134 Belan ( r ) , 78 Belonhi, ua te i fa l l , 9 1 . Bengal-Nagpur Railway, 47, 87. 89,

92. Beohaii (alit=7l,see Ramnagai tahsll, 81 . Beohaii (v) , 91. Beikeley, M goi Geneial, J C . 132 Betkeley, Major, R B. , 133. Bhad(v) , 91. B h a d u a ( M a i s h ) , 98. Bhcup ( tenure), 05. B h a n a , sec B h n a , Bhciq 01 Dhafjhai, 02 Bhalui (v), 91. Bhandei (Bandair) n n g e , 1, rock, 5. Bhao Singh, Raja, succeeds, 17. Bhaijuna (\), 91. Bhars t,ti). 10. B luu hut bin pa, Tope at, 8 Bhata, 1 ,18; Raja of, t6; H ; I C g 5 o n 8 .

t emto i i e s of, 14 Bhatghora S e e Bhata; a U B a n d h u . Bhid, see Bhna.

Bhllsa, 1 ] . Bhun I I , Raja, 1]5 12. ' B l i imal of <;»u]aiat~i<) Bl.idH.ija, 13.

Ti,,o J o t l l n r u i - ib: a s s e t s J ' - B u n S h a h S h M H u o l J a u n p u . , ^ ,

» » P " ^ Mubarak Kluin. tb S , U -dar•advances on Baghelkhand i&; o f f e . s a l l e g . a n c e ^ ^ b . i c a n d a i . e t i i e s ^ ^ S i k a n c h , attacks again ib-op-

«hoj.._, R?Ja ot r.i,alt i 0 x B l ) o p a , l ( v ) 80, capture of the fo» t

or, » 1 , madeovei to Reuah ib Bhumkahar (v) 9] ' B h ^ \ C h a , u , k y a ' k l ° e . n ; o £ K - i . i -

Bicldna ( 0 , 7 2 , 7 3 . 1 0 1 l ^ h r a t a ( v ) , 9 1 R a ]a of lb

^ ( 0 , 2 , 7 2 , 7 6 , 1 0 1 ' "

\ Z i ' l a U of, b Q | 83, 8 t t Baidi

BiRlspur Dist.ict, 4. B i l o n i ( , ) ) 7 4

S f ^ ^ ^ V i n j h p a l K l r ) , ! . L » b a l , B l l ] d j ] 5 j 8 2 , 9 3 / '

B l f n S , i n ? h ' n M 13-14; s u c c e e d , 1 3 ; founds B,,HinBhp„r, ,&; befnends J k a n d a r , ^ g u e s a . j l l l m t o A m : m

JLVIXE.Y. ill

RanaSiin/c a I battlo of ffanwaJia, »'i; receives Bliata territories in

' JVunkar jugtr, ib; dies, /6. " ' " J inghpur , 17; town, 13. Botany, 7, w i ^

boundaries , of S ta te , I ; oilahslh, 72-8s| C^Tl,'K'40,'104, Bradford, Col, (Sir) K.B.C. (Burt) , 132. Codes, 5G, 57: Judicial, British India «reed in - - -- . . . _

Chnri-palh, SO. Civil Just ice, 56. CIHJ'S, ceramic, G. Climate, of State, 7. Cloth, making, 41 ; printing-, 43.

„ of cattle, 30. Brilmt Brahma Puraoa, 3. Buddha-Varmau, Kalatsuri (KaJa-

chur i ) , 9 Buddhist books, 8. Huti'leld Darwaw (g ' t tc) . 101. lifuidi, marriage of ^laliaraja Venkat

Raman Singh's sister with Malul-rnoof, 18,

Burhar ( v ) , 92.

C .

Canning, Lord, IS. Carpent ry , 43 . Cascades ol! Tons, 2. Pas tes ,\nd Tribes. 19. Cattle, 30; diseases, ib ; fairs, ib. Caves of .Mara, 19, W9. Centres of Trade, 45. Cesses, 03 . Cession of land for railways, 1;>. Cetis, sec Chedis. Chach.iia, Cliachai (r), 2, 74, 92; wator-^ falls of, 72, J>3.

Chaulytm, *ee Kalachuri. Chnki, Chak <^7, '->-!, 7 0 C l . a l k y a , ( J l . a l U i y a , C h i , i k y I, fi/'ft C W

lukya. Chalukyas, 9. 10, 11 ; king of Bada-

mi, 9 ; of Guj.irat, 9 ; King 131m-M-ada of ICalaj'an, 10, 11 ; origin of, 11, see Solanki Clan.

Chandelltis, 10, 11, 80 ; on Bundul-khand, 9 ; coius, 10 ; record, ib.

Chandi (v ) , 92. Cliandia (v) | 92 ; ilCika, 87. Chandrehl (v), 92 ; 19 ; 73 ; fine tem­

ple at, 73 ; monastery at, 92. Chapotkata, see Chavada. Chauhan, 10, 1 1 ; Uajpul-?, 1 0 ; of

Sidhi, 82. Chavada dvnasfy, 10. Chedi, Chedis, 8, 9,'8G ; period, 80. Chcdidesh, 'J. Chief, titles of, 18 ; powers of, 53. Chitor, capture of, 15. , Chitva JSakshatrd, 20. | Chorbaru (quicksand), 4. Chorhat, Chorhat (v ) , ^2 , Chorljfit, ThakuiTit of, 72, 92. Chota Nagpur, Feudatory Stales of,

1.

as used in State,5G: exceptions,5G-5S. Coinage, 59 : issue of Baggha tihahi

copper currenc}', ib ; coins in circu­lation in State, 60, 61 ; issue of British coin, GO.

Collection of land revenue, 64. Commerce and Trade Section, 44, Copper plate grants of Chiefs of

Kakaredi, 10 ; of Ramchandra, 14. Corundum, G, 41, S3, 100. Courts, Judicial and powers, 58. Crops, area under, 29 ; principal gar­

den, ib; nt each session, ib. Cnbitt, Major, W. M.. 134. Cultivation, area under, 2S ; 6ystcni

of, ib ; principal crops, 20 ; irriga­tion, ib ; persons engaged in, 30; soils put under, 25 ; dahia, 32.

Currency, see Coinage. Customs, G6, Cyclones, 7,

D .

Dabhaura (v), 75, 76, 02. Pabala, region, S. Dakar, 4. Vtht.i. .-nVWj.^cvn, 32. paiW )Vte , i \ . LAW.•;.-!., nt AgvA. IS : bold in \\fin(nu

of U. H. 11. tho l'rinco of Wale*, ib.

Dasahra, sec Festival and Glossary. Datt 's Geo)og3-, 7. Deccan road, great, see Geology. Deccan Trap, 5, 6. Delhi Assemblage, ]S. i)oll\i Diirbar, IS. Demand and incidence, of roveuuo, G3, Density and variation, 19. Deoganj-Katara (v), 93. Deonarb (r), 80. Deora (v), 2, 3, 4. Deorajnagar (v), 93. Departments of administration, 54. Dcirlrtli, grant, G5. Dhar, attack on, 10. Dhavalgarha or Dhavala, see Dbolka. Dholka (v) , 11. Dinapur, Ktmwar Singh, rebel leader

of, IS.

Dinkar Rao, Raja. Sir, Minister ak Kownh, IS, G9.

IV INDEX.

Diseases, cuttle, 31. Dispensaries, see Hospitals. Disposal of dead, 21 . fliicalt, see Festival and Glossary. Dtwiin, 51, 102, see Glossary, Double cropping, 28. Dress, 20 ; mode of, ib ; of j t incle

tribe, ib ; of people of position, ib ; of women, ib] use of Singer 's.sew­ing machine in, 43.

Drugs, GO. flub, grafs, 33. • Duke of Edinburgh, Agra Darbfir

hold in honour of, 18. Dumraon, daughter of Chief of.

married to Maharaja Ycnkat Ha­inan Singh, 18.

Durgiivatl. piincess, 13. .Duryodlmn. 10, 100. Dyeing industry, 42. Duty, see Cesses. Dykes, basalt, G. Dynasty, .Mauraya, G ; Cbavada (Cha-

potkfita), 10 ; Chfdukya, 11 ; Chan-della, JU; D a k k h a n / l l ; Bughela, 10, 12.

E. East Indian Railway, 2, 47,75, 78, 92,

101, 103, 104. Economic, Section, 21-80. Edinburgh, the Duke of, 18. Education, G9-71; general state of,G9;

control of, 70 ; encouraged by Sir Dinkar Kao and Colonels Banner-man, Robertson and Barr, 69 ; vill­age schools, 70; technical school, ib; University Examination, ib ; Pri­mary, ib : Oil la 'school, ib] Muham-mailan, ib] Sanskrit, ib] annual cost of. 71 ; I'ress. 71 ; Libraries, 7J.

English and Hindi inscriptions at lialia, 81 .

Enumerations, 19. Era, employed by Chedis, 9. Errunoboas, see Son. Excise and Customs, G5. Expenditure, chief items of State, 59. Exports and Imports , 44.

F . Pairs, 30, 89, 90, 91, 9 2 , 9 3 , 95, 97,

98, 99, 100, 103. Famine , Section, 48-50: early records

of, ib ; of 1896-97, 49 ; scheme for employment of persons, 49 ; mea­sures of relief. 49: cost,49; effect on health, ib ; mortality, ib ; of 1899-00, 50 ; clmlera, ib ; causes of, ib ; district* affected by, ib ; relief works, GO.

Fanners (Ihckedurs), 0 1 , 6 1 . Farming of revenue, abolition of. 18. Fatehpur-Sikri, Raja Rfimchandra'a

interview with Akbar at, 10. Fateh Singh, fouuder of Suhuwal

State, 10. Fauna, 7. Fees in Law Court*, 58. Females, number of, 19 : ratio to

wales, ib; education of, 70. Festivals, 2 1 ; Dusuhrtt, ib; Khojnhn/a

or ltukhi, ib • DUcult, ib ; Holt, ib. l-eudatory Stales of ( 'hota Nfigpur, 1. Finance, Section, 58-01; of State, 59;

statist ics, ib. 1'inu arts , 41 . Firx- pit at .Mount Abu. 11. Foddi r, see Grasses. Focd of people, 20.' F o r e s t Section, 31-40 ; area covered

by, 31 ; classes, ib ; deciduous for­est belts, U, ; mixed forests, ib ; np t r i an forests, ib ; control of, 32 ; produce, ib ; classification of, ib ; kingdoms, 8, 9 ; reserves, 32 ; revenues, 33 ; grasses, ib ; tribes, tb ] trees, 33-40.

Fort, of Bandliogarh, 1 ,12 . 13, 15, 16 32, 90 ; of Bhopari, 80, 81 ; of ^ Hita, 94 ; of lie wan, 1 ; of h | t l aha ,75 ; of Teouthar , ib.

I 'n i i ts , 29.

G . Gum], Chande l l a ,9 . ^ • ' nges - Jumna cLub. 2 Games, 21. Gan.irtyadev Vikramaditya, Kalacluiri

hmg, 9. J ' Garden produce ^0 Garh (v) 93, 13.' Tij 76. Garha-Mandln, 13 \,\ Geology of State, 4-7 ;Recen t Alluvial

deposits, 4 ; high-level l a t e r i t c , ^ ; Deccan I r a p and Trap Dykes , ib ] Lameta ib ; Gondwana Fau l t -rocKB, ib ; Gondwana Format ion, f i Bounder Format ion, ib ; ' e w « " # format ion, ib ; Kaimur

J o r . n a t . o n , ^ . Hh o t a 8 L imes tone ; 10 ] Keli '

Q( • , ; •" ) "«ngai une i s

a i * S K&a'„Virrnm,,mry ^ 7-

Ghoghnr ( l ) 7 2 > 1 Q 1

V U 1 , ' 8 - b , l l l ' M ' l a c e o f Bhba l , 82 ,

tod 93.

INDEX. v Gunman (v), 93. Gidhaila (v), 93 ; peak, 2, 8 1 Ginja IIill, 9J . Gladstone Wyllie and Co., Messrs, 4C Goldsmiths, 4 1 . Gonds. 2, 10. Goodftdlow, Captain. G R., 132. Gopar l ,T), W<! Gopa f . G'opat (Gopad) (r), 4. 80. Gor.ii.i (v), 91. G O v i n d g a i h ( i ) , 0 1 : 2, 19, 32, 7 3 ;

favourite summer resort of Chief, 9 J; upovtc, t*6 ; palace, <& ; lake, ib.

Gra-scs . 33 : n<w, bo qui, munj, khaxkkas, spear-uraa?, darbh, dub.

Grii^s preserves, 32. Groat Indian Peninsula Railway, 205. Great Deccan Road. IS, 17,73, 7G,78. 79. Guest House, 102. Gnlab Singh, jMahiivaj Kumar, hoir-

ap pa rent, 18. Gupta, 9, 8(5, 92; period, 86 ;character

Inscription, 94 ; dominion, 9. Gurgi-Mn^uin, 73, 91, 19, 101 ;

archaeological bite, 9-1 ;^«/ / gardens of, ib.

Gnrh (v) , Ok Gursa r igha t , 2. Gwalior, 1.

IX. I la ihaya, 8, 9, 12, see also Kalachuri. Hamida Banu, wife of Iluuiayuu, 14. I lanumana (v), 94. Ilarilmr Sliflh (Agori) , SO. Harshavardbana of Kananj, 9. Jlasla Sukshittva (aalerisinj, 20. l l aya Kshetra, 90. Hemp drugs, G6. Hill Bystcni, 2. Hills, of Nowg'iin, SO ; Khnndanli,

ib ; Bamgarh , ib ; S'ajhar, ib ; Kaimur, ib ; Kehanjna, ib,

Hinde, Go I mel, 18. Hit do Miiih of Banna, 17, 101 ;

Backs Re svah, ib. History, 7-18 ; Genealogical tree of

the Chief's familj ' , ride before page 1 ; of early Hays, 7 ; Baghel-khand tract, 8 ; Ilaihaya, Chedis or Kalachuris, S, 9, 10; Chandcllas, 10 ; tribal rule, ib ; Baghelas, ib; origin of name Baghela, 11 ;

' Anilka Solanki rises to prominence, ib • receives rank of SSanianta and the village of V.yftglirapalli in

jagtr, ib ; Lavana Prasad succeeds, ib ; governorship of Udayaptira and bhilsa, ib ; minister to Bajfi 13him II ; acquires the village of

Dhavalagnrhn, ib; contrives to be­come ruler of all Gujarat, 12 ; marries .Mndannrajarjl, ib; Viradha-vala succeeds, 12; opposes advance

• of .Mniz-nd-din .Mulnunmad Ghoil, ib ; d ies , ib ; ili.-jinio b e t w e e n Virama and YUfdiiev for throne, 12 ; Mict-i's.-ion of Visfddev, ib ; hecjrnes independent with Anhil-wara as his capital, ib ; is follow­ed by Arjunadev, Sarangdev and Kaniadev, ib : Kama attacked by Ulii-h Khan and Nasrat Khan who racked capital, ib ; his flight to and death at Devagiri, ib ; Yjaghradev migrates into North­ern India, ib ; seizes Al.irpha furt, ib ; Kama succeeds, 1*J ; Ins mari iage with I'adma Kunwnri, lb : obtains Biindhognrh in dowry, ib : makes Baudhogarh his cap­ital, ib ; Bhira succeeds, 1 3 ; assi.-ts Ilu.^ain Shah ' Sharki, ib ; imprisons Mubarak Khan o f J a u n -pnr, ib ; is attacked by Sikandar Lodi, ib ; meets and offers allegi­ance, ib; leaves Sikaudar's camp, >b; is again attacked by* .Sikandar, ib ; his grandson lilr Singh opposes and t-uffers defeat, ib ; Bhira lliea to Siignja and dies enroute, >b ; Salivahan succeeds, 13 : proceeds to aid Sikandar against Ilnsain Shah, tb ; refuses to give his daughter in m a n i a g c l o Sikandar, ib ; Blr Singh succeeds, ib ; givea asylum to Amau Das of Garha-Mandla, ib ; assists Rilna Sank at Kanwaha, 14 ; receives Bhata tevvitory in Nankarjiiglr, ib; dies', ib ; Yfrbhan succeeds, 14 ; Iiani-chandra succeeds, 14 ; his copper plate grants, ib; is attacked by Ib­rahim Sfir, ib ; takes Ibrahim prisoner, ib ; Ghazi Khan Tatar, 15; is defeated by Asaf Khan, ib ; siege of Bandhogaih, ib ; pur­chases Kalanjar fort, ib ; makes over to Akbar, ib ; sends his son Virabhadra to couit, ib ; Baju Blrhal and Zuin Khan Koka sent by Akbar, ib ; interviews emperor at Fatehpur-Sikri, 16 ; makes pre­sents, ib ; dies, 1G; Virabhadra succeeds, ib ; dies enroute to liandhogarli, ib; Yikraiuaditya suc­ceeds, 10' ; intrigues and disturb­ances at Bandhogarh, ib ; deput­ation of I 'atr Dds, ib ; takeu to

VI INDEX.

Delhi, ib ; capture of Baudhogaih fort by Patr Das, its restoration, ib ; Aitiar Singh succeeds, 16 ; visits Delhi, ib; joins Khan Daman against Jujhar Singh of" Oichha, ib ; Anup Singh succeeds, 16 ; is attacked by Pahai Singh, ib ; flies to lulls, tb ; \ isits Shall Jahan and leceives laok of Seh-kazurt, ib ; Bhao Singh suc­ceeds, 1 7 ; Anirtidh Singh suc­ceed0, ib ; is killed, ib ; Avdhut Singli succeeds, 17 ; disturbances, ib ; IIii He blia.li of Panna invades l lewah, ib ; flies to Oudli, tb ; is as'-ibtcd by emperor, ib ; U n d o Shah evacuates l ieu ah but letains possession of Birsinghpui, ib ; Ajlt Singh succeeds, ib ; gives asylum to All Gauhar, ib ; ib attacked by Mai a l i u s , ib ; comes to terms and pays a lakh of uipees ; overtuies by British Government for t ieaty, ib; Jai Singh succeeds, ib • makes Tieaty with Butish, ib ; agiees to Bntit-li Tioops' matching through* oi being cantoned in llewah, tb ; ie \ ised Treat}-, tb ; was a p i t ion of learning, ib ; Yisvanath Singh succeed*, ib ; pationises liteiatuie, ib ; Hagbuiaj Singh succeeds, 1 8 ; becomes Vai^hnaxa, tb ; ofteis tioopa dining the Mutiny, ib : is lewarded bohatrpur and Amaikantak di-,tiicts, ib • cedes land foi East Indian Railway and abolishes all t iansi t dues and faiming of revenues, tb ; appoints Raja Sir Dinkai liao as minister, il: Nc ie i t ed G. C. S. I , ib; a t tends Agra Daibai, tb ; unsat is tacloiy fctate of finances, tb ; Stale nmh-i British admimstiat ion at Chief's request, ib ; at tends 1'iinco of Wales' Daibai, ib ; a t tends the Delhi Assemblage, leceives a bannei . medal and increased salute of guns, ib ; dies, tb ; Venkat Raman Singh succeeds, 18 ; State undei Biiti'di management , ib : recei\es luhng powers, ib : seveie famiue, tb ; is cieated G. 0 . S I , a t tends Delhi Daibai and leceives gold medal, ib ; piesented to T. R. II . the Pi ince and Pnncess of Wales at lndoie , ib ; m a m e s twice, ib; maii iago of Chief's HRter, ib , (.ul.ib SinRh, licu-appaicnt, ib , titles of chicfslnp, tb,

I l u l l . n g s o f cu l tna to i s , bi/,c of, 30

Holl fes t ival , 2 1 , Hospitals and Disponsaiiea, 7 1 . Houses, classes of, 21 ; cul t ivators ' ,

ib ; junglo t i ibes , ib. Hughes , Mr., 7. I lumayun , I 'nipoior, 14. Husain Shah ( Jaunnur ) , 13. H i u u r i u / i J / , 7 2 ; 10", 5 1 .

I . Inoculation, plague, 22, Ib iahlm Sur, 14, ]5. Impleineuts, 28. Jmpotts , 4 1 . Indebtedness, 30. industries in State 4 1 . Infanticide, 19. ' In fan tb, buiial of, 2 1 . Insciiptions, at l la l iya , 81 ; K c v a t i -

knnd, 96 ; Kho, 8; Allahabad pillar, ib ; Mdhakut, 9 ; at P iawan, 100.

l ion industiios, 4 1 . Iron work, 4 3. In iga t ed crop*, 28. In ig ition, 20 ; of special c iops , ib;

soils, ib ; fo im of, tb. &mail Qui, Khan, It! ,

Ismail Shah, sec Jalal Khan . Hwan (v), 95.

Jaba lpui -Mlahahad section of ta'1" _ ^ a y , '17, 7.5, 103

J"9'i', & ( ( i , , g U n t of to Raja Ajit T *>ingh, 14. Ja i l s , GO, K)2 Ja i Singh, Fiaj.i, 17; Miccccds, tb ;

B,iHpected to be coru-ei ned in attack-on Mnzapur by Pmdfuls, ib; makes J ! e a J y u i t h t l , e JJnt ish, 17 ; i e -

J a i t han (v) , 95, J '» tpui holding 88 T ,-! , , 5 , , a n . " ' " ' ^ Hew ah town, 101. •Jalal Khan Ourohi, 15. Januini Bhami, 87 J a i m o h i a (1) 77 J a l " » ( v ) , 93.'

J e w e l ] e i ' s W o i g h t ) 4 7 (

Jnnla DarwCcza, 101 Job . (v ) , 95. Jodhpur (v), 95. Johilla CO, 4 , 8 0 . Johilla, coal fields, 6 Ji ' jha. Singh of Oichh.1, 10. J«ng le tube , 3 3 ; d i e 6 s o f , 20. Justice, admimst ia t ion of 53 .

yibnr, Raja of, 80. \) " h n i (v), 95. KannurB, 1, 2 : ran^o 1 o r, Edkoue.ha (v) 05? ' ' '

INDEX. VII

Kakredi , chiefs of, 10 ; records of the feudatory chiefs of, 10 ; cop­per plate grants of, ib.

Kalachuri era, 9. Kalachuris , 8, 9, 10. Kalandar Singh, Knrchuli (Kala-

clmri) , opposed All Bahadur and Marat has, 17.

Kalanjar, 8 , 9 , 12, 15, sarhdv. 8;cap­ture of fort, 9 ; Lords of,- 9 ; fort purchased by 'hlja Kamchandra, 15 : made over to Akbar, ib.

Kalanjarapurfivaradhlbhwarti, title of, 9.

Kalayan, Bhuvad.i of, 10. Kanauj , Uashtrakutas of, 9 ; battle

of, M. K a n d h w a r ( v ) , 95. Kaupura, ilaka of, 80, 8 2 , 8 3 . Kant i t . 13, 216. Kanwaha, battle of, 14. Kariari ( r ) , 77. Kamadov (Jbedi, 10, 12. Karrab, Asaf Khilo, Governor of, 15. Kfirtuvirya Arjuna, 8. Kasauta, Kaos of, 12. Katara peak, 2. Kathauli glial (Kban-Ghal i ) , 23. Kafni-Uilaspnr branch of railway, 87,92 Knusambi, 19, 73, 94. Kelianji!,i_/w7«7;', 2, 4, 5, 80, 84. Kevat i -kund, 95, 19. Khairha holding, 88. Khuiri (v), 96. Khajrfiho, 92. Kbalesar (v) , 96. Khan Dauran, 16. KJiandi (weight) , 63. Khan-Gliati, see Kathauli Ghat. Kharatnsera (v), 90. Khar lit (cess), 03 . Kbarwahi (v ) , 06. Khatai (v), 9Q. * Khatkhari (v), 97. Kbo, inscriptions found at, 9. Khorba i ( r ) , 77. Klnvaja Abdul Majld I larawi, see

Asaf Khan. Kings of the forest country in Alla­

habad inscription, 8. Klr t ivannan, Chandella King. 10. Kols, 2, 33.

Kolhtir land, 61. Kothara (v), 97. KothI State, 2. Kot lu-Nigwani Estate , 83 ; Thaktirs

of, ;*. Ki ipalpur(v), 97; birth-place of Maliii-

ji'ij.I Wnka t Hainan Singh, if'.

Krishna Chedi, 9. Kumarapfda, 11. Kuuwar Singh, rebel leader, 18,

L . T-nc, a source of revenue, 32. Lac work, 41 . . Lake, see Govindgarh town. Laklimi Ghand, son of Raja Bhira, 13. Lakshman Bugh, 18 : 102. Lakshman Singh (Aladhogarh), 17. Laljutr and Batliia (v), 97. Land Revenue, Section, G1-65: system

in early dayp, 61 ; of present day, 62 ; settlement, ib ; improvement by bciJidhs, 63 ; demand, ib : inci­dence, ib ; rate.-', ib; cesses, il; col­lection of, 64 : tenures, 64, Co.

Language- nnd Literacy, 19. Laterite, 4, 5. Laur (v), 97. Lavanaprasada. 11, 12 : governor of

Udaipura and Bbllsa, 11 ; minister to Hfija- Bblin I I , ib ; acquires Dha-valgarha village, ib; contrives to be ruler of Gnjaiat, ib ; issues grants for land, 12 ; marries Aladauara-janl, ib.

Law and Justiee,Scction, 5t5-58; early days of, 56 ; present system of, ib.

Lenses of land, 61. Legislation, 56 ; Civil and Criminal

procedure, ib. Libraries, 71 . Lime, 8, Limestones, 40. Liquor, GQ. Literature, encouraged and patronis

ed by chiefs, 17, 18. Lords of Kfdanjnr, 9. Luk (v), 97.

M. Madanarajani, 12. Madbogaih (v), archaeological site,

97, 2, 7. Jfiulht/adefiJt (middlo region). ;'. Magadha, Guptas of, 8. Mar/ha Nakshatra, 26, 27. Mai.abharata, S, 21 . Mahfikosala, region of, 8. Mabakuta inscriptions, 9. Mabilnadi (r), 4, 5. Mabeshwar, 8, Miihishmuti, see Mabeshwar. Mahamud of Rlalwa, H . Mahoba, Raja of, 80. Maihar, Sfato of. 1, 2. Maikala hill, 2, 3 ; range, il; 84. Maitland, Major, V. II . (aflci wards

Lord Lauderdale), 132.

viii INDKX.

Majhauli ( v ) . 97. Makuuddev Chandra vat, Raja, 12. Makundpur ( v ) , 9 7 , 7 3 ; birth-place of

Akbar, 11, 17 ,73 , 9 8 ; All Gauhar seeks asylum at, 17, 98; grass pre­serves at, 32 .

Mahikpur tank constructed by Rani Malkavati, 72.

Males, number iu State, 10 ; ratio to females, ib.

Mallet, Mr., on geology, 7. Malwa, es tabl ishment of Paramuras

in, 9. Mandan,Thakur Ishwar Singh of, 17. MangHsa, (Jhulukya k ing of Bada-

jni, 9. Mubguwiin (V), 90, 98. Man pur (v), 98. Maii.iub Sek-hdiiiit, 16. Man Singh, Tonwara Chief of Gwa-

lior, 15 . Manufactures, 4J, see Arts and Man­

ufactures . Manure, use of. 28. Manuscripts, Vernacular and Sans­

krit, 7 1 . Mara (Murii (v), 98, 19; caves at, 19 ;

Gupta remains at, 98. Marathas, 17 ; Brit ish forco at

Makundpur to oppose, ib. Markandeya Wshi, 95. Matket towns, 45. Marmani (/hat, 2. Marpha.for t of, 12. Marriage, 21 ; of the Chief's younger

sister with Maha Rao of U find I 18-of the Chief, lb. ' '

Martelli, Lieut.-Col., N. C„ 133 Marwfn, 98; ildkxllr of, ib: Raja of

Material condition of people, 30 • cultivator, ib ; t raders, ib ; jungle tribes, 31. • ' J o

Mniigiinj (v), 99.

JlHUganj ^7<87/, 78-79; 10 .54 ,78 . Maurya dynas ty , 8. Mayabi ( r ) , 8 0 .

Mayur Shah, Raja of Bijaura (BardU, 80.

Meade, Lieut -Col, M. J., 133 Meals of people, 20

Meansof communication, Section.47-8 Railways, 47; Roads, i t ; Post office*; ib ; Telegraph, 48 ; Telephone, ib.

M p o t " capacity, 46 ;of weight . ib.

Medical, Section, 71 ; institutions, 7 1 ; cases, ib ; co^t, ib.

Megasthenes, 2, 3. Migration, 19. Minchin, Major, C. l'\. 1>T4. Mineral products, G, 40, 4 1 , Mines and Minerals, Section, 40-41. Mirzapur District, 1. Miscellaneous Revenue, Section, G.j-Gfi;

opium, 65, hemp drugs, GG; liquor, ' £ ; customs, ib • s tamps, ib

Mixed sowings, 28. Mount Abu, sacred lire pit at, 1 1 . Mowhas (v), 99 ; 2. Mrigavati , ilaka of, 84. Muuinlu, 04. Mubarak Khan,governor of Jaunpur ,13 . Muhammad Ghaus , the Saint, 15. Mui/.-ud-din Muhammad Ghorl, 12. Mnkunducharya, chief sicdmi of State ,

18. Uluncara, Go. Mutiny, loyal services of Mahaia ja

Raghura j Singh dur ing , 18 ; re ­w a r d s , ^ .

N . Nagod, State, 1; Pari l iar Raj puis o l ,

10. Naiagarhi (Naigarhi) (v), 99. Nakti (r). 80. Name, origin of, 1 :'of State , 1, 7, »•

of Teonthar, 75. ' Nuid'ui'. 05. „ Narbadafr) , 1,3,8, 8G;sources of, l.*}'

8G; valley, 8. Naro, fort of, 10, , - t

Narsiuha Dev Kalachuri ' s All»»g l i sr record, 88.

Nar Kin»h, Sre ]]!,- Sinyli. N anvils (v), 99. Nafrat Klifrn, 12. Natural Divisions, 1. yeg (cess), 0 3. Nepal, 10. Nomenclature, 21 . Nowgain (v) , 99.

o. Occupations, 20. Official Language , 5 1 . , q o t l

Oldham, Mr., geology of the *> va l ley ,7 . • „ n t io . i

Opr

contract for sale of, d i , , Osborne, Lieuteuant , W., 18, *•>"

p . Pabha t (v), 99. p a d m a Kunwar i , 12.

INDEX. ix

Pahar SiDRh, TfcjX ofI Oichha, attacks IUja Aniip Singh of Rewah, lb.

raipakhiir, tenuie, G I. f alaces, at Govindgarh, 91 ; Rewah,

101. Pali (v), 99. Palilia (\),100. . . . / > J , RBtiiiiuLint, requires inigation,

29 • emlonB at Gurgi, 91. Pancllribar Kingdom, destiaction of, Pan.ia.nhdeSliah of, 17, 101. Fauna! Baja of, see Baja of Bbata. Panua iange, 1,2. Panna State, 13, 17. Patina town, 1. Pfiphund, 11 Pai mniiae, 11. Parbl.an(VI.bh:vn1 H . Punluu lUjputs of N-go«l State,10 Pa .mi j ik . i and Uchhakalpa Kajas,

iiiscuptionb of, 8 Pa,nXd..ioV (ParmalJ, Chandella

chief, 80. Pirnasi, tee Tons, Pasture, 30. Paths, 80. Patm, uttack on, 17. Patr Das, Raja, 1, 16. Putiolit',, tunning ot, <U. Pests, 28. Pli\sicU aspects, 1. PiSvv.1n(v),100:oldroco.cls«t,tS. I'leco-soocls, 41 PinUih.iiiiJo'lMiizapiir. 17.

l'inhov, M ijor, A I' , 133.

K?"»CV-S .'^•«owa*; town. .5 ; vi.pl-

Population Section, u . Popia-gliat, 2. -Popra peak 2. , 4 8 7 3 7 6

^ t s T ^ i k V 103, 105.

Pottery, 41 . S : 3 ° L i e u ; : a a S b o . o D e , , D„ 0 ,

botany, 7. Piayig, aw Allahabad. Preserves, shooting, 6i. _j Proas, state printing at Rewab, <i,

101.

Prices, 30 ; of food grains and varia­tions.

Prinas, see Tons. Prince and Princess of Wales, visit

Prince of Wales, the Darbar held by, 18

Punting of cloth, see Dyeing. Printing Pi ess, see Ptesb. Prognosis of seasons, -O. Progress of cultivation, - J . Ptolemy on the Son, 3. Public Health, 22. _ Public Woiks Section 67. Punmvas't jVakbhatia,2b, 21. Piocx, kec Jen'a. Putan is, 2, 3 . , , Pn^ Puich^eof Kalanju foit by Kaja

Ramchandia, 15. />UJJC* NakohaUa, 20,--/. Purua (v), 100. P«s/iZ/« ya^hatrct, Jo. Quicksand, formation of, 4.

R. Raghunithganj (v), 100. Uaghu.ajingar, see ^ t ™ ' fi

R,"lnnaj Singh. Maharaja, 18, 4J, nJ 7 > 8G 87 ; succession of, 18 , Ud./-.°"> . ? . becomes f C \ T appoints Mukunda-

h a r y r s ' c h i e f ^ - a n d a s s . g n s ? lnnin Ba-h foi lesidence, tb ; oi 7 OonUngout foice dating Mntinv ib ; offei accepted tft ; Polo el ' llndo takes command,, ;

^ f r o p ^ b ^ e u ^ a ^ Rewah. ,b; oppQ° % D > l d e . r i a c t l 0 n , ^ ^ X f i e w a d e d S o h a g p . u a n d ,&; ^ " ^ ^ ^ L . i c t s foi Mutiny Amarkantak d ^ y t Q l E a t services. i&, cede3 . h c 8 a l l Indian RiiUay. ' * ' . " o f ,eve-tiaasit duties and ^ ««g R a Q

to reoigan.se State a fc d s

• 6; ie created G . ° ; ^ ' unsat-Aff ra Da.bar '» ' B l D l

d o r a d m i n . isfactpiy, ib S ate o f

S W l l V t h e Prince of Wales / the Delhi Assemblage, , 6 ; to-

S i n n e r and medal and «J-S e of two extra guns, ih ; death,

B a i W , 4 7 ; c o » ^ o « land f w . l j . Railway stations, 47, 70, <B, °h w '

93, 101, 103, 104,105.

X INDEX.

Eainfall of State, 7: for natural divi­sions, ib; for hilly tract, ib • maxi­mum and minimum, ib.

Eaiscn, A man Das assists Bahadur shah of Gujarat at, 14.

I i a i . Singh, Kathor, Akbar pays a visit of condolence to, 16.

Rajas of Bardi, 80, 81. Kaj. Chalukya. 11; destroys Paccha-sar kingdom, ib.

Impute, Parihur, 10 ; Chauhan, ib • ^gar.ift jBoghela.ift jAguiUula;

Ramayana ? ) 3, 8 ; of Tulai Das, 3 • or \ almiki, ft- 21. ' '

Efimchandra, liajn, U, 15, Ifi 4 I . succession of i t • i\i,,i,„ ' V ' writers nn •; ' ' fllullni«madan nf / ?! V' c°PP«-plate grant ? ^ l 5 a . t t a c k e d by lbmhim'sa r

'? ; receives Kaju Birbal an 1 V ' Khan Kok-i nn.lin* Z l i m

or at F.tV interviews einpcr-'ir -L1atehpur-S kri Ifi- «iv

Presents and receive! 1 m i ' e-'"s retl"-D, *&; dies ?/ n ? h ? r s e a In

Bamdev 'of 'D^agt B 4 d u U m 0 D ' ^ ' BamnHgar (V), 1 ( g . ' 1 "

Bjirnpur peak, 8 ] ; ' 1UU '

JaJnP«r. Thakurat of 72

Banavat Sa'hiho M i -K 4 0 H l U r a t » , : ; S

M / h M l l n I ' l ° 2 ,

^ C ' ^ S 0 ™ ' " ^ 1.7 a IB,, of

s,»'»aUatt„"'l9.V,1H? ,ha3"» Chief

of, 86. l , 1 > ] - . Kalachun kingdom

* a l " •>£ land revenue, 6 3

Revenue, forest, 33; State, 59; aboli­tion of farming of, 18.

Rewa. see Narbadft. Rewah town, 101 ; 1, 19 : Situation,

101 ; area, ib ; foundation of, ib/ held by Jalal Khan, ih ; ni.uk1 i-.M*1' ta!,t& ; attacked by Hi •--Panna, / i : building at. 10'J: ward*1, ?<

v 2 ft ; popiuaiion oi, <" • — r

hospital, Post, Telegraph, Ciueat-llou.-e \\atch and ward, i"i>.

Reynolds, Sir., L. \V., l o l . Rivera, 2. Roads, 47: mileage of, /ft: cost_of »p-

keep. ib; Great Deccan, *'ft- 73< 'J^ 79 ; Sutna-Panna-Nowg. ng. '* : ' 103; Kewah-Govind-jCiuh, />'. ' •' ' Bela-Goviudgarh,;^,7:;;(i<'Vindg»n.-Ranmatrar. ift ; Ilaninag ir-Annu (-

by Jalal Khan, to , •" -- > f

& ; attacked by llirde Shah ot ranna, ib: buildiiign at. 10'J: ward*1, M ; Lak.-hman Br.gh and \ ai>hna-vite temples, t i ; rVligious td<iio>, H> ; population of, ib : sciooi*-,

tan pu

am n a gar, i an, ib; Salna-lJela. ib \ l'.n>i".«";

.Mir-Dindoii, 87 ; Sahdol Soliagl"»> 87 ; Salna-Kewah, 73, 1 "^ - 0

Robertson, Lieut-Col. (Sii), D'» ' 133.

Rotation of crops, 28. Routes, trade, do. KudraShah (liijaura), SO. -Rupsagar tank built by Queen J*"l'

vatl, 72, 97. Rusa grass, 33.

S. Sahdol (v) and station, 47, 103- -Sajhar (r), 80. Safin.) Shah, see Jalal Khan. 0f(

Salivahan Kuja, 13, DO ; ^c°.fsV[t)h

ib] Sikandar allies l111"', l ereat r f

n , K l l u u u ' ' ^ 'ib ; joins Sikandar „,.|.^-llusain, •/*; refuses to pivo <'» ^gg ; in marriage to Sikandar, ' \ ^ country overrun by SiUaudai>

Salute to Chief, 18. Samant, rank of, 11. Samant Singh, 11. . „ , rnScrip" Samudra Gupta, Allahabad m

tion of, 8. Sandhya, 3. Sandstone, 5, see Geology-Sangram Shah, see A n ^ u Ul

Sank Eana, 14. Sankargana Chedi, 9. Sarangdev, 12. f 7 0 Bardars, school for sons or, Sarkar of Kulanjar, 8.

B«tna'(r), 2, 76; (O 1 ° 3 ' 1 0 ' a tracle centre, 45.

l!

INDEX. si

Scenery, 2. Schoolw, GO, 70, 89, 91 . 97, 98 ,100 ,

102, 103 ; es tabl ishment of, 69 ; different inst i tut ions, 70, 102 ; s ta t i s t ics , 70.

Seasons, agricultural, 25. S^h-ha-dri, rank of, 10. Setnrtlwwl (r) , 77. Seinaria (v) , 103. SOrio-ar Rajputs, 10, \7. Songar Thakurs of Alauqanj, 17, 78. Sett lement, o2 ; mukumihil regu­

lar, 71. S°wing machines, 43 . « e x . t-tati.-tics of. 19 ; ratio of, ib. S'Tili A lam Emperor, 17. Sl'Tili Jahan , Emperor, 10. SluiUiitIi<l<lih'u-!/h<V, 88. SIIPI- Shflh, Emperor, 14, 101, Shfgy.nn-i, couwyauue, 4(3. ^hop-koepeif, 45. Shooting preserves, 32. Sidhi (v) , 103 ; (Jhaubaus of, 81, 82;

ildku of, S3.

Sen.

Sihawal (v), 103. Sikandar Lodl, 13, 90. f ingers , see Kalawat and Tan ^ inghwara ilaku, 87. Singrauli, ihVca, 81, 83 ; valley of, 80 girguju, 13. , s inniir, tank at, 72. Sit 1 ah a fort, the foimcr head­

quarters, 75. Sitlaha (v). 103, 70. Situation of Stato, 1, Soa, see Son. SohhijItvSingh (Mahoba), 80. Social characterist ics, 20. Sohagi (v), 104. Sohagpur forest circle, 32. Sohagpur estate, 87.

| Soliagpnr luh-Cd, 51, 84.. Sohatwul State, ] : foundation of, 16. Soils, classes of, 25. Sowing, 28. Solanki clan, 10. Somadatm, the I la ihaya chief of

l iutaupur, 12. Son (r), 2, 3, 72, 80, 81 , 86 ; valley

of, 80. Sonn, see Son. Sonbhadra, see SOD. Sonnmnda, see Sou. Sonniiiliatni3ra, 3. Sources of revenue. 59. Springed vehicles, 40. Square measures, 47. Sii Bhiigwat, 3.

Staff, taJisil. 55. Stamps, judicial, 06. States of Chota Niis'pur, 1. Sit bith All aim bad, 87 Sugarcane, 29 ; requires irrigation,

ib. Surveys, 71 ; Imperial trignometri-

cal, 71. SicCuni of Lakshmnn Bftgh, IS, 101. Stcali Xakshulra, 20, 27.

i>5. 73 PS ; leiding st.it-bo: accounts of, 73 ^S. of>. 6cc Alt'- and Manufact-

'Jchat's. 51. iMic-. of, ,

'l.ih ,11 ^taiT. Tai.ory, id.

uies. Taj ilea Arab, raid, 10. Tuk/.dci, hO. Tamasa, Si C Ton1', Tamasa kund, 2. Tan Son, Kahiwnr, musician, 15, 10 .

at Ilaja Hr.iiichandra's couit, 15 ; t-ent for by Akbar. ib : is educated in Gwalior M'.isic school, th : i ises to wealth and honour, \b ; dies, tb ; his tomb at Gwalior, ib.

Tmihur (lowland*.). I, 7. Telegraph ofliees, JS, 73, 102, 103. Telephone, 48. Teli Hajas, Naro fort wre>ted from,

10. Temples, $ee AmaikanUk, Baijnaih,

Chandreln, Gur^i-Ala-'iun, Ke.vi.ti-kund, iMakundpur, Hew ah town, Soliagpnr.

Tenuies 64 ; pa'/niya, ib. ' Teonthar fort, 75.

Teonthar I'tlitll. 1, 3, 31, 71. Teonthar (v<. J01; headqu u tors, 7d, Thclca (f.nuiiiig of revenue), sea

thahdJC) 3. Thckiiddrs, 64. Titles of chiefs, IS, Tobacco, 2D : requires in igation, ib. Tons (r),- 2. 3. 74, 76, 77 ; fads on, 2. Tope at Bharhut, 8. Tract, Baghelkhaud, 8. Trade centres, 45. Trade routes, 45. Trading classes, 45. Training of patwdris^ revenue and

Police ofliceis, 70. Transit duties, abolition of, 18. Treaties with chiefs, 17. Trees, 33 ; list of, 33-40. Tribhuvanpala, 12.

xii INDEX.

U.

Uchhakalpa Riijaa, 8. Uduyapura, 1 1 . Ultigh Khan, 12. Umariu ( t ) , 104, 105 ; G, 19, 4 0 ;

colliery, 40, 105. Umarkot , 14. Cpcwihar (alluvial plain), 1, 7. UtUim Xiikshatra, 20,

V .

Vaccination, 7 1 . Yushela (v ) , I I ; branch, see BagheUv

Branch. Vaishnavite, chief of Rewah a, 18. Van Raja, 10 ; founds (Jhavada

dynasty, ib. Vegetables, see garden produce. Vehicles, 4(5. Veukat Hainan Singh, 18 ; bom at

Kripalpur, 9/ ; succeeds, 18 : State under administration dining minor­ity, ib ; receives ruling powers,

'tb : severe famine, ib ; created G. O. S. I., ib ; a t tends Delhi'Da r-bar and receives a gold modal, ib ; piesented to T- R. II l'rince and l'rincess of Wales at Indoro, ib; marries daughter of chief of Dnm-rami and also sister of Raja of Rat-)am,<(>: marries his si>ler to Mahil-

' r aoof Rumll, ib: Mahaiaj Kiiimir Gulab Singh, his heir-apparent, ib.

Venuvanshi Rajas, 74. Victoria Hospital. K>2. Yikramaditya, Raja, 1, 10, 9 0 , 1 0 1 ;

succeeds, 1(5; intrigues and disturb­ances at Biindhogurh, ib; Akbar deputes P.itr Das, ib; Ismail Qui! Khan and the Chiof visit Delhi, ib; capture of Raudhogurh by Akbar, tb: removes capital to Rewah and

enriches it with building?, ih: rece­ives back Bjindhogarh, ib; dies, ib.

Village adminis t ia t ion, 54. Village Police, 09. Vincent, Col., II. A., 133 . Vindhyans , 1, 2. Vinjh pahur, see P a n n a range . ViramdeV, 12. Vlrbhadra, Raja, 15,10; succession of,

16 ; goes to Delhi, 15 ; returns but dies en route. 10.

Virbhan, Raja, M, 86, 90; TTnmaynn'e wife I lamida Rami in his care, ib,

VTrdhavala, 12, see Vyaghradev . Vihaldev, 12. Visvanath Singh, 17, 41 , 09, 8 1 . 102;

succession of, 17: adminis ters Slate during his fa ther 's l ife-t ime, ib-, gave great support to learning and literature, ib.

Vredenburg, Mr,, E „ on Geology, 7. Vrihat Saniliita, 9. Vyaghradev, 12; makes his way in to

Northern Iudia, ib; obta ins Mur-pha fort, ib.

Vyaghrapall i , see Vaghela . W .

Wages and Prices, 30. Wairhan (v ) , 105. Waterfalls of Tons, 2 ; Bihar,

Chachaia, ib. . j Weights and Measures, peculiar t._

Rewah State , 40. 47. I Wild animals, see Fauna.

Wilson, Mr., W. L., on Geology, ' . Wood work 41-

Y. Yarlav descent, o f C h e d i s a n d Uai-

hnyas , 8, Yashovarman Cbandella, 9.

Z .

Zain Khan Koka, 10. Zeillor, 7,

far 4 •yiw

<9y °y- O/L

»,%, »• °ob V %. % '• 4.

^ ^ % j V "« vw; N ^ A V