Galileo astronomer

February 15, 2018

Giancarlo Truffa, Milan, Italy 1

on Galileo’s Astronomy, Observations and the Telescope1 Principal Galilean Manuscripts on Astronomy

• Firenze, BNCF, fondo Gal., ms.48 [Div.II, parte III, n.3] • Firenze, BNCF, fondo Gal., ms.49 [Div.II, parte III, n.4] • Firenze, BNCF, fondo Gal., ms.50 [Div.II, parte III, n.5] • Firenze, BNCF, fondo Gal., ms.70 [Div.II, parte IV, n.6] • Roma, APUG, ms.530, ff.155r-156v, Galileo’s letter of 7th January 1610

National Edition of Galileo’s works OG: Le Opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione Nazionale a cura di Antonio Favaro e Isidoro Del Lungo, Firenze: Giunti, 1890-1909 20 vols. 2nd edition with additions, Firenze 1929-1939; reprinted 1964-1966

� La nuova stella dell'ottobre 1604 con il “Dialogo De Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella nuova” vol.II, 267-334

� Sidereus nuncius vol.III, t.I, 59-96 � Manoscritti relativi ai pianeti medicei, vol.III, t.II � Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti, comprese in tre lettere

scritte a Marco Velseri, vol.V, 71-260 � Proposte per la determinazione della longitudine, vol.V, 413-425 � Discorso delle comete, vol.VI, 43-105 � Il Saggiatore, vol.VI, 197-372 � Le operazioni astronomiche vol.VIII, 449-466 � Lettera del 7 gennaio 1610 a …, vol.X, 273-278

General works

1. *Drake, Stillman Discoveries and opinions of Galileo: including The starry messenger (1610), Letters on sunspots (1613), Letter to the grand duchess Christina (1615), and excerpts from The assayer (1623); translated with an introduction and notes by Stillman Drake. New York: Doubleday, 1957

2. *Zagar, Francesco “Galileo astronomo” in Fortuna di Galileo, Bari: Laterza 1964, 25-70

3. *Hartner, Willy “Galileo’s Contribution to Astronomy” in: Galileo, Man of Science, ed. E.

McMullin, New York, Basic Books 1967, 178-194; Italian translation in: Galileo negli scritti di P.Tannery, A.Koyre’, etc., a cura di A.Carugo, Milano: Isedi, 1977, 128-153

4. *Shea, William R. Galileo’s Intellectual Revolution, London, MacMillan Press 1972; Italian

translation: La rivoluzione intellettuale di Galileo [traduzione di Paolo Galluzzi], Firenze: Sansoni 1974

5. *Drake, Stillman “Galileo's first telescopic observations” Journal for the history of astronomy

vol.7 (1976), 153-168; reprinted in: Drake, Stillman Essays on Galileo and the history and philosophy of science; selected and introduced by N.M. Swerdlow and T.H. Levere. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 Vol.1, 380-395

6. *Righini, Guglielmo “Contributo alla interpretazione scientifica dell'opera astronomica di

Galileo” Suppl. agli Annali dell'Istituto e museo di storia della scienza, anno 1978, fasc. 2

7. *Drake, Stillman Galileo at work: his scientific biography Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981 Italian translation: Galileo: una biografia scientifica [translation and Italian edition by Luca Ciancio] Bologna: Il Mulino, 1988

1 I have a copy of the papers with *

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8. *Drake, Stillman Cause, experiment and science: a Galilean dialogue incorporating a new English translation of Galileo's Bodies that stay atop water or move it Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981

9. *Drake, Stillman Telescopes, tides and tactics: a Galilean dialogue about the Starry

messenger and systems of the world Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1983

10. *Gingerich, Owen “Galileo's astronomy” In: Reinterpreting Galileo edited by William A. Wallace, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1986, 111-126

11. *Van Helden, Albert Galileo, Galilei, Sidereus Nuncius or The Sidereal Messenger.

Translated with introduction, conclusion and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989

12. *Van Helden, Albert “Galileo, Telescopic Astronomy, and the Copernican System” in The General History of Astronomy, ed. M. A. Hoskin, Vol.2A, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 81-105

13. *Shea, William R. “Galileo astronomo al lavoro” in: Copernico, Galileo, Cartesio. Aspetti

della rivoluzione scientifica Roma: Armando Editore, 1989, 159-186

14. *Drake, Stillman Galileo, pioneer scientist Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990 Italian translation: Galileo Galilei pioniere della scienza: la fisica moderna di Galileo [tanslation by Girolamo Mancuso], Padova: F.Muzzio, 1992

[chapt.9. Astronomy and the telescope; chapt.10. The telescope and Copernicanism]

15. *Shea, William R. “Galileo Galilei: An Astronomer at Work” in: Nature, Experiment, and the Sciences, eds. T. H. Levere and W. R. Shea, Dondrecht: Kluwer 1990, 51-76

16. *Galilei, Galileo Sidereus nuncius. Le messager celeste; texte, traduction et notes établis par

Isabelle Pantin, Paris: Les belles lettres, 1992

17. Galileo Galilei Le messager des étoiles traduit du latin, présenté et annoté par Fernand Hallyn, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1992

18. *Galilei, Galileo Sidereus nuncius; a cura di Andrea Battistini; traduzione di Maria Timpanaro Cardini, Venezia: Marsilio, 1993

19. Biagioli, Mario Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism Chicago, University of Chicago Press 1993

20. *Rosino, Leonida “Il Sidereus nuncius e le scoperte astronomiche di Galileo” In: Galileo e la

cultura padovana: Convegno di studio promosso dall'Accademia patavina di scienze, lettere ed arti nell'ambito delle celebrazioni galileiane dell'Università di Padova, 13-15 febbraio 1992 a cura di Giovanni Santinello, Trieste: Lint 1995, 97-112

21. *Shea, William R. “The revelations of the telescope: [Letture galileiane, 4, Università di

Padova, 21 marzo 1996]” Nuncius vol.11, fasc.2 (1996), 507-526

22. *Levi, Franco A. e G.R. Levi-Donati “Il cielo di Galileo: una verifica delle osservazioni descritte nel Sidereus nuncius” Quaderni di storia della fisica vol.1 (1997), 39-54

23. *Swerdlow, Noel M. “Galileo’s discoveries with the telescope and their evidence for the

Copernican theory” in: The Cambridge Companion to Galileo, ed. P. Machamer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998, 244-270

24. *Baffetti, Giovanni "Tradizione gesuitica e nuova astronomia: la ricezione del Sidereus nuncius presso il Collegio romano" In: Le nuove stelle: il dialogo tra scienza e letteratura nella cultura moderna: atti del Convegno di S. Giovanni in Persiceto, 22 novembre 1997 a

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cura di Bruno Capaci, S. Giovanni in Persiceto: Comune di S. Giovanni in Persiceto, 1998. 35-48

25. *Howald Haller, Mario "Le meraviglie del cielo nel cannocchiale di Galileo" In: Principio di secol novo a cura di L.A. Radicati di Brozolo. Pisa: Cassa di risparmio, 1999, 125-169

26. *Baldo-Ceolin, Massimilla "Galileo e il telescopio" In: Principio di secol novo a cura di L.A. Radicati di Brozolo. Pisa: Cassa di risparmio, 1999, 185-203

27. *Biagioli, Mario “Replication or Monopoly? The Economics of Invention and Discovery in

Galileo's Observations of 1610” Science in Context, Vol.13 (2000), 547-590; reprinted in: Galileo in context edited by Jürgen Renn; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001, 277-320

28. Vanin, Gabriele “Appunti sulle osservazioni telescopiche di Galilei” Astronomia U.A.I. N.1

(genn.-febbr. 2001), 3-13

29. *Gingerich, Owen and Albert van Helden “From Occhiale to printed page: the making of Galileo's Sidereus nuncius” Journal for the history of astronomy vol.34 (2003), 251-267

30. *Bucciantini, Massimo Galileo e Keplero, Torino: Einaudi 2003

31. *Biagioli, Mario Galileo's Instruments of Credit: Telescopes, Images, Secrecy Chicago,

University of Chicago Press 2006

32. *Giudice, Franco "Only a matter of credit? Galileo, the telescopic discoveries and the Copernican system" Galilæana, vol.4 (2007), 391-413

33. *Bredekamp, Horst Galilei der Künstler. Die Zeichnung, der Mond, die Sonne Akademie Verlag 2007

34. *Reeves, Eileen; Van Helden, Albert “Verifying Galileo’s discoveries: telescope-making at

the Collegio Romano” Der Meister und die Fernrohre: das Wechselspiel zwischen Astronomie und Optik in der Geschichte: Festschrit zum 85. Geburtstag von Rolf Riekher herausgegeben von Jürgen Hamel und Inge Keil; H.Deutsch 2007, 127-141

35. *Topper, David R. Quirky Sides of Scientists. True Tales of Ingenuity and Error. From Physics and Astronomy Springer Verlag, 2007, 48-66, 75-77

36. *Vanin, Gabriele Galileo Astronomo 1609-2009 Edizioni DBS 2008

37. *Galileo Galilei Sidereus nuncius; traduzione e commento di Pietro A. Giustini (reprint of 1978); a cura di Flavia Marcacci. Roma: Lateran university press, 2009

38. *Wootton, David "New light on the composition and publication of the Sidereus Nuncius" Galilaeana vol.6 (2009), 123-140

39. *Gingerich, Owen "The curious case of the M-L Sidereus Nuncius" Galilaeana vol.6 (2009), 141-165

40. *Van Helden, Albert “Galileo’s Telescopes and his astronomical discoveries” in Galileo: images of the universe from antiquity to the telescope" [Italian translation: Galileo: immagini dell'universo dall'antichità al telescopio] edited by Paolo Galluzzi, Firenze: Giunti, 2009. Catalogue of the exhibit in Florence in 2009, 246-253

41. *Shea, William R. “Introduzione e note” to: Galileo Galilei Sidereus Nuncius. Traduzione di Tiziana Bascelli. Venezia: Marcianum Press 2009. English edition: Shea, William R. “Introduction and notes” to: Galileo’s Sidereus nuncius, or, A sidereal message translated from the Latin by William R. Shea. Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications, 2009

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42. *Benvenuti, Piero "Osservazioni astronomiche galileiane" in Cose mai viste: Galileo, fascino e travaglio di un nuovo sguardo sul mondo a cura di Paolo Ponzio. Milano: Mondadori università, 2009, 31-44

43. *Shea, William R. "Sensazionale novità" in Cose mai viste: Galileo, fascino e travaglio di un nuovo sguardo sul mondo a cura di Paolo Ponzio. Milano: Mondadori università, 2009, 45-72 [it seems the same as “Introduzione e note” to: Galileo Galilei Sidereus Nuncius. 2009]

44. *Gingerich, Owen "Keplero, Galileo e la nascita dell'astronomia moderna" in Cose mai viste: Galileo, fascino e travaglio di un nuovo sguardo sul mondo a cura di Paolo Ponzio. Milano: Mondadori università, 2009, 147-161

45. *Miniati, Mara - Strano, Giorgio "Galilée et ses découvertes dans le ciel" L’Astronomie 2009, no.20 (oct. 2009), 24-31

46. *Shea, William R., "Owen Gingerich's curious case" Galilaeana vol.7 (2010), 97-110

47. Hamel, Juergen, "Kepler, Galilei, das Fernrohr und die Folgen" in: eds. Gaulke, Karsten und Hamel, Juergen Kepler, Galilei, das Fernrohr und die Folgen, Frankfurt am Main: H. Deutsch, 2010. Acta historica astronomiae, vol.40, 9-34

48. Shea, William R. "La nuova Luna e il nuovo mondo di Galileo Galilei" in: Congresso nazionale di storia della fisica e dell'astronomia (27: 2007: Bergamo) Relatività, quanti, chaos e altre rivoluzioni della fisica, Rimini: Guaraldi, 2010, 13-31 [seen: it is the same as part of the introduction to the edition of the Sidereus Nuncius published in 2009]

49. *Bredekamp, Horst ed. Galileo's O: Vol. I: Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (Ed. by: Irene Brückle, Oliver Hahn); Vol. II: Paul Needham, Galileo Makes a Book, Berlin, Akademie Verlag Gmbh, 2011

50. *Bucciantini, Massimo - Camerota, Michele - Giudice, Franco Il telescopio di Galileo. Una storia europea Torino, Einaudi 2012; English translation Galileo’s Telescope. A European Story, Harvard University Press 2015

51. *Bredekamp, Horst; Brückle, Irene; Needham, Paul ed. Galileo's O: Vol. III A Galileo Forgery. Unmasking the New York Sidereus Nuncius, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2014 [Open access https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/416084]

52. *Bredekamp, Horst Galileo's O: Vol. IV Galileis denkende Hand, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2014 [extended edition of Galilei der Künstler, 2007]; english translation: Galileo’s Thinking Hand. Form and Research Around 1600, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2018

53. *reproduction of Galileo’s letter of 7th January 1610: ed. Nicolucci, Valentina Magistri astronomiae dal XVI al XIX secolo: Cristoforo Clavio, Galileo Galilei e Angelo Secchi: testimonianze documentarie e strumenti scientifici (Magistri astronomiae from 16th to 19th century: Christopher Clavius, Galileo Galilei and Angelo Secchi: documentary evidences and scientific instruments), Roma: De Luca, 2014, 62-66

54. *Vanin, Gabriele “Much Better Than Thought: Observing with Galileo’s Telescopes”, Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol.46 (2015), 441–468

55. *Wilding, Nick, Faussaire de Lune: autopsie d'une imposture, Galilée et ses contrefacteurs, Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2015

56. *Schlitt, Melinda, “Galileo's Moon: drawing as rationalized observation and its failure as forgery”, Open inquiry archive, vol.5, no.2 (2016), 1-19 [URL: https://openinquiryarchive.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/galileos_moon6.pdf]

Planets

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57. *Favaro, Antonio “Galileo Galilei, Benedetto Castelli e la scoperta delle fasi di Venere” Archivio di storia della scienza vol.1 (1919-1920), 283-296

58. *Fleckenstein, Joachim Otto “Die Venusphasen des Galilei“ Atti del Symposium internazionale

di storia, metodologia, logica e filosofia della scienza: Galileo nella storia e nella filosofia della scienza, Vinci (FI), Firenze: G.Barbera Editore, 1967, 13-17

59. *Van Helden, Albert “Saturn and his Anses” Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol.5

(1974), 105-121

60. *Kowal, Charles T. and Stillman Drake “Galileo's observations of Neptune“ Nature vol.287, no.5780 (1980), 311-313

61. *Drake, Stillman and Charles T. Kowal “Galileo's sighting of Neptune” Scientific American

vol.243, n.6 (1980), 74-81; reprinted in: Drake, Stillman Essays on Galileo and the history and philosophy of science; selected and introduced by N.M. Swerdlow and T.H. Levere. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 Vol.1, 430-441

62. *Van Helden, Albert “Galileo on the Sizes and Distances of the Planets” Annali dell'Istituto e

Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze, vol.7 (1982), 65-86

63. *Drake, Stillman "Exact sciences, primitive instruments and Galileo" Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di storia della scienza di Firenze vol.7 (1982), 87-107; reprinted in: Drake, Stillman Essays on Galileo and the history and philosophy of science Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 vol.1, 106-125 [Neptune, Satellites of Jupiter, Micrometer]

64. *Drake, Stillman “Galileo, Kepler, and phases of Venus” Journal for the history of astronomy

vol.15 (1984), 198-208; reprinted in: Drake, Stillman Essays on Galileo and the history and philosophy of science; selected and introduced by N.M. Swerdlow and T.H. Levere. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 vol.1, 396-409

65. *Gingerich, Owen “Phases of Venus in 1610” Journal for the history of astronomy vol.15

(1984), 209-210

66. *Peters, William T. “The appearances of Venus and Mars in 1610” Journal for the history of astronomy vol.15 (1984), 211-214

67. *Gingerich, Owen “Galileo and the phases of Venus” Sky and telescope vol.68 (1984), 520-

522; reprinted in: Gingerich, Owen The great Copernicus chase and other adventures in astronomical history Cambridge (Mass.): Sky Publishing Corporation, 1992, 98-104

68. *Chalmers, Alan Francis “Galileo's telescopic observations of Venus and Mars” The British

journal for the philosophy of science vol.36 (1985), 175-184

69. *Ariew, Roger “The phases of Venus before 1610” Studies in history and philosophy of science vol.18 (1987), 81-92

70. *Bertola, Francesco “Le osservazioni di Galileo del pianeta Nettuno” In: Galileo e la cultura

padovana: Convegno di studio promosso dall'Accademia patavina di scienze, lettere ed arti nell'ambito delle celebrazioni galileiane dell'Università di Padova, 13-15 febbraio 1992 a cura di Giovanni Santinello, Trieste: Lint 1995, 267-275

71. *Standish, E. M. and Anna M. Nobili “Galileo's observations of Neptune” Baltic Astronomy,

vol.6 (1997), 97-104

72. *Deiss, Bruno M. and Volker Nebel “On a pretended observation of Saturn by Galileo” Journal for the history of astronomy vol.29 (1998), 215-220

73. *Palmieri, Paolo “Galileo and the discovery of the phases of Venus” Journal for the history of

astronomy vol.32 (2001), 109-129

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74. *Palmieri, Paolo “Galileo did not steal the discovery of Venus' phases: a counterargument to

Westfall” In: Largo campo di filosofare: Eurosymposium Galileo 2001 José Montesinos y Carlos Solís eds. Orotava: Fundación Canaria Orotava de historia de la ciencia, 2001, 433-444

Moon

75. *Lorenzoni, Giuseppe “Sulle librazioni apparenti della Luna” Atti del R. Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti vol.60, pt.2 (1900-1901), 1-59

76. *Cajori, Florian "History of Determinations of the Heights of Mountains" Isis, vol.12, (1929),

482-514

77. *Adams, C.W. "A note on Galileo's determination of the height of the lunar mountains" Isis, vol.17 (1932), 427-429

78. *Rosen, Edward “Galileo on the distance between the Earth and the Moon” Isis vol.43 (1952), 344-348

79. *Sawyer Hogg, Helen "Out of old books: Galileo and the surface of the Moon" Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada vol.46 (1952), 30-34

80. *Galileo's Letter about the libration of the moon. A critical study, transcription and translation

by Sesto Prete. New York: J.F. Fleming, 1965

81. *Ruggieri, Guido “Identificazione di formazioni lunari descritte da Galileo” Coelum vol.33, n. 5-6, 9-10 (1965), 69-71, 141-143, pl.

82. *Righini, Guglielmo “New light on Galileo's lunar observations” In: Reason, experiment and mysticism in the scientific revolution M.L. Righini Bonelli and William R. Shea editors. New York: Science History Publications, 1975, 59-76

83. *Gingerich, Owen “Dissertatio cum professore Righini et Sidereo nuncio” In: Reason,

experiment and mysticism in the scientific revolution M.L. Righini Bonelli and William R. Shea editors. New York: Science History Publications, 1975, 77-88

84. *Shirley, John W. “Thomas Harriot's lunar observations” In: Science and history: studies in

honor of Edward Rosen Studia Copernicana n.16, editors Erna Hilfstein, Pawel Czartoryzski, Frank D. Grande, Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1978, 283-308

85. *Bloom, Terrie F. “Borrowed perceptions: Harriot's maps of the moon” Journal for the history

of astronomy vol.9 (1978), 117-122

86. *Whitaker, Ewen A. “Galileo's lunar observations and the dating of the composition of Sidereus nuncius” Journal for the history of astronomy vol.9 (1978), 155-169

87. *Ariew, Roger “Galileo's lunar observations in the context of medieval lunar theory” Studies

in history and philosophy of science vol.15 (1984), 213-226

88. *Whitaker, Ewen A. “Selenography in the seventeenth century” in The General History of Astronomy, ed. M. A. Hoskin, Vol.2A, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 119-143

89. *Alexander Amir “Lunar maps and coastal outlines: Thomas Harriot’s mapping of the moon”

Studies in history and philosophy of science, vol.29 (1998), 345-368

90. *Whitaker, Ewen A. Mapping and Naming the Moon. A History of Lunar Cartography and Nomenclature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999

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91. *Montgomery, Scott L. The moon & the Western imagination Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1999

92. *Shea, William R. “How Galileo's mind guided his eye when he first looked at the Moon

through a telescope” In: Proceedings of the XXth International congress of history of science, Liège, 20-26 July 1997. Optics and astronomy: edited by Gérard Simon and Suzanne Débarbat, Brepols 2001. De diversis artibus n.55, 93-109

93. *Wilson, Fred “Galileo's Lunar Observations: do they imply the rejection of traditional Lunar

theory?” Studies in history and philosophy of science vol.32 (2001), 557-570

94. *Ariew, Roger “The initial response to Galileo's Lunar Observations” Studies in history and philosophy of science vol.32 (2001), 571-581

95. *Casati, Stefano and Giorgio Strano “Il candore lunare e la difesa del sistema copernicano in

due lettere galileiane conservate presso la Biblioteca dell'Istituto e Museo di storia della scienza” Nuncius vol.17, n.1 (2002), 63-76

96. *Spranzi, Marta "Galileo and the mountains of the Moon: analogical reasoning, models and metaphors in scientific discovery" Journal of cognition and culture vol.4.3 (2004), 451-483

97. *Carugo, Adriano "Montagne lunari e sfere cristalline" In: Storia della scienza, storia della filosofia: interferenze: atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Milano, 12-14 giugno 2003 a cura di Guido Canziani, Milano: Franco Angeli, 2005 77-123

98. *Marazzini, Claudio “I nomi della Luna. Tecnicismi astronomici e selenografia da Galileo a Riccioli” Studi Linguistici Italiani vol.XXXI (X della III serie), fascicolo II, 2005, 161-93

99. *Pumfrey, Stephen "Harriot's Maps of the Moon: New Interpretations" Notes and Records of the Royal Society, vol.63 (2009), 163-168

100. *Whitaker, Ewen “Representations and Maps of the Moon. The first two centuries” in Galileo: images of the universe from antiquity to the telescope" [Italian translation: Galileo: immagini dell'universo dall'antichità al telescopio] edited by Paolo Galluzzi, Firenze: Giunti, 2009. Catalogue of the exhibit in Florence in 2009, 254-261

101. *Whitaker, Ewen “Identification and Dating of Galileo’s Observations of the Moon” in Galileo: images of the universe from antiquity to the telescope" [Italian translation: Galileo: immagini dell'universo dall'antichità al telescopio] edited by Paolo Galluzzi, Firenze: Giunti, 2009. Catalogue of the exhibit in Florence in 2009, 262-267

102. *Righini, Alberto “Sulle date delle prime osservazioni lunari di Galileo” Giornale di astronomia vol.35, n.3 (2009), 7-12

103. *Righini, Alberto “The telescope in the making, the Galileo first telescopic observations” In: International astronomical union. Galileo's Medicean moons, edited by Cesare Barbieri ... [et al.]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 27-32

104. *Pumfrey, Stephen "The Selenographia of William Gilbert: His Pre-telescopic Map of the

Moon and his Discovery of Lunar Libration" Journal for the history of astronomy, vol.42 (2011), 193-203

105. *De Angelis, Simone "So how do we know that the moon is mountainous? Problems of seeing in Galileo's reflections on observing the moon" in: T. Sauer and R. Scholl (eds.), The Philosophy of Historical Case Studies, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 319, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2016, 223-250

Sun and Sunspots

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106. Braunmühl, Anton v. Christoph Scheiner als Mathematiker, Physiker und Astronom (Bayerische Bibliothek 24), Bamberg 1891

107. *Favaro, Antonio “Oppositori di Galileo. III, Cristoforo Scheiner” Atti del R. Istituto veneto di

scienze, lettere ed arti vol.78, pt.2 (1918-19) 1-107

108. *Mitchell, Walter M. “The history of the discovery of the solar spots” Popular Astronomy vol.24 (1916), 22-31, 82-96, 149-162, 206-218, 290-303, 341-354, 428-440, 488-499, 562-570

109. *Drake, Stillman “A kind word for Sizzi” Isis, vol.49 (1958), 155-165; reprinted as “Sunspots,

Sizzi, and Scheiner” In: Drake, Stillman Galileo studies: personality, tradition and revolution Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan press, 1970, 177-199; reprinted in: Drake, Stillman Essays on Galileo and the history and philosophy of science; selected and introduced by N.M. Swerdlow and T.H. Levere. Toronto: University of Toronto press, 1999 Vol.1, 442-457

110. *Dame, Bernard ”Galilée et les taches solaires (1610-1613)” Revue d'histoire des sciences

vol.19 (1966), 307-370 ; reprinted in: Galilée: aspects de sa vie et de son oeuvre Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1968, 186-251

111. *Shea, William R. “Galileo, Scheiner, and the interpretation of sunspots” Isis vol.61 (1970),

498-519

112. *Righini Bonelli, Maria Luisa “Le posizioni relative di Galileo e dello Scheiner nelle scoperte delle macchie solari nelle pubblicazioni edite entro il 1612” Physis, vol.12 (1970), 405-410

113. *North, John David “Thomas Harriot and the first telescopic observations of sunspots” In:

Thomas Harriot: renaissance scientist edited by John W. Shirley, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974, 128-165

114. *Sakurai, Kunitomo “The solar activity in the time of Galileo” Journal for the history of

astronomy vol.11 (1980), 164-173

115. *Smith, A. Mark. “Galileo's proof for the Earth's motion from the movement of sunspots” Isis vol.76 (1985), 543-551

116. *Hutchison, Keith “Sunspots, Galileo, and the orbit of the earth” Isis vol.81 (1990), 68-74

117. *Van Helden, Albert “Galileo and Scheiner on Sunspots: A Case Study in the Visual

Language of Astronomy” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol.140 (1996), 357-95

118. *Daxecker, Franz Das Hauptwerk des Astronomen P. Christoph Scheiner SJ "Rosa Ursina

sive Sol" - eine Zusammenfassung Innsbruck: Universitaetsverlag Wagner, 1996 (Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck. Supplementum, 13) [The main work of the astronomer P. Christoph Scheiner SJ "Rosa Ursina sive Sol": a summary].

119. *Casanovas, Juan “Early Observations of Sunspots: Scheiner and Galileo“ in: 1st Advances in

Solar Physics Euroconference. Advances in Physics of Sunspots, ASP Conf. Ser. vol.118 (1997) eds. B. Schmieder, J.C. del Toro Iniesta, & M. Vazquez, 3-20

120. *Topper, David R. “Galileo, sunspots, and the motions of the Earth: redux” Isis vol.90 (1999),

757-767

121. *Panese, Francesco "Disciplines scientifiques et disciplines du regard au XVIIe siècle: sur les traces des taches solaires de Galilée" Réseaux No 94 (1999), 149-171

122. *Mueller, Paul R. “An unblemished success: Galileo's sunspot argument in the Dialogue”

Journal for the history of astronomy vol.31 (2000), 279-299

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162. *Graney, Christopher M. “But Still, It Moves: Tides, Stellar Parallax, and Galileo’s Commitment to the Copernican Theory” Physics in Perspective vol.10 (2008), 258-268

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164. *Graney, Christopher M. “The Naked Eye Stars as Data Supporting Galileo's Copernican Views” preprint: http://arxiv.org/abs/0811.3007

165. *Graney, Christopher M. “Objects In Telescope Are Farther Than They Appear: How diffraction tricked Galileo into mismeasuring the distances to the stars” To be published in "The Physics Teacher" in 2009; preprint: http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3411

166. *Graney, Christopher M.; Sipes, Henry “Regarding the Potential Impact of Double Star Observations on Conceptions of the Universe of Stars in the Early 17th Century” Baltic Astronomy vol.18 (2009), 93-108

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Napoli: atti del Convegno organizzato dal Dipartimento di matematica e applicazioni R. Caccioppoli dell'Università di Napoli Federico II e dall'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici, Napoli, 19 marzo 1991 a cura di L. Carbone, F. Palladino, Napoli: La città del sole, 1999, 175-196

259. *Van Helden, Albert A Catalogue of Early Telescopes, Istituto e Museo di Storia della

Scienza, Firenze, Giunti 1999

260. *Hamou, Philippe “Réflexions sur l'optique de Galilée“ in: Proceedings of the XXth International congress of history of science, Liège, 20-26 July 1997. Optics and astronomy.

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edited by Gérard Simon and Suzanne Débarbat, Brepols, 2001. De diversis artibus n.55, 111-118

261. *Smith, A. Mark “Practice vs theory: the background to Galileo's telescope work” Atti della

Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi e contributi dell'Istituto nazionale di ottica vol.56, n.1 (2001), 149-162

262. *Willach, Rolf "The development of telescope optics in the middle of the seventeenth century" Annals of science vol.58, n.4 (Oct. 2001), 381-398, pp.386-387

263. *Zik, Yaakov “Science and Instruments: The telescope as a scientific instrument at the

beginning of the seventeenth century” Perspectives on Science vol. 9 (2001), 259-284

264. Zik, Yaakov Kepler and Galileo: theories of light and vision: practical knowledge and the status of the telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century: a thesis submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, University of Haifa, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Philosophy, August 2002; supervised by Giora Hon; copy in Museo Galileo Library

265. *Zik, Yaakov “Galileo and optical aberrations” Nuncius vol.17, fasc.2, (2002), 15-26

266. *Dupré, Sven Galileo, the telescope, and the science of optics in the sixteenth century : a case

study of instrumental practice in art and science; promotor: Marc de Mey; co-promotor: Fernand Hallyn Thesis for PHD, Universiteit Gent, 2002

267. *Triarico, Carlo “Sull’attribuzione a Galileo di due telescopi galileiani conservati nell’Istituto

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268. *Zik, Yaakov; Van Helden, Albert “Between discovery and disclosure: Galileo and the

telescope” in: Beretta, Marco; Galluzzi, Paolo; Triarico, Carlo (eds), Musa Musaei. Studies on Scientific Instruments and Collections in Honour of Mara Miniati; Firenze: Olschki 2003, Biblioteca di Nuncius Studi e Testi vol.49; 173-190

269. *Zik, Yaakov “Kepler and the telescope” Nuncius vol.21, fasc.2 (2003), 481-514

270. *Dupré, Sven “Galileo's telescope and celestial light” Journal for the history of astronomy

vol.34 (2003), 369-399

271. *Dupré, Sven “Ausonio's mirrors and Galileo's lenses: the telescope and sixteenth-century practical optical knowledge” Galilæana vol.2 (2005), 145-180

272. *Zik, Yaakov “Theory and practice of early telescopic observation: Galileo and the telescope”

in: Bart Grob, Hans Hooijmaijers eds. Who needs scientific instruments: conference on scientific instruments and their users, 20-22 October 2005 Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 2006 195-200

273. *Reeves, Eileen Galileo's glassworks: the telescope and the mirror Cambridge (Mass.):

Harvard University Press 2008

274. *Strano, Giorgio Galileo's telescope, the instrument that changed the world [Italian edition: Il telescopio di Galileo, lo strumento che ha cambiato il mondo] Firenze: Giunti, 2008. Catalogue of an Exhibit in Florence in 2008 Contents: G.Strano “Introduction: The two ways of astronomical observation”; S.Dupré “The prehistory of the invention of the telescope”; P.Del Santo; J. e R.Morris; G.Strano, A.Van Helden “Galileo's telescope”; P.A.Mandò; L.Mercatelli; G.Molesini; M.Vannoni; M.Verità “The quality of Galileo's lenses”; P.Del Santo; S.Esposito; G.Strano; M.Vannoni “Observing with Galileo's telescope”; P.Del Santo; G.Strano “From Galileo to Newton”; Catalogue

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275. *Strano, Giorgio "Galileo's telescope: history, scientific analysis and replicated observations" Experimental astronomy vol.25 (2009), 17-31

276. *Strano, Giorgio "La lista della spesa di Galileo: un documento poco noto sul telescopio"

Galilaeana vol.6 (2009), 197-211

277. *Molesini, Giuseppe "Galileo e lo sviluppo delle tecnologie ottiche nel secolo XVII" in Cose mai viste: Galileo, fascino e travaglio di un nuovo sguardo sul mondo a cura di Paolo Ponzio. Milano: Mondadori università, 2009, 89-102

278. *Strano, Giorgio “I telescopi di Galileo” In Astrum 2009: astronomia e strumenti: il patrimonio storico italiano quattrocento anni dopo Galileo a cura di Ileana Chinnici. Città del Vaticano: Musei Vaticani, 2009, 32-37, 144-151

279. *Valleriani, Matteo Galileo Engineer, Springer 2010, 41-66

280. *Van Helden, Albert "Galileo and the telescope" in: The origins of the telescope, edited by A.Van Helden, S.Dupré, R.van Gent, H.Zuidervaart, KNAW Press Koninklijke Nederlandse. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 2010, 183-201

281. *Biagioli, Mario "Did Galileo copy the telescope? A ‘new’ letter by Paolo Sarpi" in: The origins of the telescope, edited by A.Van Helden, S.Dupré, R.van Gent, H.Zuidervaart, KNAW Press Koninklijke Nederlandse. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam 2010, 203-230

282. *Pigatto, Luisa "Galileo and Father Paolo. The improvement of the telescope" Astronomy and its instruments before and after Galileo. Atti del convegno, 28 settembre - 2 ottobre 2009, Venezia, isola di S. Servolo, Italy, Cleup, Padova, 2010, 37-50

283. *Giudice, Franco "Galileo e Keplero: la questione dei fondamenti teorici del cannocchiale" in: Keplero e Galileo. Atti del Convegno: Padova, 18-19 maggio 2009 a cura di Piero Rafanelli e Marco Caroli. Padova: Esedra, 2010, 29-36

284. *Zik, Yaakov; Hon, Giora "Magnification: how to turn a spyglass into an astronomical telescope", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol.66, No.4 (July 2012), 439-464

285. *Zik, Yaakov; Hon, Giora "History of science and science combined: solving a historical problem in optics—the case of Galileo and his telescope", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol.71, No.4 (July 2017), 337–344

Visual Astronomy

286. *Cavina, Anna Ottani, "On the Theme of Landscape - II: Elsheimer and Galileo", The Burlington Magazine, vol.118, No.876 (Mar.1976), 139-145

287. *Cohen, I. Bernard “The influence of theoretical perspective on the interpretation of sense data: Tycho Brahe and the new star of 1572 and Galileo and the mountains on the moon” Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di storia della scienza di Firenze vol.5 (1980), 3-14

288. *Byard, Margaret M. “A new heaven: Galileo and the artists” History Today vol.38 (Feb.

1988), 30-38

289. *Edgerton, Samuel Y., jr. “Galileo: Florentine disegno, and the ‘Strange Spottedness’ of the moon” Art journal vol.44 (1984), 225-232 Publ. also in: Samuel Y. Edgerton jr.The heritage of Giotto's geometry: art and science on the eve of the scientific revolution, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991, chapt.7, 223-253

290. *Van Helden, Albert and Mary G. Winkler “Representing the Heavens: Galileo and Visual

Astronomy” Isis, vol.83 (1992), 195-217

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291. *Cohen, I. Bernard “What Galileo saw: the experience of looking through a telescope” in From Galileo's “Occhialino” to Optoelectronics, ed. Paolo Mazzoldi (World Scientific, 1993), 445-472, and in: Galileo a Padova, 1592-1610. vol.5: Occasioni galileiane Trieste: LINT, 1995, 159-187

292. *Fiorentini, Adriana and Lamberto Maffei “What Galileo's brain told Galileo's eye” From

Galileo's “Occhialino” to Optoelectronics, ed. Paolo Mazzoldi (World Scientific, 1993), 77-86, and in: Galileo a Padova, 1592-1610. vol.5: Occasioni galileiane Trieste: LINT, 1995, 267-279

293. *Ostrow, Steven F. “Cigoli’s Immacolata and Galileo’s Moon: Astronomy and the Virgin in

the Early Seicento” Art Bulletin, vol.78 (1996), 219-235

294. *Van Helden, Albert “Galileo and Scheiner on Sunspots: A Case Study in the Visual Language of Astronomy“ Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol.140 (1996), 357-95

295. Reeves, Eileen Painting the Heavens. Art and science in the Age of Galileo Princeton,

Princeton University Press 1997

296. *Elkins, James review of E.Reeves Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte vol.62 (1999), 580-585

297. *Winkler, Mary G. “Swear not by the moon“, review of E.Reeves Studies in history and philosophy of science vol.30A, no.3 (1999), 523-530

298. *Maffei, Lamberto e Fiorentini, Adriana "Galileo al telescopio: che cosa il suo cervello disse al suo occhio" In: Principio di secol novo a cura di L.A. Radicati di Brozolo. Pisa: Cassa di risparmio, 1999, 171-183

299. *Damianaki, Chrysa Galileo e le arti figurative Roma: Vecchiarelli Editore 2000, 23-61 300. *Bredekamp, Horst “Gazing Hands and Blind Spots: Galileo as Draftsman” Science in

Context, vol.13 (2000), 423-462 reprinted as: Galileo in context edited by Jürgen Renn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 153-192

301. *Booth, Sara Elizabeth and Albert van Helden “The Virgin and the telescope: the moons of

Cigoli and Galileo” Science in Context, vol.13 (2000), 463-486, reprinted as: Galileo in context edited by Jürgen Renn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 193-216

302. *Biagioli, Mario “Picturing objects in the making: Scheiner, Galileo and the discovery of

sunspots” In: Wissensideale und Wissenskulturen in der frühen Neuzeit (Ideals and Cultures of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe) herausgegeben von Wolfgang Detel und Claus Zittel, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2002, 39-96

303. *Farago, Claire J. review of E.Reeves Annals of science vol.60 (2003), 99-103

304. *Remmert, Volker R. “In the sign of Galileo: pictorial representation in the 17th-century

Copernican debate“ Endeavour vol.27, no.1 (2003), 26-31

305. *Camerota, Filippo “Galileo’s Eye: Linear Perspective and Visual Astronomy” Galileiana, vol.1 (2004), 143-170

306. *Baumstark, Reinhold; Dekiert, Marcus Von neuen Sternen: Adam Elsheimers Flucht nach Aegypten, Munchen: Pinakothek-DuMont, 2005

307. *Bredekamp, Horst “I molteplici volti del Sidereus Nuncius” in Il cannocchiale e il pennello: nuova scienza e nuova arte nell'età di Galileo Catalogo a cura di Lucia Tongiorgi Tomasi, Alessandro Tosi. Firenze: Giunti, 2009, 164-171

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308. *Thielemann, Andreas, “Lenti e specchi nella scienza e nella pittura del primo Seicento” in Sinisgalli, R. & Istituto Svizzero di Roma eds., L’arte della matematica nella prospettiva, Foligno: Cartei & Bianchi, 2009 127-149, 369-382

309. *Howard, Deborah & Longair, Malcom S. "Elsheimer, Galileo, and The Flight into Egypt", in The Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena VI. Proceedings of a conference held October 18-23, 2009 in Venezia, Italy. Edited by Enrico Maria Corsini. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 441. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2011, 23-29

310. *Thielemann Andreas “Himmelsfeuer: Kosmologie und Theologie in Adam Elsheimers „Flucht nach Ägypten“”, in: von Albrecht A, Cordibella G, eds. Tintenfass und Teleskop. Galileo Galilei im Schnittpunkt wissenschaftlicher, literarischer und visueller Kulturen im 17. Jahrhunder,. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014, 126-130

311. *Ottani Cavina, Anna, “Arte e scienza: Elsheimer e Galileo”, Atti dell'Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. Classe di scienze morali e lettere, vol.173, fasc.2 (2014-2015), 163-185

312. *Mendillo, Michael, “Landscape by moonlight: Peter Paul Rubens and astronomy” in Conference on the inspiration of astronomical phenomena VIII New York 2013, San Francisco: Astronomical society of the Pacific, vol.501 (2015), 21-30

313. Bologna, Corrado, “Ariosto, Elsheimer, Galilei e la Luna”, Lettere italiane vol.67, n.1 (2015), 57-95

314. *Wenzel, Martin "Warum malte Adam Elsheimer den Mond auf dem Kopf? – Teleskopisches Sehen ist ohne Teleskop möglich" [Why Did Adam Elsheimer Paint the Moon Upside-Down? Telescopic Vision Is Possible Without a Telescope], Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, vol.232 (September 2015), 1105–1109

315. *Noyes, Ruth S. “Mattheus Greuter's sunspot etchings for Galileo Galilei's macchie solari (1613)”, Art bulletin, vol.98, no.4 (Dec. 2016), 466-487

Seeing and Believing: How the Telescope Opened Our Eyes and Minds to the Heavens by Richard Panek. New York Viking Press 1998. Italian transl.: Richard Panek Vedere per credere ovvero, come il telescopio ci ha spalancato gli occhi e la mente, Torino Einaudi 2000

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Internet sites

• Museo Galileo http://www.museogalileo.it • Project Galileo Rice University: http://galileo.rice.edu/index.html • OG: 1st edition http://gallica.bnf.fr • OG: 2nd edition http://moro.imss.fi.it:9000/struts-aig/ • Galileian Manuscripts – Galilean Collection of the Central National Library in Florence

http://www.internetculturale.it/opencms/opencms/it/collezioni/collezione_0049.html • Galilean Telescope and analysis of observations (Tom Pope and Jim Mosher)

http://www.pacifier.com/~tpope/index.htm Sep 2011 disappeared • La lunette de Galilee http://www.dino-optic.fr/Galilee0.htm • Replicas of Galileo’s Telescopes (Jim and Rhonda Morris) http://www.galileotelescope.org/

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Chronology of Galileo’s Life

• 1564 15 Feb - Galileo born in Pisa from Vincenzo and Giulia Ammannati • 1580-1585 - G. is enrolled to the University of Pisa but he will never complete his studies • 1589-1592 - G. is teacher of Mathematics at the University of Pisa • 1592-1610 - G. is teacher of Mathematics at the University of Padua • 1600,1601,1606 - Date of birth of his three natural sons: Virginia (suor Maria Celeste), Livia (Suor

Angelica) and Vincenzo; their mother is Marina Gamba, venetian; Galileo never married her. • 1604 Oct - Observation of a new star in Ofiucus. Galileo dedicates three public lections, of which only some

fragment are remained • 1605 Feb - The Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella nuova is published in

Padua • 1609 Aug 21st - He presents the telescope in Venice • 1609 Nov 30 - First celestial observations : Moon • 1610 Jan 7th - First observations of the satellites of Jupiter • 1610 Mar 13th - The Sidereus Nuncius is published in Venice • 1610 Jul - First Observations of Saturn "tricorporeo" • 1610 Aug - First Observations of Sunspots • 1610 Sep - First Observations of the phases of Venus • 1610 Sep - G. is back in Florence as "Matematico e Filosofo del Granduca di Toscana“ [Mathematician and

Philosopher of the GrandDuke of Tuscany] • 1612 End of May - The Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in su l’acqua is published in Florence • 1613 Mar 22nd - The Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari is published in Rome • 1616 Feb - Cardinal Bellarmino orders Galileo to leave his Copernican ideas • 1618 Nov-Dec Observations of three comets • 1619 Jun - The Discorso delle Comete is published in Florence under the name of Mario Guiducci • 1623 Oct - The Il Saggiatore is published in Rome • 1632 Feb - The Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi is published in Florence • 1632 Sep - The pope, Urbanus VIII, orders G. to go a Rome to be judged for the contents of the Dialogo • 1633 Jun - G. is condemned from the Tribunal of the Holy Office and he must abjure his Copernican ideas • 1633 Jul-Dec - G. leaves Rome and he is resident in Siena, guest of Cardinal Piccolomini • 1633 Dec - G. is back in Florence. He must live in Arcetri in solitude • 1634 Apr - Suor Maria Celeste dies • 1634 Aug - The Dialogo is inserted in the list of Forbidden Books by Catholic Church • 1636-1638 – Negotiation with the General States of the Netherlands about the method to find the longitude • 1637 End - G. is completely blind • 1638 Mid - Discorsi e dimostrazioni intorno a due nuove scienze is published in Leiden • 1642 8 Jan - Galileo dies in Arcetri

Chronology of Events about Galileo and the Telescope in 1609-1610 (from Drake 1959 and 1976)

• 19th July: Galileo leaves Padua to visit friends at Venice • 20th July: G. heards rumors of the Holland instrument • c.26th July: G. visits Sarpi to ask his opinion • c.1st Aug: G. hears that a foreigner has arrived at Padua with one of the instruments • 2nd or 3rd Aug: G. returns to Padua; the foreigner is departed for Venice; G. attempts to deduce the

construction of the instruments • 4th Aug: G. finds the construction of the instrument and he informs some Venetian friend, possibly Sarpi; 3

power ? • 5th-20th Aug: G. enhances the instrument up to 8 power; he returns to Venice • 21st Aug: G. exhibits the instrument from the Tower of S.Mark: they are present Antonio Priuli, Zaccaria

Contarini, Lodovico Falier, Sebastiano Venier, Zaccaria Sagredo, Pietro Contarini and doctor Cavalli [Cronaca di Antonio Priuli]

• Aug 24th: G. exhibits the instrument to the Signoria and to the Senate [Cronaca di Antonio Priuli] • Aug 25th: the Venetian Senate confirms G. as teacher of mathematics in the University of Padua for life and

raises his salary to 1000 ducati [Cronaca di Antonio Priuli]

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• Aug 29th: G. writes to Landucci describing how he « discovered» the spyglass : sono circa a 2 mesi che qua fu sparsa fama che in Fiandra era stato presentato al Conte Mauritio2) un occhiale

• Aug 29th: Enea Piccolomini Aragona, personal secretary of Granduke Cosimo II, writes to G. requesting a spyglass for the Granduke

• Aug 31st: G. returns to Padua and he prepares to go to Florence • Sep 12th : Antonio de’ Medici requires a spyglass to G. • Sep 19th : Enea Piccolomini Aragona writes to G. about the lenses G. required in Florence • Oct 30th : G. writes to B.Vinta. It seems G. is just returned from Florence. G. could have presented the

spyglass to Granduke, see letter to Vinta Jan 30th 1610 • Nov 30th: first dated drawing of the moon. The 20-power telescope should be completed before this date • Dec 4th: G. writes to Michelangelo Buonarroti announcing some improvement to the telescope • Dec 18th-Jan 6th: G. observes and draw constellations, nebulae and the Milky Way

[Pantin XXIII n.34 : Obs. diary : Jan 23rd, Jan 31st, Feb 7th [Pantin 81, n.100, 139, 145, 148]; f.16v Cassiopeia OG III.2, 962; f.25v Canis minor OG III.2, 963 + Mar 2nd and f.31v [Pantin 79 n.93; 89, n.138, 139] + OG III.2, 963;

• Jan 7th : G. writes a letter (to Antonio de’ Medici [Favaro] or Enea Piccolomini Aragona [Drake, 1976]) describing his observations

Documents

Galileo astronomer