FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA \u0026 NDMA FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA AND NDMA

$Page 1: FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA \u0026 NDMA FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA AND NDMA$
FLOODS & CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA& NDMA TALALAHMEDM. ALI BHATTISAJJAD ALI

AHAD HASEEB

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 9-05-2016

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FLOODS & CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMAAND NDMA

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Group Members: Talal Ahmed M. Ali Bhatti Sajjad Ali Ahad Haseeb Ahmad


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 3Introduction 4Defination of Flood 5What causes happen to Floods 6Types of Floods 7Floods strategies of National Disaster Managment Authority 11Floods strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority in Punjab 13Floods strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority in Sindh 18Floods strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority in Kyber Pakhtunkhawa 23Climate strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority in Balochistan 25Relation to the strategies of NDMA& PDMA 25Conclusion 27References 28


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bstract:This report includes the fundamental phenomena and occasions of Floods and

Climates, what consiquences causes floods hazards to come, what are the stages and where does theclimate exists and changes, what are the duration lasts for the climate and espacially what are thestrategies to overcome the floods hazard by National Disaster Managment Authority at the higherstages and modes of the Continental risk procedure and what are the strategies that Pakistan DisasterManagment Authority is applying to its difference provinces all over the country to overcome the riskand victimism of floods and floods affected areas.

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ntroduction:The floods in Pakistan is a major issue, as by the lack of good resources we are

enable to recover the floods effected area espacially in Sindh and Balochistan, The National DisasterManagment of Pakistan works probably to look towards the affected areas of Floods from the startand to overcome from this problem the different provinces have made thier on authority with the headof Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority to look the strategies of floods and by thier the Climatechange is the main issue as the department of Meterology in Pakistan is currenty working on theproject of Climate change and Climate issue with the collobration of International Union ofConservation of Nature (IUCN).

As further every province has it’s on floods strategies moreover theclimate factor is deal under the NDMA and what International Union of Conservartion of Nature hasset the standard for the whole world.

Figure 1 Flood affected areas of Pakistan

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efination of Flood:A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually

dry. The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land notnormally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to theinflow of the tide.

Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river,lake or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks leeves, resulting in some of that water escapingits usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in anareal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changesin precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unlessthey flood property or drown domestic animals.

Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity ofthe river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage tohomes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damagecan be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionallylived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easytravel and access to commerce and industry.

Figure 2 Picture show Flood in Punjab Pakistan

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auses of Floods:Flooding occurs most commonly from heavy rainfall when natural

watercourses do not have the capacity to convey excess water. However, floods are not always causedby heavy rainfall. They can result from other phenomena, particularly in coastal areas whereinundation can be caused by a storm surge associated with a tropical cyclone, a tsunami or a high tidecoinciding with higher than normal river levels. Dam failure, triggered for example by an earthquake,will result in flooding of the downstream area, even in dry weather conditions. Other factors includesthe following:

Volume, spatial distribution, intensity and duration of rainfall over a catchment.

The capacity of the watercourse or stream network to convey runoff.

Catchment and weather conditions prior to a rainfall event.

Ground cover.

Topography.

Tidal Influence.

Figure 3 Picture shows the causes of Floods

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ypes of Floods:

The three main types of floods often cause are as follow:

Coastal (Surge) Floods.

Fluvial (River) Floods.

Pluvial (Surface) Floods.

1. Coastal (Surge) Floods:

A coastal flood, as the name suggests, occurs in areas that lie on thecoast of a sea, ocean, or other large body of open water. It is typically the result of extreme tidalconditions caused by severe weather. Storm surge — produced when high winds from hurricanes andother storms push water onshore — is the leading cause of coastal flooding and often the greatestthreat associated with a tropical storm. In this type of flood, water overwhelms low-lying land andoften causes devastating loss of life and property.

Coastal flooding is categorized in three levels:

Minor:A slight amount of beach erosion will occur but no major damage is expected. Moderate: A fair amount of beach erosion will occur as well as damage to some homes and

businesses. Major: Serious threat to life and property. Large-scale beach erosion will occur, numerous roads

will be flooded, and many structures will be damaged. Citizens should review safety precautionsand prepare to evacuate if necessary.

The severity of a coastal flood is determined by several factors, including the strength, size, speed,and direction of the storm. The onshore and offshore topography also plays an important role. Todetermine the probability and magnitude of a storm surge, coastal flood models consider thisinformation in addition to data from historical storms that have affected the area, as well as thedensity of nearby development.

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Figure 4 Coastal Area affected by Flood caused by Hurricane

2. Fluvial (River) Floods:

Fluvial, or riverine flooding, occurs when excessive rainfall over anextended period of time causes a river to exceed its capacity. It can also be caused by heavy snowmelt and ice jams. The damage from a river flood can be widespread as the overflow affects smallerrivers downstream, often causing dams and dikes to break and swamp nearby areas.

There are two main types of riverine flooding:

Overbank flooding occurs when water rises overflows over the edges of a river or stream. This isthe most common and can occur in any size channel — from small streams to huge rivers.


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Flash flooding is characterized by an intense, high velocity torrent of water that occurs in anexisting river channel with little to no notice. Flash floods are very dangerous and destructive notonly because of the force of the water, but also the hurtling debris that is often swept up in theflow.

The severity of a river flood is determined by the amount of precipitation in an area, how long it takesfor precipitation to accumulate, previous saturation of local soils, and the terrain surrounding the riversystem. In flatter areas, floodwater tends to rise more slowly and be more shallow, and it oftenremains for days. In hilly or mountainous areas, floods can occur within minutes after a heavy rain.To determine the probability of river flooding, models consider past precipitation, forecastedprecipitation, current river levels, and temperatures.

Figure 5 Catastrophic river flood caused by heavy rain


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3. Pluvial (Surface) Floods:

A pluvial, or surface water flood, is caused when heavy rainfall createsa flood event independent of an overflowing water body. One of the most common misconceptionsabout flood risk is that one must be located near a body of water to be at risk. Pluvial floodingdebunks that myth, as it can happen in any urban area — even higher elevation areas that lie abovecoastal and river floodplains.

There are two common types of pluvial flooding:

Intense rain saturates an urban drainage system. The system becomes overwhelmed and waterflows out into streets and nearby structures.

Run-off or flowing water from rain falling on hillsides that are unable to absorb the water.Hillsides with recent forest fires are notorious sources of pluvial floods, as are suburbancommunities on hillsides.

Figure 6 Continous rain cause the surface flooding


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loods strategies of National Disaster Managment Authority:

Pakistan is vulnerable todisaster risks from a range of hazards including avalanches, cyclones/storms, droughts, earthquakes,epidemics, floods, glacial lake outbursts, landslides, pest attacks, river erosion and tsunami. Humaninduced hazards that threaten the country include transport, industrial, oil spills, urban and forest fires,civil conflicts and internal displacements of communities due to multiple factors. High priorityhazards in terms of their frequency and scale of impact are:- earthquakes, droughts, flooding, WindStorms and Landslides that have caused widespread damages and losses in the past.

A reactive, emergency response approach has remained thepredominant way of dealing with disasters in Pakistan till now. The Calamity Act of 1958 was mainlyconcerned with organizing emergency response. A system of relief commissionrate at provincial levelwas established. An Emergency Relief Cell (ERC) in the Cabinet Secretariat was responsible fororganizing disaster response by the federal government. The awareness of policy makers, media, civilsociety, NGOs, UN agencies and other stakeholders remained low about disaster risk managementand the Country as a whole lacked a systematic approach towards disaster risk management.

The loss of life and property and the challenges that were faced in the aftermath of October 2005earthquake affecting Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the NWFP province exhibited the need forestablishing appropriate policy and institutional arrangements to reduce losses from disasters infuture.

The need for strong institutional and policy arrangements has been fulfilled with the promulgation ofNational Disaster Management Ordinance, 2006. Under the Ordinance the National DisasterManagement Commission (NDMC) has been established under the Chairmanship of the PrimeMinister as the highest policy making body in the field of disaster management. As an executive armof the NDMC, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been made operational tocoordinate and monitor implementation of National Policies and Strategies on disaster management.

The new system envisages a devolved and de-centralized mechanism for disaster management.Accordingly, Provincial Disaster Management Commissions (PDMCs) and Authorities (PDMAs)have been established while similar arrangements have been made in AJ&K and Northern Areas. TheDistrict Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) have been notified across the country. TheDDMAs are going to be the linchpin of the whole system and would play the role of the first line ofdefense in the event of a disaster.

The new system envisages a devolved and de-centralized mechanism for disaster management.Accordingly, Provincial Disaster Management Commissions (PDMCs) and Authorities (PDMAs)

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have been established while similar arrangements have been made in AJ&K and Northern Areas. TheDistrict Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) have been notified across the country. TheDDMAs are going to be the linchpin of the whole system and would play the role of the first line ofdefense in the event of a disaster.

The National Disaster risk Management Framework has been formulated to guide the work of entiresystem in the area of disaster risk management. It has been developed through wide consultation withstakeholders from local, provincial and national levels. The Framework identifies National Strategiesand Policies for disaster management. Nine priority areas have been identified within this frameworkto establish and strengthen policies, institutions and capacities over the next five years. These includethe following points to be kept while the affectization of floods sffected area and disaster.

Institutional and legal arrangements for DRM Hazard and vulnerability assessment. Training, education and awareness. Disaster risk management planning. Community and local level programming. Multi-hazard early warning system. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development. Emergency response system, and Capacity development for post disaster recovery.

Figure 7 Map show Floods sffected area of Pakistan in 2011


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loods strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment in Punjab:The climate factor

almost all over the world has changed, Pakistan is also affected by this climate change phenomenawhich thus wants the better policies and activities enhance for the betterment of the safe of Disasterrisk managment and reducing the floods hazards. Thus by this goverment of Punjab is currentlyworking on this, as the Floods in Pakistan thus become the cause of earthquakes, tornadoes hit theArabian sea. The situation requires PDMA to enhance different strategies for removal of Floods, thatis with the coordination of stakeholders to save the life and property. As many of the floods came tothe Punjab causes many distruction mostly in the areas of Sailkot, Narowal, Shakargarh, Pasrror andother localities in mid of Punjab

Figure 8 Chart show Flood affected area of Punjab in 2011

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Figure 11 Chart show Floods affected area of Punjab in 2013

PDMA operates to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. In this regard the functionsfollowed are:

Formulate the provincial disaster management policy obtaining the approval of the ProvincialCommission.

Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, National Plan and ProvincialPlan.

Examine the vulnerability of different parts of the province to different disasters and specifyprevention of mitigation measures.


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Lay down guidelines to be followed for preparation of disaster management plans by theProvincial Department and District Authorities.

Evaluate preparedness at all governmental or non-governmental levels to respond to disaster andenhance preparedness.

Coordinate response in the event of disaster. Give directions to any Provincial department or authority regarding actions to be taken in

response to disaster. Promote general education, awareness and community training relating to the actions to be taken

in response to disaster. Provide indispensable technical assistance or give advice to the district authority and local

authorities for conveying out their functions effectively. Advice the Provincial Government regarding all financial matters in relation to disaster

management. Examine the construction in the area and if it is in the opinion that the standards laid down have

not been followed it may direct the same to secure compliance of such standards.

Figure 12 Pie Chart show Flood Disaster Annual Inimation by year 2011


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Figure 13 Map show the Flood Hazard and cumulative Floods in Punjab


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lood strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment in Sindh:Floods are one of the

most common hazards in Pakistan, however not all floods are alike. Some floods develop slowly,while others such a flash floods, can develop in just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain.Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affectingentire river basins and multiple parts of country. Flash floods can occur within a few minutes or hoursof excessive rainfall, a dam or levee failure, or a sudden release of water held by an ice jam. Flashfloods often have a dangerous wall of roaring water carrying rocks, mud and other debris. Overlandflooding, the most common type of flooding event typically occurs when waterways such as rivers orstreams overflow their banks as a result of rainwater or a possible levee breach and cause flooding insurrounding areas. It can also occur when rainfall or snowmelt exceeds the capacity of undergroundpipes, or the capacity of streets and drains designed to carry flood water away from urban areas. Beaware of flood hazards no matter where you live or work, but especially if you are in low-lying areas,near water, behind a levee or downstream from a dam. Even very small streams, gullies, creeks,culverts, dry streambeds or low-lying ground that appear harmless in dry weather can flood.

Before a FloodWhat would you do if your property were flooded? Are you prepared? Even if you feel you live in acommunity with a low risk of flooding, remember that anywhere it rains, it can flood. Just becauseyou haven't experienced a flood in the past, doesn't mean you won't in the future. Flood risk isn't justbased on history; it's also based on a number of factors including rainfall , topography, flood-controlmeasures, river-flow and tidal-surge data, and changes due to new construction and development.Flood-hazard maps have been created to show the flood risk for your areas.

To prepare for a flood, you should:

Build an emergency kit (I e, simply collect basic items of your household that you may need inemergency, like having your own food, water &other supplies in sufficient quantity to last for atleast 4 days)and make a family communications plan(I e,how you will get to a safe place, contactone another & will get back together& what you’ll do in emergency).

Avoid building in a floodplain unless you elevate and reinforce your home. Elevate the furnace and electric panel in your home if you live in an area that has a high flood

risk. Consider installing "check valves" to prevent flood water from backing up into the drains of your

home. If feasible, construct barriers to stop floodwater from entering the building and seal walls in

basements with waterproofing compounds.

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During a FloodIf a flood is likely in your area, you should: Listen to the Radio/FM or Television for information. Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move

immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move. Be aware of stream, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. Flash

floods can occur in these areas with or without typical warnings such as rain clouds or heavyrain.

If you must prepare to evacuate, you should do the following: Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items to an upper

floor. Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electrical

appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

After the Flood Your home has been flooded. Although floodwaters may be down in some areas, many dangers

still exist. Here are some things to remember in the days ahead: Use local alerts and warning systems to get information and expert informed advice as soon as

available. Avoid moving water. Stay away from damaged areas unless your assistance has been specifically requested by govt.

Authorities. Emergency workers will be assisting people in flooded areas. You can help them by staying off

the roads and out of the way. Play it safe. Additional flooding or flash floods can occur. Listen for local warnings and

information. Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe. Roads may still be closed because they have been damaged or are covered by water. Barricades

have been placed for your protection. If you come upon a barricade or a flooded road, go anotherway.

If you must walk or drive in areas that have been flooded. Stay on firm ground. Moving water only 6 inches deep can sweep you off your feet. Standing

water may be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines. Flooding may have caused familiar places to change. Floodwaters often erode roads and

walkways. Flood debris may hide animals and broken bottles, and it's also slippery. Avoidwalking or driving through it.

Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. Roads may have weakened and couldcollapse under the weight of a car.

Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by floodwaters. Use extreme caution when entering buildings; there may be hidden damage, particularly in

foundations.


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STAYING HEALTHY A flood can cause physical hazards and emotional stress. You need to look after yourself and

your family as you focus on cleanup and repair. Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil, gasoline or raw sewage. Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits and leaching systems as soon as possible. Damaged

sewer systems are serious health hazards. Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s water supply is safe to drink Clean and disinfect everything that got wet. Mud left from floodwaters can contain sewage and

chemicals. Rest often and eat well. Keep a manageable schedule. Make a list and do jobs one at a time. Discuss your concerns with others and seek help.

Figure 14 Map show Flood Hazard in Sindh 2012


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Figure 15 Map show Flood Hazard in Sindh 2013

Recovery Strategies of PDMA SINDH:

Recovery phase encompasses the restoration of basic services, livelihoods, shelter, governance,security and the rule of law, environment and social dimensions, including the reintegration ofdisplaced populations.It stabilizes human security and addresses underlying risks that contributed to the disaster situation.The populations affected by the disaster require life saving support; community, institutions andlivelihoods have often been physically destroyed and weakened.Recovery programming works to restore services, livelihood opportunities and governance capacity.It starts as soon as possible in the humanitarian or emergency phase. While most preference will begiven to life saving interventions, the sooner the planning and work on recovery begins, the soonerthe affected areas are stabilized and the shorter and more effective the recovery process is likely to be,as national and regional institutions progress with providing basic services.Early recovery initiate in parallel with humanitarian activities.


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Figure 16 Picture show Flood affected area in Sindh during Zardari Goverment

Figure 17 Graph show the Flood wave comparison vs actual Forcasting


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loods strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment in Kyber PakhtunKhawa:The

Provicinal Disaster Managment Authority for Kyber PakhtunKhawa used the following Floodsstrategies for the Floods and safety of Floods causes that are as follow:

Avoid building in flood prone areas unless you elevate and reinforce your home. Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to flooding. Install "Check Valves" in sewer traps to prevent floodwater from backing up into the drains of

your home. Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to construct barriers (levees, beams

and floodwalls) to stop floodwater from entering the homes in your area. Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.

If a flood is likely to hit your area, you should:

Listen to the radio or television for information. Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move

immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move. Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood suddenly. Flash

floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavyrain.

If you must prepare to evacuate, you should:

Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items to an upperfloor.

Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electricalappliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

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If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation tips:

Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall. If you have towalk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of theground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded areas. If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move tohigher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away.

If you have to leave your home, remember these evacuation tips:

Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall. If you have towalk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of theground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded areas. If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move tohigher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away.

Figure 18 Map show the Flood Hazard and cumulative Flood in KPK


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limate Strategies of Provicinal Disaster Managment in Balochistan:Moonsoons result in heavy cyclones and weather systems based precipitation originating

from Bay of Bengal and also Arabian Sea. The Bay of Bengal related weather systems tend totraverse the Indian landmass and cause heavy precipitation along the southern reaches of Himalayasalong Pir Panjal Range in Kashmir which constitutes the catchment region for all rivers except Indus.Offshoots of Hindu Kush like Koh-e-Sulaiman range limits monsoon impact in the west of thecountry. If the eastern monsoon system originating from Bay of Bengal were to combine with westernweather systems it would result in very heavy precipitation which can contribute towards majorfloods. Precipitation combines with glacier melts and flash flooding / hill torrents to cause floods.Another critical input is the water release from Tarbela and Mangla Dams when at optimum levels.Some of the weather systems originating from Bay of Bengal and to a lesser extent Arabian Sea resultin occurrence of tropical cyclones in the North Arabian Sea which impact coast of Sindh and thus themost important Balochistan like Cyclone Yemyin in 2007.

It is seen from the aforementioned discussion that climate changes have started adverselyaffecting theoverall quality of life in the country in the form of reduced agriculture productivity,increased humanmorbidity and stressed use of natural resources. Just like other nations such asChina and India,Pakistan also needs to develop a national plan of action on climate changewhich will address some ofthe most pressing issues and outline areas of priority for investmentsand actions. The two keymethods that will help combat climate change are mitigating andadaptation.Given that the effects ofclimate change are already impacting millions of lives, adaptation aimsto allow vulnerable groups toadjust and live with the changes in the environment and economy.For this purpose, taking measuressuch as improving technological responses by setting in placeearly warning systems, reducingthe vulnerability of livelihoods through infra-structural changes,and developing new and innovativefarm production practices (including new crop varieties andirrigation techniques) are extremelyimportant.Mitigating is another way where feasible strategies need to be identified to reduce theemissionof CO2 for limiting the magnitude of future climate change. At present human kind have alot of opportunities to limit atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations by reducing demand forgoodsand services that require more energy, upgrading industrial equipment and processes to bemoreenergy efficient, encouraging the purchase of efficient home appliances andpersonalvehicles,and

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expanding the use of renewable energy sources. Another viable way could be managing forests andsoils to enhance carbon uptake.

Figure 19 Study Classification of Koppen’s Climate variations in Balochistan

Figure 20 Map show Floods in Balochistan


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Onclusion:

As Pakistan is the Land that is vuleranable to many hazards. In this report thestrategies applied to overcome the risk and disaster just like Floods, Climate Change and many othermore of National Disaster Managment Authority with the Provicinal and Districts coordination aredisscused that in case of any disaster what should Goverment and other working agencies will work,moreover the Floods are the basic cause of your lowering in your economic setup so what are theoutputs results in overcome this victim that contributes alot by Armed forces many aid agencies andespacially the Internation Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) that keeps going on delivering thecampaging on climate change and Conservation of Nature through out the Pakistan.

A Message By IUCN:

‘’Conserve Nature by Protecting the Environment’’

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eferences:

http://ndma.gov.pk http://pdma.gop.pk/ http://www.pdma.gos.pk/new/ http://www.pdma.gok.pk/site/ http://www.pdma.gob.pk/site/ http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/asia_where_work/pak

istan/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood https://atmosphericsci.edu.pk

R

http://ndma.gov.pk

http://pdma.gop.pk/

http://www.pdma.gos.pk/new/

http://www.pdma.gok.pk/site/

http://www.pdma.gob.pk/site/

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/asia_where_work/pakistan/

http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/asia_where_work/pakistan/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood

https://atmosphericsci.edu.pk


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Documents

FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA \u0026 NDMA FLOODS \u0026 CLIMATE STRATEGIES OF PDMA AND NDMA