ff\J· AC(~oq5

$Page 1: ff\J· AC(~oq5$
ff\J· AC(~oq5 q 1.0 /.tJ II I

COOPERATIVE LEAGUE OF THE USA

CLUSA

BASELINE REP 0 R T

Rural Group Enterprise Development Program

in the Nampula Province

~ I'-.O~C'\ 6~~ - 00 \ ~

"', .

J .

.:.

. Sc\()j.A~ 6 ~b - OG \4 -G-oo--S-o~-o~

jmenustik

Rectangle

jmenustik

Rectangle

jmenustik

Rectangle

jmenustik

Rectangle

Submitted in February, 1m

TAB~E OF CONTENTS

~~~ :)lJ~~1t1{ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii·

·1. I~()[)lJ<:1rI()~ ••.•.•••••.••.••.•••.•••••••••••.••••••.•••.•.••.••..•••..••.••••••...•.•....•.•. 1

1.1. The CLUSA Program: Goal and Objectives ...•..........•...•....................... ~. 1 1.2. Services Provided ...................... "................................................................................................................................ J. 1.3. Approoch an.d Methooology .............................................................................................................................. 2·· .. ··" .. ..

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE TARGET DISTRICTS ..........•..........•.. .3 . .

2.1. (Je~~ ~ervievv ......•....••..•...•..•.....••.•...•.......................•................ ·3 2 .. 2.. District of Ribaue .................. "..................................................................................................... .... 3 2.3. District of Mona.po ........................................................................... '. 4 2.4. District of Meconta. .............. '. . • . . . . . • • . • . • • • • • . . . • • . . • . • • • • • . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . • • • • . . . . . . • .. 4 2.5. District of Mogovolas .......••.........•••...•..•••••.........•.•.....•..•.................• 5

3. METHODOLOGY USED IN COLLEC1rING BASELINE INFO~ TION .......... 6

4. FINDINGS FROM THE SURVEY ........................................................... e· •• 8

4.1. Introouction .......................................................................................... 8 4.2. Region of Ribaue .................................................................................... 8 4.3. Region of MOIl3pO/Meconta. .......................................................................... 11 4.4. Region of Mogovolas ............................................................................ 15

s. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS •...•.•.•..•.••.•••• _~ ..•.......•...•..•..•.....•.......•...•..• ~.19

ANNEXES:

Annex A· RGEI Association Baseline Indicators

Annex B Beneficiaries Baseline Indicators

Bibliography

t ,

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of this report is to present an overview of the target areas of the Rural Group Enterprise Development Program at the time CLUSA field activities began. The baseline information presented here will allow the different program stakeholders to measure changes in the program's client groups and to evaluate the impact of CLUSA services.

Overall findings from the study are not new as numerous other socio-economic studies and, ' surveys have been conducted on the smallholder sector in Nampula, many in the same areas where the CLUSA program is operating. Some of the findings from this study include:

With the exception of one informal group, no other group businesses or ' associations were found functioning in the communities contacted.

Farm revenue seemed to be the primary source of income for all households contacted. Raising cash and food crops was the strategy most often used by households to guarantee food for consumption as well as the necessary income to purchase other consumer goods.

With the exception of cash crops such as tobacco, cotton and cashew nuts, for which a market is readily available, marketing food crops was often difficult and generally results in low prices for the farmers. For the most part producers sold their produce to informal traders, mainly in small quantities and often in exchange for other consumer goods. '

Access to basic consumer goods was found to be difficult in most rural communities studied. In almost all the communities surveyed there were no stores open year round. Supply of basic consumer goods was observed to be better in communities with cash crops but only during the marketing season.

For the most part market information was not reaching the majority of ,producers. When available it was limited to the government minimum prices.

With the exception of communities near the railroad most communities did not have access to transport on a regular basis.

Inputs were used primarily by cotton and tobacco producers. Overall very few producers had access to or used fertilizers or improved seeds. While yields were not measured, other studies in the target districts show that overall yields, both for cash and food crops, were quite low.

Access to credit was available (in-kind) only by cotton and tobacco producers through joint venture companies. Only one producer was found to have access to financial services and knew something about bank credit.

,ii

For the most part producers did not have legal ownership of their land. Only two producers, one in Monapo and one in Ribaue had title to their land. Forty two others (members of the pre-association of 25 de Setembro in Meconta) had begun the laborious process of requesting title to their land.

Infrastructure and services were found to be very poor in most communities surveyed. With the exception of Ribaue most communities did not have schools or any other form of educational facility. No active literacy centers were present in communities. Access to health services was difficult. The same was observed for other services such as maize milling.

The report is divided in five parts. The first part presents an overview of the program, its goals and objectives and the general approach used. The second part presents a profile of the program's target districts. The third part describes the methodology used to conduct the baseline study. Part four presents the findings of the survey conducted in four districts in"1S different communities. Finally, part five presents the general conclusions of the study.

iii

, "

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The CLUSA Program: Goal and Objectives

In January of 1996, following a period of installation and staff recruitment and training, CLUSA initiated field activities of the Rural Group Enterprise Development Program in four districts of the Nampula province: Monapo, Meconta, Mogovolas and Ribaue.

The program is a pilot initiative aimed at assisting the development of a private network of economically viable and democratically controlled rural group enterprises (RGEs) in the , province of Nampula. CLUSA' s experience implementing similar programs in Africa shows that the various components needed for increasing agricultural production and rural incomes such as extension and marketing information, credit and inputs, storage, processing, and ", marketing, can be enhanced by the presence of viable rural group enterprises. Much of the burden and cost of agricultural production and rural income improvement are reduced when these activities are undertaken collectively - especially by groups capable of self-management.

Specific program objectives for the two-year period (1995-1997) include:

*

*

*

*

*

*

develop effective organizational models with appropriate management techniques adapted to the Mozambican rural village settings; ,

assist 48 viable groups, associations and other rural enterprises to undertake profitable economic activities that respond to member needs - smallholders - in the areas of'input and food stuff supply, storage, marketing, processing of food and cash crops, and mobilization of savings;

transfer literacy, numeracy, operational and managerial skills to rural group enterprise members, managers and employees;

link associations and other rural enterprises to reliable sources of financing;

adapt the CLUSA training approach and technology to the Mozambican environment and the needs of the rural group enterprises;

prepare a cadre of Mozambicans to implement the rural enterprise approach and methodology.

1.2. Services Provided

Five services are provided by the program to client associations:

Association Organizational Development and Rural Group Business Advisory Services and Auditing

Market Information and Brokering

, ~" 1

Functional Literacy and Numeracy Training

Training of Trainers

Savings Mobilization and Access to Financing

1.3 Approach and Methodology

One of the most important tools available to CLUSA is its highly participatory approach to ' rural group enterprise development. The approach involves: .' .. :

*

*

the development of group-based rural enterprises as independent, viable private sect9r businesses in which smallholders (as the owners) make all the decisions for their association and are encouraged to invest their own resources and undertake initiatives to resolve their own problems; and

the integration of commercial, private sector agents (agribusiness, private traders and transporters) in the development of rural economic development and community based group enterprises;

Using a network of fifteen field staff who reside and work in client communities as trainers and consultants, the program provides specific training to communities in ROE organization and development. The development of an ROE is a process. Farmers interested in setting up an ROE select members who participate in several training sessions to learn how to do business planning, feasibility and market analysis and basic enterprise management. All training is done locally and is linked to the actual activities of the producer organizations. Due to the high levels of illiteracy in the program target areas (above 80 % in most areas), at the request of client communities, the program assists RGE's in setting up functional literacy and numeracy programs using village animators.

Taking into account previous bad experiences with cooperative development activities in Mozambique, primarily due to socialist policies of the past, the CLUSA approach pursues two tracks:

1. providing technical assistance and training to a limited number of interested farmer communities, thus

2. creating conditions favorable to the emergence and growth of a network of private member-managed group enterprises.

The two tracks in fact become one during implementation as it is through the assistance and development of specific associations that a strong network of associations is gradually formed

, and structured.

2 "

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE TARGET DISTRICTS

2.1. General Overview

The Nampula Province, one of the ten provinces of Mozambique, is without doubt one of the most important economic regions in the country. With a population of approximately three million (1992) the Nampula province is a little country in itself. It was considered in the past the bread basket of Mozambique and to date is still the main supplier of agriCUltural export products such as cotton and cashews, a role which it played even throughout the civil war. :~.:. Despite the destruction of some infrastructure during the war, the province has a reasonable road system, a functioning port and a railroad which runs from the sea to neighboring Malawi.

There are an estimated 700.000 smallholder enterprises (farming family units) in the Nampula Province. These farm enterprises produce the majority of food (eg. cassava, maize, beans) and cash crops (eg. cotton, cashews, tobacco), as well as various utensils which are used in the rural settings (eg. water cans, farm tools, pots and pans) and are important sources of rural family income. Some of these family enterprises, mainly in the costal areas, are also involved in artisanal fishing and others raise animals. The majority of these family enterprises grow food crops and cash crops in small plots, varying between 0.5 and 5 ha in size.

2.2. District of Ribaue

The District of Ribaue is located in the western portion of Nampula Province and cover$ an area of 6.281 km2. The population numbers 145.064 (Diagnostico dos Recursos SectoriaisDRS, 1996) of which 71.081 are men and 73.983 are women. The number of families is estimated to be 67.900.

Traditionally the district of Ribaue was considered the "bread basket" of the province. Crops produced include com, beans, cassava, rice, sorghum, peanuts, sesame, and sunflowers. Machambas cleared near existing populated areas are planted in cash crops: tobacco and cotton. The district has a tradition of raising livestock. The most common animals are pigs, goats and poultry. Bovine livestock was raised only by the large businesses.

The rich forest resources of the region are currently being exploited by businesses located in . the city of Nampula.

The town of Ribaue, and the posts of Iapala and Mecuasse receive potable water from a gravity fed system. In some areas where drought is a problem open wells have been a solution even though there is no guarantee of water throughout the year. Electricity, when

. available, is supplied by a diesel generator.

Commerce in the district is weak. A large number of business establishments were destroyed during the war. Currently there are 22 stores in operation throughout the district. Some of the owners live in the city of Nampula. The majority of local merchants do not buy surplus

3

produce from district farmers. This is a problem for those farmers unable to sell their crops locally and must travel to distant areas to find buyers. Some stores buy com and re-sell it to the Instituto de Cereais de Mocambique· (ICM).

The district has 265 Ian of road, all dirt surface, and 122 Ian of railroad.

There are 3 health centers, one regional hospital located in the administrative center of the····· .district, 2 health centers located in Iapala and Namiconha and 2 health posts located in Chica and Riali. .

2.3. District of Monapo

The district of Monapo is located centrally in the eastern portion of Nampula Province. According to the DRS, the district of Monapo has approximately 179.037 inhabitants of which 87.291 are men and 91.746 are women. The district occupies an area of 3.598 km2. The total number of families is calculated to be 48.401 farming an area of 120.000 ha.

Agriculture is the principal activity of the district. The most commonly grown crops are' cotton, com, cashews, peanuts, cassava, sisal, beans, sorghum and mexoeira. Two principal commercial firms linked to the agricultUral sector operate in the district: SAMO and SODAN. A number of other smaller agribusinesses such as William Philippi and Normomad Issufo also operate in the district primarily in cotton production.

There is some industrial activity most of which is concentrated in the town of Monapo, the district capital. Of significance are the Companhia Industrial de Monapo that produces oil and soap and the Companhia de Caju de Monapo (CCM) that processes cashew nuts.

Commercial activity is also concentrated in Monapo located at the intersection of the routes connecting Nacala and the Mozambique Island to the city of Nampula.

Two banks operate in the district, the Commercial Bank of Mozambique (BCM) and the Banco Popular de Desenvolvimento (BPD).

2.4. District of Meconta

The District of Meconta is located centrally in Nampula Province, east of Nampula City. According to data collected by the Direccao Provincial do Plano e Financas (DPF) while conducting the Diagnostico dos Recursos Sectoriais (DRS) in 1996, the district is 5.733 km2 in size and has 112.828 residents of which 57.286 are men and 57.542 are women.

Agriculture is the predominant activity of the district. Interspersed among the populated areas . are family machambas planted in cashew, sorghum, com, cassava, peanuts, cotton, rice, beans and mexoeira.

The district is sufficiently rich in forest species of significant economic value covering an area of about 1000 ha. Some of the native forest was cleared for agriCUlture.

4

Commercial activity is concentrated in the town of Namialo to the detriment of the town of .. Meconta, the actual capital of Meconta. Namialo has the advantage of being located on the road connecting Nampula to the Port of Nacala.

According to another study carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento Rural· ... (INDER) in 1995, there is some industry in the district such as wood sawmills (quantity unspecified), 2 lime factories, 4 cotton ginneries and approximately 10 maize mills. _ ... _ The road system is composed of 37 km of asphalt road and 145 km of dirt road. Twentythree kilometers of rail line pass through the district.

In the area of education, there were approximately 55 schools in 1980. Today the district has 45 schools in operation of which 3 are EP2. Of these three, two schools also offer grades IS.

In the health sector there are 3 health posts, 3 health centers and 5 first-aid stations.

2.5. District of Mogovolas

The district of Mogovolas is located in the southern region of Nampula Province. Data·obtained from the DRS indicate that the district has an area of 4.771 km2 with a population of 286.904 inhabitants of which 140.583 are men and 146.321 are women. The total number of families is calculated to be 69.651living in an area of 189.909 ha.

The district has traditionally produced cashew nuts and peanuts and is the largest producer of cashews within the province. During the colonial period cashew production was required of the farmers. Today, forested areas in the region are composed almost completely of cashew trees. According to a study conducted by SNV in September 1996, "Savings and Credit Practices in the Angoche Region of Nampula Province" many people in this region have reached the point where they no longer know the number of cashew trees they own. The study indicates that there are from 20 up to a maximum of 300 cashew trees per person, the average being 84 cashew trees per person. The average production level reported by the individuals interviewed in the study was 15 kg.lperson varying between 3 and 50 kg.lperson.

It is estimated that the rural family in this region farms between 2 and 4 macluunbas in an area of approximately 1.5 ha. for the cultivation of cassava, rice, com, beans and cotton. Com is grown primarily for family use is usually consumed in small quantities.

Most of the cotton produced by smallholders is boUght by LOMACO who in 1991 was given a concession to explore cotton production in the area. .

Commercial activity is concentrated in the village of Namitil, the district capital. The principal wholesalers of Nampula province have set up establishments in Namitil in order to better compete at the time cashew nuts and peanuts are marketed. The small peanut produced by the district has a considerably greater commercial value than the large peanut.

In regards to industry, LOMACO has a cotton ginnery located in Namitil. Since mid 1996, Namitil has had electricity.

• __ S

3. METHODOLOGY USED IN COLLECTING BASELINE INFORMA nON

During the months of March and April of 1996, project field staff assisted 18 rural communities in conducting self-evaluations of their villages. As part of the CLUSA methodology, these self-evaluations, carried out by community-selected animators trained by CLUSA field staff, allow a community to: analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their own community, identify constraints, and select and prioritize economic activities to be carried 9ut by the community. This process leads ultimately to the formation of an association or other···· group businesses. Two village-wide meetings and a series of small group meetings were held in each community by local animators and CLUSA field staff. As a result, baseline data was put together during May and June for each community with information collected by the community members themselves.

The number of local people involved in this process was 1.650 of which 241 or 14.6% were women. Table I, on the next page, shows the number of participants from each community who participated in interviews and group meetings.

Aside from collecting data at the community level, informal interviews were also carried out with traditional and administrative leaders at the district level of which additional important information was obtained. Several studies carried out by PSAIMSU, CARE, INDER, DPF and SNV were also consulted.

6

Table I. List of Communities and Participants

DISTRICT COMMUNITY PARTICIPANTS M W T ....

Monapo Monetaca 50 10 60 ' .

Nakhoto 70 3 73

Ofensiva 97 26 123"'

SUB·TOTAL 217 39 256

Meconta 25 de Setembro 58 12 70

Sawa-Sawa 66 12 78

SUB-TOTAL 124 24 148 ..

Ribaue 1 de Maio 186 38 224

Namacula 42 7 49

Nagonha 60 14 74

Nacacanha 90 15 105

Namale 49 7 56

Metaveia 35 6 41

Chica 99 15 114

JosiIla Machel 95 12 107

SUB-TOTAL 656 114 770

Mogovolas . Nacoze 83 14 97

Mpuita 68 17 85

Naihava-Thalane-Heve 261 33 294

SUB-TOTAL 412 64 476

TOTAL 1409 241 1650

7

4. FINDINGS FR.OM THE SURVEY

4.1. Introduction

To facilitate analysis of data collected and preparation of this report, the four districts studied were divided into three regions: Ribaue; Monapo/Meconta; and Mogovolas. The division;· was, above all, based on the location of the districts and the source of income for the majority of the population. For example the region of Ribaue is located almost 150 kIn. from the city of Nampula and approximately 400 kIn. from the coast (typical of an interior. district) with household income based on com, tobacco and cotton. Meanwhile families of the region of Monapo/Meconta depend on cotton as a cash crop and cassava and maize as .. food crops. Mogovolas, on the other hand, is greatly influenced by its proximity to a. coastal region. The rural family economy is based more on cashew nuts and small peanuts.

This chapter describes the situation encountered in the target communities at the time each region was studied. The situation described for each region is relative to a determined number of communities selected. The selection of communities was done in such a way as to encompass the greatest diversity of situations within the region.

4.2. Region of Ribaue

In this region eight communities were studied: Josina Machel, 1 de Maio, Nacacanha, Chica, Namale, Metaveia, Nagonha, and Namacula. The first five communities mentioned are located less than 500 meters from the rail line. The communities of Nagonha and Namacula are located distances of 30 kIn and 40 kIn respectively from the rail line.

1) Population Surveyed

The number of people contacted in the 8 communities totaled 770 (656 men and 114 women).

2) Associations and Other Group Businesses

From the survey of the 8 communities no active producer organizations were found. During the years of socialist leadership, production cooperatives had been set up in two of the communities, 1 de Maio and Josina Machel, which were former aldeias comunais. These "cooperatives" no longer exist yet deep-rooted suspicion of "cooperatives" and a sense of helplessness were encountered during the survey.

3) Production Activities

The region of Ribaue is considered to be one of the principal agriculture producing regions of . the province. The primary activity of the population is farming. Com, tobacco, cotton and sunflower are cash crops. Food crops were reported to be: mapira, cassava, beans and peanuts. The average total area cultivated per family is 3.51 ha (94/95 season, MSU/PSA). According to MSU/PSA (94/95 season), total production per household in Ribaue was: maize (479.75 kgs); peanuts (42.72 kgs); tobacco (200 kgs); cotton (176.13 kgs); cassava (33.46 kgs) and beans (126.76 kgs).

8

____ L _____ . __ --,--___ _

In relation to the use of inputs in the eight communities it was found that 287 members use fertilizers, mainly for tobacco and vegetables. 265 members applied insecticides primarily for cotton production and 78 members used improved seeds primarily for sunflowers supplied by CARE. Not one member was identified as using a tractor for farming the machambas . ..... -

Apart from agriculture the population has a tradition of livestock production. The most _ common animals raised are swine, goats and chickens.

4) Marketing

Marketing agricultural products in the communities varies depending on the crop. In the case of crops that were cultivated ~d supported by commercial enterprises such as tobacco and cotton, producers generally market their crops jointly in warehouses previously constructed for that purpose. Sales are made all at one time. Subsistence crops, however, are marketed by individual producers and sold to diverse buyers, primarily informal traders.

In communities located along the rail line, the population sells produce at the train stations to informal merchants and to passengers. Producers carry produce on their heads distances that of 5 to 20 km to sites where it will be sold.

During the 94/95 campaign, producers sold their products at the following prices:

Corn Tobacco Beans Dried cassava

750 - 850,00 MtlKg 9.000 -13.000,00 Mt/Kg 1000 -1200,00 MtlKg 350,00 MtlKg

The principal buyers of produce in the region are the local merchants, ICM, JFS, andinformal merchants.

In addition to cash sales there were also reported cases of bartering agriCUltural products for other goods. For example 2 cans of corn (+1- 36 kg) for one capulana. The exchange is normally made with informal merchants that come from the city of Nampula. In this form of bartering there is no negotiation between the producer and the merchant. The merchant decides the value of the items being exchanged which is generally in his/her favor. This method of bartering, however. has been the only way which staples and other goods could be obtained given that local merchants have had their own financial difficulties buying produce.

In the communities studied, not one commercial establishment was mentioned with the exception of Josina Machel. In general the commercial network in the study areas is almost nonexistent.

S) Market Access and Information

Although this point was not included on the baseline data form, we thought it important to present here given that the country is now operating with a market economy.

9

------------,------

We know from informal interviews that the' only information that reaches the communities IS' the minimum price of goods established by the government. According to the individuals . interviewed, this information reaches the producers through local authorities, merchants or' ,' .. , from people who have been to the district capital or the city of Nampula.

Many times, the producers receive information on minimum prices at the store door on the day they intend to sell their goods. The same thing happens with charges for services rendered by the commercial agriCUltural enterprises in that the producers are unaware ahead of time and then are surprised by these costs at the time they sell their produce. .

Generally, the population has serious problems getting their products to the market primarily because of inaccessibility of ~e farm areas which for the most part are 5 to 20 km is distance from the sale sites. With the transformation of Agricom to ICM the population reports that the problem of market access continually gets worse.

6) Credit

Credit in cash is infrequent but when it is obtained, interest is not applied.

There are however traditional credit systems that are operational at the community level. Generally the traditional credit system consists of families lending each other animals, seeds, other agriCUltural products, or labor. Aside from the traditional system there are also c.redit systems established by the businesses involved in cotton and tobacco production. During the survey, producers called attention to the lack of transparency in these systems; they are not informed ahead-of-time of the costs of these services rendered during the growing season. An example of credit made available to producers by the commercial enterprises is the supply of chemical fertilizers on credit to the tobacco farmers by JFS, the tobacco firm in Ribaue. One 50 kg. sack of NPK fertilizer sold on credit to a farmer in Ribaue costs 150.000 Mt.

In the eight communities studied no members were found who had ever had access to credit from either a bank or other financial institution. Also no members had any knowledge of the basic conditions required for a bank loan. Thus in these communities access to the formal . financial system is almost nil.

7) Transport

As was mentioned previously, a large number of the communities studied are located along the rail line making the train the principal means of transport. The main difficulty facing producers in terms of transport and access is the distance of 5-20 km between farms and the markets that normally are set up near the train stations. Produce must be hand carried from the farmed areas to the markets.

In the eight areas studied the average frequency per month of transporters is 18 times. The season of the year with the greatest frequency of transport is May to November which coincides with the commercialization of agricultural products.

Transport costs from Ribaue to the main markets (July/August 1996):

10

From Ribaue to Nampula (- 150 Km)

Railroad: 1. Passengers 11.500, 00 Mt to 15.000,Mt per passenger(3rd class) 2. Cargo(agricultural products), 20.000 Mtlsack

Road 1. Passengers 20.000,00 Mt to 30.000,00 Mtlpassenger 2. Cargo(agricultural products), 10.000 to 25.000,00 Mt lsack

Within the district:

losina Machel to Iapala (ICM): ( - SKm)

Cargo - 10.000,00 Mt per sack of com

1 de Maio to Napala (ICM): (- 30 Km)

Cargo - 10.000,00 Mt per sack of com

8) Land Ownership

At the time of the study only one member of the community !Jf Nacacanha was identified as holding a land title.

9) Access to Education, Health and Other Services

In the area of education almost all the communities were found to have a functioning primary school with the exception of Namacula. Not on~ community, however, had a place for literacy training in operation. Regarding health, only one health post was registered in the community of Nagonha. The post had been constructed by SALAMA, a national NGO headquartered in Nampula.

The eight communities studied are typical rural communities. Noticeable is the chronic absence of infrastructures and basic services such as: postal services, telephone, daycare, mills, electric energy, and irrigation systems. During the study only one mill was located in 1 de Maio and a motorized pump was reported in the community of Josina Machel.

4.3 Region of Monapo/Meconta

Baseline data in the region of Monapo/Meconta was collected in five communities: SawaSawa and 25 de Setembro in Meconta; and Nakhoto, Monetaca and Ofensiva in Monapo.

. ,

.1) Population Surveyed

Four hundred four people, of which 63 were women, were involved in the interviews and' group meetings in the five communities.

11


During the study only one organization of a cooperative nature was identified. The "Pre- :.::,.. ,. Associacao de Produtores 25 de Setembro" is located in the administrative post of Namialo in Meconta. The association has 42 members of which 36 are men and 6 are women. According to the interviews farmers got together in 1991 to reclaim 300 ha of land which" had been taken over by a commercial farmer. Aside from joining forces on the land issue, the farmers had never carried out a group economic activity. -

No other producer organizations were identified in the other communities.


Agriculture is the principal activity in the five communities studied. The most frequently cultivated crops are cotton, com, cassava, peanuts, rice, beans, and cashews. Cashew and cotton are cash crops while the rest are subsistence crops. The average total area cultivated per family is 2.78 ha for Monapo and 2.38 ha for Meconta (94/95 season, MSU/PSA). According to MSU/PSA average total production per household in 94/95 was:

Product Mooapo (Kgs) Meconta (Kgs)

Maize 557.75 447.79

Peanuts 132.63 136.67

Tobacco - .8

Cotton 800.13 597.46

Cassava 225.29 257.98

Beans 365.53 329.61

Because of the high focus on cotton production, among the target communities the majority of the people contacted in Monapo and in Meconta, were identified as using insecticides. Very few people said they had access to tractors for tilling machambas. No one was found using fertilizers or improved seeds.

Aside from agriculture, the population in these communities raise poUltry (chickens and ducks), goats and pigs.

4) Marketing

, The principal products marketed in the region are: cotton, cashew nuts, com, peanuts, nhemba beans and cassava. The marketing of cotton is done as a group, normally in aZpendres constructed by the producers themselves. The season for marketing cotton is awaited for with enthusiasm by the producers. Generally they are able to receive large sums of money in one shot during the cotton sales permitting them to acquire valuable items such

12

as bicycles, radios, sewing machines, etc. .

The sale prices given in the region of Monapo/Meconta during the 94/95 campaign were:· ....

Cotton Com Beans(nhemba) Cassava Peanuts

1500 MtlKg 300 - 850 MtlKg 600 - 1100 MtlKg 200 - 300 MtlKg 2500 MtlKg

The principal buyers of produce in the region of Monapo/Meconta are merchants of the town of Namialo and Naculue, informal traders, the cotton businesses SAMO and SODAN and ICM.

.,

In addition to cash sales the producers barter their produce for capulanas, salt or dried.fish with informal merchants coming from the cities of Nampula and Nacala and from Mozambique Island.

The buyers generally do not provide extra services for the farmers such as inputs or other goods on credit. Only the cotton companies have, in addition to purchasing cotton, provided other services such as credit for inputs. This subject is furt1l(~r discussed in section 5.

The communities studied are located in a relatively favorable area in terms of the commercial network. The community of Nakhoto and of Monetaca are located 5 km from a fairly strong commercial zone with seven stores. The pre-association, 25 de Setembro, is located less than 5 km from the town of Namialo, the center of commercial activity for the district of Meconta. Namialo benefits from its location next to a national route and the rail line· connecting Nampula and Lichinga with the port of Nacala. Meanwhile the community of Sawa-Sawa is located 7 km from the town of Corrane. .

5) Market Access and Information

In general the producers have succeeded accessing the local market but the prices paid have been quite low. Information about the market that has arrived in the communities refers only to the minimum prices set by the government. In general the communities do not have access to any other market information.

6) Credit

In the communities of the Monapo/Meconta region cases of informal credit among community members were reported. This type of credit is normally of the following type. A

. producer receives on credit a certain amount of seed. Following the harvest, the producer pays the supplier a pre-determined amount superior to the amount initially credited. In the· rare case of cash credit, interest is not usually applied.

In regards to bank credit, only one member of the pre-association, 25 de Setembro, had used bank services from BPD. In the same pre-association, four members were aware of the

13

general conditions for receiving a loan and four other members knew how to fill out a credit application form. In the rest of the communities, no other members were found who had ',':", access to bank services.

The credit system most frequently employed in the Monapo/Meconta region is a system established between cotton businesses and producers. Essentially, the cotton firms supply _ inputs and assistance in production to the producers and are reimbursed at the time of the, cotton is sold.

7) Transport

As was noted previously, the communities of Monapo and Meconta are located in areas where the large cotton firms operate such as SAMO, SODAN, and William Philippi. These firms, given their commercial interests, maintain the roads in and out of the farm areas especially during the marketing of cotton.

Means of transport for community members is almost nonexistent.

8) Land Ownership

The 42 members of the pre-association of farmers, 25 de Setembro, are in the process of obtaining land titles for the land they farm. The legalization of their lands was the primary reason for forming an association.

The only other reported case of land ownership was in the community of Nakhoto, where the regulo Nakhoto, already holds title to his land. No other individuals were identified as possessing title to their land in the other communities.

The following table shows the situation of land ownership in the five communities studied in , the Monapo/Meconta region.

Communities

Namageco 2S de Setembro Sawa-Sawa Ofensiva Monetaca

Members Holding Land Tide

1 man 36 men and 6 women

none none none

9. Access to Education, Health and Other Services

The school system in the area surveyed is weak. Only one community noted the existence of a primary school. In regards to health the situation is equally bad. As shown on table II in the following page, there is not one health post or first aid station in the five communities studied.

, 14

Table II. Services in "the Monapo/Meconta Region

Communities! Infrastructures

! Se;Sm:~o ! Monetaca I Sawa-Sawa I Of ens iva I Nakhoto . . . . ...., ••••••• _ •••••••••••••••••• _._ ••• _ ••••••••• _ ••• _ ••• _ •• _ ................... __ ......... _ •• _._ ... _ .... _ ...... _. __ __t ••• ____ • ____ ••••••• _ •• _._._ ...... _ ••

Schools ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 " " . • _-_ ••••• _.-. •• _-_ •• __ ...... _--......... _._._ ..... --.... _-.... - ...... -_ ..... -_........ II I ._. ____ . .a. ______ •• _.

Adult Literacy Center I 0 ! 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 ......... _ .. _ ............... ___ ........ _._._ .. _ ... __ ........... _ ... _._ ...... _ ..... -...--.1-._-----.. _. __ . __ ..... -. .!!.~~ .. !~.~_._ ...... _ ..... _~_~_ .. _._._._ .. J.~ ... _ ... ___ ~_. ..L~ ____ l~._~_ ..... ~ .. Community Center II! 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 ........... -........... ---...... ----....... -.-.--.---.... ---·_ .. --T-······ ... ,. .. -----.. - .. ----......... - .... . Mills" I 0 I 1 I 0 I 0 I 0 " ......................... __ ........ _ ..................................... _ .................. _ .. ---_ ................ _ .......... _ ................. -.......... _ ............... _ .............. . Shops I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 10 ". "

•.••....•. __ .. __ ............................ __ .•. l ................................ 1 ............................. 1 .............................. I ............... _ ... _ .... _.l .................... _ ..... . Daycare ! 0 I 0 ! 0 ! 0 I 0 . ................. _ ............................................................................. _ ................ _ ........... _ ......... _ ... _.1 .......... _ .. _ .. -.. __ .............. _ .. _ ......... . Motorized Pumps ! 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0

............................ _ ............................................................................................... _ ......... __ a. ......... _._ ................. _ .................... .

Electricity ! None I None i None I None I None _ .. _---_._ .. _._ ............. -.. -........ -... _ ........ _ ..... -......... -... _ .. -.... _-_ ............... _---_ .•........ --_._.-...• _._ ..... _---.... . Postal and Telephone! None ! None ! None ! None ! None

.. : : : : : Servtce iii ! ! ······--_ ... _--·_-·---·1···· .. · .. ·_··-·-··-1·--.. ·-... ---·1-· ... ·-·-·-1----·-·· .. ··--··1-··-··-·· .. ·-··-·· .. · Water j None i None i None j None j None

4.4 Region of Mogovolas

The baseline data in the district of Mogovolas, more specifically, in the administrative post of Muatua, located 42 lans from the district capital Namitil, was collected in five communities selected so as to obtain the greatest diversity of situations in the area. The communities surveyed were: Mupuita, located less than 4 km from the administrative post of Muatua; Nacoze, located 7 kIn from the sede posto, a strong cashew zone but difficult to access; and the communities of Thalani, Naihava and Heve which are closer to the district border of Angoche than the two previous communities mentioned.

1) Population Surveyed

The number of people contacted in the five communities studied was 476 people, of which 64 " were women.

According to the people contacted including traditional leaders, the communities, as they are today, came into being as the result of the introduction of the communal village system immediately after independence.


As with the other districts at the time of the survey, no producer organization or other group businesses were reported to exist. Most community members were very suspicious of any idea that reminded them of the former cooperatives.

IS

------'------ .'-._-_. __ .-._- ._----


Agriculture is the principal economic activity and source of income in the 5 communities-, studied. The most commonly grown crops are cashew, small peanut, cotton, com, cassava, rice and beans. The cashew nut is considered the principal cash crop followed by small peanuts and cotton. The other crops are produced primarily for subsistence.

In relation to inputs, 379 villagers were identified as using insecticides and 30 had access to improved seeds. No members were found to use chemical fertilizers or tractors for working the machambas. LOMACO has promoted cotton production in the region of Muatua since 1991 and is the principal supplier of inputs in the region.

4) Marketing

The principal products marketed in the region are cashew nuts, small peanuts, cotton ana to a lesser degree com, beans (nhemba), and cassava. The marketing season of cotton and cashew nuts is met with great enthusiasm on the part of the producers. According to the producers the money earned in one lump sum at the end of the growing season allows ' farmers to purchase items of significant .value such as bicycles, radios, sewing machines, etc. The district of Mogovolas is one of the largest producers of ~shew nuts in Nampula Province.

The prices at which crops were sold in the region of Mogovolas during the 94/95 season were:

Cotton Beans Cassava Peanuts Cashew nuts Unshelled rice

1500 MtlKg 1500 MtlKg 500 MtlKg 2500 MtlKg 2500 a 3000 MtlKg 1000 a 1500 MtlKg

The principal buyers of products in the region of Muatua are merchants from the city of Angoche and the towns of Muatua and Namitil. Other buyers include the cotton company LOMACO and buyers of food crops from the informal sector. During the marketing season, large commercial companies set up temporary posts to purchase cashew nuts in the communities.

Aside from monetary sales, some producers trade their produce for capulanas, hoes, or dried salted fish with informal buyers from the cities of Nampula, Nacala, Angoche and the district of Mozambique Island. The terms for exchange are: 1 capulana for one sack of dried cassava or 1 hoe for 2 tin cans of dried cassava. The crop most frequently traded is dried cassava making it a crop of low commercial value not seen much in the formal marketing circuit.

The buyers in general do not provide extra services to the producers such as supplying inputs or staple goods on credit. Only the cotton company, LOMACO, in addition to buying

16

---'-------------~-- -

cotton, provides producers other services such inputs (on credit) and technical assistance.

There are no commercial establishments operating year round in the communities. During a few months of the year, during cashew season, buyers have supplies of staple goods to sell to the population at the same time they buy cashew nuts.

In general the population has had difficulty marketing their crops, in particular food crops. This difficulty can be attributed in part to poor access to and from the communities, lack of local businesses (shops, etc.) to buy produce and low prices offered by informal local buyers. Farmers typically carry produce on their heads distances of 4 to 10 km to reach an interested buyer. In most cases, there is no possibility of negotiating the price.

5) Market Access and Information

Farmers affirm that the prices they receive for crops such as cotton, cashew nuts, and peanuts are almost always low and are sometimes less than the minimum prices established by the government. At the time this study was done, the communities were having difficulty selling their peanut crop. The buyers did not show up to buy or if they did the price they offered was very low.

Market information has at times reached the communities but' is limited to only the minimum prices set by the government. No mention was made by the communities of any other type of market information to which they might have access.

6) Credit

In the communities of the region of Muatua, as in the other districts cases of informal credit practices among residents were reported. Credit in cash is rare and usually does not involve interest.

In regards to the use of bank credit, there were no cases found in the communities studied of members having accessed bank financing. The most frequently employed credit system in Muatua is between cotton farmers and LOMACO. This credit system consists basically of the supply of inputs and cotton production assistance by the company to the producers. Reimbursement for services rendered by LOMACO is handled at the time of the cotton .sales.

7) Transport

In terms of transport it was noted that some communities are located in areas where access'is almost impossible especially during the rainy season.

, There is almost no passenger transport in the communities studied. According to the people interviewed, the average frequency of transporters is twice a month. As in other districts, farmers use carry produce on their heads or use bicycles to get to the central markets.

17

8) Land Ownership

Among the population interviewed there were no reports of people holding land titles.

9) Access to Education, Health and Other Services

The communities surveyed have a weak educational system. Only 2 communities mentioned the presence of a primary school. In the area of health, the situation is equally bad. There is only one health post in the community of Naihava.

Table III. Services in the Mogovolas Region

Communities I Naihava I Thalaui I Heve • Nacoze i Mpuita Infrastructures !!! i ! •••••••• ___ • ____ ._._ •• ________ ...i •••••••••••••••••••••••• .i ...... _._ •• _...i __ .•. _____ .. .J_._ .. __ .. l .. ____ .. _. Schools 10 10 !O !1 10.·

~·Ad:uIi·Literacy··Ceiiter---·--···l··o···················rO-·_·_-_··_,.-O·_·_··_··,-O······_··_··rO--··_··_··_···

.......... - ......... -.----.-.---.----.................. ·········1-··-·-··--.1-····--··-·· .. ·-·····-··· .. -------···· Health Post , 1 . I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 ..... _--_ ...... _-..... _---.... __ ._._-_ ..................................... - ... --.. - .•...... ~.-.. --......... - ..... --...•.. __ ._-_.-Community Center I 0 I 0 . I 0 I 0 I 0 ................ _-_ ............. _._ .. _ .. _ .. -.. _ ............................................ ~ .......... -.............................................. __ .. _ ................. -.. _ .... . Mills I 0 I 0 I 0 ! 0 1 0 . ...•.... _ .. _-._ ... _ ....... _ ....... _ .. --.. _ ..... -.................................... _ .. __ ...... _ .. _ ...... _ ........................... _--_ •.•....•...•.. _-_._ ... . Shops I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 ·1 0 . .................................. " ........ _ ........ - ... _.-_ •........................ 1 ......•..... __ .......................... _ ......... _ ...... __ ._ ................ _ ... __ ... 110.

Daycare I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 . ......... __ ..................................................................................... _._ .... _ . ..J. ............... _ ••••. __ ....... _. __ .•••...•.. _. __ .. _ .... . Motorized Pumps ! 0 ! 0 I 0 ! 0 ! 0 . .................................................. _ .... _ ....................................... _ .... -..... _ •........ _ .... __ ....... _. __ ........ _ .. _ .............................. . Electricity ! None ! None ! None I None ! None ...... --_ .. __ ........... _ ............... _. __ ........•.........•.....•..•.....• _ .......... _ ...... __ ................... _ .................... _-_ ....•.... _ ........ __ .•..... Postal and Telephone Service ! None ! None ! None ! None ! None ..........•.•...... _._ ...... _ ................ --. __ ...................................................... _ ..• -................ _ ........................................... _ .......... -Water i F 0 uri None I None ! None I None

ibroken·!· iii ; I I ;

i fountains Iii i

18

v. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .. -

The following conclusions were arrived at based on information: from the group interviews and self-evaluations conducted by partner communities; from the meetings with traditional leaders and administrative personnel; and from recent studies conducted in the province by MSU/DPA, CARE, INDER, DPF (DRS).

1. Overall no group businesses or any type of associations were found in the communities contacted. In response to being forced to live in planned villages and to use a cooperative system during the socialist years, most people were very hesitant about forming cooperative- type organizations in fear that they would loose control of their own farms and would have to go back to the old collectives. The only informal group found during the survey had been established as a means for producers to legalize their land. The group was not providing services to its members and had never carried out a business activity. A general sense of powerlesseness (eg. "It is not possible to overcome ... ") was found in most of the communities contacted.

2. Farm income seemed to be the primary source of income for households. A mix of cash and food crops was the strategy used by households to guarantee food for consumption as well as to provide the necessary income to purchase other consumer goods.

, 3. With the exception of cash crops such as tobacco, cotton and cashew nuts, for which a

market is readily available, marketing food crops was often difficult, particularly surplus crops. Generally the prices were low. For the most part producers sold their produce to informal traders, mainly in small quantities and often in exchange for other consumer goods.

4. Access to consumer goods was found to be difficult. In most of the communities surveyed there were no stores opened year round. The supply of basic consumer goods was observed to be better in communities growing cash crops, but only during the marketing season.

5. Market information was not reaching most producers. When available it was limited to the government minimum prices.

6. With the exception of communities located near the railroad, most communities did not have access to transport. In communities growing cash crops, transport tends to improve during the marketing season. Overall, getting produce from the farms to a market, often a distance of 5 to 10 kms appeared to be problematic for most communities.

7. Use of inputs was limited primarily to cotton and tobacco producers. Most farmers of other crops did not have access to or use fertilizers or improved seeds. While yields were not measured, studies conducted in the target districts show that overall yields, both for cash and food crops, were quite low.

8. Access to credit was available (in-kind) only by cotton and tobacco producers, through joint- venture companies. Only one producer was found to have access to financial services and to know something about bank credit.

19

9. For the most part, producers did not have legal ownership of their land. Only two producers, one in Monapo and one in Ribaue had title to their land. Forty-two others " (members of the pre-association of 25 de Setembro in Meconta) had begun the laborious process of obtaining land ownership.

10 Overall infrastructure and community services were found to be very poor in most communities surveyed. With the exception of Ribaue most communities do not have schools or any other form of educational facility. Active literacy centers were not present and health services were almost non-existent. The same was observed for services such as maize mills.

..,20

" . .. , .. ~ ........

-- ... _ .. --.-.--.---~----- •.. ~,:.. .

A.NNBXBS , .1.1

'I.."

" "

.:~~~~. :" . ....

ANNEXA

RGEs! ASSOCIATIONS BASELINE INDICATORS

BASELINE INDICATOR. I MOnapo. Meconta . Ribauc . Mogovow .. _ .......................... _ ................ -................................................... _ ......... _ •....... -......... -.... .-...• -....... _ ....... _ ..•...... __ ........... .

# of Rural Group Enterprises (RGE)I Associations ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ........................ - ....................................... __ ._._ ... _ ................ _._.-..... _ .. -.... _ ... __ ._ .....•...... __ ................................. . # of Women Group Businesses ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 i 0 ......................................... _ .......... _ ... _ .......................... __ .................................... _ .......................•........ -..................... _ •............ # of RGEsI Associations Registered i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 .......................................... _ .......• _ .................... _ .... _ ... _ .......................................................... _ ................................................ . # of RGE/Group Members (MIW) i 0 i 42 (36 M/6 W) i 0 i 0 . •.....•....•........ _ .......... _ ........ -................................................... ---. .-. __ ... _ .. --.............................. ~ ...... - ..•....... --..... -... . # Economic Activities Implemented by Associations i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 ........................................................................................................................ _ .... _ .................................................................... . # of Associations with Marketing Activities i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 ....................................................................... _ ............................................................................ _ ..•...... _ .. _ ...... _ ............ -......•..... Volume of Products Marketed via Associations i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 (MTon) !.!!!

1-••••• - •• - ..................... - •• - ........ - •• ----....... --......... _ ••••• - • • ........... -._._ •• _._ .......... _ ••••• --••••••••• _ •••••• _ •• Value of Products Marketed via Associations (Mts) i 0 iii ....................................................................................................... _ ......... _ ......................................... __ .................................. . Total Sales from Economic Activities (BAs) i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 ........ _._ ................................. _ ....... _ .. _._ ............. _ ... -.•. - .. ~.-......... -.......... -... --.... -........... - ............................... _. Total Profits from EAs . i 0 .' i 0 i 0 i 0 ................................................. _ ...................... __ .. _ ..... _ ...... _---•..... __ .. -............ _ ......... _ ..... _ ............ _ ..... -Total Association Assets i 0 i 0' i 0 i 0 ..•..... _ ................ _ ... .-...... --...... __ ._ .... .-................... __ ........... _ ... _ ......... _ ........ --... _ ... __ .--.......... _ ..... _ ............. _ .......... . # Associations with Bank Accounts i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 _ ........... _._--... -. __ .... _ ........... _ ... _---_.-.......... - .. _._ .... -._ .. _ .... _ .... -..•...... __ ..... _ ............ __ ...... _. # Associations Accessing Credit i 0 i 0 i 0 i 0 •..... _ ............................................................. --........ _ ......... _ ..... _ .... _ ............ _._ ....... _ .. _ .......... _ •..... --......................... . Infrastructurelmprovement Carried Out By Associat: iii i ..................................................... _ ................. ---.... _ .... _ .................. _ ............................... -......... ~ ...... -................................... ..

- # of Storage Facilities Built 0 0 ! 0 - Roads Repaired (kms) 0 0 ! 0 - # Bridges FixedlBuilt 0 0 i 0 - Other Infrastructures Built 0 0 ! 0

# Functioning Literacy Training Centers o o o

1

o o O· o o

.. "~~~. ~ .....

... .' .. :~:.. ~ '. " ..

ANNEXB

BENEFICIARIES BASELINE INDICATORS

BASBUNB INDICATOR . Mooapo Mec:onta i Ribaue I Mogo-.. i! volas ........ -............................................................................................ " .................... _._ ..... --... _ ..... __ .....•.•.•..........•....•......•..............

Average Farmed Area (ha) Per Household (HH) (I)! 2.78! 2.38 i 3.51 i 1.5 (2) ............................................. _ ................................................. _ .. _--_ .... _ .•.. _----............. _--............................ _ .............. . Total Production per HH/per Product (kgs): (3) 1! i 1 ....................................................... _ .................... _ .......................................... _-...................... _.-.......................................... .

-Maize i 557.75 1 447.79 1 479.78 lna ..•.•......... _ ......... _ ............. _ ............. _ ................................................................... _ .•••........ -....................................................... . - Peanuts 1 132.63 1 136.67 1 42.72 1 na

······-··~·T~~-·· .. ··· .. · .. ··-·· ...... --··-·--.. ···· .. -· .. ··· .. ·· ... 1 .................... 1 .. 111 ..... _ •••••• :8 ............ -1 ....... 2"00.·····1···--.. ········· .. ·

····-······:·c~tt;;; .. ······-···-···-···········-··-·····-·······----····--·1-··soo:i3···T·-·····S97:·4i;---.. ·1···-i76:-i·j'···r··-.. -;-······ •••• _ .................................................................... _ .................... ., .................... -!.-. ........... - •••••• - •• --... ~ ••••••••••••••••••• -! .................... .

- Cassava ! 225.29! 257.98 ! 33.46 ! .na ...................................... _ ..................... _ ..... ···· .. ······ .. ···_·· ... · ... 1···············_··1·_·· .. ·· .. ·· .. ······· ...... ·· .. · .. 1-.. • .. ············1····················· - Beans : 365.53: 329.61 : 167.57: na .......................................................................................................................................................................................................

Average Income Per HH (000 Mts)(4) 1 218.56 1 202.78 1 126.76 1 na .............................................................................................................................. --............................................................... _ ..... . Producers with Access to Financial Services Q!d.1W) 11M i 0 1 0 1 0 ................................................................................................................................................................................ ~ ..................... . Producers with Land Titles Q!d.1W) 1· 1 M 1 42(36 M/6W) (5) i 1 M 1 0 .......................................................................................... _ ................. _ .... _ ...•.. _ ..................... __ ............. _ •......•..••........•........... Access to Market Information on a Regular Basis ! O! 0 ! 0 ! 0

(1) - Average farmed area for district, MSUIPSA - 94195 Season

(2) - SNV - Dutch NOO. Praticas de Poupatlftl e Credito na Regiao de Angoche, pag. 6, September 1996

(3) - Average total production per HHIProduct per district, MSUIPSA - 94/95 Season

(4) - Average household income, MSU/PSA - 94/95

(5) A 300 ha parcel of land has been secured; legalization is currently in progress by the association.

2 .. '.'~'

'r," ,

BmLIOGRAPHY

Estudo Sobre 0 Reassentamento da Popula~o Rural- Provincia de Nampula (1995). Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Maputo.

Baseline Survey Report (1996). Open Project i~\ Nampula, CARE

MOAIMSU/UA Research Team (1991). A Socio-Economic Survey in the Province of Nampula: Cotton in the Smallholder Economy

MOAIMSU/UA Reseach Team (1993). Determinantes do Rendimento e Consumo Familiar . nas Zonas Rurais da Provincia de Nampula: Implica~Oes para a Seguran~ Alimentar e as Reformas de Politica AgnUia

Athmer, Gabrielle (1996). Relat6rio de Pesquisa : Praticas de Poupan~ e Credito na Regiao . de Angoche, SNV

Projecto MOZl96/009 PNUD/MPF (1996). DRS - Relat6rio Preliminar do Diagnostico dos Recursos Sectorais, Provincia de Nampula, Dir~o Pronvincial do Plano e Finan~

'.,

. ~ '. .~.

3

.. ~.

Documents

ff\J· AC(~oq5