Esther Gad and the Enlightenment (Hebrew)

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1:e`xD. Outram, The Enlightenment, Cambridge 1995; C. Opitz & U. Weckel,‘Einleitung’, Ordnung, Politik und Geselligkeit der Geschlechter im 18 Jahrhundert,

eds. C. Opitz et.al., Göttingen 1998, pp. 7–212:miaxn hrn ,e`xD. Goodman, The Republic of Letters, A Cultural History of the

French Enlightenment, Ithaca & London 1994; C. Opitz et al. (eds.), Tugend,Vernunft und Gefühl. Geschlechterdiskurse der Aufklärung und weiblicheLebenswelten, Münster 2000; C. Hesse, The Other Enlightenment – How FrenchWomen Became Modern, Princeton & Oxford 2001; S. Knott & B. Taylor (eds.),

Women, Gender and Enlightenment, Hampshire 2005illk oteà zexe`pa wqerd xtql .:e`x xcbne miyp lr agxp oeic alyn j`D. Outram, Panorama of the Enlightenment,

London 20063:e`x zhlea `nbeclP. Hoffmann, La femme dans la pensée des Lumières, Paris 19774xeliihe hep ;(my) dqd ;(2 dxrd ,lirl) zexgè uite` ;(1 dxrd ,lirl) lwee uite` :e`x

;(my) onceb ;(my)D. Goodman, ‘Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesisof Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime’, History and Theory,31 (1992), pp. 1–20; U. Weckel, Zwischen Häuslichkeit und Öffentlichkeit. Dieersten deutschen Frauenzeitschriften im späten 18. Jahrhundert und ihr Publikum,

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Tübingen 1998; H. Albrect et al. (eds.), Formen der Geselligkeit in Nordwest-deutschland, 1750–1820, Tübingen 2003:eeyde .J.B. Landes, Women and the Public

Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution, Ithaca & London 1988;G. Eley, ‘Nations, Publics, and Political Cultures: Placing Habermas in theNineteenth Century’, Habermas and the Public Sphere, ed. C. Calhoun, Cambridge

1994, pp. 289–339, esp. 307–3195:e`xJ. van H. Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe, Cambridge

2001; H.E. Bödeker, ‘Aufklärung als Kommunikationsprozeß’, Aufklärung, 2, 2(1988), pp. 89–111; L.E. Klein, ‘Enlightenment as Conversation’, What’s Left ofEnlightenment? A Postmodern Question, eds. K.M. Baker & P.H. Reill, Stanford

2001, pp. 148–1666itxbeixehqid oeicl ± zepey zeaihwtqxtn df jildz epga miax mixeaigoia ,aewlee 'y :e`x

jildz ly ixcbnd ota oeirl .b"qyz aia` lz ,1918-1780 dipnxb icedi ,drinhl cegii:e`x ,oilxa lr ybca ,dipnxba zeaxizdS.M. Lowenstein, The Berlin Jewish

Community: Enlightenment, Family and Crisis, 1770–1830, New York, 1994;D. Hertz, Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin, New Haven–London 1988;ziy`xe dxyrÎdpenyd d`nd seqa zexe`pd zeaxze oilxaa zeicedi miyp ,wxniipÎbxacleb 'pzhiqxaipe` ,diteqelitl xehwec xèzd zlaw myl xeaig ,ixcbn gezip ± dxyrÎryzd d`nd

;d"qyz ,oli`ÎxaN. Naimark-Goldberg, ‘Reading and Modernization: TheExperience of Jewish Women in Berlin around 1800’, Nashim, 15 (2008), pp. 58–87

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Lettere Straniere, Università di Lecce, 10 (1988), p. 220; B. Hahn, ‘“GeliebtesterSchriftsteller”. Esther Gads Korrespondenz mit Jean Paul’, Jahrbuch der Jean-Paul-

Gesellschaft, 25 (1990), p. 149i`) lqip znwenn uiyaii` ozpei 'x ly ei`v`v zniyxa± zipinyd ezak (cb xzq` ly Dn

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:zipnxbl ziztxvn qilpb ly xtq dnbxz s` cb .(29 'nrDie beiden Mütter oder dieFolgen der Verläumdung, Von Frau von Genlis. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt

von Esther Bernard geb. Gad. 3 Theile, Berlin 1800–180312:e`xEsther Bernard, geb. Gad, ‘Gedicht’, Nachricht von dem unter dem Namen

Wilhelmsschule zu Breslau errichteten Institut zu einer verbesserten Unterweisung

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dibedy ixcbnd xcqa miypd ly onewn mr zipexwr zeccenzd onfa eae zexe`pd icriiqenletd xn`nd èd - opekl eywia‘Einige Äußerungen über Hrn. Kampe’ns

Behauptungen, die weibliche Gelehrsamkeit betreffend’zecg` zeie`hazd)zrd azka 1798 zpya xe` d`xy ,(ziypd zepcnld lr dtn`w oec` ly eizeprh lr

der Kinder dasiger Juden-Gemeinde und der am 15. März 1791 erfolgtenfeyerlichen Einweihung desselben, Breslau 1791, pp. 85–88

13) lney ailheb o`dei jepigd yiè xteqd dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xa jxry xeaigSchummel() 'cxpxa m`cn' e` ± cb xzq` ly zizextqd dziiyr lr rcin llekMadame Bernarditk ,(

:e`x ± my dzpekyBreslauer Almanach für den Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts, Breslau1801, 1, pp. 53–60xe` e`xy mixg` mineqxta mb dxkdl dzkf cb ly zizextqd dzcear .

:oebk ,dztewzaC.W.O.A. von Schindel, Die deutschen Schriftstellerinnen desneunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Leipzig 1823–1825 (Reprint: Hildesheim, New York

1978), 1, pp. 102–106; 2, pp. 74–75ianeta exicdde da e`bzdy micedi eid diig inia .lr lney ly itxbeiad jxrd z` ycgn qitcd xra xht likynd .milèhwlhpi`d dibyid z`

) 'zinley' zrd azka ,cb xzq`Sulamith, 5, 1 [1817], pp. 252–258zpya ,xzei mcwen .(z` xikfd ,b`xta xe` d`xy ,'htixyh`p`n ryhiic yicii' mini jix`d `ly zrd azk ,1802zeicedid miypd zg`k 'cb dclepy ,xzq` cxpxa m`cn zllednde znqxetnd dyi`d'

:e`x hehivl) dpnfa zecnelndR. Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte der Judenin den böhmischen Ländern, 1, Tübingen 1969, p. 206(.

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) bpilxfiiw xi`n did df oiipra otec `vei .dzen ixg`M. Kayserlingextqa (Die jüdischenFrauen in der Geschichte, Literatur und Kunst, Leipzig 1879 (Reprint: Hildesheim,

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Paul und die Breslauer Schriftsteller’, Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau, 15 (1970), pp. 329–354meid riten cb ly dny .

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80

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extqa eyaeb dl`yVäterlicher Rath für meine Tochter.(izal zida` dvr)18

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16exewna rited xn`ndÎaDer Kosmopolit. Eine Monathsschrift zur Beförderung wahrerund allgemeiner Humanität, 3, ed. C.D. Voß, Halle 1798, pp. 577–590àen èd .

:e`x ± oldl mihehivd migewl o`kne ,jepige miyp lr miixehqid zexewn sqe` jezaE.Kleinau & C. Mayer (eds.), Erziehung und Bildung des weiblichen Geschlechts. Einekommentierte Quellensammlung zur Bildungs- und Berufsbildungsgeschichte von

Mädchen und Frauen, 1, Weinheim 1996, pp. 56–6317:e`x micedid ly divtivpn`d ivn`n oial zeihqipintd zeprhd oia daxiwd zcin lr

J. Carlebach, ‘The Forgotten Connection. Women and Jews in the Conflict betweenEnlightenment and Romanticism’, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook, 24 (1979), pp.107–138; U. Frevert, ‘Die Innenwelt der Außenwelt. Modernitätserfahrungen vonFrauen zwischen Gleichheit und Differenz’, Deutsche Juden und die Moderne, ed.

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ixehqidd gezipa oda dyniyy zeax mipy xg`l ,mipexg`d mixeyrd ipya zxkip dlhlhmicwenn mixwgn .dycgd zra hxtae ,xara miypd ly onewn zpadl ziqiqa zxbqn ixcbndeywiay (dtn`w ly extq oebk) miihnxbext miazk ly iaihtixwqxtd miite` z` meid mityeg,cere z`f .zeìvnd oial mpia xrtd z` mihilane ixabde iypd agxnd oia dcxtd xevil

vd dxitqd zbvd mvr ik mb mi`xn mixwgndmiinehekic migpena zihxtd dxitqde zixeai:e`x ± dceqin zirhen miix`pia miktdkG. Bock, ‘Challenging Dichotomies:

Perspectives on Women’s History’, Writing Women’s History. InternationalPerspectives, eds. K. Offen et al., London & Bloomington 1991, pp. 1–23;A. Vickery, ‘Golden Age to Separate Spheres? A Review of the Categories andChronology of English Women’s History’, The Historical Journal, 36, 2 (1993), pp.383–414; L.E. Klein, ‘Gender and the Public/Private Distinction in the EighteenthCentury: Some Questions about Evidence and Analytic Procedure’, Eighteenth-

Century Studies, 29, 1 (1995), pp. 97–10922l`k ipnxbd bebctd ly jepigd hwiext l` bpihqxw dhqixw zqgiizn dtn`w ly extq gezipa

389 'nr ,(19 dxrd ,lirl) bpihqxw e`x ± 'miypd zeial zipkz'.23zxwre zlyan ly dnxl ltyez zipbxead dyi`dy zexyt`d on dtn`w biizqd cg` cvn


82

.miaxa ezpbtde eneyii z` oke24dyi`l mewn did `l dtn`w ly zixcbnd ezqitza

miweqirk eqtzp ziaa dyi`d iciwtze ziypd zepcnld - zxteq e` zipcnldbved zxteqde zcnelnd dyi`d .hlgen oteà df z` df milleyd ,miinehekic

sè dyiè lra oia zcneln dgiy s` ,ezprhl :dgtynd iigl ziynn dpkqk extqalr ,mrh xqg e` sexy ,geln lk`n lr mixtkn mpi` zia zxwr ly dqenlewn onex

wepit lr ,dqiakd zgpfd lr ,zipfafa zia zlklk lr ,ziad wyna diqenlxcp`.cenilae daizka ziad zxwr ly dweqirn zexiyi miraepy minbt - miclid25

miypd ly diiyrd agxn z` mvnvl zetèyd ,el` oirn zevxgp zeriaw cbpocerii ielinl uegp eppi` (dtn`w zprhl) xy` ilèhwlhpi` weqir lkn owigxdle

drc"a wifgn dtn`w oec`' ,dzrcl .dtixg zxewia cb xzq` driad ,xvd ipzlrezd) "zizvltnmonströsen Begriffz` repnl dzid dzti`y ;'zeipcnl miyp lr (

ozekf lr obdle ,cg`k miype mixab axwa dl` oirn 'mirhen zepeirx' ly mzehytzdly ezbvda daeyg ziqiqa dgpd dgec cb oi` .aezkle cenll miyp ly ozlekie- iziad agxna miixwird miciwtzd micwten miypd icia ik dprhd ìde ,dtn`w

obtena z`f dyer ìd oi` mipt lk lr26dèx dppi` ìd eil` hlgen cebipa j` -dcewtz cb ipira .daizke zepcnl lleyd weqir `l i`ceeae icrla cerii ef zegilya

mi`yep l` dziipt mvrn mbtp epi` dl miicegiid minegza dyi`d lymipyxc ,lynin iciwt miynynd mixab ly mzelirty myk ,miilèhwlhpi`

z` mirpdl lkezy ick mb ,dnÎzcina dizerici z` aigxdl dl uilnd ok lre ,zinzq ziamyl mb j` ,dizepa z` jpgl dicia dlrie dpeap dxeva mixirvd diclia lthl ,dlra ly epnf

i`d dcinlde dìxwd zeawra ik yyg èd ,ipy cvn .ziqiqa zinvr d`pdzcnelnl didz dydxrd ,lirl) bpihqxw lv` jk lr oeic e`x ± iziad agxna ie`xd dcewtzl wifi xacd ike icn

386-382 'nr cegiia ,(19.24xeng weti` did miypd on dtn`w ly (cb ly dzpigan ,zennewnde) zehlead eizeriazn zg`

58 oeiv cil ,oldl oeic e`x ± miaxa odizerici zpbtda.25.53 'nr cegiiae ,72-46 'nr ,(18 dxrd ,lirl) dtn`w26,dgeexy drcd mr dnikqd `l ìd ik wiqdl ozip cb xzq` ly dhr ixt mixg` miazkn

oeciie ,xn`nd zaizk xg`l zecg` mipy dnqxty xtqa .iyp ciwtz ozedna od ziad zecearys` minieqn mixwnae ,ziyrn zexyt`k dyiè lra oia miciwtz ztlgd dbivn ìd ,oldlmavn s` lr ,zizgtyn dilicià igy bef cb dybt oecpell oilxan dzriqp jldna .dievxlk z` `liny df èd ,ezcear xyek z` ok lre eci z` cai` xy` xbp ,lrad :dpeyndziad ixcq lr dxiny ,leyia) oièyipd iiga dyi`l llk jxca mixenyd eidy miciwtzddzgtyn z` qpxtl dgilvde dcearl d`vi ,zxyken zxtez ,ezy` eliè ,(eizepa jepigejixvy èd xzeia wfgd ik èd yecw rah weg' ,cb ici lr ehhevy itk ,dyi`d ixacl .ceaka

) 'dwfgd ip` zrke ,qpxtlEs ist ein heiliges Gesetz der Natur, daß der erwerben muß,der der Stärkere ist, und das bin ich jetzt:e`x ± (Briefe über England und Portugal

an einen Freund, 1, Hamburg 1808 (new ed.), pp. 18 ff20 cenrn o`k hehivd ;.

zexe`pde cb xzq`

83

oi` ,cb dprh ,jkitl .zepcnld mr cia ci miax dk mixwna zkled ,miphtyne

.'ef z` ef gxkda zeìvend ,zeipbexhd zelrn lrk zedn`de zepcnld lr fixkdl'mb ,zeiepnein xqege zepcnl xqeg mr cgi miiwzdl dieyr ziyp zeaic` m`' ixdy

.'zeaeyg zeizia zepekz lhal aiig eppi` dyi` lv` ircn rci27

swez lr xrxrl cb d`vi ,dwibeld mlern mibyenae miircn milka zcievn

zepwqnl ribdy ink ,izaygn lyka eze` dniy`d ìd .dtn`w ly eizeriawzegpd jnq lr zkl zewigxn odizeklydyixeixtÎ`,xgy zexqgk zexazqnd

zxfra dgikene ,xzei dwven rwxw lr zavip ìd eliè .ieby ibelenhqit` jildzamiperihixe ixhqetÎ`zencwend eizegpd ik (xewna zeybcdd izy ;dixack)

dcewtz oial dyi`d ly zilèhwlhpi`d zelirtd oiay xywl rbepa jk .zeafekd ly mzn`zdÎi` lr fixkn dtn`w :ziaa,cb zpreh ,dgiken zeìvnd cera ,miipy

dliren s` `l` dwifn dppi` zepcnldy cala ef `l ik.dl` miciwtz ielinldi`xl:'ixkn ly mvnevnd bega' dizeitvzn milerd mipezp zqiibn ìd

,zepievnd izexagn dnk ly zeiziad odizelrn z` miaxa bivdl il did xzen m`

`l yi` if` ,zexteqk owlg zè ,icnl zelikyn miypk xakn df oze` xikn mlerdy

izrpkzydy `ltzn didixe ixhqetÎìppd ;dwifn izla ziypd zepcnld ik

mb zeidl dieyr ìdy dxeaq ip` ,llka m`d e` ,dnk cr - dwifn izla zpreh

.ixac jynda z`f xne` ,dliren28

dtn`w ly ezebdpzd ,zeixcbnd eizeriawl qiqa ynynd rerxd ceqid xe`l

eizepwqny it lr s` oky ,zixeaiv zeixg` zxqgk cb xzq` ly dipira zxiihvn,dzin`l zn`k zeqtzp ,miaxa zenqxtzn od zeweca zecaer lr zepryp opi`

zeiekf lra yi` ly ecvn zeixg` xqeg edf ok lr' :agx xeaiv ly elxeb z` zerixknezerc hlet èd xy`k ,dtn`w oec`k zewdaen,ixe ixtÎ``wptyeb zelawn dlè ,

.'ezenk yi` ly zxkend ezeknql zeced29

dxe`pd dzebiizqd z` dpibtn ìdy jez ,zeplyxa wx `l dtn`w z` dniy`n cb'zglqp izla zeaiwr xqeg'a mb `l` ,zenecw zerc lr zeqqeand zecnrn

)unverzeihliche Inkonsequenzèxwl ezal uilnd dtn`w .ely daygnd ewa (zezin`d' zyikx z` el ag envr èdy ,'jpinn mc`' azky zc `yepa xtq

2763 ,58 ,57 'nr ,(16 dxrd ,lirl) cb.28.59-58 'nr ,my29‘Unverantwortlich ist es daher, wenn ein Mann von Herrn Campe’s entschiedenen

Verdiensten, Meinungen a priori, öffentlich hinwirft, die durch die anerkannteAutorität eines solchen Mannes, zu Gesezzen gestempelt werden’.59 'nr ,my -


84

.eixack ,zcde dibele`zd megza eixerp zepya 'zepey`xd30dxinà dz`x cb xzq`

oec` cvik qetzl zlbeqn ippi`' :extq jxe` lkl ezcnr xe`l ,zibel dxizq ef`veiy xtqa ,dtn`wcbply zcnelnd dzxivi z` hhvl lbeqn ,ziypd daizkd

aiig envr èd dly ,dyi`zeax dkdxen` dzid zizaygnd zeaiwrd ,cb itl .'zeibele`zd zezin`d ly okxr z` lhal :zetelg izyn zg`l dtn`w z` liaedl

oind zepa ly ozlekia zecedl' e` ,iyp oinn zxagnl zeced ykx xy` zeizcdezecear caln ,liren dnÎxac aipdl ,odipian zecg` ly weic xzil e` ,eply

.'ziad31mixabl dneca ,dtn`w oky ,cenild `yepa cb zrcl dlbzn dnec dxizq.okpgln wqet epi` j` zecneln miypl brel ,mixg` miax32

ixaca zcwenn dzid cb ly dztwzd ik wtq oi` dk cr eàedy mixacd xe`lxy`n xzeil dt`y cb ik xexiaa xkip z`f mr cgi .lirl oievy itk ,dtn`w

sxhvdl dywia ìd dxeaig zervnà :mqxetnd xteqd ixac mr ziyi` zeqnltzdzeax zevxà ldpzdy xr ixeaiv oeic l`miypd ly onewn zece` lr dtexià

.eiìyn cg`l ,ziztxvd dktdnd zeawra ,minid mzeà ribde ,zipxcend dxaga

mixeyrd jldna ,mdipia dtn`we ,mihlea mibed egqip df ixcbn oeicn wlgkzeprhd .zexe`pd gexa zeixcbn zeixe`z dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mipexg`d

oia ,'zeiyp' zepekze 'zeixab' zepekz oia zexexa zewelg ly oneiw xaca ernyedympn` eid `l ,'miiyp' dlert inegze 'miixab' dlert inegz oia ,'iyp' rahe 'ixab' rah

dibeleia lr zklede zxaeb dcina dzr eqqazd j` ,ziaxrnd zeaxza zeycg,rcne33z`fae ,dpeaza inepehe`d yeniyd on miypd zxcd z` wicvdl ick eyniye

30.62 'nr ,my ,cb dìad dtn`w ixac z`31‘unserm Geschlechte, oder vielmehr einzelnen Individuen desselben, die Fähigkeit

einzuräumen, etwas wahrhaft nüzliches, auch ausser unserer Haushaltung hervorbringen zu können’my ,my -.

32die`x mè dirx zeidl dieyr dyi`' :(63-62 'nr) cb ly dixac jynd mb e`xe .60 'nr ,myÎde j"pzd èd diiga d`xwy dn lk m` mb ,dkxrdlHamburger Kochbuch.[leyia xtq]

'zcneln zeidl dl l` wx ± xzei daxd elit` ± xzei envra yxec dtn`w xn j`.33cpixec zpiivny itkmilcadd z` xiaqdl ick miiètxe mibeleia miwenip lr ybcd ,mxhe` d

lr daygnd z` cgiiy oiit`nd ile` èd dxaga zixcbnd miciwtzd zwelg zè mipind oiaxcbin it lr miciwtz zwelge mipind oia milcad lr miperih ixdy ,zexe`pd ztewza xcbin:mb e`xe .95-80 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) mxhe` e`x ± cinzne f`n mzqd on miniiw eidJ. Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and theUnited States 1780–1860, London 1985, pp. 7–32; S. Toppe, ‘Mutterschaft undErziehung zur Mütterlichkeit in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts’, Geschichteder Mädchen-und Frauenbildung, 1, eds. E. Kleinau & C. Opitz, Frankfurt & New

York, pp. 346–359

zexe`pde cb xzq`

85

oeica ceqid ipa` igipnn cg` ,eqex w`'f o`'f .zexe`pd ly dicri znybdn dyrnl

ly d`xydd zexewnne ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna dtexià ixcbndmqxetnd exeaiga xicbd ,envr dtn`wEmile ou de l’éducationxac lr e` lin`)

milcad jnq lr ,miype mixab oia dxexa miciwtz zwelg ,1762 zpyn (jepigde` ,xabl diig lk drepk didz dyi`d .mipind ipy ipa axwa lekiak oigady miclen

ewlga eqex raw ,eilrn dnvr z` miyl diiyteg didz `l mlerle ,xab ly ehetiyl.dxivid xeaib lin` ly eziieel za ,iteq ly dkepigl ycwend ,xtqd ly iyingd

onewne miypd jepig ly eaih iabl zkl zewigxn zeklyd ef zixcbn dikx`xiidl;mixg`l mirpi xy` z` zxne` dyi` ,rcei èd xy` z` xne` xab' :zeaxzae dxaga

.'mrhl zg` rcil wewf cg` ,xacl ick34axwa - oerihd ew z` eqex jiynd - jkitlyi miypd axwa eliè ,dnverde gekd ,zi`nvrd daygnd z` gthl yi mixabd

.dlral dnirp dirxl dze` ektdiy zepekz gztl35

m`zda ,mixe`pd zxeaga dyi`d ly dnewn mevnvl szey did hp`w lèpnr mb,'zrcl une`d' mr zexe`pd jildz z` recik ddif ipnxbd seqelitd .'iypd drah'l

,dpeaza inepehe`d yeniyd mr36eknzqda .miypd z` llk `l èd df jildza j`

34‘L’homme dit ce qu’il sait, la femme dit ce qui plaît; l’un pour parler a besoin deconnaissance, et l’autre de gout’ – J.J. Rousseau, Emile ou de l’éducation, Paris

1964, p. 471(oldl oke ± p"bp ± ily mebxzd).35zeidl ,mdl mirpdl .mixabl iqgi zeidl aiig miypd jepig' :eqex ixackmexbl ,zlrezl mdl

,mze` mgpl ,mdl uriil ,mixbeak mda lthl ,mixirvk mze` jpgl ,oze` cakle aed`l mdlocnll yi dn dpde ,mipnfd lka miypd ly odizeaeg dpd ;miwezne minirpl mdiig z` zeyrl

] 'ozecli onl‘[T]oute l’éducation des femmes doit être relative aux hommes. Leurplaire, leur être utiles, se faire aimer et honorer d’eux, les élever jeunes, les soignergrands, les conseiller, les consoler, leur rendre la vie agréable et douce: voilà lesdevoirs des femmes dans tous les temps, et ce qu’on doit leur apprendre dès leur

enfance’,mc` zeidl mikpeg lin` z`y drya' ,ciny dit z`f dbivdy itk .455 'nr ,my ± [± 'ad`zdl lkei èd day dyi` :weic xzil e` ,mc` eze` ly ezy` zeidl mikpeg iteq z`miypd jepig zgpfd cbp df xtqa dgn eqexy it lr s` ,jk .329 'nr ,(19 dxrd ,lirl) ciny

xeca`yepd z` dlrde mincew ze`l`l eizetwyd ,ixeaivd meid xcq`weec emr eaihd± miypdzeixcbne zeikepig zeixe`zl rbepd lka miritynd mixeaigd cg` did 'lin`'y mb dn

dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna.36) i`pilxad oegxia mqxtzdy ,'?idn zexe`p :dl`yl daeyz' exeaigaBerlinische

Monatsschriftèdy ,ezexbaÎxqegn mc`d zìvi'k zexe`pd z` hp`w bivd ,1784 zpya (zkxcd ila elkya ynzydl mc`d ly ezlekiÎi`' mr zexbad xqeg z` ddife ,'ea my` envr

) zrcl frd' :drecid eznqiqa hp`w zvniz zexe`pd gex z` .'zlefdSapere audeune` xef` !(hwiext ± zexe`pd ,'?idn zexe`p :dl`yl daeyz' ,hp`w 'r :e`x ± '!jly jlkya ynzydl

eqn yy ?mlyp `ly.45 'nr ,1997 aia` lz ,dx`ya 'r zkixra ,mfipxcene zexe`p lr z


86

oind od miyp :zepcnld on miypd z` xicd èd mipind ipy ipa ly 'dpeyd mrah' lr

- dtia zwqer ozpeaz elit` .1764 zpya azk ,iteil xeywd lka oweqire ,dtidzeirahd dizepekza zrbet mvra zepcnld .xabd ly dwinrnd dpeazd znerl z`f

zerwzyd e` rbiin cenil' :dyi`d lyjka dyi`d gilvz m` mb ,zeaygna dai`knzepekz ,ozexicp lya .'dpinl zecgeind zelrnd z` miqxed ,dax dcina

'dxixw zelrtzd' xxerl zeieyr dyi` lv` zeritend zewinrn zeilèhwlhpi`)kalte Bewunderungoind lr dlirtn dyi`dy mqwd z` zeyilgn od onfa ea j` ,(

,diiq`c m`cn oebk ,zipeeia `ln dy`xy dyi`' :ipyd37miqenlet zldpny e`,dlhy dc dfiwxnd oebk ,dwip`kn ipiipra38.'owf zlra zeidl s` dleki39zepeirx

,dtexià miax mibed ly mdiazka miiyi` miybcae mipey mipeeba erited ef gexaig iyp` zeaxlzepeirx mzqd on ik m` .dtn`w jixpiid mikèi znbec mihlea jep

evneè agxd xeaivd axwa epecip md ,zeìvnd z` eaizkd `weec e`l dl`.miax ici lr zepey zeivìxeea40

37) diiqc o`Dacier, 1654–1720ziztxvl zipihle zipeein zeiqlw zexivi dnbxz (.38) dlhy dc dfiwxndChâtelet, 1706–1749lr .diztxv zi`wifite zi`wihnzn dzid (

:e`x dztewz xywda zilèhwlhpi`d dzelirtL. Schiebinger, The Mind has no Sex?Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Cambridge, Mass. & London 1989,

pp. 59–6539:e`xI. Kant, Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen, Leipzig

[s. a., 19–], p. 37dpy miyelyn xzei xeark mbe ,1764 zpya mqxtzd hp`w ly df xtq .xtqa azk ,'zipcnld dyi`d' .zeax dzpzyd `l dlkydl ztèyd dyi` lr hp`w ly ezrcìd eay ote` ezeà dixtqA zynzyn' ,1798 zpya mqxtzdy ,dibeletexzp` lr eize`vxd¦§

jxcay zexnl ,cgà dwifgn ìdy e`xi miyp`y ick z`yep ìd eze`y ...dperya zynzyn:e`x ± 'ynyd it lr oeekn eppi` e` lret eppi` èd llkI. Kant, Anthropologie in

pragmatischer Hinsicht, ed. Raymund Schmidt, Leipzig 1943, p. 27740eyniye zicegii zepyxt mizrl elaiw dtewzd ibedn miax evitdy zeixcbnd zeqitzd

dn ik cirn xacd .aizkdl eywia mnvr mibeddy zenxepd on dbxgy zebdpzd zwcvdldid xyt`y dcigè zyaebn dcnr bviin eppi` 'zixcbn zipbxea dibele`ci`' zepkl mibdepydqitzd zpigan zakxen dcnrl (zeax ipn zg`) zhlea dnbec .dzenlya dzegcl e` dlawld`vede dkixr ± otec z`vei zelirta ewqry zeipnxb miyp ly odiazka èvnl ozip zixcbndly odiciwtz z` liabdl ick eyniyy miperih lr eknzqd od .miypl zr iazk ly xe`l

:e`x ± ixeaivd agxna oziiyr z` wicvdl ick dgtynle zial miypdU. Weckel, ‘The BriefFlowering of Women’s Journalism and its End around 1800’, Gender in Transition:Discourse and Practice in German-Speaking Europe, 1750–1830, eds. U. Gleixner

& M. Gray, Ann Arbor 2006, pp. 175–201zexg` zexteq ly zakxend ozcnr mb e`xe .:eqex ly eizepeirx ly diigce dlaw zalynd ,dtewzaK. O’Brien, ‘The Feminist

Critique of Enlightenment’, The Enlightenment World, eds. M. Fitzpatrick et al.,London & New York 2007, pp. 621–632, esp. pp. 629–632

zexe`pde cb xzq`

87

ly ezenlbzd z` oda ze`xl oi` ,dl` oirn zeqitz ly ozrtyde ozeaiyg s` lr

ztewza ldpzdy ixcbnd oeica ,ote` ox`w driavdy itk .'xcbind lr zexe`pd giy'ly miyxn lpqx`' mityegy mixg` miaeyg zelewl xexiaa oif`dl ozip zexe`pd

.mixbz`n miihqipint 'miperihe mibyen ,zepeirx41cbp d`gn dxxerzd dtexiàizlad avnd z` xnyl ,mixgè dtn`w ,hp`w ,eqex znbec mibed ly mdizepeiqp

lrtna mixabd cvl miypd ly ozealzyd z` repnle mipind ipy ipa oia ipeieeydxyr rayd d`nd seqn .mii`nvre miipeaz mihwiiaeqk zipxcend dxagae zexe`pd

zwizr zixabd dipenbdd cbp zxewiad dtixgde dkld dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldnaezeqgiizdd zè miypd ly oavn z` xtyl dyixcd dxabe ,mipind oia miqgia oineid

zeizxage zeizeaxz zeaiqp ly axd olwyn z` eyibcd ixcbnd xcqd ixwan .odil`(iepiyl zepzip izla 'zeirah' zepekz ly zrxknd ozrtyd z` xy`n xzei daxd)

axwa jepigd zgpfd lr eriavd md - dxaga miype mixab oia oeieeydÎi` zxiviaxtqa wdaen iehia e`vn dl` zeqitz .zegpd ocnrnl miixwird minxebd cg`k miyp

) htxwpehqlee ixn xe`l dìvedyWollstonecraft, 1759–1797jepig zy` ,(

'dy`d zeiekf lr dpbd'a .cb ly dxeaig meqxt iptl zexetq mipy ,dilbp` zxteqe)A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792ianet oeic epnfa xxery xeaig - (

dtexià zexg` zepicna mbe dilbpà42miiqlwd miazkd cg`l minid zeaxa dide,iypd oind ly eizeiekf lr zetiwza htxwpehqlee dpbd - zihqipintd daygna

.jepiga zeiepncfd oeieeye zeihilet zeiekf df llkae43zg` ìd htxwpehqlee

41.31 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) ote`42mr ,zipnxbl mebxzd mb .zepey zetyl xtqd mbxez zilbpà xe`l ez`v xg`l hren onf

egpd mipewizddxdna xe` d`x ,jxerd ixack ,zxteqd dyi`d ly dizerc z` 'of`l' ick miv:ziqgi dglvdl dkfeMaria Wollstonecraft, Rettung der Rechte des Weibes mit

Bemerkungen über politische und moralische Gegenstände. Mit einigenAnmerkungen und einer Vorrede von Christian Gotthilf Salzmann, 1–2,

Schnepfenthal 1793/94zexewiad it lr dipnxba htxwpehqlee ly dxtq zelawzd lr .:e`x zipnxbd zepeziraU. Weckel, ‘Gleichheit auf dem Prüfstand. Zur

zeitgenössischen Rezeption der Streitschriften von Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel undMary Wollstonecraft in Deutschland’, Tugend, Vernunft und Gefühl, Geschlechter-diskurse der Aufklärung und weibliche Lebenswelten, eds. C. Opitz et. al., Münster

2000, pp. 209–247, esp. pp. 224 ff43,(zekxer) zexgè meà 'c ly oxtqa jeza ixar mebxza dpexg`l erited xtqd jezn mirhw

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88

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Wollstonecraft’, The Age of Cultural Revolutions, Britain and France, 1750–1820,eds. C. Jones & D. Wahrman, Berkeley & London 2002, pp. 203–217oeir mb .

aihdl oevx jezn elrt zegtl mwlg ik d`xn 'miiypÎihp`'k midefnd mibed ly mdizecnramdipir ze`x itl mipt lk lr ,miypd mr.

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:e`xR.P. Dawson, ‘“And this shield is called – self-reliance”: Emerging FeministConsciousness in the Late Eighteenth Century’, German Women in the Eighteenthand Nineteenth Centuries, A Social and Literary History, eds. R.E.B. Joeres & M.J.Maynes, Bloomington 1986, pp.157–174, esp. pp. 160 ff.; eadem, The ContestedQuill, Literature by Women in Germany 1770–1800, Newark 2001, pp. 221–285;

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90

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wnera oeghia dygy ,zipzt`y zxteqk cb zxiihvn dtprd zizextqd dzelirta

e dizepaezxzeie ,likynd ldwd axwa oiipr xxerl miieyr dizepeirx ik dpin`d`l aeyg .meqxtl miie`x ok lre iyep`d oinde dxagd xetiyl mexzl miieyr ,jkn

oi` dxi`yd ìdy zexewnae ,dl` zexnei dzeeqd `l llk cb ik yibcdl zegtly dzewfgzd dlv` zhlea z`f znerl .milkd l` zàgpd zxteqd ly dzencl xkf

Equality, Cambridge, Mass–London 2004, esp. pp. 87–123,(38 dxrd ,lirl) xbpiaiy ;.mixg` mixeaiga mb ef dnqiq lr dxfg cb .35-34 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl) ote` ;1 'nr

65tehpf ofeq dyibcd dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr dpenyd d`na ziyp daizkl dqgiizdamizrl exikfd ode ,miipzlrez minrha zizextqd ozelirt z` wicvdl jxev eyg zeax miyp ik

:e`x ± miyp zlkyd e` dqpxt :zeixwir zexhn izy zeaexwS. Zantop, ‘Trivial Pursuits?An Introduction to German Women’s Writing from the Middle Ages to 1830’, BitterHealing. German Women Writers 1700–1830 – An Anthology, eds. J. Blackwell &

S. Zantop, Lincoln & London 1990, pp. 31–3266,(dbef oae ipnxb xteq) 'lbly jixcixt zkixra' ,my melira onex 1801 zpya dnqxt oeqlcpn

:xryd cenra myxpy itkFlorentin, Ein Roman herausgegeben von FriedrichSchlegel:e`x zxteqk oeqlcpn dìzexec ly zinvrd dzqitz lr .F. Deibel, Dorothea

Schlegel als Schriftstellerin im Zusammenhang mit der romantischen Schule, Berlin1905; L. Weissberg, ‘Nachwort’, D. Schlegel, Florentin. Roman, Fragmente,Varianten, ed. L. Weissberg, Frankfurt a.M & Berlin 1986, pp. 205–238; eadem,‘The Master’s Theme, and some Variations: Dorothea Schlegel’s Florentin alsBildungsroman’, Michigan Germanic Studies, 12 (1987), pp. 169–181; B. Becker-Cantarino, Schriftstellerinnen der Romantik. Epoche – Werke – Wirkung, München

2000, pp. 112–149151-139 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) wxniipÎbxacleb eeyde ..

zexe`pde cb xzq`

95

fa od dyi`k zilkyd dzlekia od dzpenè ,dwenr zihqipint drcezynyl dzek

zeax zevxàe) dipnxba gztzdy ziqgi ycgd ixeaivd agxna dievxe ziweg zxaec.dxyr dpenyd d`nd jldna (dtexià

(exwira ixabd) ldwd zrc iavrn bega llkidl cb xzq` ly dielbd dzti`y.1801 zpya aezkl dlgdy zerqnd xtq zeaxl ,dineqxtn cg` lka ahid zxkip

dcirny itk ,dglvd xvw ède ,1803-1802 mipya miwlg ipya xe` d`x xeaigd`xwp oey`xd ewlgy ,xtqd .mipy xtqn xeark diipy dxecdna ezqtcdBriefe

während meines Aufenthalts in England und Portugal an einen Freundipyd ewlge (lbehxete dilbpà izedy jldna cici l` miazkn)Neue Reise durchEngland und Portugal. In Briefen an einen Freunddilbpà ycg rqn)

izya dzedy jldna cb dazky 'zexbi`' lr qqean ,(cici l` miazkna ,lbehxete

l` epreny ,ynn ly miazkn dl` eid dligz .oilxa z` dafry xg`l ,dl` zevx`yabzd mzaizk jldna ik d`xp mle` ,(xhkix) le`t o`'f ipnxbd xteqd ,aexw cici,cb dyhyih dxdna .rqnd inyxa mi`xew ly agxzne jled lbrn szyl oevxd da

zazek ìdyk ,diecal zeazkzdd z` dzyre ,ixeaivl ihxtd oia leabd z` ,oeeknaazknd z`' .miaxd zeyx lè qetcd l` oìadl ick dligz daygna dizexbi` z`

l` miazkn') zxzekd xyt z` dxiaqn ìdyk ,dxtql dncwda cb zpiivn ,'oey`xdcici l` iziptd ok`' ,('cicicg`xg`le ,micici dnk lr xak izayg ipyd [azkn]a ,

) mly ldw lr izayg oknein Publikum.'(67

dxbne liren ,oiiprn izextq xvez bivdl cb xzq` dywia crein ldw eze` ipta

,zipxcen zilèhwlhpi`k ,miyp xear ziqgi ycg ciwtza dnal dzlr ìd .daygndcnr geqip jez ,ixeaiv oeicl zecewp zelrdl mb j` ,likydle xi`dl dciwtzny

drqn z` .mi`xewd ly mzrc z` avrl oeiqipa ,zwelgna zepezp zeibeqa ziyi`yexita dxidvdy itk ,xwgn ly zegily oirnk dax dcina dz`x ìd zexfd zevxà

dazk ,'miyp`d ziaxn xear zxken `l ux` ìd lbehxet' :lbehxetl dz`v iptlmy mildpzn ...cvik xewgl ipevxa' .oeaqill dzriqp lr driced eay 'azkn'aikxc

mlerd.'68z` dzptd ,zxwegÎzrqepk dzniynl ziaxn zepivxa dqgiizdy ,cb

xwegd mr edefy dlert ikxc dvni` jk myle ,okcerne icegii rcin zbydl divn`naexl) miwgexn mixtkl drqp ,oeaqile oecpel zeaegxa dxiiq dnevr zepxwqa :ixabd

lre mdizerc lr oey`x xewnn cenll ick miinewn miayez mr zegiy dnfie (dtba

67'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cbxevn df xn`na .ozipy itky ,xtqd ly diipyd dxecdnd zhhdpey hrn zxzeka drited ze`xl.

68136-135 'nr ,my.


96

.mdizepen`69,zeiqpkd ,mipe`fena mixewiad zeawra dxav cby rcinl xarn

zlekiay lk dzyr ìd ,mixrd zeaegxe zepenx`dicaexa dxeìz z` xiyrdl ick doinè mi`zn xneg dpnn dzlce zniiwd zextqd l` dybip ìd .mitqep rci70wtqnd

cb .dxwia ìd mday mixz`de zepicnd lr agxp ixehqid rwx ,lynl ,mi`xewl;i`d iayez ly ipz`d mxewn zè dilbpà zeayiizdd zeclez z` lynl zx`zn

miycgd mixvepd ly mzrted ,lbehxetn micedid yexib z` znkqn ìd xg` mewnae.divifieewpi`d icin axd mlaqe dixehqidd zna lr71dizerici z` xtqa zxfey ìd

zextqa zeiqlw zexivi mr (dyi`k otecd z`veie) daexwd dzexkid zè zeagxdoebk mixteqe mibed eazky mixac lr zxrxrn s` e` zhhvn ìd mizrl - zitexi`d

zetwyde miperih wfgl ick - qehecexd elitè ,hp`w ,xhlee ,diwqhpen ,uipaiilze`lwgd megza xebitd z` zxwan ìd xy`k ,lynl jk .xtqd jxe`l dbivn ìdy

:dzxfrl diwqhpen ixac z` dìan ìd ,lbehxeta dihehiy zra dipirl dlbzdy,zi`xt dne` dze` enk drc dzeà miwifgn milbehxetd ik dnec ,ze`lwgl rbepa'lcbl ekxhviy mlgà diaie` z` zllwn ìdy dpin`d ik diiwqhpen xtiq dilry

.'mdizecy z`72alynd oeebne xiyr xeaig ìd dlawzdy d`vezd xac ly eteqadl` lk .zeiyi` zepaeze miiteqelit mixedxd hrn `l mb ,ax rcin caln ,ekeza

.dyi` ly dqenlewn `viy xeaiga mdil`n mipaen mpi`y mipiit`n mddizerc z` `hal ick zeycg zeieaxz mr ybtnd z` dlvip cb xzq` ,xen`k

lr ecnre ldwd zrc z` ewiqrdy mipeicl mexzl jkae ,mipey mi`yepa dizecnredriade zeax zeibeqa drbp ìd dzriqpn zehecwp` zeawra .ixeaivd meid xcq

eliàe zeen yper bidpdl llk ie`x m` oebk zeipexwr zel`yl rbepa ziyi` dcnrsicrdl yi `ny e` mrd axwa zexe`pd z` mcwl yi m` e` ,ebidpdl ie`x zeaiqp

eldpzd ef dibeq aiaq) zenecwd mdizerca mirewy ,mzexeaa mipendd z` xi`ydl

69oiipra zekex` dpc eniry ,iztxv mixtq zepg lra mr dniiwy dgiy lr lynl zgeecn cb272-271 'nr ,my ± lbehxeta dxengd dxefpvd.

70llkidl ie`x èd m` dhilgd epepiq xg`l wxe d`xw ìdy mixtqa àedy rcind z` dpga cbdriad xhqpinhqee ziiqpka zexev`d zepn`d zexivi z` x`zl dèaa ,lynl jk .dxeaigamb mizrle ,miax dk mifxten milelid' millek df `yepa miwqerd mixtqdy lr dlekqz z`.123 'nr ,my ± 'oen` lk mda mica`n mipey`xd micenra xak ik cr ,mdixeìza miax mixqg

) xtqd ly ipyd ewlga mb e`xeBriefe über England und Portugal an einen Freund, 2,Hamburg 1808 [new ed.]zeixtqa mixfeg mixewial zecr cb dìan dxtqa .7 'nr ,(

.275 'nr ,jliè 237 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb ± oeaqila71.424-420 ,90-87 'nr ,my7225 'nr ,(70 dxrd ,lirl) cb.

zexe`pde cb xzq`

97

.(dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mipexg`d mixeyra dipnxba mixr mipeic73on wlgk

,zexe`pl zipiite` zizxewia gexae zerqn ixtq zaizk ly zitexi`d zxeqnddciled ef zeppeazde ,zexfd zeieaxzae zexaga zirvn` izla dxeva cb dppeazd

dxagd ly dite` lr ,mc`d rah lr :mipeebne miax mi`yep lr mixedxd dxtqazertez .mipind oia miqgid lre ,zcd lr ,wegde oehlyd zexev lr ,ziyep`d

cb xzq` dwiqd odizeawrae ,dcg oira epgap zeizce zeihilet ,zeizeaxz ,zeizxagzipnxbd dxagd lr mb `l` odizevxà dxwia ìdy zene`d lr wx `l zepwqn

.dxtqa dzpt dilè d`vi dpnny74

dpin`dy inke ,da zepezp zeax dk miyp ly odiigy dwevnl dxr dzidy ink

zgily df xtqa mb ynyl cb xzq` dxga ,mizeeire zeleer owzl dxagd ly dzeixgàmikxc dbivde ixeaivd meid xcq lr oavn z` zelrdl ick dxtq z` dlvip cb .miypd

z xetiyl - dztewza zeipycge - zeiyrnenqxty mixg` mirqepy drya .oneiw i`pe` ze`hiqxaipe` oebk 'miixab' zecqena mixewia lr daxd egeeic rqn ixtq md s`

,zeircn zeceb`75,zilkza mipey zecqenn dnyxzd ,dilbpà dxewia zra ,cb

fr myex .dzellka dxagl elired zra dae miypd zgeexl eb`cyipy dilr eyr- dax dcdà dgeeic ìd mdilre ,okl mcew dxikd `l mzenky zecqenwtq `ll

.dipnxb ,dvxà mb minec zecqen znwd ccerle ritydl deewzazia èd cg` cqen- zeèyp miyp ipta wx `l eixry z` gzty ,zeipr miypl zeclei,xne` deed

eid df reiq `llye oièyipl uegn ecliy miyp ipta mb `l` - 'zepbedn' miyp

73dl`yl zxge`n daeyzk mi`xwp mrd zlkyd lr cb ixac .15-9 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cbdf idi ,lley eze` mikileny mrl liren m`d' :1778 zpya oilxaa mircnl dincw`d dbivdy

dy dlà ezwfgda e` zeycg zeierhl ezlaeda) '?mda rewy xak èEst-il utile au peupled’être trompé, soit qu’on l’induise dans des nouvelle erreurs, ou qu’on l’entretienne

dans celles où il est?dibeqd lr .df `yepa iqextd lynnd zeipicn itlk dcnr zhiwpke ,() 'mrd zlkyd' lyVolksaufklärung:e`x (A. Conrad, ‘Aufgeklärte Elite und

aufzuklärendes Volk? Das Volk im Visier der Aufklärung’, Das Volk im Visier derAufklärung. Studien zur Popularisierung der Aufklärung im späten 18. Jahrhundert,eds. A. Conrad et. al., Münster 1998, pp. 1–15; R. Wittmann, Geschichte des

deutschen Buchhandels, München 1992, pp. 186–21774z` zepbl dlir wtqn mewnd ztya mi`hazny milbp` mihxwehqix` mr ybtnd ,lynl jk

,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb - mvx` oeyla milflfne zexf zety miticrnd ,dipnxb iliv` ly mlbxd73±72 'nr.

75.oefciec slee icedid xteqde `texl qgeind ,okl mcew zecg` mipy mqxtzdy xtq lynl e`xxcg llek) mircnl dincwàe mi`tex oecrena mixewia ,mixac x`y oia ,mix`zn xtqd iwxt

:e`x ± (zeteb gezipl dinehp`d[W. Davidson], Briefe über Berlin, [Berlin] 1798


98

.xfk` lxebl zexwten76èd ;zepfa okl mcew ewqry miypl dqgn zia did ipy cqen

,xtqa mixg` zenewnae ,o`k .cb ly dizegayzl dkfy xac ,miyp ici lr ldepmitvne miici weaiga miayei mpi` xy` dl`l dygx cby dkxrdd zrnzyn

mnvrl xefrl ick mivn`n miyere dnfei mihwep `l` ,zeieygxzdl zeiaiqtaeltihe opin zepa ornl eyry miypd eliby gexd zeliv`n zelrtzd z`ln .mixg`le

xzei miyp axwa zeaeh zecin ea èvnl ozipy mewn oi`' - dxva miypa zexiqna'o`k xy`n xzei cqga dxiar l` ea miqgiizny mewn oiè ,o`k xy`n77ìd -

,dixacl :izxagd xeyina od iyi`d xeyina od ,df cqen ly zepexzid z` dhilanrevwnd z` xeg`n exized odn zeax ,miypd elaiwy cecirle dkinzl zeced

ìai wtq `ll xy` xac - ztenl zednè zia zexwrl ektd s` owlge wtwetnd.dpicnl mb dax zlrez78

egeex `ly dl`k ,jkn xzeie ,miypl `weec mixeyw mpi`y ,miillk mi`yep mbzvxgp dcnr driad ìd mzece` lre ,cb xzq` z` zeax ewiqrd ,miypd iazka(gxfnd zevx`l rqnd zextq z` xwira dpiit`y) 'zihqilhpiixe`' dyiba .zipwqte

zlf` milbnd ,dihily lr xwirae ,diayez lr ,lbehxet lr dyw zxewia dgzn ìdzeaegxa jelkld ,dxhynd ly zegkepd herin) ixeaivd xcqd zgpfd .ziplyx ci

(dagxda dxiaqn ìdy itk ,xzid oia) zlyekd dlklkd ,mixèn `l e` milelqÎ`ld,miax dk mixven ly èaie dpicna miaxd rahd ia`yn levipÎi` lya79lyae

;(dpicnl uegn l` ax oed migixan xy` mixf micaer ly deabd xtqnd80iiga oeeipd,dciaknd dxefpvde ,zepeirx zxarde zEizexagl zecqen ly mpexqg) zeaxzd

gexd meciw z` zakrne miyp` oia zerc ztlgd zrpend81;(82'zelvr'd lkl lrne

76139 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb.77141 'nr ,my.78,'miàd zexeca mb z`yl miieyr dl` oirn mipeap miyrny ziaixd z` aygl ozip m`d'

wx `l ,eikxc z` xiyidl dqpn mc` xy`k ,dzrcl .(140 'nr ,my) df xywda cb zazek.dlek dxagd zaehl ode ely ezaehl od ± ea jenzl daegd zlhen s` `l` dxfrl ie`x èdy

79on mixven zegt da miwteny e` ,lbehxet xy`n dk`ln iza zegt da mi`veny dpicn oi`',(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb ± 'ilbehxet xven sà miynzyn oi`y hrnk lbehxeta .dnc`dzepicnn miàen ,mda dkxazd lbehxety ,mibcd elit` ik dndcza zpiivn cb .241 'nr

242 'nr ,my ± mewnd iyp` ly dnfeid xqege dgpfdd lya zexg`.80255 'nr ,my.81zencwzd z` zakrne daygnd yteg z` znvnvnd ,dpicna zxxeyd dxiee`d z` dpbn cb

eppi` yi` ,cb zpreh ,lbehxeta divifieewpi`d ly dini exary it lr s` .(272 'nr ,my) gexd.zce dwihilet ipiipra zeiyi`d eizerc z` `hal frn

82) znfben dìxw ik wtq oi`'Vielleserey,dipexià cb zazek ,'ef dne` oiit`nd mbt dppi` (274 'nr ,my ± lbehxeta d`vn ìdy dzrcl aelrd mixtqd weyl dqgiizda.

zexe`pde cb xzq`

99

,izeaxzd xebitl ixwir mxeb deedne df mr zpiit`nd,dl` lk - ilklkde izxagd

l` sxhvdle ,zlgeind 'dnciw'd aizpa cervl lbehxet iyp`n mirpen ,cb zpga`nm` mb ,zizeaxz dpigan odn zwgexn dk lbehxety ,'dlikynd dtexi`' zepicn xzi

.zitxbe`b `l83,dinbt z` seygle dxf zeaxz xwal wx dzid `l cb ly dzxhnz` dzpib ìd xy`k .di`xewa mieqn qez` xicgdl - lkn xzei ileè - mb `l`

mdizepexzi z` lldl cgeina dl aeyg did ,lynl ,milbehxetd axwa yrnd xqegìdy drya z`f - onfd ly ze`p levip ,zeliri ,zeiaihwecext oebk mikxr ly

leflfn zeraepd zeililyd ze`vezd z` ,lbehxet ly dxwnd zervnà ,dyignd.dl` mil`cià

'cexi mr' - lbehxetl ycwend xtqd ly ewlga xexiaa zxkip ze`ypzd znip)gesunkene[s] Volk.xqend mleq zizgzl xcxczdy (84on mlrzdl ozip `l mle`

izxewiad xeìzd zervnà di`xew axwa uitdl dywia cb xzq`y zipnedd dtwyddly elaq itlk dneà micigi eliby zeyic`d on drfrcfd cb .ef zlygp dpicn ly

- dndcza zazek ìd - j` ,dxfrl miwref ,zeaegxa mitwzen miyp` .zlefds`'

ly cgtd zegeev z` epelg zgz èd rney m` mb ,ci hiyedl xdnn epi` ilbehxet.'qqeby in ly eixegxg z` e` swzeny in85zelbzn ,cb dkiynn ,xgyd zelra

mialv ;mxaw lrn aven xegy ur alve m`vnid mewna mipnhp mde ,migvxpd zeteb.mixfd caln jkn ybxzn epi` yi` j` ,xird iwlg lka miqqepzn dl` oirn86mb

mixrtd lr dnrxzd ìd .dze` ennewe cb ly dzlng z` exxer miywd iperd ze`xnmrd oia xrtd lr lkn xzeie ,diqelkeà mipey mixfbn ly meiwd i`pza minevrd

.cb ly dcvn mitixg zxewia ivigl dnvra dkefd - zilezwd zcd ibivp oial87

oia jtypd oiide zxcednd ezpib ,eixcg ze`n lr ,dxwia eay xfpna 'fxtend x`td'

kcb dpiiv ,xfpnd jeza .dpand z` eaaqy 'hih itixv ipend'l dxizqa ecnr ,eilz,'[mixnkd z` zepkl cb dbdp jk] miplha ze`n yely dgeexa miig' ,gex zxena

migwel cinz dl` oirn mixfpn' ixdy ,miiprd miayezd xzil hrn j` mixizenymda did' dxenkd iyp` z` eyniyy mia`ynd z`f znerl .'mipzep mpi` mlerle

83.273 'nr ,my849 'nr ,(70 dxrd ,lirl) cb.85229 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb.86oeaqila miayezd oeghaae ixeaivd xcqa xkip xetiy lr cb driavn dxtqn 'a wlga .my

.oehlyd iy`x ly zeycg zenfei zeawra87e`x .dcilq ixac mb ik ,dibivpe zilezwd zcd itlk cb ita dzid zxewia wx `l ,dyrnl

363 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) cb ± dxwia day diqpka dybt xy` mixnkd xeìz z` lynl.


100

.'!miarx itl` yialdle lik`dl ick witqn88wtiq ,mixg` miax zenewnae ,o`k

dyw zilwixlwÎihp` zxewia rinydl ick zepncfd dxf zeaxz mr ybtnd cb xzq`l.dztewza miax milèhwlhpi` ly mzebd z` dpiit`y zxewia - zcd zecqen cbp

`l j` ,zlaewne zipepw zizextq dbeq - rqnd zextq l` cb ly dziipt mvrcb ly zinvrd dzqitz zpadl èd s` ihpalx - miyp xear zirah dxiga

odixeyik z` azpl eticrd daizka f` ewqry miypd ziaxn .dbede zilèhwlhpi`kzixlehqit` zextq oebk ,opin zepal xzei zegep ,zexg` zebeq l` miizextqd89e`

.miypl dni`zn dbeqk eqtzp `l rqn ixtq ,dl` zebeqn dpeya .mipnex zaizkrqn xtq zaizk eliè ,mikxcd `l i`ceeae ,miypd ly ie`xd onewnk qtzp ziad

dzeà miypd ly "milibxd" miigdn dvixt' mzernyny ,micecpa dkexk dzid.'dtewz90miax ,zerqnd ixtqn wlg ly inihpi`de iyi`d miite` s` lr ,cere z`f

ixeaiv oiipr mda didy mi`yepa obtena ewqry miipeir mixtq zxkip dcina eid mdnok lreewqr xak m` - etiv odn ixdy ,miyp ly oqenlewl zegt miie`xk eqtzp

- daizka.hxtd megzn bexgl `l

xzq` z`f dzyry iptl daxd rqn ixtq eazke miwgxnl e`viy miyp oaenk eid) eibhpen ixn iciil dgqip dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly ipyd xeyra .cbMontagu(

Îd z` dilbp`dTurkish Embassy Lettersick dcitwa 'dizexbi`' z` dkxr sè;dzen xg`l enqxetiy91) 'f`wea ic o` ixn diztxvd zxteqdBoccagexe`l dìved (

88,lynl jk .dxtqa mipey zenewna zelere zexfeg dl` oirn zexrd .365-364 'nr ,mysl` yaiil' ick zewitqn eid dziipa ze`vedy dkan ìd zxètn dlxczwa dxewia zeawra

286 'nr ,my ± 'miarx ipend lik`dle ,miax mixeay zeaal `txl ,zeikea miipir.89it lr s` ,df oaena .zeihxt zeidl zexniiznd dl`k e` ,zeihxt zeieazkzdl ìd dpeekd

oi` ,'miazkn'l wlegn èdy it lr sè 'cici l` miazkn' ìd igkepd xtqd ly ezxzekyagx ldw xear azkp xtqd ,dzncwda yexita dpiiv cby itk .zixlehqit` zextqa xaecn

ornpe oren oeive jix`z oeiv oebk ,zxbi`d ly miipevig mipnnq lr dxzie s` zxagnde.90:e`xE. Frederiksen, ‘Der Blick in die Ferne. Zur Reiseliteratur von Frauen’, Frauen

Literatur Geschichte. Schreibende Frauen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, eds.H. Gnüg & R. Möhrmann, Stuttgart & Weimar 1999, p. 152oerhl dpeek oi` ,xen`k .

,(21 dxrd ,lirl) e`xd mixgè oiilw ,ixwieey itk .iziad l`ci`d z` dyrnl eniiw miyp ikdcewpd .ziziad 'zihxtd dxitq'k qtzpy dnl uegn miax zenewna miyp èvnl did ozip

df l`ci` ly zpbtend diigcd ìd cb ly dxwna yibcdl yiy.91zxzeka 1763 zpya mqxtzd drqn xtqLetters of the Right Honourable Lady M[ar]y

W[ortle]y M[ontagu]e, written, during her travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa topersons of distinctionznà eibhpen iciily zexbi` lr eqqazd dl` 'miazkn'y okzii .

,mewn lkn .oekizd miae dixbpeda drqn jldna dnyxy onei lr e` ,dixkne dicicil dgly:e`x ± ci azk ickl dnvr eibhpen ici lr ekxrpe ewzred mixacdR. Halsband (ed.), The

zexe`pde cb xzq`

101

dxtq z` 1762 zpyaLettres sur l’Angleterre, la Hollande et l’Italiedipnxba ;

dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya dnqxt) yexl oet iteqLa Rochezg` ,(,dvxà zextqd dcya xzeia zeixetd miypd92;zerqn ixtq dyely931796 zpyae

,icnl gilvne ixletet rqn xtq htxwpehqlee ixn xe`l dìvedLetters writtenduring a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark.

,my melira mizrl ,ef dbeqa ogek z` eqipy zexg` mpn` etxhvd dl` miyp l`.ziqgi merf xzep oxtqn mxa94zerqnd xtq did `l cb xzq` ly dxtq ik s` ,okl

dcizry ,ziqgi zlaben drtezn wlg did èd ,dyi` icia azkpy cigid e` oey`xd.dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna wx hytzdl dzid95z` znled ef dbeqa cb ly dzxiga

`ly dxga ìd dbeqd qekipa .zxteqk dnvrl dzvwdy mewnd zè zinvrd dzqitzrebtl ilan zianet zxewia geznle zecnr riadl miypl exyt`y zewihwh lvpl

,dheae xiyi oteà ,o`k .zipeica zextq zervnà lynl ,dxagd iaizkza obtenadlikyn dyi`k ,zekfd z` dnvrl dlhpe zihqipintd dz`gn z` cb xzq` dpibtdzabypd 'zn`'d zakxdl dly ziyi`d ze`xd zcewp z` mexzl ,dpeaz zlrae

.dinia miax dk mixteqe mibed dil` exzgy

c

cgeinae) mixweg axwa zwelgna dpezp dibeq ìd zexe`pl mfipint oia xywd zednipyk df ldpzny oeicd .dl` miipxcen minxf ipy oia dwifd lr mixdxdny (zexweg

Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 1, (1708–1720), Oxford 1965, pp.vi–vii

92:e`xR.E.B. Joeres, ‘“That girl is an entirely different character!”: Yes, but is she afeminist? Observations on Sophie von La Roche’s Geschichte des Fräuleins vonSternheim’, German Women in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries – A Socialand Literary History, eds. R.E.B. Joeres & M.J. Maynes, Bloomington 1986, pp.

137–1564 dxrd lirl ,lwee ;44 dxrd lirl ,oeqec ;.93:e`xH. Schutte Watt, ‘Woman’s Progress: Sophie La Roche’s Travelogues

1787–1788’, The Germanic Review, 69, 2 (1994), p. 5094:dilbp` ly dxwna mipezpd lynl e`xJ. Phillips Stanton, ‘Statistical Profile of Women

Writing in English from 1660 to 1800’, Eighteenth-Century Women and the Arts, eds.F.M. Keener & S.E. Lorsch, New York & Westport, Conn.& London 1988,

p. 25095riavn ,mil xarn zeilbp` miyp ly rqn ixeìzl dqgiizda,zine`ztd dziilr' lr onln ilia d

± zeagxzn zexitqd' ,onln 'a e`x ± 'miyp icia dazkpy dxiyr zerqn zextq ly ,19Îd d`na49 'nr ,(1987) 24 ,mipnf ,'19Îd d`na zeilbp` miyp iazka hpiixe`l rqnd.


102

.dfa df mixeywd micnn ipyl qgiizn 'zexe`pe mfipint' ly `yepd aiaq mixeyr

zepeirx ly mzgixtl dcr dzid zexe`pd ztewz m`d - ixehqid èd cg` cnindtewz ef dzid `ny e` ,zeaxzae dxaga miypd ly ocnrn xetiyle miihqipint

?drtyde gek ly zecnrn miypd zxcd dxabe zixcbnd dinehekicd da dwinrdyz`vl ieyr meid mfipintd m` dl`ya cwnzne ,deedd oa iteqelit èd xg` cnin

ezefg zgz ,df qez` m` ,jtdl e` xe`p qezà zizxeqnd ezewac jyndn xkyp`weec miixab miqxhpi` mcwn ,(el zqgeiny itk) dpeazl ezcibqe 'zilqxaipe`'d

.epnn wgxzdl mfipinta milbecd eaihii ok lre ,zeiype miyp mi`kcny96df oeicmr zedefnd zeqitz oial mfipintd oia xywd wezipl driazn ,zepeebn zecnr ciled

oial epia zixad yecig e` jyndl dìxwe xe`p qezà zxwean dkinzl cre zexe`pd.ihqipintd wa`nd97

dxin` ea yi gxkda ik m` ,oeicd ly ixehqidd otl xwira qgiizd igkepd xn`ndzeiexyt` oeebin dkeza dxv` zexe`pd lirl epi`xy itk .iteqelitd gekieed iabl mbdaeyg dnexz dnxz ìd zixehqid dpigan .ixcbnd xcqle miypl qgia zecnre

Îihp` zepeirx dgtihy dcin dzeà ,dxyr dpenyd d`na mfipintd zrtedlexniyy zepey zecnrl qiqa dyniy zexe`pdy myk j` .dtewzd ipa oia miihqipint

zegpd ocnrn z` egivpde mipyd zkex` zilkxìxhtd zxeqnd z` dkxca zg` lkzexe`pl dzid `l mfipintl dznexza mb ,miypd lyzeyixc cvl .dcig` zyxen

zecqena oteziye miypl ihilet oeieey zwprdl driaz ellky ,zeipeviw zeihqipint,xzei zepezn zeyibl mb zexe`pd dliaed ,(df alya elykpy zeriaz) oehlyd

96lr driavn hewq .onceb dpce hewq jlèe oè'f zeipeixehqidd oia zecnrd cebip lynl e`xgiya 'miqwecxt wx' dèxe ,zeixabl zeilqxaipe` oia zexe`pd ala ziniptd dxizqdz` midfny ,hewq znbec mixweg zxwany ,dznerl ,onceb ;drepz dze`n gnvy ihqipintdz` yibcdy dxgzn giy caa ca miiwzd zexe`pa ik d`xn ,ilqxaipe`d giyd mr zexe`pd± meid mb mfipintl zeiexyt` rivdl egekae ,ixcbnd ipeyd df llkae ,ipeyd ly ezeaiyg

:e`xJ.W. Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer. French Feminists and the Rights of Man,Cambridge, Mass. & London 1996; D. Goodman, ‘More Than Paradoxes to Offer:Feminist History as Critical Practice’, History and Theory, 36, 3 (1997), pp. 392–405;eadem, ‘Difference: An Enlightenment Concept’, What’s Left of Enlightenment? APostmodern Question, eds. K.M. Baker & P.H. Reill, Stanford 2001, pp. 129–147

97ozcnr z` zeqqan xe`p qezà mfipintd ly zepryidd jynda zeccvny zeihqipint zebed'divfipenc' ick cr zexe`pd ly dgexe dite` ly zirhen zepyxtk zeèx ody dn zxewia lr

:e`xe .(129 'nr ,[2001 ,96 dxrd ,lirl] onceb dpc ly dgeqipa) drepzd lyPaulineJohnson, ‘Feminism and Enlightenment’, Radical Philosophy, 63 (1993), pp. 3–12.

2 dxrd lirl ,xeliihe hep mb e`xe.

zexe`pde cb xzq`

103

cnlny itk ,miyp itlk mixab eliby zepc`d qgi mr zeccenzdl ,xzei zeiyrne

.cb xzq` ly dxwndzakxen dcnr dtyg ef dlikyn dyi` ly zizextqd dzelirt l` hand ziiptd

ueni` .mipind ipy ipa oia ipeya dxkdl oeieeyl dyixc oia daliyy ,ixcbnd `yepldzidy diltà dxkdl cb xzq` z` liaed ,zizxewiad dyiba eybcd lr ,xe`p qez`

dwelgd lr cb dxrxr zexe`pa zpbernd dqitz jezn .dinia miypd ly owlg zpnzexe`pd iazka dvetp dzidy ,mixabe miyp ly mzlekie mdiciwtz oia ziahewd

ipa ly mraha lekiak mirehpd milcad lr dqqazdy ,ef dinehekic mewna .dnvrzikx`xiide xzei zpcern miciwtz zwelg (dztewza mixgè) cb drivd ,mipind ipy

megza xwira `l` miigd inegz lka `l j` - zixabd dipenbdd cbp dqixzdy ,zegtmixabe miyp oia oeieeyd z` dyibcd cb .izeaxzdmiip eaz mixevikdf jnq lre ,

zeaxza izernyn ciwtz odl wiprdle fkxnl miileyd on miypd z` xiardl dyxcitk ,oehlyd zecqena miyp ly iynn seziy draz `l cb ,hlea oteà .dxagaeoaeliyn dbiizqd s` ìd ;mixgè ltid ,dqxecpew ,htxwpehqlee ,'feb dc erazy

.qeìne dcilqa dqgiizd eil`y megz ,dwihileta miyp ly98wiqdl oi` ,mxaly ozwevnn dnlrzd eli`k wegd ipta oeieey e` ihilet oeieeyl èxwln dzerpnidn

,xn`nd on dlery itk :èd jetdp .elld minegza zegpd oavn mr dnilyd e` miypdleera ahid dxikd ik micnln dnqxty miazka (zerlaen mizrle) zexeft zexrd

elly ,mixabd icqgl zepezp oze` exizedy mibdpne miweg zeawra miypl mxbpy.zihtyn dpigan oze` eltde zilklkd oze`nvr z`

minegza ocnrn xetiyl zyxetn dyixc dciled `l ef zercen recn xryl wx ozipmibedd ly mdizepeiqp elykpy ixg` zehrn mipy ,f` `weec cb ly dzaizk .elld

dktdnd dxxery zeewzd ebenpy zr ,xzei zipeieey zeìvn mcwl lirl exkfedy.df oiipra dcivn dtiwz d`gn ly dpexqg z` (ziwlg ele) xiaqdl dieyr ,ziztxvd

,miypd zeiekf zpbd lr htxwpehqlee ly dxtq z` d`xw `l ik dprh mpn` cb xzq`mdy zepelykd lre df oirn miilwicx miazk exxery zeaebzd lr drci wtq `ll j`,zlyek dktdn lr miizbxcd mibyid miticr ik dwiqd jk lya ik okzii .mpnfa elgp

daeh dgizt ynyl dieyr ianet lew ziipwde rci zervnà miypd znvrd ikez` aigxdl miypl xyt`l dzid zixwird dzyixc ok lr .ocnrn xetiyl dgihane

sxhvdl xnelk ,zixeaivd dxitqa milikyn mixab cvl mewn qetzle okepigznieqn dcin odl wiprdy ciwtz - zipxcend mixtqd zwilaetxl zeilèhwlhpi`k

98zrd azka jxerd zxrda ehhevy itk ,iyi` azkna `yepd lr dazk cby mixac e`x258-257 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) 'zinley'.


104

xvd oaena dwihilete miyp oia xyw lk dzgc ìdy it lr s` ,jk .drtyde gek ly

) ztxv ly mipelqd zeypl dneca ,dlind lysalonnières) dilbpè (bluestockings(onfa eae ,xzei agx oaena miihiletd miiga miypd ly oaeliyl d`xw ìd ,diptl

ly aeyge cxtp izla wlgk ,dglvdl xzei miaeh miiekiq lra ok lre zegt ipktdnldw zrc zeavrnke drc zeriank ,dycgd zeixeaivd99ìd el dyicwdy ciwtz -

.divn`n ahin z` dnvr

99:e`x dilbpà miypd lr .(2 dxrd ,lirl) onceb e`x ztxv ly dxwnd lrH. Guest,‘Bluestocking Feminism’, Reconsidering the Bluestockings, eds. N. Pohl & B.A.

Schellenberg, San Marino, California 2003, pp. 59–80(61 dxrd ,lirl) ulte xb` ;.

Documents

Esther Gad and the Enlightenment (Hebrew)