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Effect of Mycorrhizae on Main Antioxidant Content of Processing Tomato L. Helyesa and Z. Pék H.G. Daood K. Posta Institute of Horticulture Regional Knowledge Center Institute of Plant Protection Szent István University Szent István University Szent István University Gödöllő Gödöllő Gödöllő Hungary Hungary Hungary Keywords: mycorrhizae, cultivar, antioxidant content Abstract
A two year (2012 and 2013) open field experiment was conducted to study the effect of mycorrhizae and irrigation on the yield parameters and main antioxidant components (lycopene, β-carotene and ascorbic acid) of processing tomato. The experimental design was randomized block, number of replications were four for each treatment. Bioactive components were measured via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fruits were harvested from green to red maturity stage during two consecutive years. The mycorrhized treatment did not significantly increase the yield quantity in the examined two years. Generally we can say that different water supply and the mycorrhiza supplement had no significant effect on the measured antioxidants values. Unfortunately, from the two-year experiment (the first experimental year was only pre-test), we have not received a clear result, about the effect of mycorrhization. INTRODUCTION
Lycopene and β-carotene are the most significant compounds belonging to carotenoids. In the ripened fruit lycopene gives the 83% of all carotenoid (Lopez et al., 2001) making its red colour and β-carotene gives the 1-3% of all carotenoids inducing the orange tone. Biotic and abiotic factors modulate the physiology and secondary metabolism of tomato, but it is not clearly stated for tomatoes how the biotic (genotype, grafting, mycorrhizae, etc.) and abiotic factors (mainly temperature, light, water supply, etc.) would affect its natural antioxidant composition (Hanson et al., 2004; Pék et al., 2013). More than 90% of plant species in natural areas form a symbiotic relationship with the beneficial mycorrhizal fungi. Several researchers stated that mycorrhizal inoculation improves nutrient uptake in a range of host plants. The host plant can provide essential organic assimilates for the endophytic fungi (Kapoor et al., 2008). Taiz and Zeiger (2006) proved that root weight increases with the application of fungal material. The mycorrhiza and plant interaction is a mutualistic relation where fungi improve water and mineral absorption by extended root surface, mainly during the environmental stressed conditions (Biró et al., 2010). According to Ulrichs et al. (2008) tomato plants inoculated with AMF increase lycopene and β-carotene content in fruits compared to those without inoculation.
The aim of this study was to observe the combinatory effects of irrigation and mycorrhiza treatment on nutrition parameters involving lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, °Brix, fruit weight and yield in a processing tomato MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out in 2012 and 2013. This experiment was conducted on the Experimental Farm of the Institute of Horticulture at Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary. The experimental field was on brown forest soil, with mechanical composition of sand, sandy-clay and the subsoil water was below 5 m,
Proc. XIIIth IS on Processing Tomato Ed(s).: A. Battalani et al. Acta Hort. 1081, ISHS 2015
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therefore it could not influence the water turnover. Seeds were sown on the 2nd of April in 2012 and 5th of April in 2013 in greenhouse and transplanted on the 12th of May in 2012 and 9th of May in 2013. The experimental design was randomized block, number of replications were four for each treatment. Seedlings were arranged in double (twin) rows with a distance of 1.2 and 0.4 m between the rows and of 0.3 m between the plants. After transplantation, half of the seedlings were inoculated with Symbivit®. There were two different treatments, irrigated (control) and irrigated+mycorrhized in 2012 and ‘Uno Rosso’, ‘Triple Red’, ‘Heinz’, ‘Strombolino’ cultivars were used. In 2013 there were four treatments, control (rain-fed), control + mycorrhized, irrigated and irrigated + mycorrhized and ‘Uno Rosso’ was used. Drip irrigated water was given out according to the air temperature (daily irrigation water (mm) = average daily temperature×0.2). National Meteorological Institute weather forecasts were used to calculate the probable air temperature. In 2012 219.4 mm precipitation + 191 mm irrigation = ∑ 410.4 mm in the irrigation treatments and in 2013 ∑ 578.2 mm (pr. 166.2 mm + irr. 412 mm) and 166.2 mm water were usable for plant stands in the irrigation treatments and the unirrigated control respectively during the vegetation period. During the growing season the nutrition supply and the plant protection were regulated according to technological requirements (Helyes and Varga, 1994). Red and green fruits were measured at harvesting on the 14th of August in 2012 and 21th of August in 2013.
The carotenoid (lycopene, β-carotene) analysis was made in the Regional Knowledge Centre, using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) following the method of Daood et al. (2013). Ascorbic acid content was measured via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Dong and Pace, 1996). °Brix value was measured using a refractometer (AST 1230, Tokyo, Japan). Temperature, relative humidity and photosynthetically active radiation (not shown) were measured six times per hour using a SKYE DataHog micrometeorological instrument, placed at two meters height (Skye Instruments Ltd., Llandrindrod Wells, UK) (Figs. 1-2). The data were analysed by two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repetitions and the means separated using the Student’s test at p=0.05. RESULTS Experiment in 2012
This year was the pre-experiment. We tested four hybrids and two treatments. Lycopene content ranged from (60.6-125.7 mg/kg) and β-carotene content ranged from (1.7-6.9 mg/kg), depending on the cultivar and treatment. For the concentration of lycopene we found significant differences between the treatments in the case of ‘Heinz’, in contrast to the case of ‘Triple Red’ hybrid we measured significantly lower lycopene content in the mycorrhized treatment, but not for the other tested cultivars. In the case of ‘Strombolino’ (cherry type), we measured 12% higher lycopene content, in the mycorrhized treatment but there was no significant difference. The mass of the berry is inversely related to β-carotene content, β-carotene concentration of ‘Strombolino’ was two or three times higher than the average fruit weight cultivars. In the case of the cherry type cultivar, we measured 30% higher β-carotene content, in the mycorrhized treatment and the difference was significant. The concentration of vitamin C also changed within a wide range (149.4-379.6 mg/kg) depending on treatment and cultivars. We measured in ‘Triple Red’ 42% (this difference was significant), while in ‘Uno Rosso’ 27% more vitamin C content, in the mycorrhized treatment (Tables 1-3). The mycorrhized treatment did not significantly increase the yield quantity and average fruit weight. The yield data are presented in Table 4. Experiment in 2013
We tested four treatments in this year, control (rain-fed), control + mycorrhized, irrigated and irrigated + mycorrhized and ‘Uno Rosso’ was used. The effects of irrigation on yield quantitative parameters significantly depended on the weather, especially on
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precipitation conditions during the growing season (Fig. 2). The effect of mycorrhized treatment increased the marketable (red) yield by 17% in control and 11 % in irrigated plant stands, but the differences were not statistically significant due to high standard deviations (Table 5). We measured 14% higher lycopene content, in the irrigated+ mycorrhized treatment and 10% higher vitamin C content, in the rainfed+mycorrhized treatment but there was no significant difference. We concluded that with the applied irrigation volumes the mycorrhiza supplement had no positive effect on the measured antioxidants values of ‘Uno Rosso’ F1 (Table 6). Further studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn from this study: many studies have demonstrated that the ingredient content is fundamentally determined by the genetic nature of cultivars, but this does not exclude the fact that environmental factors also strongly affect it. Our experimental results confirm this. In our experiments (in 2012), we found significant differences among the average lycopene content of examined cultivars and in the case of ‘Heinz’ we have received significantly higher lycopene content in irrigated + mycorrhized treatment. We have measured significantly higher β-carotene content in irrigated + mycorrhized treatment in cherry type hybrid (‘Strombolino’ F1). In the second experimental year the differences were not statistically significant due to high standard deviations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was funded by Research Centre of Excellence-8526-5/2014/TUDPOL Szent István University and KTIA_AIK_12-1-2012-0012 project. Literature Cited Biró, B., Füzy, A. and Posta, K. 2010. Long-term effect of heavy metal loads on the
mycorrhizal colonization and metal uptake of barley. Agrokémia és Talajtan 59:175-184.
Daood, H.G, Bencze, G., Palotás, G., Pék, Z., Sidikov, A. and Helyes, L. 2014. HPLC analysis of carotenoids from tomatoes using cross-linked C18 column and MS detection. Journal of Chromatographic Science 52(9):985-991.
Hanson, P.M., Yang, R.Y., Wu, J., Chen, J.T., Ledesma, D., Tsou, S.C.S. and Lee, T.C. 2004. Variation for antioxidant activity and antioxidants in tomato. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 129:704-711.
Helyes, L. and Varga, G. 1994. Irrigation demand of tomato according to the results of three decades. Acta Hort. 376:323-328.
Kapoor, R. and Sharmad-Bathnagar, A.K. 2008. Arbuscural mycorrhizae in micropropagation systems and their potential applications. Scientia Horticulturae 116:227-239.
Lopez, J., Ruiz, R.M., Ballestores, R., Circuleos, A. and Ortiz, R. 2001. Color and lycopene content of several commercial tomato varieties at different harvesting dates. Acta Hort. 542:243-247.
Pék, Z., Szuvandzsiev, P., Daood, H., Neményi, A. and Helyes, L. 2014. Effect of irrigation on yield parameters and antioxidant profiles of processing cherry tomato. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 9(4):383-395.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2006. Plant Physiology. 4th edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, United States of America. 764p.
Ulrichs, C., Fischer, G. Büttner, C. and Mewis, I. 2008. Comparison of lycopene, b-carotene and phenolic contents of tomato using conventional and ecological horticultural practices, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Agronomía Colombiana 26(1):40-46.
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Tables Table 1. Evolution of lycopene concentration (mg/kg) in 2012 (mean±SD). Treatments Heinz Triple Red Uno Rosso Strombolino Irrigated 85.6±11.7aa 124.6±5.9c 99.6±12.4ab 108.6±15.9bc Irrigated +Mycorrhized
99.7±4.0ab 108.9±12.0ab 92.1±21.3a 122.2±3.7b
Data in the same row/column bearing the same superscript letter/capital are not significant at P=0.05. Table 2. Evolution of β-carotene content (mg/kg) in 2012 (mean±SD). Treatments Heinz Triple Red Uno Rosso Strombolino Irrigated 2.0±0.1a 2.7±0.7a 2.3±0.6a 5.3±1.1b Irrigated +Mycorrhized
1.7±0.2a 2.6±0.5b 2.0±0.2ab 6.9±1.9c
Data in the same row bearing the same superscript letter are not significant at P=0.05. Table 3. Evolution of vitamin-C concentration (mg/kg) in 2012 (mean±SD). Treatment Triple Red Uno Rosso Strombolino Irrigated 267.6±18.0bA 149.4±32.9a 310.2±56.9b Irrigated +Mycorrhized
379.6±49.0bB 189.2±30.0a 288.9±52.4b
Data in the same row/column bearing the same superscript letter/capital are not significant at P=0.05. Table 4. Simultaneous effect of mycorrhizae and water supply on yield of four tomato
cultivars in 2012 (mean±SD).
Cultivar Treatments Red fruit yield
(t/ha) Lycopene yield
(kg ha-1) Fruit weight
(g) °Brix
Heinz I 52.3±12.5ab 4.5 66.0±8.6c 5.7±0.4b
I+M 61.6±15.0bc 6.1 58.6±3.6c 5.7±0.3b
Triple Red I 46.6±6.0ab 5.8 51.4±13.2bc 6.8±0.3c
I +M 39.2±6.5a 4.3 49.4±4.0b 6.7±0.4c
Uno Rosso I 98.3±9.2d 9.8 56.3±5.2bc 5.2±0.3a
I+M 83.1±12.7cd 7.7 52.7±2.0bc 5.3±0.3a
Strombolino I 40.1±4.6a 4.4 10.3±0.3a 6.3±0.3bc
I+M 36.3±10.0a 4.4 11.2±0.5a 6.8±0.6c I= irrigated, I+M= Irrigated + Mycorrhized. Data in the same column bearing the same superscript letter are not significant at P=0.05.
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Table 5. Simultaneous effect of mycorrhizae and water supply on yield of ‘Uno Rosso’
tomato in 2013 (mean±SD).
Treatments Red fruit yield
(t/ha) Lycopene yield
(kg ha-1) Fruit weight
(g) °Brix
Rainfed 22.7±8.4a 2.0 15.6±2.7a 6.2±0.6b Rainfed + Mycorrhized 26.5±11.8a 2.1 16.4±4.8a 6.3±0.6b Irrigated 78.4±21.4b 6.0 36.9±4.0b 4.8±0.5a Irrigated + Mycorrhized 86.8±15.4b 7.5 38.3±2.4b 4.8±0.3a Data in the same column bearing the same superscript letter are not significant at P=0.05. Table 6. Simultaneous effect of mycorrhizae and water supply on main antioxidant
content (mg/kg) in 2013 (mean±SD). Treatments Lycopene β-carotene Vitamin-C Rainfed 86.0±8.45 0.74±0.12a 364.50±50.05b Rainfed + Mycorrhized 77.7±4.69 0.76±0.25a 400.68±98.53b Irrigated 75.9±10.24 1.13±0.12b 297.70±36.02ab Irrigated + Mycorrhized 86.8±5.98 1.04±0.13b 274.59±21.03a
Data in the same column bearing the same superscript letter are not significant at P=0.05.
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Figures
Fig. 1. Meteorological data during tomato vegetation period (in 2012).
Fig. 2. Meteorological data during tomato vegetation period (in 2013).
