Bronze Age tell, tell-like and mound-like settlements on the eastern frontier of the Carpathian Basin

History of research

E d i t o r s

FLORIN GOGÂLTANCRISTINA CORDOȘ

ANA IGNAT

BRONZE AGE TELL, TELL-LIKE AND MOUND-LIKE SETTLEMENTS

ON THE EASTERN FRONTIER OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

HISTORY OF RESEARCH

EDITURA MEGA ■ Cluj-Napoca ■ 2014

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

Bronze age tell, tell-like and mound-like settlements on the eastern frontier of the Carpathian Basin: history of research / ed.: Florin

Gogâltan, Cristina Cordoş, Ana Ignat. – Cluj-Napoca: Mega, 2014Bibliogr.

ISBN 978-606-543-557-5

I. Gogâltan, Florin (ed.) II. Cordoş, Cristina (ed.)III. Ignat, Ana (ed.)

903”637”(498)

Cover 1: Archaeological investigations in Pecica, 1898

DTP: Crina Sincovici

Editura MEGA | www.edituramega.roe-mail: mega@edituramega.ro

This book was edited with the financial suport of a grant offered by the National Autority for Scientific Research, CNCS-UEFSCDI, project PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-020

Project hosted by the Institute of Archaeology and History of Art of the Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca

5

7 Foreword

9 Dr. Ivan Ordentlich (1934 – 2011) (Călin Ghemiș, Gruia Fazecaș)

13 Bronze Age tell, tell-like and mound-like settlements on the eastern frontier of the Carpathian Basin. History of research (Florin Gogâltan)

25 Technical abbreviations

27 Andrid “Dealul Taurilor = Bikadomb”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

31 Ateaş “Holumbu Voghiului”, Bihor County (Călin Ghemiş)

35 Berveni “Holmoş”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

39 Butin, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan)

41 Cadea “Dealul chel = Koposz domb”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

43 Carei “Bobald = Bobáld”, Satu Mare County (Zsolt Molnár, János Németi)

61 Căpleni “Pământurile regeşti = Király földek = Cetate = Vár = Drumul Căminului”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

65 Căuaşd “La islaz”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaş)

67 Corneşti “Dealul Cornet = Cornet”, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan)

77 Crestur “Cetăţuie = Várhegy”, Bihor County (Călin Ghemiş)

80 Derşida “Dealul lui Balotă”, Sălaj County (Ana Ignat)

92 Dindeşti “Cetate = Várdomb”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

95 Diosig “Colonie = Lângă colonie”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

98 Foeni “Cimitirul Ortodox”, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan)

104 Foeni “Gomila Lupului I”, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan)

111 Girişu de Criş “Alceu”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaş)

117 Grăniceri, Arad County (Florin Gogâltan)

118 Medieşu Aurit “Ciuncaş”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

123 Munar “Weingarten = Wolfsberg”, Arad County (Victor Sava, Florin Gogâltan)

129 Otomani “Cetatea de pământ = Földvár”, Bihor County (Ivan Ordentlich, Marian Lie, Călin Ghemiș)

139 Otomani “Cetățuie = Várhegy”, Bihor County (Ivan Ordentlich, Marian Lie, Călin Ghemiș)

148 Pecica “Şanţul Mare = Nagysánc”, Arad County (Alexandra Găvan, Ana Ignat)

■ Contents

6

168 Periam “Movila Şanţului = Sánczhalom = Schantzhügel”, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan, Ana Ignat)

177 Pir “Cetate = Vársziget”, Satu Mare County (Florin Gogâltan)

186 Pişcolt “Ógát”, Satu Mare County (Liviu Marta)

189 Roșiori “La sere = Cetatea de pământ = Földvár”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

191 Salonta “Dealul trupului = Test halom”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaș)

196 Satu Mare “Weingarten”, Timiş County (Florin Gogâltan)

200 Săcueni “Cetatea Boului  =  Cetatea Taurului  =  Ökörvár  = Ökördomb = Bikavár”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

207 Sălacea “Dealul Vida = Vida hegy”, Bihor County (Ivan Ordentlich, Alexandra Găvan, Călin Ghemiş)

231 Sântana “La nord de oraș”, Arad County (Victor Sava)

233 Sântandrei “Fosta grădină C.A.P.”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaș)

235 Sântion “Dealul Mănăstirii = Klastrom domb”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaș)

242 Semlac “Livada lui Onea”, Arad County (Florin Gogâltan)

247 Socodor “Căvăjdia”, Arad County (Paul Ioan Petric)

258 Şiclău “Vatra satului”, Arad County (Florin Gogâltan)

259 Şilindru “Fizeş = Füzék”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

261 Şimian “Locul grădinilor = Kerthelyek”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

263 Tarcea “Dealul de mijloc = Közép hegy = Közép domb”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

265 Tarcea “Dealul mare = Nagy domb”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

267 Tarcea “Holmul mare = Holomul mare = Nagy halom”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

268 Tiream “Holmul cânepii = Kendereshalom”, Satu Mare County ( János Németi, Zsolt Molnár)

272 Tulca “Holumb”, Bihor County (Gruia Fazecaș)

274 Vărşand “Movila dintre vii = Lopóshalom”, Arad County (Alexandra Găvan)

286 Văşad “Cartierul ţiganilor = Cigány tanya = Cigánynegyed = Groapa cu lut = La nord de sat”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan, Gruia Fazecaş)

289 Văşad “Dealul viilor”, Bihor County (Florin Gogâltan)

291 Abbreviations

293 Bibliography

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

80

1. Locality name, toponym and administrative placement: Derşida [hung.: Derzida], “Dealul lui Balotă”, com. Bobota, Sălaj County (fig. 1).

2. Type of settlement: A – tell.

3. Location: The archaeological site is situated on the north-western side of the village Derşida. The hill, “Dealul lui Balotă” (with an approximate altitude of 342 m), on which the settlement is located (pl. 1.1) is bordered by Crasna River to the west and by Secăşeni Valley to the east. The access to the hill is difficult due to its steep slopes, especially on its western, northern and eastern side (fig. 2).

4. Type of landscape: D – hill.

5. History of research: A Bronze Age settlement at Derşida was mentioned for the first time in 1941, in a publication dealing with Zsofia Torma’s artefact collection (Roska 1941a, 38 – 39, Abb. 25 / 1). On that occasion, one ceramic fragment was discussed, incorrectly attributed to the Eneolithic (Copper Age) period. The same artefact was mentioned as well in M. Roska’s repertory from 1942 (Roska 1942, 66, No. 24), with the same chronological attribution. Only a couple of years later the settlement from Derșida is correctly attributed to the Wietenberg type discoveries from Transylvania (Horedt 1960, 111, No. 47). As a result of archaeological excava-tions undertaken here in 1963, 1964 and 1965 (Popescu 1965a, 592, No. 34; Popescu 1965b, 474, No. 34; Popescu 1966a, 713, No. 29; Popescu 1966b, 387 – 388, No. 29), N. Chidioşan and K. Horedt discussed for the first time in 1965 the chronological sequence of the Wietenberg culture, with direct references to the stratigraphy from Derșida (Museums Session-București 1965, apud Chidioșan 1980, 13). The first observations

■ Derşida “Dealul lui Balotă”, Sălaj County

ANA IGNAT

81

regarding the stratigraphic evolution of the tell settlement at Derșida and the ceramics discovered were published in 1966 and 1968 (Chidioşan 1966, 622 – 624; Chidioşan 1968, 155 – 175). Furthermore, the results from the 1969 campaign (pl. III) (Popescu 1970a, 498; Popescu 1970b, 436), together with the ones from 1963, 1964 and 1965, were published in a series of studies (Chidioşan 1970a, 622 – 624; Chidioşan 1974, 153 – 176, Chidioşan 1980; Boroffka 1994, 37 – 38, No. 162). In 1999 – 2000, another series of excavations coordinated by M. Rotea, M. Tecar and I. Bejinariu took place at Derșida (Rotea et al. 2010, 9). However, only several artefacts donated by a local found their way into a published work (Rotea et al. 2010, 9 – 28).

6. Type of research: A – systematic archaeological investigations.

7. Aerial photography: B – n / a.

8. Topographic survey: B – n / a.

9. Geophysical investigations: B – n / a.

10. Radiocarbon dating: B – n / a.

11. Archaeological finds: Archaeological research started in the summer of 1963, with two main trenches named S1 (26 × 1.5 m) and S2 (14 × 1.5 m), as well as a smaller unit called C1 (10 × 7 m). In the following year, another two main trenches were excavated: S3 (12 × 1.5 m) and S4 (64 m in length), supplemented with two other smaller units: C II (open right next to S4 / 1964) and C III (6 × 3 m). In 1965 four more trenches were opened: S5 (30 × 2 m), S6 (20 m in length), S7 (15 m in length), S8 (8.5 m in length) and one small unit C4 (8 × 7 m). In 1969, between S3 / 1964 and S6 / 1964, N. Chidioșan opened another section, S9 (12 × 1.5 m). During the systematic archaeo-logical investigations in 1963 – 1965 and 1969, the area affected by archaeological investigations was marked, the site covering an area of 3400 – 4000 m2 (an 85 / 90 × 40 / 45 m surface) (Chidioşan 1980, 14; Boroffka 1994, 37 – 38, No. 162) (pl. I / 2; pl. II). Referring especially to S4 / 1964, S5 / 1965 and S9 / 1969, N. Chidioșan differentiated five habitation layers, denominated from 1 to 5 (number 1 being the lowermost and 5 being the uppermost layer). The first layer ranged from 0.05 m thick – on the southern side of the hill, to 0.55 m – on its western side; layer 2 had an average thickness of 0.4 m; the third layer was thinner than the second one, measuring around 0.35 / 0.40 m; the fourth identified layer had an approximate thickness of 0.25–0.30 m, while the fifth layer was on average about 0.05–0.10 m thick. A single type of dwelling was discovered in the first layer, with a rounded shape and a flat bottom, with dimensions varying between 4.1 m and 4.9 m in length and a maximum depth identified in the settlement area of 0.65 m (S1 / 1963, S2 / 1963, S6 / 1965, S9 / 1969). In some cases storage pits of different sizes were identified right next to the interior walls of these dwellings. In the following two layers approximately 40 surface dwellings were identified (Chidioşan 1980, 17), along with a series of postholes and fireplaces. During archaeological investigations, 91 pits were identified, of which 37 were fully excavated and documented. These pits were found in similar proportion both in the interior and the exterior areas of the dwellings, without an apparent rule. Among these, two are more interesting. The inventory of the first pit that draws our attention consists only of rim fragments. In N. Chidioșan’s opinion, this inventory could be a simple coincidence (Chidioşan 1980, 21). The pit is brought into discussion in later publications as well, with different interpretations (Gogâltan 1994, 371; Rotea 2003, 52). The archaeological inventory of the second pit, consisting of two vessels arranged upside down, was explained in a similar mannere (Chidioşan 1980, 21, Pl. 3 / 2). Another type of discovery was represented hearths. Usually for this settlement, hearths were either rectangular or oval in shape, some portable hearths being discovered as well (Chidioşan 1980, Pl. 24 / 1, 2, 9; Fischl et al. 2001, 180, No. 103). Fire hearths were identified both outside and inside of dwellings, a pattern encountered also for storage pits (Chidioşan 1980, 22). The funerary discoveries are another major category, with seven burial features discovered during excavations. Two of them are inhumation burials, while the remaining five are cremation burials in urns. In burial No. 1

82

(inhumation burial) the individual was laid in a crouched position. Besides one big stone fragment found near the skull, no other grave goods were identified. N. Chidioșan agrees that this pit belongs to the first depositional layer, cutting through a hearth belonging to the same depositional layer (Chidioşan 1980, 23, Pl. 5 / 2) (pl. III.2). Right after the identification of the second inhumation burial, the archaeologists observed that it consisted only of a skull deposited in a pit. Many authors agree that this might be interpreted as a foundation riual involving human sacrifice (Rotea 1994, 138; Popa, Totoianu 2010, 159). The opinions regarding the rest of the graves are more or less consistent. The urn cremation burials (pl. V) displayed interesting funerary inventories, consisting of beads made of Dentalium shells (pl. V / 9), a stone knife (pl. V / 3), bone pendants (pl. V / 11), quartz pendants (pl. V / 10) and spindle whorls (pl. V / 5) (Chidioşan 1980, 23 – 24; Ciugudean 1989, 72 – 73). In the first layer coarse ware ceramics prevail over fine ware ceramics in quantity. Four types of coarse ware ceramics could be distinguished, most of them biconical vessels, sometimes with two small handles (Chidioșan 1980, Pl. 8 / 3 – 6, 9 / 3 – 4, 30 / 2, 7, 10). Even though the number of fine ware ceramics is smaller than coarse ware, eleven ceramic shapes were detected (Chidioşan 1980, 69, Fig. 3). Biconical vessels with large, flared rims and pronounced shoulders are specific to the entire area (Chidioșan 1980, 32 – 33) (pl. VI / 5). In the subsequent two layers, one could also notice a remarkable evolution of high-quality ceramics, related to the emergence of new fine ware shapes: plates (Chidioșan 1980, 36 – 37), small cups (Chidioșan 1980, 37 – 38) and lobed rim bowls (Chidioșan 1980, 42). Even though in the third phase coarse ware was found in a significant proportion, the percentage of the fine-ware increased (Chidioșan 1980, 37, 39, 42, 78, Fig.2, 3) (pl. VII / 1 – 3).). The specific decorations of the first Wietenberg phase are represented by applied bands – especially on the coarse ware ceramics – knobs and conical prominences, incisions and impressions forming linear ornaments (Chidioşan 1980, 69 – 70, fig. 2). In the subse-quent layers, the evolution of the ornaments specific to the first phase, as well as some variations were noticed, reflected in a different treatment of the ceramics, technological achievements and modifications in size (most of them are small-sized vessels), that lead to the emergence of new shapes and new decoration techniques (spirals and geometric patterns) (Chidioşan 1980, 72 – 75) (pl. VI / 1 – 4). Specific to the third phase ware is the emergence of the meanders, most of the time associated with stripes filled with triangles. In the same stage, an evolution of the spiral pattern, which appears organized in bands or groups of spiralled lines, is observed. Generally, the third phase from Derșida is represented by fine, polished ware, having a high-quality metallic-like slip. Also specific to the third Wietenberg phase is the mixture between several decoration patterns and techniques. On most vessels the decoration covers nearly the whole body, including the entire base and, in some cases, also the interior of the vessels (pl. VII / 4). Besides these two major ware categories, other types of ceramic artefacts were recovered. From this category of finds, a relatively high number is represented by: small lids (Chidioşan 1980, 43; Rotea et al. 2010, 10 – 11, fig. 2 / 1, 6), salvers (Chidioşan 1980, 44, Pl. 9 / 6), strainers, portable hearths, miniature vessels, an askos fragment (Chidioşan 1980, 45, Pl. 33 / 17), trays, fragments of miniature models of chariots (Chidioşan 1980, 45 – 46, pl. 25 / 1, 3 – 5), eight miniature clay cart wheels (Chidioşan 1980, 46 – 47, Fig. 25 / 6, 8, 10; Rotea et al. 2010, 11, Fig. 2 / 3, 4, fig. 3 / 3), box-like vessels, small altars (Chidioşan 1980, 47 – 49) and three clay tablets (Chidioşan 1980, 50, Pl. 24 / 10 – 11, 38 / 20; Rotea et al. 2010, 12, Fig. 2 / 2). In the same category of special finds were include the so-called “stick-tips” – appearing as semi-perforated spindle whorls (Chidioşan 1980, 50, Pl. 23 / 14 – 29; Rotea et al. 2010, 12, Fig. 1 / 1 – 6, fig. 2 / 5). The lithic material discovered at Derșida includes three fragmentary shaft-hole axes (Chidioşan 1980, 61, Pl. 38 / 17). Antler artefacts are part of the same special category of finds. A recently published antler artefact, a so-called “antler-sceptre”, has five cross-perforations (Rotea et al. 2010, 15, Fig. 4 / 3). Another special category of finds is strongly connected with metallurgy. Consequently, in this category should be included a series of moulds for casting bronze objects. One mould with traces of copper oxides (pl. IV / 3a, b), which seems to have been used for casting socketed chisels (L: 8.8 cm; w: 1.7 cm) (Chidioşan 1980, 60,

83

Pl. 38 / 14; Dumitraşcu 1989, 130 – 131, No. 6, Pl. XXII / 2, Pl. XXIV / 1; Bejinariu 2005, 49, Pl. VI / 3; Găvan 2013, 148, 161, Pl. I / 7), was recently dated at the end of the Middle Bronze Age II or at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age III (Molnár 2011, 304). Another mould, possibly discovered at Derșida during the 1964 archaeological campaign, was published at the end of the 1980s by Sever Dumitrașcu. (Dumitraşcu 1989, 131 – 132, No. 7, Pl. XXII / 3, Pl. XXIV / 2). The hollowed indentation depicts a rhomboidal form, with a central ridge and an attached conical bar (pl. IV / 4a, b). While some authors agreed that we are dealing with a spearhead mould, some suggest that the obtained object, too flat and thick for a spearhead, might be interpreted as a bronze pin with a rhomboidal head, similar to those discovered in the area of the Noua culture (Dumitraşcu 1989, 132; Bejinariu 2005, 49 – 50, Pl. VI / 2.). Some instruments used in the casting process were discovered in the fourth layer, such as a clay tuyère (pl. IV / 2a, b) showing secondary burn marks on one end (Dumitraşcu 1989, 122. Bejinariu 2005, 49, Pl. VI / 4). Published, unfor-tunately, without a stratigraphic context, these kinds of finds could be generally dated at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. Three other bronze pieces were published. Two of them might be fragments of one or two pins (Chidioşan 1980, 60), while the third is a bronze flat chisel, discovered in the second layer (pl. IV / 1a, b (Chidioşan 1980, 60, Pl. 38 / 13; Boroffka 1994, 234; Bejinariu 2005, 49, Pl. VI / 5). Taking into account that a synchronism could be identified between Otomani chronological stages and those identified at Derșida, elaborate discussions have been carried out in the last few decades on the chronology of Derșida tell-settlement (Ordentlich 1971b, 23, no. 23; Chidioşan 1966, 623 – 624; Chidioşan 1974, 153 – 176). Consequently, consensus is that the archaeological finds identified in the first layer from Derșida belong to the Bronze A2 chrono-logical sequence (Chidioşan 1980, 70 – 71), those from the subsequent two layers to Bronze B1-B2 (Chidioşan 1980, 75) and those from layer 3 and 4 to Bronze C (Chidioșan 1980, 80).

12. Storage location of artefacts and inventory numbers: Oradea Mus.: Inv. No. 2754 – 2795, 2797 – 2808, 2908 – 2971, 2997, 3333 – 3362, 3485 – 3486, 3489 – 3490, 4713 – 4722, 4726, 4759 – 4760, 4950 – 4967, 5017, 5287 – 5290, 5342 – 5345, 5359 – 5362, 6756, 6757 – 6760, 6831 – 6951, 6968 – 6990, 6998 – 7005; Zalău Mus.: Inv. No. 1237, 1243 CC 37 / 69, 1278 CC 18 / 1969; Cluj Mus.: Inv. No. IN 2990, IN 3022 – 3026.

13. Dating: Middle Bronze Age I; Middle Bronze Age II; Middle Bronze Age III.

14. Archaeological ceramic style: Wietenberg.

15. References: Roska 1941a, 38 – 39, Abb. 25 / 1; Roska 1942, 66, No. 24; Horedt 1953, 785 – 815; Horedt 1960, 111, No. 47; Popescu 1965a, 592, No. 34; Popescu 1965b, 474, No. 34; Popescu 1966a, 713, No. 29; Popescu 1966b, 387 – 388, No. 29; Chidioşan 1966, 622 – 624; Horedt 1967, 138 – 139; Chidioşan 1968, 155 – 175; Popescu 1970a, 498; Popescu 1970b, 436; Chidioşan 1970a, 622 – 624; Ordentlich 1971b, 23, No. 23; Chidioşan 1974, 153 – 176; Chidioşan 1980; Ciugudean 1989, 72 – 73; Dumitraşcu 1989, 130 – 131, No. 6, Pl. XXII / 2, Pl. XXIV / 1; Gogâltan 1994, 371; Boroffka 1994, 37 – 38, No. 162; Rotea 1999; Fischl et al. 2001, 180, No. 103; Rotea 2003, 52; Bejinariu 2005, 47 – 74; Rotea 1994; Popa, Totoianu 2010; Rotea et al. 2010, 9 – 28; Molnár 2011; Găvan 2013; Kacsó 2013a, 125 – 139.

16. Remarks: The archaeological materials discovered at Derșida allowed N. Chidioșan to set three evolutionary phases of the Wietenberg culture (Chidioşan 1966, 622 – 624; Chidioşan 1968, 157; other discussions see in Horedt 1967, 138 – 139). Consequently, the first layer identified represents the first phase of Wietenberg culture; the following two layers (No. 2 and 3) correspond to the IInd evolutional phase of Wietenberg culture; the last two layers, (No. 4 and 5) represent the IIIrd phase of Wietenberg culture. Other reconsiderations regarding the settlement at Derșida, partially subject of a PhD thesis (Rotea 1999 – apud Kacsó 2013a), separated the archaeological discoveries at Derșida into arbitrary layers of 20 cm each. However, recent opinions do not support this reinterpretation (Kacsó 2013a). Different oscillations regarding the intensity of habitation in

84

specific stages could be noticed during the archaeological excavations, with a significant increase in size at the end of the second phase and the beginning of the third. Also, information on the latest phase of the settlement is deficient, the uppermost layer being affected by modern activities, such as ploughing and vineyard planting. Concerning burial No. 1 (inhumation burial), if strati-graphic observations are right, it is probable that the funerary pit belongs to the next depositional layer. According to Dumitraşcu 1989, the dimensions of the mould with traces of copper oxides (pl. IV / 3a, b) are: length  – 11 cm, width – 5.5 cm, while the negative measures 7.8 cm in length and 1.4 cm in width.

85

Pl. I. Derșida “Dealul lui Balotă”. 1. View of the site; 2. Plan of the archaeological excavations (after Chidioșan 1980).

0 10 m

1

2

86

Pl. I

I. D

erşi

da “D

ealu

l lui

Bal

otă”

. 1. S

1 / 19

63, N

E pr

ofile

and

pla

n of

S1 /

1963

; 2. S

4 / 1

964,

NE

profi

le (a

fter

Chi

dioş

an 1

980)

.

Niv

el c

ultu

ral

Niv

el c

ultu

ral

Păm

ânt v

iu

Gre

sie

com

pact

ă

Cărb

une

Vatr

ă de

foc

Chirp

ici

Lut

Cenu

șă c

u dă

râm

ătur

i

Niv

el c

ultu

ral

Niv

el c

ultu

ral

Niv

el c

ultu

ral

87

Pl. I

II. D

erşi

da “D

ealu

l lui

Bal

otă”

. S 6

/ 196

5-N

E pr

ofile

; 2. S

9 / 1

969-

NE

profi

le a

nd p

lan

of S

9 / 19

69 (a

fter

Chi

dioş

an 1

980)

.

88

Pl. IV. Derşida “Dealul lui Balotă”. 1. Chisel; 2. Clay tuyère (after Bejinariu 2005); 3 a, b. Sandstone mould (3a – after Chidioșan 1980, 3b – after Bejinariu 2005); 4 a. b. Sandstone mould (4a – after Chidioșan 980, 4b – after Bejinariu 2005).

1a 1b

2a 2b

3a 3b

4a 4b

0 5 cm

0 5 cm

89

Pl. V. Derşida “Dealul lui Balotă”. 1. G1 – inhumation grave; 2–6. G 3 – incineration grave; 7. G 4 – inhumation grave; 8. Urn; 9–12. G 5 – incineration grave; 13–15. G 7 – incineration grave (after Chidioşan 1980).

1

2.

3 4

5 6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13 14 15

0 50 cm10

0 50 cm10

90

Pl. VI. Derșida “Dealul lui Balotă” 1–5. Pottery (after Chidioșan 1980).

1

3

4 5

2

91

Pl. VII. Derșida “Dealul lui Balotă”. 1–4. Pottery (after Chidioșan 1980).

1

2

3

4