CST Terrorist Incidents 2010 - Community Security Trust

Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities

and Israeli Citizens Abroad 1968–2010

Executive summary 3

Terrorist Incidents Against Jewish Communities

and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968–2010

Introduction 5

Terrorism and antisemitism 5

Islamist antisemitism 6

Salafi Jihadi terrorism against Jewish communities 11

Iranian-inspired terror 13

Palestinian and leftist terrorism 13

Anti-Jewish terrorism from the far right 15

Cooperation across extremes 17

Changing patterns 18

Home-grown radicalisation and diversifying threats 20

Future trends 21

Basis of the Chronology 23

Notes 26

Abbreviations 29

Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Plots 30

Country and Incident Totals 55

Modus Operandi and Incident Totals 59

Target and Incident Totals 62

Year and Incident Totals 66

Year and Casualties Totals 74

Attacks by Organisation and Country 77

Attacks by Organisation and Target 79

Attacks by Organisation and Year 80

Attacks by Organisation and Modus Operandi 81

Organisation and Incident Totals 82

Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010 / 2

Contents

Executive summary

3 / Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010

During the 43 years since 1968, theyear when Palestinian terror groupsbegan to attack Jewish and Israelitargets outside the Middle East, some427 recorded attacks and foiled oraborted plots are known to havetaken place.

These 427 actual and foiled terroristattacks have included plots byPalestinian nationalists, neo-Nazis,radical leftists and, most recently,both Shiite and Sunni Islamists.

The early 1980s saw the highestnumber of attacks, which coincidedwith the largest number of terroristattacks against all other targets, inEurope and Latin America. This wasthe era of revolutionary Marxist-Leninist terror groups that evolved outof the post-1968 New Left movement,which received help from Soviet Blocstates and which forged ideologicaland tactical alliances with Palestinianterror groups.

The collapse of the Soviet Bloc andthe signing of the Oslo Accords led to a dramatic reduction in terrorismagainst Jewish and Israeli targetsoutside Israel in the second half of the 1990s. However, the first decadeof the twenty-first century saw thegrowth of global jihadi and neo-Naziterrorism, replacing old sources of terrorism with new ones.

There were actual and foiled terroristattacks on Jews and Israelis abroad in a total of 57 countries outsideIsrael. The countries with the highest number of attacks wereFrance (51 attacks); the United States (34 attacks); Italy (33 attacks),Argentina and Germany (29 attacks in each).

Since 2000, the countries with thehighest number of attacks, bothsuccessful and foiled, have been theUnited States (eight attacks), Morocco(five attacks), the United Kingdom (fiveattacks) and Germany (four attacks).

Jewish communities were the target of250 attacks or foiled attacks, whereasIsrael-linked institutions and individualswere the target in 189 cases. Of the250 attacks on Jewish communities,Jewish community buildings, organisations and events were the mostfrequently attacked (96 incidents).

Synagogues were the targets of 88actual and attempted terrorist attacks,while Jewish schools were targets on16 occasions.

The organisations responsible for the largest numbers of attacks, bothsuccessful and foiled, during the periodcovered by the report are the PalestineLiberation Organisation (PLO) and itsvarious affiliates, with 35 attacks; the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), with 31 attacks; Abu Nidal’s Fatah Revolutionary Council(FRC, 24 attacks); Al-Qaeda and itsaffiliates (19 attacks); and Hizbollah(14 attacks).

A total of 208 incidents involvedbombings and employed improvisedexplosive devices of all kinds; 76 incidents involved shootings; while 27 incidents involved letter orparcel bombs. These are the normalmodus operandi of sub-state actors.Twelve attacks involved vehicle-bornebombs and seven plots involvedsuicide bombers. In 80 cases, attackswere interdicted by the authorities,aborted or otherwise foiled during the planning stages.

The early years of the period coveredin this report were characterised byshootings and the use of improvisedexplosive devices delivered tobuildings as letter or parcel bombs;the intermediate years by car bombs;and the latter years by suicidebombings. This reflects the changefrom far-left and far-right terrorism,through secular Palestinian terrorism,to global jihad movement terrorism.

A new terrorist method, which emergedwith the 2008 Mumbai attacks, was

that of multiple-site armed attacks bysmall groups, known as ‘swarming’.Information subsequently made publicsuggests that the global jihadmovement is increasingly inclined toadopt this strategy, which relies onself-radicalised small groups who may not have undergone extensive trainingby Al-Qaeda and its affiliates.

Far-right, ‘lone wolf’ activists areincreasingly resorting to terrorism inEurope and the USA under the influenceof the leaderless resistance model.

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Bulletin, 1983

Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities


IntroductionThe phenomenon of terrorism againstJewish communities and Israelitargets abroad represents the mostviolent aspect of contemporaryantisemitism, and the greatestphysical danger to diaspora Jewishcommunities. It demonstrates how the rational calculations of politicalviolence and the irrational fantasies of extreme ideologies can combine to threaten the lives of ordinary Jewsand others all over the world. Itexplains in the starkest terms whyJewish communities require securityat their synagogues, schools andcommunity buildings.

When the first edition of this reportwas published in 2003, it was the firsttime that the history of post-1967 anti-Jewish terrorism had been collatedcomprehensively. It showed thatJewish communities and Israeli-linked targets outside Israelhave been attacked by violentextremists from diverse backgrounds:neo-Nazis, Marxist-Leninists,anarchists, Palestinian and other Arabnationalists, Khomeinite revolutionariesand radical Sunni Islamists. In theintervening seven years since thischronology was first published, thispicture has come to be dominated bythe new wave of terrorism perpetratedby Salafi Jihadists linked to, orsupportive of, Al-Qaeda. These arereferred to collectively as the globaljihad movement, which targets Jewsas part of wider terrorist campaigns in Western and Muslim countries.

The report also demonstrates thatmany terrorists do not make a cleardistinction between Jewish and Israelitargets outside Israel, either in theirideology, their propaganda or – most

importantly – in their targeting. Forthis reason, both types of target areincluded in the Chronology of TerroristAttacks and Plots, which forms themain body of this publication.

Terrorism and antisemitismMany terrorist groups that target Jewsare rooted in political ideologies thatincorporate antisemitism into theirworld view. Neo-Nazi groups, forexample, adhere to the view thatJews are racially inferior and conspireto destroy the white race. Islamistterrorists of both Shia and Sunnivarieties believe that Jews are morallyinferior and conspire to undermineand destroy Islam. Leftist terroristgroups that have targeted Jews haveoften conflated antisemitism with theiranti-American and anti-capitalistviewpoints. The belief in a Jewish orZionist conspiracy is common to theideologies that drive most terroristgroups that target Jews and Israel.The idea that Jews, Zionism or Israelare preventing the creation of a new,better world for all is also commonacross different extremist ideologies.

This ideological antisemitism, with itsconspiratorial and millennial fantasies,combines with real-world grievancessuch as the Israel/Palestine conflict, to create a specific threat to Jews and their communities from terroristgroups of different hues. For manyextremists, Israel and Jews are closelylinked in a symbiotic and mutuallysupportive relationship. They believethat attacking Jewish communities,which are sometimes considered softtargets, may undermine Israel’snational resolve. In addition, Jews areperceived as a particular enemy, asopposed to a general opponent suchas the West or global capitalism. Jews

are not the primary target for manyterrorists; these are currently the USAand states with military forces in Iraqand Afghanistan. The extent to whichterrorists consider Jews to be aprimary target may depend in part on how much traditional antisemitictropes dominate their world view.

Terrorist threats to Jews in the twenty-first century come in the mainfrom three directions: the global jihadmovement (i.e., Al-Qaeda and itsaffiliates and followers); Iran and itssurrogates; and neo-Nazis and whitesupremacists. Far-left and anarchistgroups carried out many terroristattacks against Jewish communities in the 1970s and 1980s. Althoughsome residual groups of this typeremain in Germany, Italy, Greece and Latin America, there is now lessfinancial backing or training availablefor them than there was from theSoviet Bloc before its implosion.Consequently, the terror threat fromthis quarter is currently low.

The decline in the leftist terrorism that wracked Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, and the more recentgrowth of Salafi Jihadist terroristattacks, reflects a wider shift from state-backed terrorism to autonomousterrorist groups and networks. Thishas had a degrading impact on theirability to successfully execute terroristattacks, as evidenced by the relativelyhigh proportion of plots by Al-Qaedaand unaffiliated global jihadists thatwere intercepted before they couldreach fruition.

In assessing the ongoing threat toJewish communities, it should benoted that British, American, Israeliand other security services have

sometimes publicised their interdictionof terrorist plots against Jewish andIsraeli targets. Jewish communitiescontinue to receive discreet warningsto enhance security at communalbuildings, and in some countries theyreceive extra Police protection.

Islamist antisemitismIn several recently foiled plots, Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in theglobal jihad movement planned toattack Jewish institutions andindividuals. Elements of their nowwidespread ideology manifest acontemporary version of the Protocolsof the Learned Elders of Zion, thetzarist-era forgery that provided therationale and underpinning fortwentieth-century antisemitism andthe Holocaust, and which now propelsjihadi terrorists to attack Jews.

This forgery and its modern variantsare now widely available throughoutthe Muslim world, and it is referred todirectly or indirectly in some of thebasic documents of Al-Qaeda, Hamasand others.1

The core ideological statement ofHamas, its charter, contains manyanti-Jewish themes and comments,among which Article 32 states:

“the Zionist plan has no limits, andafter Palestine they want to expand[their territory] from the Nile to theEuphrates, and when they finishdevouring one area, they hunger forfurther expansion and so on, indefinitely. The plan is expounded in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion,and their present behaviour is thebest proof for what we are saying”.2

Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 6

and Israeli Citizens Abroad, 1968–2010


Antisemitism appears to be growing in the Muslim world, as a consequenceof the Islamist influence on traditionalMuslim views of Jews as protected but subservient to Islam, as the PewResearch Center established in its 2009survey of attitudes in 25 countries. It found, for example, that 98 per centof Lebanese, 97 per cent of Jordaniansand 95 per cent of Egyptians holdunfavourable views of Jews. Thecoming to power of an Islamistgovernment in Turkey may have beena reason for the jump from 32 per centin 2004 to 73 per cent in 2009.Unsurprisingly, a recent large-scale pollin Muslim countries normally describedas moderate indicated that there waswidespread support for Palestinianterrorism and little empathy for Jewishsuffering during the Holocaust.3

Antagonistic references to Israelis are therefore very often couched in anti-Jewish terms, thereby promotingthe Israel/Palestine conflict to thelevel of religious conflict, rather than a territorial dispute.

Radical Muslim religious leaders,whether Palestinian or not, often

frame their arguments in this way. For example, the Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan,Sheikh Himam Sa’id, stated in anaddress to Palestinians in Hebron that,“...you are now waging a war againstthe Jews. You are well versed in this.We saw how, on a day in 1929, youslaughtered the Jews in Hebron.Today, slaughter them in the land of Hebron. Kill them in Palestine.”4

Anti-Jewish references are nowcommonplace in Islamist, and particularly Salafi Jihadi, texts andother publications. Among the manyrecent examples in Europe, it is worthnoting that the Al-Qaeda terroristAndrew Rowe, who was arrested bythe French authorities as he wasreturning to the UK in October 2003,was said by prosecuting counsel at his2005 trial in London, to have beencarrying audio cassettes of militantsermons about the obligation to wagejihad against “unjust Christians andaggressive Jews” and demanding that Muslim lands be liberated from“the sons of the monkeys and pigs”, a derogatory reference to Jews.5

In 1999, Abu Qatada, said to have

Picture stills from a Hamas video, February 2006

been the senior Al-Qaeda representativein the UK, gave a blessing for thekilling of Jews in a mosque address,according to evidence cited by theSpecial Immigration AppealCommission in March 2004 when itturned down his appeal to be freedfrom detention.6

Hassan al Banna, the founder of theMuslim Brotherhood, Abul al a Mawdudi,the founder of the Jamaat e Islamiand Sayid Qutb, the post-SecondWorld War ideologue of theBrotherhood, all believed in a Jewishconspiracy to dominate the world. In Qutb’s exposition of radical politicalIslam, Milestones, he formulated anideology of Islamism and its violentjihadi derivative.7 For Qutb, contemporary Islam had lapsed into a state of darkness (jahiliyah)that could only be overthrown byviolence. According to his programme,non-Islamic religions, particularly theJews – for whom he reservedparticular opprobrium – would berequired to accept Islamic dominance.

In his later study, Our Struggle Withthe Jews, Qutb went further, statingthat the struggle between Islam andJudaism must continue because Jewswould only be satisfied with thedestruction of Islam. Therefore,Muslims must fight against Jewishtreachery, and subjugate the Jews:

“The Jews have confronted Islam withenmity from the moment the Islamicstate was established in Medina…theMuslim community continues to sufferthe same Jewish machinations anddouble dealing which discomforted theearly Muslims…This is a war which hasnot been extinguished…for close onfourteen centuries its blaze has raged

in all the corners of the earth and continues to this moment.”8

The underlying antisemitic sentimentsare echoed by Qutb’s successors in Al-Qaeda and the global jihadmovement. The latter’s foremostideologue, Abu Mus’ab al-Suri, wrotein the Global Islamic Call that amongthe most important targets were:

“..... all kinds of Zionist or Americandelegations, responsible for normal-ization of relations with Israel andthat the important targets in Americaand Western countries included mediapersonalities and media centres thatare leading the war against theMuslims and justifying the attacks on them, coming from the Zionistsand Zionist-friendly Crusader mediainstitutions”.9

In the same document, he also wrotethat, although jihadis should notattack places of worship, they shouldattack “places where Jews aregathered, their leading personalitiesand institutions in Europe.”10

Ayman al Zawahiri, the Al-Qaedadeputy leader, has published severalcalls to attack Jews, in addition toIsraelis. In his book, Knights underthe Prophet’s Banner, published in theLondon-based mainstream newspaperal-Sharq al-Awsat in December 2001,he wrote:

“Tracking down the Americans and the Jews is not impossible. Killingthem with a single bullet, a stab, or a device made up of a popular mix ofexplosives or hitting them with an ironrod is not impossible. Burning downtheir property with Molotov Cocktailsis not difficult. With the available



means, small groups could prove to be a frightening horror for theAmericans and the Jews.”11

In April 2008 he endorsed “everyoperation against Jewish interests”and promised to “strive as much as we can to deal blows to the Jewsinside Israel and outside it”.12 He alsocalled specifically for attacks on Jewsoutside Israel:

“Today there is no room for he whosays that we should only fight theJews in Palestine…Let us strike theirinterests everywhere, just like theygathered against us fromeverywhere.”13

Shortly thereafter he released avideotape in which he responded to a question why Al-Qaeda avoidedattacking Israel:

“Does the person asking the questionnot know that Al-Qaeda struck theJews in Djerba, Tunisia and Israelitourists in their hotel in Mombasa. We promise our Muslim brothers thatwe will do our best to strike the Jewsboth inside and outside Israel, andwith the help of Allah, we willsucceed.”

In the same video he went on to callon mujahideen to “attack Crusaderand Jewish interests everywhere.”14

During the conflict between Israel andHamas in Gaza and southern Israel in December 2008 and January 2009,Zawahiri called on Muslimseverywhere to “fight against theZionist-Christian campaign, and strikeits interests wherever you encounterthem… [and] so thwart the efforts ofthese traitors by striking the interests

of the enemies of Islam – namely, theChristians and the Jews - whereverand by whatever means you can.”15

The leading theological influence on the contemporary MuslimBrotherhood, and on Hamas followingthe assassination of Sheikh AhmedYassin, is Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradawi.Despite his stated objection to theindiscriminate violent jihad practisedby Al-Qaeda and its affiliates, he frequently makes antisemiticstatements. His messages influencePalestinian Islamists and theirsupporters worldwide. In his 2007Fatawa on Palestine he wrote:

“[We] believe that the battle betweenus and the Jews is coming. Such abattle is not driven by nationalisticcauses or patriotic belonging: it israther driven by religious incentives.The battle is not going to happenbetween Arabs and Zionists, orbetween Jews and Palestinians, or between Jews and anybody else. It is between Muslims and Jews as isclearly stated in the hadith. This battlewill occur between the collective bodyof Muslims and the collective body ofJews, i.e., all Muslims and Jews.”16

In an antisemitic broadcast made on Al Jazeera television during the2008–2009 war in Gaza, he stated:

“Oh Allah, take your enemies, theenemies of Islam. Oh Allah. take the Jews, the treacherous aggressors.Oh Allah, take this profligate, cunning,arrogant band of people. Oh Allah,they have spread much tyranny and corruption in the land. Pour yourwrath upon them. Oh our God. Lie in wait for them…Oh Allah take thisoppressive, Jewish, Zionist band of

people. Oh Allah do not spare a singleone of them. Oh Allah, count theirnumbers, and kill them, down to the very last one.”17

Antisemitism in Muslim countries,however, is by no means confined to political Islamists. The late Dr Muhammad Sayyad Tantawi,sheikh of the prestigious seat oflearning at Al Azhar, wrote his 1969doctoral dissertation on what he calledthe roots of violence in Jewish civilisation from the arrival of the Jewsin Egypt to their departure. Extractsserialised in recent editions of theEgyptian daily Al Masri Al Yawmcharacterised Jews as selfish andarrogant liars, quick to adopt crimeand aggression, who are to beexcluded from God’s mercy. Accordingto these serialisations, Tantawiendorsed two of the central themes of historic antisemitism, the bloodlibel and The Protocols:

“[Tantawi’s] study examines an assortment of murders andassassinations that were recorded bythe [Roman] historian Cassius [Dio] in the 78th volume [of his works], the most egregious of which is that‘the Jews in the second century ADmassacred the Romans and Greeks,ate their flesh, skinned them, splitmany of their bodies in two from the head down, and cast many ofthem to predatory beasts, to theextent that the number of deadreached 220,000.”18

“[Tantawi’s] study states that themost notorious of these crimes [theuse of Gentiles’ blood for bakingmatzoh] was what occurred in 1840[in Damascus], when it was proventhat [the Jews] murdered Father

Toma and his servant.”19

About The Protocols, he wrote that,

“The leaders of the Jews held 23conferences between 1897 and 1951…there they decided on their secretplan to enslave the entire world underthe crown of a king descendent fromDavid, may he rest in peace.”20



Salafi Jihadi terrorismagainst Jewish communitiesUnsurprisingly, given the incitementagainst Jews in their public discourse,Al-Qaeda and its affiliates andsupporters in the global jihadmovement seek to attack Jewishtargets. Jews are not always theirprimary targets, but they areimportant secondary objectives.Attacking them fulfils a basic elementin the Salafi Jihadi strategy.

The cross-examination of Al-Qaeda’soperations chief, Khalid SheikhMohammed, published in March 2007,revealed that attacks on Jews featuredvery high on the organisation’s list ofpriorities. In listing Al-Qaeda’ssuccessful and unsuccessful attacks,he noted that he was responsible forefforts to attack Israeli targets inAustralia, Azerbaijan, India, Kenyaand the Philippines and Israeli flightsinto and out of Bangkok andMombasa, and he provided financialsupport for others to attack Jewishtargets in America, Turkey and theUnited Kingdom. He justified theseattacks on the basis that, while killingChristians and Jews is forbidden bythe Koran, Al-Qaeda had made anexception because of the invasion of Iraq. In a separate interrogation,Mohammed stated that Al-Qaedadiscussed bombing a US location witha large Jewish population, but that no specific targets were agreed.21

Recent investigations note that aFebruary 2002 meeting in Istanbulbetween leaders of the MoroccanIslamist Combatant Group, LibyanIslamic Fighting Group (which hassince renounced terrorism), Tunisianjihadists and others almost certainlyled to the plans for the Madrid

bombing of 2004, the 2002 attacks in Djerba and Casablanca, and thesecond attack in Casablanca a yearlater in 2003. It is now known that the participants agreed that jihadshould not be limited to the immediateconflict zones, but should be carriedinto the countries from which membersof these groups originated, or in whichthey were residing. Additionalinformation suggests the agreement to do so also reached into east Asia.While the primary reason for theagreement was the desire to force theUSA and its allies out of Iraq (and thiswas spelled out in Bin Laden’s October2003 audio message on Al Jazeera inwhich he threatened Spain, the USAand five other countries), a secondobjective was clearly the wish to attack Jewish targets.22

Training instructions posted to aninternet forum in 2008 warned SalafiJihadis not to attack religious figures,but prioritised targets as follows:Jews, but Jews from Israel and theUSA took priority over British andFrench Jews; Christians; apostates.23

The reality, however, is thatsynagogues in the Middle East andNorth Africa and elsewhere have oftenbeen priority targets, as the April2002 Djerba and November 2003Istanbul bombings indicate.

A new threat has arisen with theinternationalisation of Lashkar-e-Toiba(LeT), which has sought cover under its parent organisation Jamaat ud Dawasince its 2008 banning by the Pakistanigovernment. It remains independent ofAl-Qaeda, but aspires to a role beyondthat of liberating Kashmir. The assaulton the Mumbai Chabad-LubavitchCentre at Nariman House in 2008 wasfollowed by at least one, and possibly


two more attempted assaults on Jewishtargets in India, by people who hadcurrent or previous connections to LeT.On 17 February 2010, 17 persons diedin an attack on the German Bakery, apopular meeting place in Pune (Poona).The Chief Minister of Maharashtra latertold members of the LegislativeAssembly that the attack had originallybeen planned against the local Chabadcentre, but the terrorists were deterredby increased security around thebuilding.24 On 13 March 2010, Policeand army units surrounded theParadesi Synagogue in Cochin Kerala,the oldest synagogue in India, after a terrorist alert by the Home Ministry,thereby forestalling a further expectedattack.25

Ajmal Kasab, the sole survivingmember of the terrorist group thatattacked in Mumbai, revealed that theassault was planned and carried out byLeT, and that reconnaissance for it hadbeen carried out by David Coleman

Headley, a Pakistani-born Americancitizen, who had scouted other Jewishand Israeli targets in India and whoalso carried out surveillance on targetsin Denmark, including Jewishinstitutions. What also emerged was evidence that some Pakistanigovernment intelligence officers wereinvolved in the Mumbai attacks. Theywould have provided the capacities and the international reach of agovernment institution, which a localterrorist group would have lacked.Headley confirmed this in his owninterrogations by the US authorities.26

Anti-Jewish rhetoric has also beenemployed by the Pakistani Taliban, aseparate entity to the Afghan Taliban,while threatening in July 2010 toattack India. Their spokesman addedthat, “For us, whether they are Hindusor Jews, they all are the same. Soon,we will teach India a lesson. India’sdefeat at the hands of the Mujahideenis written in our religious books.”27


Iranian-inspired terrorTerror attacks are not limited to Al-Qaeda-linked Sunni Islamists.Terrorism by Iran and its surrogatespredates Al-Qaeda by a decade and still poses a threat. The late AyatollahRuholla Khomeini and his successors,especially current Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad, have repeatedlythreatened Israel with destruction.Although Khomeini criticised Jews, theIslamic regime has mostly not terrorisedits own Jewish population, notwith-standing periodic outbursts of repression.During the 1980s and 1990s, however,Iran and Hizbollah repeatedly carried outterrorist attacks against Jewish or Israelitargets outside Israel. They included: the bombings of Jewish communalinstitutions in Paris in September 1986by Lebanese Shiites under Hizbollahcontrol; a failed car bombing against aJewish community building in Bucharestin 1992, later discovered to have beencarried out by Hizbollah; a (failed)ambush against Turkish Jewish leaderJacques Kimche in January 1993 by theIran-linked Persevering Workers of Islamgroup; the truck bomb attack againstthe Buenos Aires Asociación MutualIsraelita Argentina (AMIA) headquartersin July 1994, now known to have beenordered by Iranian government leaders,which killed 85 people; and theexpulsion of the Iranian-born head of theShiite community in Malmo, Sweden inDecember 1994 for gathering operationalintelligence against the local Jewishcommunity.28

Following the 2006 war between Israeland Hizbollah in Lebanon, calls toattack Jews were made in someIranian media outlets. For example:

“Isn’t it true that many sensitivecentres of the Zionists, Americans and

some pro-Israel European countriesare in the hands of Muslims. Isn’t ittrue that there is easy access to manyZionists in different parts of the world?Therefore which human and legal rulecan prevent an attack against suchcentres and individuals?...Whyshouldn’t Muslim nations attack thesupporters of the Zionists in nooksand corners of the world?”29

During the 1980s and 1990s, Iranused terrorism abroad, against Jewishand also Iranian opposition elements,as a tool of foreign policy. There is adanger that if the current diplomaticconflict between Iran, Israel and theWest escalates, and possibly evenencompasses military conflict, Iranwill once again turn to terror againstJewish communities.

When Hizbollah operations directorImad Mughniyeh, who frequentlyoperated on behalf of Iran, was killedby a car bomb in Syria in February2008, Hizbollah threatened revenge.Yet, the nature of the threatsuggested that Hizbollah would notlimit itself to attacking Israel, as thenHizbollah MP Ismail Sukeyir put it:

“Hizbollah has the right to retaliateanywhere in the world and in any way it sees fit.”30

Palestinian and leftistterrorismThis report does not include Palestinianterrorism inside Israel (except where itreflects a terrorist capacity outside theIsrael/Palestine theatre), butnonetheless the early part of thechronology, from the late 1960sthrough to the late 1980s, isdominated by the activities of secularPalestinian terrorist groups. A plethora

of both nationalist and Marxist-Leninistorganisations waged campaigns ofterror against Jewish and Israeli targetsacross Europe, Latin America andelsewhere. The chronology traces therise and fall of the terrorist campaignsof different Palestinian factions: 1972and 1973 are marked by a series ofattacks in the name of Fatah BlackSeptember, while by 1974/75 thePopular Front for the Liberation ofPalestine was the most activePalestinian terrorist group in Europe.

The international activities of thesegroups declined markedly in theaftermath of the 1991 MadridConference and the 1993 OsloAccords, following which theyrenounced terrorism beyond theIsraeli theatre. In the aftermath of the 2008/09 Gaza conflict and theIsraeli interception of ‘aid’ convoys,demonstrations and vandalism attacks on Jewish targets in Europeconstituted a harder response thanhitherto seen. There is a possibilitythat this escalating reaction may yetmove from direct action to terroristattacks, rather than the streetviolence against people and propertyseen so far, as it did for the far left inthe 1960s and 1970s.

Palestinian terrorism in Europe in the1970s was often conducted with helpfrom local far-left terrorist organisations.The best known of these attacks wasthe June 1976 hijacking of an Air Franceflight by the Popular Front for theLiberation of Palestine and the Red(Army Faction’s Revolutionary Cells aka the Baader-Meinhof Gang), in which Jewish and Israeli passengerswere separated from the others andheld hostage at Entebbe airport untiltheir rescue by an Israeli commando

operation. But between 1979 and 1989,over 20 terrorist attacks wereperpetrated by far-left groups acting ontheir own, in France, Greece, Portugaland Latin America.31 These attackswere carried out in pursuit of thegroups’ own political goals, or at thebehest of Palestinian groups with whomthey cooperated. Since the end of the1980s, terror against Jews by far-leftgroups has declined, with the collapseof their Soviet Bloc patrons.

Palestinian groups still periodicallythreaten terrorism overseas, even iftheir capacity to deliver on their threatsis in doubt. For example, in April 2006,it was reported that the Al AqsaMartyrs’ Brigade (a branch of Fatah)and Palestinian Islamic Jihad threatenedJews beyond the Middle East in order to force the release of Palestinianterrorists held in Israeli jails. The Al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade stated:

“This is an open call to all our fightersin the homeland to focus onkidnapping Israeli soldiers and civiliansinside our occupied land. And if theenemy does not release our prisoners,then Zionists outside Palestine will bean easy target for our fighters.”32

A Hamas infrastructure capable ofsupporting terrorism in North Americabecame apparent after the convictionsof Mohammed Salah, AbdelhaleemAshqar and Ismail Elbarasse followingtheir arrests in August 2004 – the firsttwo for providing material support toHamas, the latter for videotaping abridge structure in Maryland. Shortlythereafter, Jamal Aqal was convictedby an Israeli court for receivingHamas weapons and explosivestraining in preparation of terroristattacks in New York and Canada.33


Anti-Jewish terrorismfrom the far right The antisemitism of the far right doesnot need explanation; anti-Jewishterrorism perpetrated by neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups in thepost-1945 era remains a continuingthreat. These attacks tend to focusalmost exclusively on Jewish targetsrather than Israeli ones.

In the aftermath of the Second WorldWar, the antisemitic ideologies of thefar right naturally drew on the example of Nazi Germany, but weremodified to accommodate the politicalrealities of the age. Among those whoadvocated violence against Jews,Francis Parker Yockey was importantfor defining and promoting a transatlantic and trans-Europeanalliance. His failure to persuade severaldisparate elements to work togetherwithin the European Liberation Front,which he founded in 1949 afterbreaking away from British far right

leader Sir Oswald Mosley, led to hisrelocation to Egypt, where he workedwith former Nazi Major General OttoErnst Remer, former SS Colonel OttoSkorzeny and Haj Amin Al Husseini, all then living there in exile.34

A generation later in the early 1960s,the former Belgian Nazi collaborator,Jean Francois Thiriart, established theJeune Europe movement with therealisation that the trappings of Nazismhad to be abandoned if young peoplewere to be attracted. He alsoadvocated a wider European collaboration, from the Atlantic to theUrals, excluding America. Like Yockey,he urged the militarisation of the whitestruggle against communism and non-European migration into Europe.35

As with Povl Riss Kudsen, the contemporary leader of the WorldUnion of National Socialists, he adoptedelements of leftist thinking into hisevolving ideology, and supported thePalestinian cause against Israel.36

Page from Combat 18 (violent neo-Nazi group) publication

During the 1970s, a violent far-rightvanguard emerged from the GermanNational Democratic Party (NationaleDemocratische Partei), and spawnedthe Action Front of National Activists(Aktionsfront Nationaler Aktivisten)and later the New Front Group(Gruppe die Neue Front). Theirterrorist actions, including an armedassault on a NATO establishment in 1978, led to the imprisonment of leader Michael Kuhnen in 1979, and the suppression of the groups.37

Between 1968 and 2004, far-rightviolence resulted in over 30 terroristattacks against Jews worldwide. Theseranged from Molotov cocktail attacksto the substantial September 2003plot by the German neo-NaziKameradenshaft – Süd group. The latter plot involved bombing the opening ceremony of the rebuiltMunich Synagogue, which, had itcome to fruition, would have led to the deaths of Jewish communityleaders and of the German FederalPresident Johannes Rau.38

Far-right terrorism does not appear on the surface to be planned orcoordinated at either a national orinternational level. Rather, it is oftenthe consequence of a small minorityacting out their extreme ideology.However, a 2007 analysis by Europolnoted that:

“Although violent acts perpetuated byright-wing extremists and terroristsmay appear sporadic and situational,right-wing extremist activities areorganised and transnational.”39

The inspiration for many is almostcertainly the philosophy of ‘leaderlessresistance’, as popularised by the

American neo-Nazi Louis Beam, and the messages contained in theAmerican novels of National Alliancefounder William Pierce, The TurnerDiaries and Hunter. The former depictsa violent revolution in the USA thatleads to the overthrow of the federalgovernment and the extermination of all Jews and non-whites; the latterdescribes a campaign of targetedassassinations of couples in inter racial marriages and civil rights activists carried out by aVietnam War veteran who gets drawn into a white nationalist groupplanning insurrection.40

The Turner Diaries was a formativeinfluence on David Copeland, theLondon Nail Bomber, a formermember of both the British NationalParty and the more extreme NationalSocialist Movement, who wasimprisoned for life after a bombingcampaign in London in 1999, whichkilled three and injured over 200. The Police investigation into his threebombings, which targeted minoritycommunities in the capital, showedthat he also considered bombing a Jewish target.41

One trans-European group is theRacial Volunteer Force (RVF), which emerged out of the British Combat18, with branches in the UK,Germany, Belgium and theNetherlands. It describes itself as an “international militant Pro WhiteOrganisation”, hints at violence andwarns potential members to thinkhard before joining. The Dutchsecurity service identified the Force’smembers as “strongly ideologicallydeveloped and capable of playing an important role in furthering and cementing contacts.”42



Preparing for terrorism is an elementin the strategies of all these groups,although it does not necessarilyindicate a readiness to act. DuringApril and July 2005, the Germanauthorities confiscated large caches of arms and explosives in raids onneo-Nazis’ homes, although thesecurity service commented that theintention appeared to have been topossess the arms rather than usethem immediately.43 A 2008 Europolreport noted an increasing number of far-right terror plots in the UnitedKingdom by individuals classified as “lone wolves”, who share “an ideological or philosophical identification with an extremist group,but do not communicate with thegroup they identify with.”44

These concerns have since been borneout by a succession of terrorismconvictions of British neo-Nazis. Theseinclude Ian and Nicky Davison, thefounders of the Aryan Strike Force,who manufactured ricin poison andpipe bombs, and were described incourt as “Nazi zealots who believed in white supremacy and revered AdolfHitler. They hated minority ethnicgroups, be they Black, Asian, Muslimor Jewish…It is clear that they wantedto take violent, direct action”; TrevorHannington and Michael Heaton, alsoAryan Strike Force members, whowere found guilty on terrorismcharges and whose websitethreatened to ”kill Jews and burndown a synagogue today”; and MartinGilleard, a member of several neo-Nazi groups, who was foundguilty of preparing an act of terror,and described in court as “activelyplanning to commit terrorist actsagainst people and communities he hated”, including Jews.45

Within Europe at least, the primarytargets for far-right terror in recentyears have been Muslims rather thanJews. This correlates to a widerchange in the agenda of the Europeanfar-right, both violent and non-violent,from antisemitism to Islamophobia,although openly neo-Nazi groups stillexpress and promote antisemitism.Muslims are now the primary victimsof political agitation by racist groups inEurope. This is partly because they aremore easily identifiable targets, andpartly because Muslim migration andintegration are the focus of mountingpublic debate across Europe.

Cooperation across extremesHistorically, links between differentterrorist movements have existed,though it is more accurate to vieweach as discrete rather than engagedin formal alliances. These connectionsshould not be ignored, however, asthey continue to be renewed andreplicated. Violent extremists of thefar right have sometimes sought tomake common cause with others, orhave been recruited by others, in theirplans to attack Jewish communities.Fortunately, their capabilities haveseldom matched their intentions. The close collaboration in the 1940sbetween the Mufti of Jerusalem, HajAmin al Husseini, and Hitler’s ThirdReich was mirrored, at least in smallmeasure, by the training offered toboth neo-Nazis and anarcho-syndicalistterror groups in Palestinian camps inLebanon during the 1970s.46 Membersof both the German neo-NaziWehrsportgruppe Hoffmann and theleftist Red Army Faction were trainedby Al Fatah; Italian neo-Nazis wereinvited to Iran for training after theIslamic Revolution; and members ofthe Red Army Faction and the Popular

Front for the Liberation of Palestinecooperated in the 1976 Air Francehijacking that ended at Entebbe.47

These examples show how extremistsfrom seemingly opposite ends of thepolitical spectrum, but with a commonand unifying hatred of Israel, Zionismand Jews, cooperate in joint actions. If terrorism is the consequence ofradicalisation processes, then it is alsoimportant to note the ‘conveyor belt’process that can lead radicalisedpeople to extremism, and potentiallyon to becoming terrorists. It istherefore necessary that any efforts to identify the sources and direction of future terrorist threats shouldincorporate an analysis of currentlynon-violent, but extremist, movementsand activities, particularly if theydisplay evidence of an ideological or rhetorical move towards violence.

Cooperation across different political extremes is more common in non-violent activities. A lasting legacyof the post-1968 era of far-leftactivism has been continuing interna-tional liaison between groups, and an antisemitism that transcendscontinents, although it may now be channelled into anti-Zionism and anti-Israel activity. This is mostcommonly found between far-leftgroups and Islamists, in what hasbeen widely characterised as the ‘left-Islamist alliance’ or the ‘red-greenalliance’. Less well known, and fewerin number, are the examples of far-right groups that attempt to link upwith Arab nationalists and Islamists,and have taken part in pro-Palestiniandemonstrations. For example, the Dutch Anti-Zionist Movement(Antizionistische Beweging), a neo-Nazi group, participated

in pro-Palestinian marches and haspublished names and addresses ofJewish institutions, together with acall to members to “deal with them”,on its Werewolf internet page.48

The Dutch far right Dutch Peoples-Union (NVU) and RVF organised ananti-Israel demonstration in July 2005,jointly protesting against the assassi-nation of Hizbollah military chief ImadMughnieh in March 2008. The NationaleVolksfront (NVF) leader, Etie Homan,participated in the Netherlands’ Al Qudsdemonstration, an annualdemonstration and rally around theworld originally established by the lateAyatollah Khomeini to protest againstIsrael’s control of Jerusalem and to callfor the ‘liberation’ of Palestine.49

Changing patternsThe fluctuating intensity of terrorismagainst Jewish and Israeli targets aroundthe world reflects grand movements in global politics, tactical shifts in theIsrael/Palestine conflict anddevelopments in new extremistideologies. Conflict can sometimes act as a ‘trigger event’ for terrorism: thehighest number of attacks in a singleyear was recorded in 1982, whichcoincided with Israel’s invasion ofLebanon and the Christian Falangistmassacres of Palestinians in Sabra andChatila, for which Israel was indirectlyblamed. Similarly, high numbers of attacks in 1980 and 1985 wereresponses, in part, to the Israeliinterception of Fatah and Force 17 shipsoff the northern coast of Israel andIsrael’s bombing of the PLO headquartersin Tunis.50 Terrorism can also generateits own momentum: the assault by BlackSeptember on the Munich Olympics,resulting in the deaths of 11 Israeliathletes, was the first of 40 attacks



in just 18 months. Yet peace can also actas a trigger for terrorism: an increase inattacks in 1994 reflected efforts to derailthe Oslo Accords between Israel and thePLO, and a peace treaty signed by Israeland Jordan.

As noted above, one consequence of the1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, theMadrid peace conference in the sameyear and the 1993 Oslo Accords was a reduction in terrorist attacks byPalestinian groups and their sympathisersagainst Jewish communities and Israeliinstitutions abroad, in the second half ofthe 1990s. However, these were followedby attacks by the global jihad movementin the first decade of the twenty-firstcentury, thereby replacing one threatwith another one.

The most devastating terrorist acts inrecent years have been by means ofcar bombs or bombs delivered in bagsor belts and triggered remotely (e.g.,by telephone signal), or by suicidebombers. This compares with the useof firearms and letter bombs duringthe 1960s and 1970s. However,Western scrutiny over the sale ofdomestic chemicals, such as acetone

and peroxide, which are coreconstituents of home-made explosives,may herald a new trajectory: that ofmultiple-site armed attacks usingfirearms, perhaps purchased throughcriminal associations. The 2008assault on Mumbai was the first suchattack; as this report went to press,media reports suggested that Al-Qaeda was looking to replicate thatattack in European cities. Militarystrategists, such as David Ronfeldt andJohn Arquilla, have been warning forsome years that sub-state violentgroups would adopt the tactic of‘swarming’, aided by the communi-cations revolution, in order to defeatlarger military or security forces.51

Another trend which became apparentin the 1990s was the shift in countriestargeted by terrorists. During the1970s and 1980s, Germany, Italy and,above all, France were the primarytargets in Europe. In Latin America, it was Argentina. These countries wereconfronted by indigenous terroristthreats from radical leftist groups, aswell as from Palestinian secular groups,led by the PLO and Abu Nidal’s FatahRevolutionary Council (FRC). At that

Front page of L’evenement, 8 September 1995, the day after a car bomb exploded outside a Jewish school in Lyons

time, according to Dennis Pluchinsky,Europe in particular offered: amanpower pool that facilitated thebuilding and maintenance of a logisticalinfrastructure; geographic proximity tothe Middle East and the former SovietUnion, which assisted in training; easycross-border movement; attractive andunprotected targets; guaranteedpublicity; and a substitute battlegroundfor Palestinian groups.52 In the twenty-first century, primary targets for Al-Qaeda in particular have becomecountries with troops in Iraq andAfghanistan, or Denmark and thosecountries where the press has publishedcartoons of Mohammed. The growth inneo-Nazi terrorism has seen the UnitedStates, the United Kingdom andGermany become significant arenas foranti-Jewish terrorist efforts, as well asthe Salafi Jihadi terrorism that has struckJewish communities in Muslim countriessuch as Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey.

The 1980s witnessed the highestnumber of terrorist attacks against alltypes of targets.53 However, the largenumber of Jewish targets was also a consequence of states’ failure torecognise that Jews and Israelis abroadwere particular targets and thereforerequired additional protection. Stateshad yet to learn how to confrontterrorism without compromisingdemocratic institutions, and theirunpreparedness and willingness toaccede to terrorists’ demands added to the terrorists’ confidence.

Towards the end of the 1980s,however, Western resolve began toassert itself, and retaliatory measuresall contributed to a severe reductionin anti-Jewish terror for almost adecade. Examples of this retaliationinclude the US bombing of Libya for

aiding Palestinian and leftist terrorists;the cut in diplomatic ties by Europeanstates with Syria for its involvement in Nizar Hindawi’s 1986 plot tosmuggle a bomb onto an El Al flightout of London; and the convictions of leftist terror group members.

Home-grown radicalisationand diversifying threatsAuthoritative reports now note thecontinuous degrading of Al-Qaeda’score operational capability, particularlyin Pakistan where its leadershipresides. Yet the same reports note thecomparatively large numbers of British,European and American citizenstravelling to Afghanistan, Pakistan,Yemen and Somalia for militarytraining, who then return home skilledand inspired to carry out attacks.54

The quantity of plots against the Westhas shown no signs of diminution,despite continuous counterterroristaction both at home and abroad.

A second documented trend is theworrying rise in home-grown radicali-sation. According to the US StateDepartment there were 46 reportedincidents of domestic radicalisation and terrorist recruitment betweenSeptember 2001 and 2010, of which 30 per cent took place in 2009.55 Again,and according to the annual Europolreport on terrorism within the EuropeanUnion, two-thirds of violent Islamistterrorists arrested on terrorism chargesin Europe were not linked to a particularterrorist group.56 Indeed, in the majorityof terrorist plots in the USA and Canadasince September 2001, the players wereself-radicalised and not part of any Al-Qaeda-linked group. While these plotsoften involve some element of formalterrorist training at camps in Pakistan,Somalia, Yemen or elsewhere, the



radicalisation process is facilitated by Al-Qaeda’s use of English and otherlanguages, and internet broadcasts toensure that its message reaches a widerWestern audience, as well as the activityof Islamist radicals who, though theymay denounce terror tactics against theWest, nevertheless convey a message ofintolerance and even hatred of the West.Antisemitism constitutes a core part oftheir messaging.

The consequence of these trends is a diversification of the Salafi Jihaditerrorist threat, as Al-Qaeda and itssupporters step up their efforts torecruit nationals within every countryin Europe and North America who are capable of blending into the localenvironment, who subscribe to theviolent aspirations of the global jihadmovement, and who have absorbedits antisemitic ideology. Home-grownterrorists are less well-trained, andtherefore less capable of successfullyseeing a terrorist plot through tocompletion; but they are also lesslikely to have attracted the attentionof the authorities, and may besatisfied with a more crude form ofattack. The stabbing and attemptedmurder of Stephen Timms MP byRoshonara Choudhry in April 2010 is a case in point. 57

The foiled Najibullah Zazi plot againstthe New York City Subway system in2009 demonstrates the continuingintention and ability of the survivingcentral Al-Qaeda leadership toorganise and direct a major terroriststrike; however, it is the Al-Qaedaaffiliates and the Al-Qaeda-inspiredrecruits to the global jihad movementwho pose the greatest threat to Jewishcommunities. It is from their ranksthat local jihadists are recruited and

who have the capacity to attract lesssuspicion. The most stunning exampleof such a person was David Headley,who between 2006 and 2009 carriedout hostile surveillance on severalJewish and Israeli-linked locationsacross India, while pretending to be Jewish. This included the facilitiesattacked in Mumbai in November2008, including the Chabad Centre.Headley also surveilled the offices of Danish newspaper MorgenavisenJyllands-Posten in Copenhagen andAarhus as part of a (foiled) plot, which was devised in conjunction withLashkar-e-Toiba and Harakat-ul JihadIslami. The conspiracy involved plansto attack the two facilities of thenewspaper and to assassinateFlemming Rose, the newspaper’scultural editor, and Kurt Westergaard,the newspaper’s cartoonist, for theirrole in the publication of the Danishcartoons of Mohammed in 2005. As part of this plot, Headley alsoperformed surveillance on aCopenhagen synagogue close to Jyllands-Posten’s office underinstructions from his handler whobelieved (incorrectly) that Rose wasJewish and that he attended thatsynagogue (again, incorrectly).58

Future trendsWithin the far right, a tiny, violentfringe element is increasinglyinfluenced by the leaderless resistancemodel and demonstrates a continuingcapacity for terrorism against Jews, as well as others. The same conditionsand thought processes apply to theAmerican far right, as demonstratedby the bombing of Temple B’nai Israel in Oklahoma City in 2004 and the shooting at the NationalHolocaust Museum in Washington, DC in June 2009.

However, the growth of Salafi Jihaditerrorism poses the greatest threat toJewish communal security. The nature of anti-Jewish terrorism, and thedirection from which it is coming,changed dramatically after the April2002 bombing of the Djerba synagoguein Tunisia. Indeed, in one sense, it hadchanged after the November 1990assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane by El Sayyad Nosair, who was laterconvicted for his involvement in the1993 World Trade Center bombing inManhattan; but it was only revealedyears later that this was the work of a small group inspired by global jihadiideology. Prior to then, the mainperpetrators of anti-Jewish terrorismhad overwhelmingly been Palestiniansecular terrorists; neo-Nazis and whitesupremacists; and radical leftists. Ofthe 51 recorded attacks and interdictedplots from 2002 to 2010, 39 werecarried out by Al-Qaeda, its affiliates,Lashkar-e-Toiba or other individuals orgroups inspired by the ideology of theglobal jihad movement.

As a result of this shift in the sourcesof anti-Jewish terrorism, a 2009 UKMetropolitan Police Authority report noted:“Jewish groups feel disproportionatelytargeted by international terrorists. The centrality of anti-Semitism inIslamist rhetoric (such as that of AbuQatada) and a litany of terrorist attackson Jewish people and premises aroundthe world validate Jewish unease at thecurrent threat. This is aggravated bythe deliberate conflation and confusionof Americans, Britons, Israelis and Jews by the likes of extremists such as Ayman al-Zawahiri.”59

Since the onset of the twenty-firstcentury, then, governments and theirlaw enforcement and security agencies

have come to recognise that Al-Qaeda,its affiliates, and those who subscribeto its ideology, pose a specific andseparate threat to Jews and Jewishinstitutions, in addition to the threat to society in general. This hasimportant implications for Jewishcommunal security. The damagingimpact that a successful mass casualtyterrorist attack would have on Jewishcommunal life is inestimable, and thisis the reason why Jewish communitiesin Europe invest so much time, effortand money in physical security at theircommunal buildings.



Basis of the chronologyThis chronology begins in 1968, theyear when Palestinian terrorists firstbegan their campaigns beyond theMiddle East. It represents an attemptto list all the known terrorist attacks,both successful and attempted,against Jewish and Israeli institutionsand individuals outside Israel,although it is likely that there are other attacks that escaped the research conducted for the writing of this report.

The sources consulted have beenopen ones. They include mediareports, community reports, courtjudgments, the terrorism chronologiespublished by Edward F. Mickolous andothers, the Jaffee Center for StrategicStudies, the International Institute forCounter-Terrorism (ICT), and StephenRoth Institute (Tel Aviv University)databases, Terrorist Group Profiles(Task Force on Combating Terrorism,Office of the Vice President, USA) and the library of the Jewish Chronicle(London).

The report includes attacks againstIsrael-owned, or Israel-associated,targets or prominent individuals.Despite some occasional statements tothe contrary, most terrorists whoconduct attacks against Jewish andIsraeli targets outside Israel generallymake no distinction between the two,or observe a distinction which fewothers would recognise. It could beargued that Israelis were the mainoverseas targets of the secularPalestinian terrorist groups from 1968until the 1980s, but even within thistime span there were attacks againstsynagogues and Jewish schools, oragainst prominent Jewish leaders orbusinesses because they were

involved in Zionist or Israel-relatedactivity as part of their Jewishcommunity involvement. Examples of this include the 1973 attemptedassassination of Marks & SpencerChairman Edward J. Sieff and thehijacking of the Air France plane toEntebbe, where Israeli and Jewishpassengers were separated from the others.

In addition, there is a qualitativedifference between anti-Israel terrorismwithin Israel, and anti-Israel terrorismconducted on the territory of othercountries not directly involved in theIsrael/Palestine conflict. The latter,while still primarily targeting Israeliinterests, has the secondary impact ofdisrupting the public safety of the ‘host’country, while directly threatening itscitizens. It should be remembered thatthe same terrorist groups that attackJewish or Israeli targets, often alsoattack American or other Westerntargets as part of their campaigns.

The chronology also includes someinstances where terrorist acts weretargeted at Israel but originatedabroad, as they indicate a terroristcapacity and intention within theoriginating country. There is also oneexample of a plot hatched in the WestBank/Gaza but where the targetswould have been in the USA andCanada.

Therefore, the victims included in thechronology include Jewish communityand Israeli institutions, Israeli officialsand Jewish community leaders andmembers. The chronology alsoincludes some attacks where non-Jewish people or properties were attacked because of a perceivedconnection to Jews or Israel.


The chronology also includes abortedattempts, but there are others thathave barely come to public notice, if at all, where interdiction at theplanning stages, or other changingcircumstances, prevented terroristattacks. They are not listed in thechronology because they went nofurther than aspirations, butnevertheless they showed a desire to attack Jewish or Israeli targets.

Among such cases, the following are worth noting:

Ramzi Ahmed Yousef originallyplanned to bomb Jewishneighbourhoods in Brooklyn, andSheikh Omar Abdel Rahmanplanned to bomb the heavily JewishNew York Diamond District in 1993.

• Jeffrey Leon Battle, a member of‘The Portland Seven’, convicted in2001 of attempting to aid theTaliban, also planned to attack asynagogue or Jewish school,according to court documents.

Michael E. Smith of the NationalAlliance planned to attack theSherith Israel School in Nashville,Tennessee in January 2002, but the plot was foiled by the FBI.

Shueyb Mossa Jokhan, a naturalisedUS citizen from Trinidad, and ImranMandhai, a Pakistani national,planned to bomb Mount Rushmoreand targets in Florida, but alsoJewish-owned businesses and an Israeli consulate in 2002.

Muhammed Abu Dhess, ShadiAbdala, Aschraf al Dagma andIsmail Shalabi, all members of the German Al Tawhid (Unity of

All Faiths) group, which was linkedto Abu Musab al Zarkawi, plannedterrorist attacks against Israeli and Jewish facilities in Germany in 2002.

Global jihad movement membersallegedly discussed synagogueattacks in Morocco in November2005 before their arrests.

White supremacist Ivan DuaneBraden planned a suicide attackagainst a Tennessee synagogue,according to the FBI to whom he confided after checking into a mental health facility in 2004.

Russell Defreitas and Abdul Kadirwere convicted in August 2010 of planning to blow up a jet fuelsupply at John F. KennedyInternational Airport, in the 2007‘Chicken Farm’ plot, but they alsodiscussed attacking a Jewish schoolor a predominantly Jewishneighbourhood.

Derrick Shareef (aka Talib AbuSalam Ibn Shareef), an Americanconvert to Islam, planned to bomba shopping mall in Rockford, Illinoisin 2006 but told an undercoverPolice informant that he alsoplanned to kill Jews as theyentered a synagogue.

15 Italian leftists were arrested on suspicion of planning attacks on Israeli institutions in 2007.

French philosopher Bernard-HenriLévy and other prominent EuropeanJews were targeted by Islamistterrorists in 2008, according tomedia reports; 30 members of an Al-Qaeda affiliate in Turkey,


alleged to have planned attacks on American and Israeli targets,were arrested in October 2009.

The chronology has been updated and revised from the 2003 editionwhere necessary to accommodateadditional information, corrections and the judicial outcomes in thosecases where the perpetrators werebrought to justice. Unfortunately,much information, particularly onearlier attacks, is still unavailable.

Some previously listed attacks have been reclassified based on new information, in particular thoseagainst Israeli institutions. The listdoes not include antisemitic vandalismof Jewish institutions nor spontaneousantisemitic attacks against membersof Jewish communities or theirinstitutions; but it does includeattacks, both successful and foiled,using hot weapons (i.e., explosives or firearms), cold weapons (e.g., knives), or life-threateningchemical or biological agents.

Purely criminal attacks, where noantisemitic or political motive wasapparent, have been excluded, ashave attacks by individuals where no antisemitic or political motive was apparent.

1 Hadassa Ben-Itto, The Lie That Wouldn’tDie, Valentine Mitchell, London, 2005

Will Eisner, The Plot – The Secret Story ofthe Protocols of the Elders of Zion, W.W.Norton & Co, New York and London, 2005

2 The Covenant of the Islamic ResistanceMovement – Hamas, MEMRI, SpecialDispatch No. 1092, 14 February 2006,http://www.memri.org/bin/printerfriendly/pf.cgidownloaded 13 March 2009

3 Mixed Views of Hamas and Hizbollah inLargely Muslim Nations, Pew Research CenterProject, Washington, DC, 4 February 2010

2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll, University ofMaryland in conjunction with ZogbyInternational, USA, 5 August 2010

4 Al Manar and Al Aqsa TV, 3 and 5 December2008, cited in MEMRI, Special Dispatch No.2146, 10 December 2008

5 “Explosive traces found in British suspect’sluggage”, The Times, London, 7 September 2005

6 Omar Mahmoud Mohammed Othman (AbuQatada) – Appellant and Secretary of Statefor the Home Department – Respondent,Special Immigration Appeals Commission,File No: SC/15/2203, 8 March 2004

7 Qutb, S., Milestones (Ma’alim fi l-tareeq),Maktabah Booksellers and Publishers,England, 2006

8 Qutb, S., Our Struggle With the Jews(Ma’rakatuna ma’a al-Yahud), cited inNettler, R.L., Past Trials and PresentTribulations, Studies in Antisemitism, VidalSassoon International Center for the Studyof Antisemitism, Pergamon Press,1986, p.34

9 Lia B., Architect of Global Jihad – The Life of Al-Qaida Strategist Abu Mus’ab al-Suri,Columbia University Press, 2007, p.397; ibid p.411

10 ibid Lia, p.413

11 Al-Zawahiri, A., Knights Under the ProphetsBanner, FBIS Daily Report, 12 December 2001

12 Al Sharq al-Awsat, 4 April 2008, cited inTerrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation,Vol. VI, Issue 8, 17 April 2008

13 “Ayman al Zawahiri, Osama bin Laden’s right-hand man, again called upon Muslimsto strike Jews in Israel and around theworld”, Intelligence and TerrorismInformation Center, 6 April 2008, citinghttp://arabic.cnn.com/2008/middlwe_east/4/3/zawahiri.answers/index.html

14 ibid

15 http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/nefzawahiri0109.pdf

16 http://www.memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD218309

17 Sheikh Yousef Al-QaradawI on Al-JazeeraIncites Against Jews, MEMRI, SpecialDispatch No. 2183, 11 January 2009,http://www.memri.org/report/en/priny3006.htm

18 Egyptian Daily Publishes AntisemiticDissertation by the late Al Azhar SheikhTantawi, Masri Al Yawm, 12 June 2010, cited inMEMRI Special Dispatch No. 3108, 20 July 2010

19 ibid

20 ibid

21 Verbatim Transcript of Combatant StatusReview Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024, USNaval Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 10 March 2007

Substitution for the Testimony of KhalidSheikh Mohammed, United States vMoussaoui (NQ 01-455), p.12,http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrialsdownloaded 13 August 2010

See also Palestine Media Watch

22 Reinares, F., The Madrid Bombings andGlobal Jihadism, Survival, The InternationalInstitute for Strategic Studies, London, April–May 2010

23 Jihadi Tutorial in Urban Terrorism and theKidnapping of Americans, Terrorism Focus,Jamestown Foundation, Vol. V, Issue 27, 23 July 2008

24 Pune’s Chabad House was the target: CM,Sakaal Times, 22 March 2010,http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20100322/5141688006976687454.htm


Notes


25 Commandos deployed at Kochi’s ancientJewish synagogue following terror threat,ANI, 14 March 2010,http://in.news.yahoo.com/139/20100314/808/tnl-commandoes-deployed-at-kochi-s-n

26 United States of America v David ColemanHeadley (aka Daood Gilani), United StatesDistrict Court, North Eastern District ofIllinois Eastern Division, Plea Agreement,No. 09 CR 830-3, 2010

Chicago Man Helped plan 2008 Mumbai TerrorAttacks: Surveilled Jewish Targets for PakistaniTerror Group, Anti-Defamation League,http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/headley_mumbai_attacks.htm, downloaded 1 April 2010

Chowdry, S., Post-26/11, Headley scoutedIsraeli targets in India to avenge Gaza war,Indianexpress.com, 6 April 2010,http://www.indianexpress.com/story-print/600566/

Pakistan ISI behind Mumbai attacks; Indiaofficial, Reuters, 14 July 2010. Narendra, N.,Pak double dealing with India and the US,Organiser, Delhi, 15 August 2010,http://www.organiser.org/dynmaic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=

Headley’s confession exposes Pak’s 26/11guilt, IBN Live,http://ibnlive.in.com/printpage.php?id=126628&section_id=3

Burke, J., Two Britons linked to al-Qaidaplans to attack Danish newspaper,guardian.co.uk, 19 October 2010,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/19/britons-linked-alqaida-plot-denmarkdownloaded 20 October 2010

27 Pakistani Taliban Spokesman Says 3,000Fighters Ready for Attacks in India,www.rediff.com, 26 July 2010, cited in MEMRI,Special Dispatch No. 3121, 26 July 2010

28 For information on Iranian-inspiredantisemitism and terrorism see in particularthe bulletins of the Intelligence andTerrorism Information Center athttp://www.terrorism-info.org.il

Also Anti-Semitism in Iran, Voice ofAmerica, 30 June 2005, http://voanews.com

29 Iran hardline newspaper calls on Muslims to“attack Zionists’ supporters”, Kayhan

website, Tehran, in Persian, 26 January2008, BBC Monitoring

30 Stern,Y., and Melman, Y., Syria: Wecondemn Mughnieh’s killing as a cowardlyterrorist act, Haaretz, 13 February 2008,http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spaces/953974.html

31 See the websites of The Coordination Forumfor Countering Antisemitism athttp://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Antisemitism202008

and The Stephen Roth Institute for theStudy of Contemporary Antisemitism andRacism at www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism

32 Palestinian militants threaten to attackJewish targets abroad, Reuters, 17 April 2006, reprinted athttp://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=706823

33 Stakelbeck, E., Hamas in America, New YorkSun, 24 September 2004,http://www.nysun.com/opinion/hamas-in-america/2222/

34 Lee, M., The Beast Reawakens, Little Brownand Company, 1997, pp.87-97

Michael, G., The Enemy of My Enemy –TheAlarming Convergence of Militant Islam andthe Extreme Right, University Press ofKansas, 2006

35 ibid Lee

36 ibid Lee

37 Childs, D., The Far Right in Germany Since1945, chapter in Cheles, L., Ferguson, R.,Vaughan, M. (Eds), The Far Right in Westernand Eastern Europe, Longman, London, 1995

38 Rising, D. 10 Neo-Nazis detained for MunichSynagogue Bomb Plot, Associated Press, 13 September 2003

39 TE-SAT, 2007, EU Terrorism Situation andTrend Report, Europol, The Hague. See alsoCounter-extremism (2006), Danish SecurityIntelligence Service, PolitietsEfterretningstjeneste (PET),www.pet.dk/English’Operational_tasks/extremism.aspx?udskriv+1

40 Macdonald, A., The Turner Diaries, NationalVanguard Books, USA, 1978; Macdonald, A., Hunter, National VanguardBooks, USA, 1989

41 McLagan, G., Lowles, N., Mr Evil – The SecretLife of Racist Bomber and Killer David Copeland,John Blake Publishing, London, pp.45-77

42 General Intelligence and Security Service of theNetherlands (AIVD) Annual Report 2006, p.52

43 Annual Report on the Protection of theConstitution, Bundesamt furVerfassungsschaft (BfV) 2005, FederalMinistry of the Interior, Germany, p.50

44 TE-SAT 2008, p.39

45 The Counter-Terrorism Division of the CrownProsecution Service (CPS) – see reports oncases concluded for 2007, 2008, 2009,2010, athttp://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecutions

46 PLO Ties with neo-Nazi and Rightist Groupsin Europe and the United States, IsraelMinistry of Foreign Affairs, 1976

Kuntzel, M., Jihad and Jew Hatred:Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11,Telos Press Publishing, 2007

Dalin, D.G., and Rothman, J.F., Icon of Evil –Hitler’s Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam,Random House, 2008

Johnson, I., A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIAand the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in theWest, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, USA, 2010

47 Stevenson, W., Ninety Minutes at Entebbe,Bantam Books, 1976; Hoffman, B., InsideTerrorism, Victor Gollancz, 1998

Sterling, C., The Terror Network, Weidenfeld& Nicholson, 1981

48 AIVD 2002, the Netherlands, p.24

49 AIVD 2006, p.52

50 Pluchinsky, D., Middle Eastern Activity inWestern Europe: A Diagnosis and Prognosis,Conflict Quarterly, USA, Summer 1986

51 Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., Swarming andthe Future of Conflict, RAND NationalDefense Research Institute, RAND, SantaMonica, California, 2000

Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., The Future ofTerror, Crime and Militancy, RAND, SantaMonica, California, 2001

Arquilla, J., and Ronfeldt, D., In Athena’s Camp– Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age,RAND, Santa Monica, California, 2003

52 ibid Pluchinsky

53 ibid Pluchinsky

54 Cruickshank, Paul, The Growing Dangerfrom Radical Islamist Groups in the UnitedStates, CTC Sentinel, Combating TerrorismCenter, United States Military Academy,West Point, August 2010

55 Country Reports on Terrorism 2009, Officeof the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, USDepartment of State, Washington, DC, 5 August 2010

Blair, D., Annual Threat Assessment of theUS Intelligence Community for the SenateSelect Committee on Intelligence,Washington, DC, 2 February 2010

DHS Official Statement on Terrorism inAmerica, Statement of Janet Napolitanobefore the United States Senate Committeeon Homeland Security and GovernmentalAffairs, Washington, DC, 23 September 2010

NB. The threat assessment for the USAequally applies to Europe, according toAdmiral Blair

56 TE-SAT 2010

57 Women sentenced to life imprisonment forattempted murder of MP. Metropolitan PoliceService Bulletin 0000002035, 3 November 2010,http://cms.met.police.uk/news/convictions/women_sentenced_to_life_imprisonment

58 See p.25

59 Counter-Terrorism: The London Debate,Metropolitan Police Authority, London, 2009



15 May 15 May Organisation for the Liberation of Palestine AD Action DirecteANYLP Arab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of PalestineAQ Al-QaedaAS As Saiqa (The Storm)DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of PalestineEIJ Egyptian Islamic JihadERP Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (Popular Revolutionary Army)FBS Fatah Black September FNE Faisceaux Nationalistes Européens (European Nationalist Fascists)FRC Fatah Revolutionary Council (Abu Nidal Organisation)GIA Groupe Islamique Arme (Armed Islamic Group)IJO Islamic Jihad Organisation (used by Hizbollah)JI Jemaah Islamiyah (Indonesian) LARF Lebanese Armed Revolutionary FactionLICRA International League Against Racism and AntisemitismM-19 Leftist Colombian terror groupNVF Nationale VolksfrontNVU Nederlandse Volks-UniePFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestinePFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General CommandPIJ Palestinian Islamic JihadPLF Palestine Liberation Front

(Abu Abas-led breakaway from the PFLP-GC)PNLO Palestine National Liberation Organisation

(Abu Musa-led breakaway from the PLO)PSF Palestinian Popular Struggle FrontRAF Rote Armee Fraktion – Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Gang)RVF Racial Volunteer Force

Abbreviations

1968

1969

1968

23 July 1968, RomeMembers of the PFLP hijacked an El Al plane en route from Rome toIsrael, only releasing the passengersafter three weeks.

26 December 1968, AthensAn El Al plane about to depart forParis was attacked by MatherSuleiman and Mahmoud Mohammed,both members of the PFLP. Theythrew grenades and sprayed the plane with machine guns, killing one and injuring two others. They were caught, tried andsubsequently convicted.

1969

8 February 1969, ZurichAn El Al plane was machine-gunnedby members of the PFLP as it stoodon the tarmac at Kloten airport priorto departure for Tel Aviv, killing thepilot. The El Al security guard jumpedfrom the plane and killed one of theattackers, and the Police caught theother three, who were subsequentlytried and convicted.

22 May 1969, CopenhagenThree members of the PFLP werearrested and charged with plotting to assassinate former Israel PrimeMinister David Ben-Gurion.

18 July 1969, LondonThe PFLP claimed responsibility for explosions at Marks & Spencer and Selfridges stores in London.

18 August 1969, CopenhagenThe PFLP claimed responsibility forbombs that were found and dismantledin the Israeli government tourist office.

23 August 1969, LondonA hand grenade was thrown into theoffice of Zim Shipping Lines, injuringone person and extensively damagingproperty. Responsibility was claimedby the PFLP.

23 August 1969, IzmirTwo DFLP terrorists were wounded,one fatally, when bombs theyintended to use against the Israelicommercial pavilion at a trade fair in Izmir, Turkey exploded prematurely.

23 August 1969, TehranAn explosion in the Jewish school in Tehran caused damage but nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

1 September 1969, AthensA TWA plane bound for Tel Aviv was hijacked by two PFLP terrorists.The plane was intercepted en route by Israeli Air Force planes buteventually landed in Damascus where the Israel-bound passengerswere released.

8 September 1969, The Hague, Bonn and BrusselsThe Israeli embassies in The Hagueand Bonn, and the Brussels office of Israel’s El Al airline, were attackedwithin minutes of each other, withbombs and grenades. Three El Alemployees and a customer wereinjured in the Brussels attack, whilenone were hurt in the other twobombings. There was no claim for responsibility.

10 October 1969, IstanbulThe Neve Shalom Synagogue wasbombed by unknown persons, causingextensive damage to the exterior.


Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Plots

9 November 1969, BerlinA bomb was discovered in the Jewishcommunity centre in West Berlin andwas defused before it could explode.Although responsibility was claimed bythe PFLP, later research pointed to theTupamaros West-Berlin group led byDieter Kunzelman.

27 November 1969, AthensTwo PSF terrorists threw grenadesinto the El Al office in Athens,wounding 14 persons. Both werearrested but subsequently released in the wake of the hijacking of anOlympic Airways plane, on 22 July1970, en route to Jordan.

12 December 1969, BerlinA bomb discovered at the El Al office was dismantled beforeexploding. Other bombs were foundnear the America House and theAmerican Officers Club. Responsibilitywas claimed by the RAF and PFLP.

21 December 1969, AthensThree PFLP terrorists were arrestedshortly before they planned to attacka TWA plane en route from Israel.They were later released following the hijack of the Olympic Airwaysplane, on 22 July 1970.

25 December 1969, BracknellTrefor Owen Williams, a former Britisharmy officer and subsequently a neo-Nazi activist, and Ronald GormanHamman, stood trial in Bracknell,Berkshire charged with attempting to blow up an Israeli plane on behalf of Al-Fatah. A large amount ofexplosives were found in Williams’home, and he was subsequentlyconvicted and imprisoned. The charges against Hamman were dropped when he agreed to giveevidence against Williams.

Chabad- Lubavitch Nariman House, Mumbai 2008, after terrorist attack

19701970

18 January 1970, BeirutA bomb outside the Khaddouri-Louise-Zilkha Jewish school in Beirut causedextensive damage but no injuries. No claim for responsibility was made.

28 January 1970, LondonFadl Muhssen Saleh was arrested atLondon Heathrow airport as he wasabout to board an Israel-bound plane.A machine gun and ammunition werefound in his luggage, and grenadeswere subsequently also found atVictoria railway station in a holdall in the left luggage office.

10 February 1970, MunichEight people were wounded followinga machine-gun attack by PFLPterrorists on the Tel Aviv-bound El Al aircraft at Munich airport. Three Arabs were subsequentlyexpelled from Germany.

21 February 1970, ZurichThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility forblowing up an in-flight Swissair planebound for Tel Aviv that caused thedeath of all 47 passengers and crew.

24 February 1970, FrankfurtThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility for parcel bombs posted to Israel but deactivated before they could explode.

7 March 1970, GuatemalaA hand grenade tossed into thegarden of the Israeli honorary consul’sresidence exploded, causing damagebut not injuries. The Police stated thatan unidentified, local pro-Arab groupwas responsible.

24 April 1970, IstanbulAn explosion in the El Al office caused damage but no casualties.Responsibility was claimed by the PSF.

4 May 1970, AsunciónTwo armed Palestinians broke into the office of the Israeli consulate inAsunción, Paraguay and started toshoot at the employees. An Israelisecretary was killed and a localworker injured in the attack.

6 September 1970, LondonThe PFLP attempted to hijack anIsrael-bound El Al plane. El Al securityofficers killed one terrorist andwounded another, Leila Khaled, whowas subsequently released by Britishauthorities.

8 September 1970, AthensAn attack on the El Al office wasthwarted when two terrorists werearrested; they were later released inthe wake of the Jordan 1970 OlympicAirways hijacking. It is not known towhich group the terrorists belonged.

6 October 1970, LondonLetter bombs addressed to the El Al office and Israeli embassy werediscovered and defused before theycould explode. No group claimedresponsibility.

15 October 1970, BerlinLetter bombs were posted to the Israel Masada exhibition in WestBerlin. No group claimed responsibility.


1971

1972


1971

19 April 1971, New JerseyA bomb outside a Conservativesynagogue in New Jersey causedextensive damage but no casualties.No claim for responsibility was made.

15 May 1971, IstanbulThe body of Israeli Consul EfraimElrom, who was kidnapped and shotdead on 15 May, was found on 25 May. The Turkish Liberation Army claimed responsibility.

30 July 1971, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside the office of aJewish-owned firm, causing considerabledamage but no casualties. TheTrotskyite ERP claimed responsibility.

30 August 1971, RosarioA bomb exploded outside the HebraicaClub in Rosario, Argentina. The Policeallege that it was the work of the ERP, butthey subsequently denied responsibility.

20 September 1971, New YorkA bomb was discovered and dismantledin the Great Neck Synagogue on thefirst day of Rosh Hashanah. No claimfor responsibility was made.

28 December 1971, AustriaThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility for letter bombs sent to recipients in Israel that were defused beforecausing casualties.

1972

16 August 1972, RomeThe PFLP-GC claimed responsibility forthe attempt to blow up an Israel-boundEl Al plane by means of a booby-trappedrecord player brought aboard unwittinglyby two British women tourists.

5 September 1972, MunichFBS terrorists seized 11 Israeliathletes in the Olympic Village inMunich, Germany, killing two duringtheir assault. A bungled rescueattempt by West German authoritiesresulted in the deaths of the nineother hostages and five terrorists.

10 September 1972, BrusselsFBS claimed responsibility for shootingand wounding an employee of theIsraeli embassy.

11 September 1972, GenevaIsraeli and Jewish organisationsreceived five letter bombs thatexploded but caused no injuries. No claim for responsibility was made.

18 September 1972, AmsterdamFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs posted from Amsterdam toIsrael and Israeli missions around the world. The bombs were defusedbefore they could cause damage.

19 September 1972, LondonThe agricultural counsellor at theIsraeli embassy was killed when he opened a letter bomb. FBS laterclaimed responsibility.

4 October 1972, MalaysiaFBS claimed responsibility for a waveof letter bombs posted from Malaysiato Israeli and Jewish organisations inRhodesia and New York. Several ofthe bombs exploded in a New Yorkpost office, wounding an employee.

13 October 1972, ParisA bomb was dismantled in the El Al office before it could explode. No claim for responsibility was made.

1973

17 October 1972, RotterdamA bomb was discovered in the ZimShipping Lines office in Rotterdam and dismantled before it could explode.No claim for responsibility was made.

23 October 1972, AmsterdamThe PLO representative in Holland was arrested with letter bombs in his possession. He was subsequentlyreleased by the Police.

30 October 1972, SingaporeFBS claimed responsibility for a letterbomb sent to Israel from Singapore,which exploded but caused no damage.

4 November 1972, FrankfurtA letter bomb was received by aZionist youth organisation whichexploded but caused little damage. No claim for responsibility was made.

11 November 1972, LondonLetter bombs were received by Jewishorganisations which exploded, causingone injury. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

21 November 1972, TorontoLetter bombs were received byprominent Jews which exploded but caused no injuries. No claim for responsibility was made.

7 December 1972, SingaporeLetter bombs were sent fromSingapore to public institutions inIsrael, for which the PFLP-GC claimedresponsibility.

24 December 1972, LondonAn FBS terrorist was arrested in London carrying weapons andexplosives that the Police later stated were to be used against Israeli embassies in Scandinavia.

28 December 1972, BangkokFBS terrorists stormed the Israeliembassy, holding six employeeshostage. The terrorists were laterreleased and allowed to leaveThailand.

1973

1 January 1973, ParisFBS claimed responsibility for a bombfound outside the Jewish Agencybuilding which exploded but causedlittle damage and no casualties.

9 January 1973, SchoenauThree FBS terrorists were arrestedfollowing a foiled attack againstSchoenau Castle in Austria, whichacted as a transit centre for SovietJewish immigrants.

24 January 1973, AthensFBS claimed responsibility for a wave of letter bombs sent fromGreece to Israeli consulates in Chileand Australia, and a rabbi in Canada.

23 January 1973, MadridFBS claimed responsibility for theshooting and killing of Baruch Cohen,an Israeli national.

26 January 1973, ViennaThree FBS terrorists were arrestedwhile crossing the Italian border en route to an attack on a transithostel for Soviet Jewish immigrants in Vienna.

29 January 1973, TurkeyFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent to Israel which explodedbut caused little damage.



31 January 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Rwanda.

5 February 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Guatemala.

8 February 1973, RomeFBS claimed responsibility for letterbombs sent from Rome to the Israeliembassy in Bangui, Central AfricanRepublic.

4 March 1973, New YorkPolice announced that they haddiscovered car bombs outside the El Al terminal at JFK airport and atbranches of the Israel Discount Bankand the Israeli Bank Leumi, just priorto the visit to New York of IsraeliPrime Minister Golda Meir. In 1993,Khalid Al-Jawary (aka Abu Walid al-Iraqi), a senior member of FBS,was sentenced to 16 years impris-onment for the attempt. The NationalSecurity Agency had intercepted amessage he had sent in which herevealed the location of the bombs.

21 March 1973, SingaporeAn explosion at the office of ZimShipping Lines caused extensivedamage and wounded one person.Responsibility was claimed by FBS.

4 April 1973, RomeTwo PFLP terrorists were caughtattempting to attack an El Al plane atRome airport. They were subsequentlyreleased from custody and deported.

9 April 1973, CyprusSeven ANYLP terrorists were caughtattempting to attack an Israel-boundArkia plane. They were subsequentlyreleased.

27 April 1973, RomeVitorio Olivares, an El Al employee,was shot and killed by an FBSterrorist who was arrested butreleased two years later.

7 May 1973, ParisTwo armed terrorists attempted toseize a room overlooking the Israeliembassy from which they could attackembassy staff. It is not known towhich group they belonged.

British newspapers, 27 and 28 July 1994, the days after car bombs exploded outside Israel Embassy and Balfour House

1974

1975

1 July 1973, WashingtonMembers of FBS shot and killed Yosef Ayalon, an Israeli air attaché in Washington, DC.

19 July 1973, AthensAn attempt by PFLP terrorists to attackthe El Al office was thwarted. They werecaptured and subsequently deported.

5 September 1973, RomeFBS terrorists were arrested shortlybefore they attacked an El Al plane at Rome airport with SA7 missiles.They were subsequently released.

12 September 1973, SeoulLetter bombs were sent to Israel from South Korea by FBS but were intercepted.

28 September 1973, MarcheggAS terrorists boarded a train transportingSoviet Jewish emigrants at the Austrianborder and held three of them hostageuntil the Austrian government agreed toclose the Schoenau Castle transit facilities.The terrorists were subsequently released.

19 November 1973, ParisThirteen members of the PFLP andAlgerian and Turkish terrorist groupswere arrested near Paris shortly beforetheir planned kidnap of an Israelidiplomat’s family and attack on theIsraeli embassy. They were tried andconvicted but subsequently released.

14 December 1973, LondonLetter bombs posted from Englandwere discovered in Israel shortly aftersimilar bombs posted from Hollandand Switzerland were discovered.

30 December 1973, LondonJ. Edward Sieff, Chairman of Marks & Spencer, was shot and wounded

in an assassination attempt at his St John’s Wood home. Ilich RamirezSanchez (‘Carlos the Jackal’) claimedresponsibility on behalf of the PFLP. In 1997 he was convicted and given a life sentence by a French court for other terrorist attacks.

1974

24 January 1974, LondonThe PFLP claimed responsibility for explosives thrown at the Mayfairbranch of Bank Hapoalim, resulting in extensive damage.

3 August 1974, ParisThree car bombs exploded outside theoffices of the Fonds Social Juif Unifié, thepro-Israel L’Aurore newspaper and theright-wing Minute newspaper. A fourthcar bomb outside the office of the IsraelPurchasing Mission failed to explode.The PFLP claimed responsibility.

26 August 1974, FrankfurtThe PFLP claimed responsibility for explosions outside the IsraelGovernment Tourist Office whichcaused damage but no casualties.

1975

13 January 1975, ParisPFLP terrorists fired rockets at an El Al plane parked at Paris-OrlyAirport. They missed the Israeli planebut hit a nearby Yugoslavian plane,wounding three people.

16 January 1975, ParisMolotov cocktails were thrown at abuilding mistakenly believed to be theheadquarters of Jewish organisations in France, causing extensive damage.Responsibility claimed by the previouslyunknown Arab Commando Group.


1976


19 January 1975, ParisPFLP terrorists attacked an El Al planewhich resulted in a gun battle with thePolice in which 20 people werewounded. The terrorists subsequentlysurrendered and were deported.

2 April 1975, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside theYeshurun Synagogue, causing damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made.

15 September 1975, ParisA grenade thrown into a Jewish-owned pharmacy killed two people and injured 15 others.Responsibility was claimed by thepreviously unknown Organisation for the Defence of Europe.

21 September 1975, MendozaA bomb outside the Jewish communitybuilding in Mendoza near Buenos Airescaused damage but no casualties.Responsibility was claimed by theCommando Anticommunista Mendoza.

11 December 1975, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside the JewishCultural Association, causing damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made.

1976

25 January 1976, NairobiFive terrorists from the Wadi Haddadfaction of the PFLP were caughtattempting to attack an El Al plane.They were deported to Israel.

8 February 1976, BerlinThe PFLP claimed responsibility for a bomb which exploded at the IsraelBonds office, causing damage but no casualties.

29 April 1976, ParisA bomb exploded outside the RashiSynagogue, causing damage but nocasualties. Responsibility was claimedby the Groupe Action Jeunesse.

24 May 1976, LichtenburgTwo bombs destroyed the home ofRabbi Garb but caused no casualties.No claim for responsibility was madebut the South African Policesubsequently stated that a right-wingterrorist group was responsible.

25 May 1976, Buenos AiresA bomb outside the Yezitlowski Jewish Cultural Society causeddamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

26 May 1976, Buenos AiresA bomb outside a Jewish club causeddamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

21 June 1976, Buenos AiresBombs outside Jewish shops in theOnce district caused damage but nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made but the bombings followedan antisemitic public rally organisedby the right-wing Peronistas.

21 June 1976, MendozaBombs outside Jewish-owned shops in Mendoza near Buenos Aires causeddamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

27 June 1976, EntebbeMembers of the RAF and the PFLPseized an Air France plane and its 258passengers, forcing it to landeventually in Entebbe, Uganda, wherethey separated the Israeli and Jewishpassengers from others who werereleased. One passenger was killed

in the successful Israeli rescueoperation.

27 June 1976, Buenos AiresA bomb inside a Jewish-owned bookshopcaused severe damage but no casualties.No claim for responsibility was made.

11 August 1976, IstanbulThe PFLP and Japanese Red Armylaunched a machine-gun attack on the El Al offices in Istanbul airport.Four were killed in the attack and 20 others injured. The two terroristsconvicted of the attack subsequentlyescaped from prison in January 1979.

22 September 1976, ParisA bomb outside the home of ChiefRabbi Jacob Kaplan caused damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made although the rabbi had reported a threateningletter sometime previously.

24 September 1976, BombayA member of the Dutch Red Youthterrorist organisation working with the PFLP was arrested together with others prior to an attack on Tel Aviv-bound flights.

27 September 1976, CórdobaA bomb at the Max Nordau School and a nearby synagogue in Córdoba,Argentina caused damage but nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

28 September 1976, ParisCars belonging to the two sons of Pierre Bloch, President of theInternational League Against Racismand Antisemitism (LICRA), weredestroyed by bombs. Responsibilitywas claimed by the National Front of Palestine Students.

6 November 1976, IstanbulA bomb exploded at the El Al building,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

27 November 1976, Buenos AiresTwo bombs at the Shalom School anda nearby synagogue caused damagebut no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.


1977

1978

1979


1977

12 June 1977, TehranTwo terrorists were killed in anexchange of fire after they hadattempted to break into the office of theJewish Federation in Tehran. It is notknown to which group they belonged.

20 November 1977, CannesA bomb was defused in the hall where a meeting of the France-IsraelAssociation was due to take place. No claim for responsibility was made.

27 November 1977, ParisTel el-Z’Ater Palestinian terrorist groupclaimed responsibility for an explosionat the Paris branch of Bank Leumi,which caused damage but no casualties.

1978

8 January 1978, BrusselsPolice discovered two loaded rocketlaunchers aimed at the Israeliembassy in Brussels. The missileswere dismantled. It is believed theWadi Haddad faction of the PFLP was responsible.

1 February 1978, ParisA bomb exploded outside the Parisbranch of the Israel Discount Bank,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

20 May 1978, ParisThree PFLP terrorists attackedpassengers waiting at the El Al terminalat Paris-Orly Airport, killing two andwounding two others. The terrorists werekilled in the shoot-out with the Police.

20 June 1978, FrankfurtA bomb in the Israel AgrexcoFrankfurt office caused extensive

damage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

20 August 1978, LondonFahad Mihyi, a member of the WadiHaddad faction of the PFLP, led anarmed machine-gun attack on a coach containing El Al aircrew as they disembarked at the Europa Hotel in Mayfair. He was subsequentlyconvicted of the attack and sentencedto life imprisonment.

11 October 1978, RomeA bomb was defused outside the GreatSynagogue in Rome on Yom Kippur. No claim for responsibility was made.

15 October 1978, BerlinBombs were discovered at the Jewishcommunity centre and at a Jewish-owned store in Berlin. They weredefused before they could explode. TheSyrian-controlled Palestinian AS groupclaimed responsibility.

17 December 1978, ParisA bomb exploded outside the office ofthe Betar youth organisation, causingdamage but no casualties. A claim forresponsibility was made to the Frenchpress news agency on behalf of theFrench National Liberation Front whichstated it was an act of resistanceagainst Jewish dictatorship.

1979

7 January 1979, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside a Jewishschool, causing extensive damage to theschool and nearby houses but no injuries.No claim for responsibility was made.

11 January 1979, BarcelonaShots were fired at the BarcelonaSynagogue, causing minor damage

but no casualties. Responsibility was claimed by the Spanish NationalSocialist Party.

15 March 1979, ZurichA bomb outside the entrance to themain Zurich synagogue causedextensive damage. No claim forresponsibility was made but swastikasand antisemitic inscriptions weredaubed on nearby walls.

21 March 1979, ParisMembers of AS wounded 20 Jewishstudents in two bombings of a kosherrestaurant in rue de Médicis in Paris.

27 March 1979, ParisMore than 30 people were wounded,12 of them seriously, following anexplosion in a Jewish students’ café inthe Latin Quarter. Two groups claimedresponsibility: the AutonomousCollective for Intervention AgainstZionist Presence in France and Againstthe Israel-Egyptian Peace Treaty, and the League of French CombatantsAgainst Jewish Conquest. The lattergroup was responsible for a series of other explosions, which caused no casualties, in March and April 1979.

3 April 1979, FrankfurtA bomb exploded in Frankfurt Airport’sairmail distribution centre, injuring 10employees. The parcel in which it washidden had been mailed to a Tel Avivaddress and was due to have beencarried by an El Al flight. No claim forresponsibility was made. The Policeestimated that the bomb may havebeen intended to explode in mid-air.

5 April 1979, NicosiaA bomb exploded outside the Israeliembassy, causing damage but nocasualties. AS claimed responsibility.

7 April 1979, ParisA bomb was discovered hidden in amotorcycle parked outside a cinemawhich was hosting a Jewish cultureweek. AS claimed responsibility.

8 April 1979, AnkaraA bomb exploded outside the Israeliembassy, causing damage but nocasualties. AS claimed responsibility.

16 April 1979, BrusselsMembers of the PFLP failed in anattempt to take over an El Al aircraftat Zaventem airport, but succeeded in wounding 12 people when theyattacked the airport restaurant andvisitors’ viewing area with handgrenades.

22 April 1979, ViennaA bomb caused extensive damage toa building which housed a synagogueand several Jewish families. Therewere no casualties. A claim forresponsibility was made by the Eaglesof the Palestian Revolution, an AS offshoot.

7 May 1979, Buenos AiresA bomb outside a synagogue causedextensive damage but no casualties.No claim for responsibility was made.

16 May 1979, CipolettiA bomb went off outside thesynagogue in Cipoletti near BuenosAires, causing damage but nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

24 May 1979, Buenos AiresA bomb went off outside the entranceto a synagogue in Buenos Aires,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.


1980


22 August 1979, CórdobaA bomb outside a Jewish-owned bankin Córdoba, Argentina causedextensive damage but no casualties.Although no claim for responsibilitywas made the attack was consideredby the local Jewish community to bepart of an ongoing antisemiticcampaign.

29 August 1979, MilanA bomb exploded outside the IsraelItalian Bank in Milan, causing slightdamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made, but ananonymous telephone call to anItalian news agency stated that thebomb was intended as a warning toJews and communists following theescape from custody of convicted Nazi war criminal Herbert Kapler.

13 November 1979, LisbonThe Portuguese International Workers’Organisation terrorist group shot and wounded the Israeli ambassadorand killed an embassy guard in anassassination attempt. A Policemanand passer-by were also injured.

12 December 1979, San SalvadorA bomb exploded at the Israeliembassy, causing structural damagebut no injuries. The Police stated thata left-wing terrorist group wasresponsible.

1980

2 January 1980, IstanbulAbraham Elazar, the manager of thelocal El Al office, was shot and killed bytwo men who got out of a car that hadblocked his way. The Marxist LeninistArmed Propaganda Union Anti-CampDavid Front and the Sons of the Landlater claimed responsibility.

18 February 1980, RomeOne man was wounded when twohome-made bombs exploded outsidethe Rome offices of El Al (andLufthansa and Swiss Air). The SecretArmy for the Liberation of Armenialater claimed responsibility.

3 March 1980, MadridSpanish lawyer Adolfo Cotello was shot and killed by FRC assassins. It isbelieved that they mistook him for theSpanish Jewish leader Max Mazin.

19 April 1980, EsslingenA bomb exploded outside the house of a member of the Esslingen CityCouncil in Germany, causing considerable damage but no injuries.The neo-Nazi Deutsche AktionsGruppen claimed responsibility and stated it was retaliation for anexhibition on Auschwitz which hadrecently taken place in the city hall.Several months later a bomb went offoutside the exhibition itself (see entryfor 21 December 1980, below).

21 April 1980, ZurichAn Arab terrorist hid a bomb in theluggage of a West German citizenboarding an El Al flight from Zurich to Tel Aviv. He was apprehended byIsraeli security agents and the deviceexploded in the Police office at theairport before it could be defused.There were no injuries.

29 April 1980, CairoA bomb exploded in a Cairosynagogue, causing damage but nocasualties. The Egyptian Awakeninggroup claimed responsibility.

22 June 1980, StockholmSwedish Police arrested PFLP-GCterrorists and Swedish nationals who

planned an attack on an El Al office in Copenhagen.

5 July 1980, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded in the ORT School in Buenos Aires, causing considerabledamage but no injuries. No claim forresponsibility was made.

5 July 1980, Buenos AiresA bomb was dismantled by Police at the Chaim Nachman Bialik Schoolin Buenos Aires. No claim for responsibility was made.

25 July 1980, BrusselsThe FRC claimed responsibility for theshooting and killing of Yosef Halachi, theIsraeli commercial attaché in Brussels.

27 July 1980, AntwerpMembers of the FRC carried out a grenade attack on an Antwerpsynagogue, killing a child andwounding 20 others. Two members of the group, Nasir Sa’id Abdel Wahib

and Nihad Declas, were subsequentlytried and convicted by the Belgianauthorities. Declas told Policeinterrogators that he had planned a further hand-grenade attack on El Al passengers at BrusselsZaventem airport. Wahib was releasedin January 1991 in exchange for fourBelgian hostages taken by the FRC in November 1987.

29 July 1980, IstanbulA bomb in the offices of the ChiefRabbinate caused damage but nocasualties. Responsibility was claimedby the Young Muslims Organisation,which stated in leaflets found near thescene: “...we shall uproot thescoundrels from the land of Islam. Weshall settle our accounts with the Jews”.

7 August 1980, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside theJerusalem Synagogue in Buenos Aires,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

Photo evidence from David Copeland’s trial, of his bedroom. David Copeland became Britain’s best known neo-Nazi terrorist with a series of fatal nail-bombings in 1999.

28 September 1980, ParisThe FNE claimed responsibility for machine-gunning a synagogue and other Jewish targets in Paris over the course of a 48-hour period.No injuries were reported.

3 October 1980, ParisFour congregants were killed and 12others injured in a bomb attack onthe rue Copernic synagogue. Althoughresponsibility was claimed by the FNE,the Police investigation concluded thatPalestinian terrorists were involved.However, in 2008, Hassan Diab, aCarleton University lecturer andLebanese citizen of Palestinian originwho had been living in Canada since1993, was charged with murder in connection with the attack. In February 2009, the Frenchauthorities arrested a second person, said to be a Syrian.

5 October 1980, ParisA Jewish-owned shop was bombed,injuring one person. Responsibilitywas claimed by the FNE.

4 November 1980, ParisShots were fired from a passing car,narrowly missing the two policemenguarding the office of B’nai B’rithInternational. Damage was caused to the building but there were noinjuries. Responsibility was claimed by the Christian Anti-Zionist Group.

25 November 1980, ParisEdwin and Michele Dwek, Jewishowners of an international travel touragency which specialised in trips toIsrael, were shot and killed by a manof Arab appearance. SubsequentPolice investigations noted that theweapon used was the same as thatused in the assassination attemptagainst former Iranian premierShapour Bakhtiar.

Photo evidence from David Copeland’s trial, of his bedroom.

198119 December 1980, ErlangenShlomo Levin, a former leader of theNuremberg Jewish community, and hispartner Freida Poeschke, were shotand killed in what the Police describedas a political assassination. Themurder weapon was subsequentlyfound to have been registered to Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, although themurderer is believed to have beenUwe Behrendt, a member ofHoffmann’s neo-Nazi group, who fledto a PLO training camp in Lebanonwhere he subsequently died.

21 December 1980, EsslingenA bomb exploded at a civic centre inEsslingen, Germany, which washousing an exhibition on Auschwitz.The Police stated that neo-Nazis hadbeen responsible.

29 December 1980, MaracaiboA car bomb exploded in the car parkof a Jewish-owned shop in Maracaibo,Venezuela, causing extensive damagebut no injuries. Leaflets found nearbystated that “this is the Jews’ lastChristmas in Palestine”, but no claimfor responsibility was made.

31 December 1980, NairobiA bomb at the Norfolk Hotel killed 16people and injured 87. The hotel wasowned by a prominent member of thelocal Jewish community who had closeties to Israel. Although the PLO and PFLPboth disclaimed responsibility, thesubsequent Police investigationsuggested that the bomber, QadduraMohammed Abd Al-Hamid, had beenboth a member of Al Fatah and the PFLP.The Police speculated that the attack wasin retaliation for Kenyan aid to Israel inarresting two PFLP-associated WestGerman terrorists who had intended toshoot down an El Al plane in 1976.

1981

14 January 1981, StockholmThe Swedish government announcedthe deportation of four Palestiniansconnected to the PFLP-GC, inconnection with terrorist plots againstthe country’s Jewish community andIsraeli institutions. A further eightmembers of the same group werearrested but not deported.

16 February 1981, CairoThree Al Fatah terrorists and twoEgyptian nationals were arrested onsuspicion of planning to attack theIsraeli embassy and a synagogue.

25 April 1981, LimaAn explosion outside the entrance to a Jewish school in Lima, Peru causedlittle damage and no casualties. Noclaim for responsibility was made.

1 May 1981, ViennaHeinz Nittel, president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League,was shot and killed by members ofthe FRC who had also threatened tokill Austria’s Jewish Chancellor, BrunoKreisky. Bahij Mohammed Younis was subsequently convicted of theassassination and sentenced to lifeimprisonment.

15 May 1981, RomeA bomb exploded outside the El Aloffice, causing extensive damage butno injuries. Responsibility was claimedby the Palestinian 15 MayOrganisation.

16 May 1981, IstanbulA bomb exploded outside the El Aloffice, causing extensive damage butno injuries. Responsibility was claimedby the 15 May Organisation.



15 June 1981, LondonA letter bomb sent to Greville JannerMP, president of the Board of Deputiesof British Jews, was intercepted by The Post Office. No claim for responsibility was made.

12 July 1981, New York CityAn explosive charge at a synagogueentrance caused considerable damage,although no injuries. No claim forresponsibility was made.

22 July 1981, AthensThe PFLP claimed responsibility for thebombing of a Piraeus shipping agency,killing Evgenia Angelikoussi, owner ofthe agency, and her associate,Dimitrios Malatasis, who they claimedwere Israeli intelligence agents.

29 July 1981, ViennaPolice deported two Arabs believed tobe members of the FRC and the PLOrepresentative in Greece, in connectionwith a plot to assassinate the JewishChancellor of Austria, Bruno Kreisky.The two FRC members had beenarrested at Schwechat airport wheretheir luggage was found to contain alarge amount of arms and ammunition.

9 August 1981, RomeThe 15 May Organisation claimedresponsibility for a bomb outside theEl Al office at Rome airport.

10 August 1981, AthensThe 15 May Organisation claimedresponsibility for two bombs outsidethe Israeli embassy in Athens. Therewere no injuries.

10 August 1981, ViennaTwo bombs were thrown at the Israeliembassy, injuring an elderly womanwho lived in an adjacent house.

29 August 1981, ViennaMembers of the FRC machine-gunnedthe Seitenstettengasse Synagogue,killing two and wounding 17 others.They had previously attempted toattack another synagogue nearby buthad been thwarted by security guards.

23 September 1981, LimassolMembers of the FRC were responsiblefor a hand-grenade attack on theoffices of the Zim Shipping Lines in Limassol, Cyprus, injuring fiveemployees.

26 September 1981, ViennaA bomb exploded outside the home of a prominent member of the Jewishcommunity, causing damage but noinjuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

7 October 1981, RomeA bomb exploded outside the El Al office, injuring one person and causing minor damage. No claim for responsibility was made.

7 October 1981, OstiaA bomb exploded outside the centrefor Soviet Jewish émigrés in Ostia,Italy, injuring four people. No claimfor responsibility was made.

20 October 1981, AntwerpA car bomb exploded outside theAntwerp Diamond Club, opposite theHoveniersstraat synagogue, killingthree and injuring one. Responsibilitywas claimed by FBS, although a localtelevision station reported that theBelgian cell of AD had also claimedresponsibility.


1982

2 December 1981, CaracasAn emissary of the Jewish Agency was shot and wounded near his homein Caracas, following publication of hisarticles in the Venezuelan press aboutattacks on Israel. No claim for responsibility was made.

20 December 1981, Mediterranean, off the Israeli coastA bomb exploded on the Israel-boundship Orion shortly before it enteredHaifa port, killing two and woundingtwo others. The 15 May Organisation(using the name Abu Ibrahim Group)claimed responsibility.

1982

6 January 1982, GuebwillerApproximately 30 shots were fired atthe synagogue in Guebwiller, France,causing damage but no injuries. No claim for responsibility was made.

9 January 1982, IstanbulA bomb exploded outside the El Alticket office at Istanbul airport, alsodamaging the neighbouring Lufthansaoffice. There were no casualties andno claim for responsibility was made.

12 January 1982, GuatemalaBombs were thrown from a car at the embassies of Israel and Argentinaand the consulate of Haiti, causingminor damage. A subsequenttelephone call to the press claimedthe attack was to protest againstIsrael’s supply of arms to theGuatemalan army.

15 January 1982, BerlinThe 15 May Organisation and thePeople’s League for Free Palestineboth claimed responsibility forbombing the Mifgash-Israel Jewish

restaurant in Berlin, in which one childwas killed and 46 adults injured.

4 February 1982, ViennaA bomb exploded at the home of theAustrian Chief Rabbi Akiva Eisenberg,causing minor damage and noinjuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

18 February 1982, RomeA hand grenade was thrown at theentrance to the Great Synagogue,causing damage but no injuries.Responsibility was claimed by the Red Brigades.

28 March 1982, RomeThe office of El Al was bombed, causinglittle damage and no injuries. The PLOwas believed to have been responsible.

28–29 March 1982, RomeBombs went off outside two storesowned by members of the Jewishcommunity, causing serious damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made but the Israeligovernment subsequently informedthe Italian government that the PLOwas responsible.

31 March 1982, ParisThe Israeli consulate was attacked by three gunmen, causing no injuries.The LARF claimed responsibility, butthe Police investigation subsequentlyestablished that they had been aidedby members of the leftist AD.

3 April 1982, ParisThe LARF carried out a machine-gunattack on the Israeli embassy in Paris,injuring an Israeli diplomat called YaacovBarsimantov. Georges Ibrahim Abdallah,a Lebanese, was convicted andsentenced for the attack in July 1986.


27 April 1982, Mexico CityPolice defused a bomb found in theTarbut Jewish school. A claim forresponsibility was made by thePalestinian Party in Mexico.

3 June 1982, LondonMarwen al-Banna, Hussain AhmedGhassan Said and Nayaf Rosan, allmembers of the FRC, attempted toassassinate Shlomo Argov, the Israeliambassador, as he left a Park Lanehotel. The three were convicted andsentenced to between 30 and 35years imprisonment each. Thesubsequent Police investigation foundthat they had also been collectinginformation on Israelis and Jewishinstitutions in London.

8 June 1982, ZurichThe Revolutionary Cells (aka RAF)claimed responsibility for bombs atthe Israeli and US consulates, whichcaused damage but no injuries.

11 June 1982, ViennaThe home of Simon Wiesenthal, headof the Jewish Documentation Centreand famous investigator of Nazi warcriminals, was bombed, causing

severe damage but no injuries.Austrian neo-Nazis were believed tohave been responsible for the attack.

13 June 1982, ParisTwo bombs exploded outside Israeli-owned cafés, causing little damage. No claim for responsibility was made.

18 June 1982, RomeA bomb in the Hebrew Immigrant AidSociety (HIAS) office in Rome causedlittle damage and no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

19 June 1982, RomeBombs caused minor damage but noinjuries at the offices of the IsraelItaly Chamber of Commerce, HIASand the local American Express. No claim for responsibility was made.

24 June 1982, RomeA bomb in a Jewish-owned travelagency caused slight damage and nocasualties. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

1 July 1982, AthensA bomb was dismantled by Police and bomb-disposal officers outside

Combat 18 Flyer. David Copeland’s terrorism provides an example that some neo-Nazis have sought to emulate by attacking Jews and other minorities.

a Jewish-owned travel agency. Noclaim for responsibility was made.

7 July 1982, ParisA bomb at the Israel Discount Bankin Paris caused little damage and nocasualties. AD claimed responsibility.

20 July 1982, ParisTwo bombs outside Bank Leumi inParis caused extensive damage but nocasualties. Leaflets were found nearbywhich stated “The PLO will win”, butno claim for responsibility was made.

20 July 1982, ParisBombs exploded outside an Israelibank and the Paris office of a companythat imported Israeli electroniccomponents, causing little damage.Leaflets with the slogan “Palestine willlive” were found nearby. No claim forresponsibility was made.

24 July 1982, SanaryA bomb outside the home of aprominent member of the SanaryJewish community near Toulouse,France destroyed the building. No claim for responsibility was made but a sign stating “Death to the Jews” was found nearby.

28 July 1982, SalzburgA bomb outside a Jewish-owned store in Salzburg, Austria causedconsiderable damage to property.Although no claim for responsibilitywas made, anonymous leaflets callingfor the boycott of Jewish-ownedbusinesses were found in the area.

31 July 1982, ViennaA bomb outside a Jewish-owned storecaused considerable damage but noinjuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

31 July 1982, MunichA bomb exploded inside a suitcase at the El Al terminal in Munich-RiemAirport, injuring five people. No claimfor responsibility was made.

2 August 1982, ViennaA bomb outside a Jewish-owned bankcaused considerable damage but noinjuries. Graffiti criticising Israel’sinvasion of Lebanon was found on a nearby wall.

2 August 1982, RomeAn explosion at the entrance to ablock of flats occupied by prominentJewish families caused some damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made.

6 August 1982, ViennaA bomb placed outside a Jewishkindergarten in Vienna failed toexplode. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

8 August 1982, ParisAn explosion outside a Jewish-ownedstore caused damage to the store and nearby homes. No claim forresponsibility was made.

9 August 1982, ParisMembers of the FRC killed six andwounded 22 others in a grenade and machine-gun attack on JoGoldenberg’s Jewish restaurant.

10 August 1982, ParisMembers of AD machine-gunned anempty Israeli embassy car in Parisand bombed a Jewish-owned shopand bank. One person was injured.

10 August 1982, ParisA bomb in the building which housedthe offices of the (Israeli) Citrus



Marketing Board and a Jewish-ownedbank caused extensive damage. AD claimed responsibility.

11 August 1982, GuatemalaA bomb attack on the Israeli embassy,which caused no damage or injuries,was followed shortly thereafter by asimilar attack on a nearby synagogue.No claim for responsibility was made.

11 August 1982, GuadalajaraA bomb left outside the Jewishcommunity centre in Guadalajara,Mexico failed to go off. No claim forresponsibility was made.

14 August 1982, ParisA firebomb attack on a building ownedby the messianic Jewish sect Bet RoshPinah caused serious damage but noinjuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made but swastikas were foundon leaflets nearby.

20 August 1982, ViennaBombs were found on the premises of a banned neo-Nazi organisationfollowing a Police raid. The Policebelieved that the bomb was intendedto be used against a local Jewishinstitution.

1 September 1982, GenevaAdnan Awad, a member of the AbuIbrahim Group, was sent to Geneva tobomb the Jewish-owned Noga Hiltonhotel. Unable to go through with hismission, he aborted it and turnedhimself over to the US embassy in Bern.

17 September 1982, ParisA bomb hidden in a motorbikeexploded next to the car of AmosManel, an Israeli embassy official,injuring eight people including Manel

and members of his family. The subsequent Police investigationestablished that the attack had been carried out by members of AD with the assistance of the LARF.

17 September 1982, Buenos AiresA bomb outside a synagogue inBuenos Aires was dismantled. Noclaim for responsibility was made.

18 September 1982, ParisShots were fired at a store in the 15th arrondissement belonging to a member of the Jewish community.No claim for responsibility was made.

18 September 1982, BrusselsFive people were wounded when a gunman fired a machine gun at the rue de la Régence synagogue.The Black Lebanon Organisationsubsequently claimed responsibility.

22 September 1982, QuitoA bomb was placed outside the Jewishcommunity centre in Quito, Ecuador,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

23 September 1982, ColombiaThe wife of the Israeli ambassadorand two others were seriously injuredwhen gunmen machine-gunned theambassador’s residence. The April 19 Movement subsequently claimedresponsibility.

23 September 1982, MaltaThe Israeli chargé d’affaires in Maltawas almost kidnapped by four men asshe tried to enter her car. The attemptfailed although she was slightly injured.The attack was attributed to the FRC.

27 September 1982, FrankfurtThree bombs exploded near Frankfurt

railway station. One was outside atravel agency that organises visits to Israel, killing a caretaker andwounding a passer-by; the other two bombs were outside offices ofcompanies that maintain contacts with Israel. The explosions occurredon Yom Kippur. No claim for responsibility was made.

30 September 1982, MilanA bomb exploded at the Jewishcommunity centre, causing littledamage and no injuries. TheCommunist Armed Groupsubsequently claimed responsibility.

8 October 1982, New York CityA bomb exploded outside the officesof the Jewish Defense League (JDL),causing damage but no casualties. A claim for responsibility was made on behalf of Palestinians.

9 October 1982, RomeThe main Rome synagogue wasattacked by an unknown number ofterrorists belonging to the FRC. Onechild was killed and 37 adults wereinjured. The attackers escaped, butone, Abdel Osama al Zomor, was

arrested one month later trying tosmuggle 132 lb of explosives intoGreece by car. It was assumed that his target was again a Jewishinstitution, but he was freed by the Greek Government before eitherthe Italian or American Governments, who had both requested hisextradition, could question him.

28 October 1982, RomeA bomb attack on the Nomentanasynagogue and Jewish communitycentre caused slight damage but no injuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

25 November 1982, CochabambaAn incendiary bomb was thrown at thehouse of the president of the Jewishcommunity in Cochabamba, Bolivia,causing little damage. There was no claim for responsibility.

3 December 1982, LimaAn explosive charge was thrown atthe entrance to the main synagoguein Lima, Peru, causing little damageand no injuries. A governmentspokesman claimed that localPalestinian terrorists were responsible.


Photo evidence from David Copeland’s trial, of remains of the vehicle in which an explosive device was placed in Brick Lane, London.

1983


3 December 1982, QuitoA bomb concealed in a suitcaseexploded in the building that housedthe Israeli embassy in Quito, Ecuador.Two policemen were killed and oneother person was injured. A localorganisation claimed responsibility.

4 December 1982, LimaAn explosive charge went off outsidea Jewish-owned department store in Lima, Peru, causing extensivedamage. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

7 December 1982, BerlinRaids on the homes of neo-Nazi groupmembers led to the discovery of armsand ammunition. The Police reportedthat the group were responsible fordeath threats against Heinz Galinski,the president of the Berlin Jewishcommunity.

10 December 1982, LimaA Police bomb-disposal unit disarmed alarge bomb placed outside the entranceto the main synagogue in Lima, Peru.No claim for responsibility was made.

23 December 1982, SydneyOne person was wounded when abomb exploded outside the entranceto the Israeli consulate, housed withinan office block. The Abu IbrahimGroup was suspected of responsibility.

23 December 1982, SydneyA bomb in the boot of a car parkedwithin the predominantly JewishHakoach Club in Sydney caused localdamage but no casualties. The FreeLebanon of Foreigners Organisationclaimed responsibility.

1983

26 February 1983, MarseilleA bomb was discovered in a communityhall, shortly before a Purim partyorganised by the Jewish National Fundwas to take place. A telephone claim forresponsibility was made by thepreviously unknown Copernic Two group.

8 March 1983, MarseilleA bomb attack against a localsynagogue was foiled when the twounidentified men, who had apparentlyintended to leave the bomb in front ofthe synagogue, were killed when itwent off prematurely in their car. No claim for responsibility was made.

22 March 1983, GuatemalaA bomb exploded outside theGuatemala City synagogue, causingdamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

28 March 1983, ViennaAn assassination plot by the FRCagainst Jewish Chancellor BrunoKreisky was foiled by the localsecurity services.

2 May 1983, Mexico CityShots were fired at the home of an Israeli diplomat, causing damagebut no casualties. No claim forresponsibility was made.

4 June 1983, QuitoA bomb exploded outside a Jewish-owned shop in Quito, Ecuador,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

7 June 1983, New York CityShots were fired at Yeshiva University,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

1984

9 June 1983, New York CityShots were fired at a Jewish hospital,causing damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

17 June 1983, BarranquillaA bomb was thrown at the synagoguein Barranquilla, Colombia, causingdamage but no casualties. No claimfor responsibility was made.

22 June 1983, New York CityShots were fired at a restaurant nearYeshiva University, injuring threestudents. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

31 August 1983, LondonA small parcel-bomb was left by the door of the central London branch of Bank Leumi, causing minor damage. Responsibility was claimed by the FRC.

18 September 1983, New York CityA car carrying Yeshiva Universitystudents was fired on, injuring onepassenger and killing a passer-by. No claim for responsibility was made.

17 October 1983, SantiagoA bomb went off outside the house of a prominent Jewish televisionpersonality in Santiago, Chile, causing damage but no injuries.Antisemitic leaflets were found near the house, but no organisationclaimed responsibility.

December 1983, RomeThe 15 May Organisation attempted to blow up three airliners in flight at Rome airport. Bombs werediscovered aboard two Israel-boundflights and a suitcase bomb wasdetonated prior to being loaded on board a flight to New York.

23 December 1983, MaltaThe Israeli chargé d’affaires, EstherMillo, narrowly escaped assassinationwhen a lone gunman shot at her car.No claim for responsibility was made.

25 December 1983, LondonA bomb planted in a rubbish bin in Orchard Street, which is locatedmidway between Marks & Spencer and Selfridges, injured two andcaused damage to nearby buildings.Habib Maamar, a Tunisian arrested in Paris in May 1986, confessed to the bombing, which he claimed wasplanned by the Abu Ibrahim Group.

1984

5 June 1984, CairoThe security officer of the Israeliembassy in Cairo, Egypt was wounded in the hand by a shot firedfrom a moving vehicle. No claim for responsibility was made.

18 June 1984, DenverJewish talk-show host Alan Berg wasmurdered by Bruce Pierce, a member of the white supremacist terrorist groupThe Order, who shot him with a machinegun outside his home. Pierce, who wassentenced to 252 years imprisonment,died of natural causes at the Allenwoodfederal prison in August 2010.

4 October 1984, NicosiaA car bomb exploded in the car park of the Israeli embassy in Nicosia.The PNLO claimed responsibility forthe attack.

31 October 1984, BrooklynAn explosion in a Brooklyn synagoguevirtually destroyed the buildingalthough there were no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.


1985


1985

1985, StockholmFour Palestinians, two of whom werealso Swedish citizens, bombed themain Stockholm synagogue and thelocal offices of El Al. One person diedand 27 were injured in the attacks.Two of the attackers subsequentlyescaped from the maximum-securityjail where they were imprisoned.

23 February 1985, ParisA bomb killed one man and injured 18 others at a Paris branch of Marks & Spencer. Three Arabmembers of the 15 May Organisationwere subsequently tried and convictedof the attack, as well as a previousbombing of Bank Leumi.

29 March 1985, ParisA bomb exploded at a cinema showing a film about Adolf Eichmann as part of a Jewish film festival. Twenty membersof the audience were injured, someseriously. Responsibility was claimed,separately, by the FRC, IJO and neo-Nazigroups; French Police ascribed responsi-bility for the bombing to neo-Nazis.

10 June 1985, BarrancoA bomb was dismantled by Police inthe Jewish school in Barranco, Peru.No claim for responsibility was madealthough the Police believe that thefar-left Sendero Luminoso (ShiningPath) group was responsible.

2 July 1985, San FranciscoA bomb was dismantled by the Policein the Adath Israel Synagogue in SanFrancisco. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

22 July 1985, CopenhagenIJO claimed responsibility for the

bombing of the Great Synagogue anda Jewish old-age home in Copenhagen.Twenty-seven people were injured.

20 August 1985, CairoAn Israeli diplomat was shot dead in Cairo, Egypt. Responsibility wasclaimed by the EIJ.

21 August 1985, ParisThe Paris branch of Bank Leumi wasbombed, causing extensive damagebut no injuries. A Police investigationestablished subsequently that the AbuIbrahim Group was responsible.

25 August 1985, MilanTwo bombs went off in the centre of Milan: one near the Moritzio LeviJewish Club and the other near the El Al offices. A number of passers-bywere injured and extensive damagewas caused both to the buildings andcars in the vicinity. No claim forresponsibility was made.

15 September 1985, CopenhagenTwelve people were injured when two bombs exploded in Copenhagen: one at a factory producing kosherfood, the other at a travel agencyspecialising in Israel tours. Theexplosions occurred the day beforeRosh Hashanah. No claim for responsibility was made.

16 September 1985, San FranciscoA bomb was found outside the homeof the rabbi of the Adath IsraelSynagogue in San Francisco. No claimfor responsibility was made.

24 September 1985, BrusselsA car bomb was discovered anddismantled outside the Central Synagogueduring the evening of Yom Kippur. No claim for responsibility was made.

25 September 1985, LarnacaA Fatah Force 17 terrorist squad killedthree Israeli tourists aboard a yacht in Larnaca marina, Cyprus. The three-strong group, including BritonIan Davidson, were convicted andimprisoned by the Cypriot authorities.

September 1985, AmsterdamThe El Al office was bombed, causingno casualties. The PFLP-GCsubsequently claimed responsibility.

October 1985, LondonRasmi Abdel Awad and Nasser KarimMohammed, both members of theFRC, were convicted of establishing a terrorist cell in Britain. Althoughtheir primary targets were otherPalestinians connected to the PLO,they were found to have beencollecting operational information on Jewish community targets in north-west London. Awad was

sentenced to 25 years imprisonment;Mohammed was deported.

1 October 1985, Buenos AiresA bomb exploded outside the ShalomAleichem Jewish kindergarten inBuenos Aires, causing extensivedamage but no injuries. No claim for responsibility was made.

5–6 October 1985, BarcelonaUnknown gunmen in Barcelonaassassinated two Israeli seamen.Fatah Force 17 later claimed responsibility.

7 October 1985, Mediterranean, off the Egyptian coastThe Abu Abbas faction of the PLFhijacked the Italian-owned cruise ship Achille Lauro. After holding thepassengers and crew hostage for twodays, an American Jewish passenger,Leon Klinghoffer, was murdered.

Sisli Beth-Israel Synagogue, Istanbul, Turkey, 15 November 2003

1986

8 October 1985, DjerbaA policeman who was supposed to be guarding the Ghriba Synagogue in Djerba, Tunisia opened fire onmembers of the congregation, killingfour and wounding 13.

15 October 1985, RomeTwo Palestinians believed to bemembers of the 15 May Organisationwere arrested in Rome, carryingsuitcase bombs. They subsequentlyadmitted planning to attack Israeliand American targets.

27 December 1985, Rome and ViennaFour members of the FRC attacked anEl Al counter at Rome airport, killing 16and injuring 67. A similar simultaneousattack at Schwechat airport resulted intwo deaths and 47 injuries.

1986

19 March 1986, CairoAn Israeli diplomat was killed and threeothers wounded, when their car wasattacked as they left an internationalfair in which Israel was participating.Responsibility was later claimed by the Egyptian Revolution, which wasbelieved to be part of the FRC.

17 April 1986, LondonNezar Hindawi, a lone Palestinianacting with Syrian embassyassistance, attempted to blow up anEl Al plane at Heathrow Airport byduping his Irish girlfriend into carryinga bomb hidden within a radio. He wassubsequently sentenced to 45 yearsimprisonment.

18 May 1986, SantiagoAn explosive charge was found underthe car of the Jewish director of the

Cou

ntr

y an

d I

nci

den

t To

tals Country Incidents

Argentina 29

Australia 5

Austria 19

Azerbaijan 1

Belgium 16

Bolivia 2

Brazil 3

Canada 5

Chile 3

Colombia 5

Cyprus 7

Czech Republic 1

Denmark 6

Ecuador 3

Egypt 9

El Salvador 1

France 51

Germany 29

Greece 15

Guatemala 4

Hungary 1

India 3

Iran 2

Israel 2

Italy 33

Japan 1

Kenya 4

Lebanon 1

Malaysia 1

Malta 2

Mauritania 1

Mexico 3

Morocco 5

Netherlands 8

Norway 1

Panama 3

Paraguay 2

Peru 9

Philippines 3

Portugal 2

Romania 1

Russia 4

Singapore 3

South Africa 3

South Korea 1

Spain 7

Sweden 4

Switzerland 10

Thailand 3

Tunisia 2

Turkey 23

Uganda 1

UK 28

Ukraine 1

Uruguay 1

USA 34

Venezuela 2

Yemen 1

1987

economics faculty of SantiagoUniversity, Chile, who had been activein denouncing neo-Nazi activity on thecampus. The explosive charge wasdismantled by the Police. No claim for responsibility was made.

26 June 1986, MadridA premature explosion foiled anattempt to blow up an El Al plane in Madrid, although 13 people wereseverely injured. The bomb washidden in a suitcase, which was theproperty of Halaff Isian Manve. Hisarrest and interrogation led the Policeto Ali Hassan Nasser, who claimedmembership of Fatah’s Abu Musa faction.

6 September 1986, IstanbulTwo members of the FRC attacked theNeve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbulwith grenades and machine guns,killing 22 members of the congregationand injuring four others duringShabbat morning prayers. Theattackers both died after detonatingbelts containing explosives.

17 September 1986, ParisA wave of bombings against Jewishcommunal and private targets in Pariskilled 13 and injured over 250.Responsibility for the attacks wasattributed to a Lebanese Shiite groupled by two brothers, Ali AbbasHamadei and Mohammed Ali Hamadei,who were subsequently arrested inFrankfurt on 13 January and 26January respectively. A Tunisian-bornFrenchman, Fouad Ali Saleh, wassubsequently sentenced to 20 yearsfor his part in the attacks. The groupto which they belonged was laterfound to have close contacts with, and was under the operational controlof, Hizbollah.

2 October 1986, LondonSix members of the FRC, including aSwedish national, were arrested andcharged with plotting to assassinatethe Israeli ambassador. The membersof the group were all deported.

11 November 1986, AntwerpAn explosion occurred outsideAntwerp’s main synagogue, causingmoderate damage but no fatalities. A group called The Call of Jesus Christclaimed responsibility.

30 December 1986, ParisFrench Police foiled a plot by three mento bomb the synagogue in rueCopernic. The men, two Portugueseand an Egyptian, were in possession offorged Spanish passports and claimedto be acting on behalf of the Revolutionof Christians Against the Jewish Enemy.The men were subsequently convictedand imprisoned.

1987

18 March 1987, AthensA bomb was thrown at the Israeliembassy, causing damage but noinjuries. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

24 December 1987, CórdobaA bomb exploded by the entrancegate of the Jewish cemetery inCórdoba, Argentina, causing extensivedamage to buildings. No claim forresponsibility was made.

29 December 1987, IstanbulEleven letter bombs were sent fromIstanbul to addresses in Israel,injuring one person, who opened hisletter. The other letter bombs wereintercepted and dismantled. No claimfor responsibility was made.


1988


1988

3 January 1988, Panama CityShots were fired at the Panama Citysynagogue. There were no casualties and no claim for responsibility was made.

8 January 1988, Los AngelesMolotov cocktails were thrown at the BeitHatikva Synagogue in Los Angeles. Theresultant fire was extinguished beforeextensive damage could be caused. No claim for responsibility was made.

27 January 1988, BogotaThe Ashkenazi synagogue in Bogota,Colombia, was the target of an armedattack by members of the M-19group. There were no injuries butextensive damage was caused.

16 February 1988, ManilaA bomb exploded outside thePhilippine Savings Bank building,which housed the Israeli embassy,breaking windows but causing noinjuries. An unexploded hand grenadewas also found outside the building.No claim for responsibility was made.

21 March 1988, TokyoThe Israeli embassy was bombed.There were no casualties, and noclaim for responsibility was made.

11 April 1988, MedellinA bomb was thrown at the El PobladoSynagogue in Medellin, Colombia by twomen riding a motorcycle. Responsibilityfor the attack was subsequently claimedby the National Liberation Army (ELN)Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus inSolidarity with the Palestinian People.

18 April 1988, Frankfurt A bomb was thrown from a movingcar at the Jewish Community Centre

in Frankfurt. The attack took placeshortly after a similar one against theoffices of Saudi Airlines. No claim forresponsibility was made.

26 April 1988, ItalyItalian authorities stopped the sale ofgrapefruit, 90 per cent of which wereimported from Israel at that time,after samples were found to havebeen poisoned with a powerfulsubstance which would have killedinstantly if ingested. No claim forresponsibility was ever made.

11 May 1988, NicosiaA premature car-explosion foiled anattempt to blow up the Israeliembassy in Nicosia by the FRC. The driver of the car was killed in the explosion; an accomplice, aLebanese citizen, was caught; anotherescaped. In total, four people werekilled and 32 injured in the explosion.

2 June 1988, LimassolCypriot Police announced they werelooking for two Arabs and their car,which allegedly contained largequantities of explosives anddetonators. They had been refusedembarkation on a Haifa-bound ship at Limassol and it is believed theyintended to carry out terrorist attackson arrival. It is not known whichorganisation they were affiliated to, but Cypriot Police subsequentlyannounced that Hizbollah wasplanning attacks on the island.

11 July 1988, GreeceA terrorist attack on The City of Poros,a Greek ferryboat carrying 471passengers in the Aegean Sea,including Israeli citizens, resulted in 11 deaths and 98 injuries. It wassubsequently revealed that Israeli

1989

counter terrorist agents were on-boardthe ship and had engaged in a gunbattle with the terrorists in an attemptto protect the passengers. Israeliauthorities had previously warned the Greek authorities of a plannedterrorist attack on a Greek ship, which had been ignored by the Greekgovernment. Subsequent investigationshowed the FRC, possibly workingwith other groups, was responsible.

16 July 1988, LimaThree members of the FRC in Lima,Peru, including two locally recruitedArabs, were charged with gatheringinformation on synagogues and carsowned by Jewish community leadersand Israeli diplomats, with a view tocarrying out terrorist attacks.

21 October 1988, Frankfurt and HamburgThirteen Palestinians were arrested after the discovery of arms caches in Frankfurt and Hamburg. Four weresubsequently charged with terroristoffences. They were all connected to thePFLP-GC and were planning an attackagainst a visiting Israeli football team.

28 October 1988, MünsterIncendiary bombs were thrown at the synagogue in Münster, Germany.No claim for responsibility was made.

13 November 1988, La PazA bomb went off in Israel Square, La Paz, Bolivia. There were noinjuries. The Commando for a FreePalestine claimed responsibility.

7 December 1988, CopenhagenExtensive damage was caused to a travel agency owned by an El Alsubsidiary in Copenhagen. Danish pro-Palestinian left-wingers claimed

responsibility under the name Anti-Zionist Autonomy.

14 December 1988, LisbonA parcel bomb was delivered to theIsraeli embassy but was defused bythe Portuguese Police. No organisationclaimed responsibility, although thesender’s name on the parcel was“Carlos Pentantos”.

1989

16 January 1989, LondonA powerful letter bomb was sent to the Israeli embassy in London, but defused after its discovery.Responsibility was claimed by the January 15 Organisation, whichwas believed to be affiliated to PIJ.

23 August 1989, IstanbulA bomb was detonated near theIsraeli consulate in Istanbul, causingno damage or injuries. The ArmedPeople’s Unit, believed to beassociated with the PKK (MarxistKurdish Workers Party), claimedresponsibility.

3 October 1989, BrusselsDr Joseph Wybran, the president of theBelgian Jewish community, wasassassinated by a gunman in the carpark of the hospital in Brussels where heworked as a consultant. In February 2008, the Moroccanauthorities arrested Abdelkader Belirajand charged him with the murder. It was stated that Beliraj was trained inLebanon by Iranian RevolutionaryGuards and Hizbollah in the early 1980sand that he subsequently became amercenary terrorist, working for variousgroups including the FRC, whichengaged him for this attack. It is also stated that Beliraj confessed


1990


to five other murders between 1988 and1989, including that of the Saudi-bornimam at the Brussels Great Mosque.

October 1989, ManausMoise Salim Taia, vice-president of theManaus Brazilian Jewish community,was shot and seriously wounded. His attackers, who were never caught,were stated by the Police to have beenconnected to the Arab community.

3 November 1989, CopenhagenDanish Police charged eight Danishcitizens, all members of the left-wing

Appel or Toffah (Arabic for “apple”)group, with gathering information onmembers of the Jewish community, withthe aim of perpetrating acts of terror. Attheir trial, at which they were convicted,it was stated that the information wasto have been passed to the PFLP, withwhom they were politically linked.

25 November 1989, Madrid and ValenciaSpanish Police arrested eight Arabterrorists, following the discovery of a massive arsenal of explosiveshidden in a Lebanese-registeredfreighter which docked at Valenciaharbour. The eight, who had a varietyof passports, were subsequentlyidentified as Hizbollah members and it is believed that they were planningto mount attacks throughout Europeagainst Jewish targets.

1990

4 February 1990, near CairoTen Israeli tourists were killed and 19others injured in an attack on an Israelitourist bus on the Ismailia–Cairo road inEgypt. The EIJ claimed responsibility andstated it was part of a struggle “betweenus and the Jews that will continue untilvictory and the crushing of those whodream of a peaceful solution”.

15 May 1990, SantiagoAn explosive device was detonatedoutside the Ashkenazi synagogue inSantiago, Chile, causing slightdamage. There were no casualties.Responsibility was claimed by theManuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front.

21 May 1990, IstanbulA bomb went off in the El Al offices inIstanbul, Turkey. There were no injuriesand no claim for responsibility was made.

Modus Operandi and Incident Totals

Modus Operandi Incidents

Stabbing 1

Arson (incendiary devices) 11

Missile/rocket 3

Hostage 2

Hijack 3

Hand Grenade 3

Carbomb 12

Parcel or letter bomb 27

Shooting 76

Aborted attempt/foiled plot 80

Bomb (Improvised Explosive Devices) 208

Poison 1

Missile/ rocket

Hostage

Hijack

Hand Grenade

Arso

n

Carb

om

b

Parcel

Letter bomb

Shooting

Aborted attempt

foiled plot

Bomb (Improvised

Explosive Devices)

Stabbing

Poison

June 1990, NashvilleShots were fired at the West EndConservative Synagogue in an early-morning drive-by shooting. Thesubsequent investigation showed thatthe Ku Klux Klan was responsible.

July 1990, JohannesburgA bomb exploded outside a synagoguein Johannesburg and antisemiticslogans were painted at the entrance.No claim for responsibility was made.A bomb also exploded on the sameday outside the home of a Jewishmember of Johannesburg City Councilwho had previously receivedanonymous death threats.

24 July 1990, LimaYaakov Hazon, the secretary of theJewish community in Lima, Peru, wasseriously wounded when he was shotat from a passing car by three menand a woman. The attackers werealleged by the authorities to havebeen members of the SenderoLuminoso terrorist organisation.

2 July 1990, JohannesburgTen members of a neo-Nazi groupwere arrested and charged withplanting a bomb outside a synagoguein Johannesburg which they hadpreviously daubed with swastikas.Structural damage was caused to the adjacent Jewish kindergarten.

13 October 1990, PaduaA bomb exploded outside the officesof Cabassie Gioretti, which importsIsraeli cosmetics. No damage wascaused. A claim for responsibility was made by an unknown groupwhich stated it sympathised with Palestinians.

2 November 1990, LimaA bomb exploded at the Limasynagogue, causing damage but noinjuries. Responsibility was claimed by the Túpac Amaru terrorist organisation.

2 November 1990, MontevideoA bomb was discovered and dismantledin the Sephardic community centre in Montevideo, Uruguay. No claim for responsibility was made.

5 November 1990, New York CityRabbi Meir Kahane, founder of theJewish Defense League (JDL), wasassassinated by El Sayyid A Nosair, a naturalised American of Egyptianorigin. Nosair was acquitted of amurder charge, but convicted of assaultand illegal possession of a firearm.Subsequent investigation showed thatNosair was part of a three-man team of jihadi terrorists linked to the 1993World Trade Center bombing, and thattheir original target in the Kahanemurder had been Ariel Sharon.

15 November 1990, San FranciscoShots were fired at the Beth IsraelSynagogue in San Francisco. No claimfor responsibility was made.

26 November 1990, San Leandroand OaklandPetrol bombs were thrown atsynagogues in both San Leandro and Oakland, California. No claim for responsibility was made.

18 December 1990, LimaA bomb exploded under the car of a member of the Jewish community,parked near the Sephardic synagoguein Lima, Peru. The Sendero Luminosoorganisation claimed responsibility.


1992

1991


1991

17 January 1991, LyonsShots were fired at a synagogue inLyons, France, during the early hoursof the morning. The synagogue hadpreviously been attacked both withfirearms and a Molotov cocktail.

30 January 1991, Porto AlegreA bomb was thrown at the synagoguein Porto Alegre, Brazil, causing slightdamage. No claim for responsibilitywas made.

5 February 1991, MedellinA Jewish-owned factory and a Mormonchurch were bombed in Medellin,Colombia. The previously unknownHeroes of Palestine claimed responsibility and stated in a pressrelease that the attack was in responseto the American aggression against thePalestinian people and Arabs ingeneral. There were no casualties.

3 March 1991, ManilaA bomb went off outside a synagogue inManila, Philippines without causingdamage. It was later suggested that thebombers were Iraqi or pro-Iraqi agentsseeking revenge for the first Gulf War.

8 June 1991, CórdobaA bomb exploded at an Israeli bank inCórdoba, Argentina. There were no injuriesand no claim for responsibility was made.

30 September 1991, AmsterdamDutch Police arrested and charged sixArabs with planning a terrorist attackagainst the Spanish and PortugueseSynagogue in Amsterdam over YomKippur. All had been living in Hollandfor some time, but were believed tobe connected with the Lebanese Amal (Hope) group.

15 November 1991, KievArmy experts defused two explosivedevices found in the toilets of the mainsynagogue in Kiev, Ukraine. A formerIsraeli Government minister was tohave addressed a communal meetingin the building later in the day.

23 December 1991, BudapestFour Soviet Jews and two policemenwere injured by a remote-controlledbomb, as a bus they were travelling in with Israel-bound Soviet Jewishémigrés passed by on the way to Budapest airport. In 2004, RAFmember Andrea Klump was convictedof the attack.

1992

1 March 1992, IstanbulTwo hand grenades were thrown into the entrance of the Neve ShalomSynagogue in Istanbul during awedding, injuring a man nearby.Members of Turkish Hizbollah werelater tried and convicted of the attack.

7 March 1992, AnkaraThe head of security at the Israeliembassy, Ehud Sadan, was killed and three others were injured in acar-bomb attack. This was followed by a second attack on a local synagogue.IJO and Islamic Revenge Organisationclaimed responsibility. In March 2000,Turkish security forces arrested andcharged Farhan Osman, a Turk withdual Iranian citizenship, with theattack. He confessed and stated that he had been trained in Iran.

17 March 1992, Buenos AiresA car bomb exploded at the Israeliembassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina,killing 29 and injuring 252. IJOclaimed responsibility but subsequent

1993

1994

investigations laid the blame on theIranian Government, using local Arabs.

29 March 1992, Buenos AiresPolice deactivated a bomb left outsidethe Argentine Hebrew Association in Buenos Aires. No claim for responsibility was made.

April 1992, BucharestThe Police defused a car bomb outside the Jewish community buildingin Bucharest, Romania. The Policesubsequently identified a man usingan Iraqi passport as having hired thecar; the operation is thought to havebeen carried out by Hizbollah.

27 December 1992, Buenos AiresGunshots were fired at a school bustaking children from a Jewishcommunity school back to BuenosAires from a vacation in nearbyCosquin. There were no fatalities. No claim for responsibility was made.

1993

28 January 1993, TurkeyPolice bodyguards foiled an attempt to ambush and machine-gun themotorcade of Jewish communityleader Jacques Kimhi. The twoterrorists subsequently tried andconvicted of the attack claimed to have been members of thePersevering Workers of Islam, an Iran-linked group.

1 April 1993, Washington, DCFour members of the FRC, all long-term residents in the USA, were convicted of planning a terroristcampaign against the Israeli embassyand leading members of the Jewishcommunity in Washington, DC.

1994

1 March 1994, New YorkRashad Baz, a naturalised American of Lebanese Druze origin, fired on aminibus containing Lubavitch yeshivastudents near the Brooklyn Bridge.One was killed and three others wereinjured. Baz was later charged andconvicted of murder, attempted murderand illegal possession of weapons.


Target and Incident Totals

Targets Incidents

Synagogue 88

Jewish School 16

Jewish linked/owned building/communal organisation 96

Prominent Jewish individual (Rabbi, community leader) 33

Jewish Individual (private) 17

Israel linked building/organisation (embassy,consulate, travel agency) 80

El Al/Zim Office/Counter 57

Plane/Ship (El Al and others) 13

Israel government representative/employee 23

Israel/Israel linked private individual 7

Israel 9

Unidentified target 3

The number of incidents by target exceeds the total of 427 attacks due to some attacks involving more

than one target.

Synagogue

Pla

ne, S

hip

Israel G

overn

men

t rep

resen

tativ

e

Israel

Israel/Israel linked private

individual

Un

iden

tified

Jewish School

Prominent

Jewish

Individual

(Rabbi,

community

leader)

Jewish

Individual

El Al/ Zim Office/ Counter

Jewish linked/

owned building/

communal organisation

Israel linked building/

organisation (embassy,

consulate, travel agency)


11 March 1994, BangkokA hijacked truck laden with explosivescollided with a motorcycle, leading tothe abandonment of a planned attackagainst the Israeli embassy. Althoughno claim for responsibility was made, it is now believed that a group ofIslamist terrorists led by Ramzi Yousefwere responsible.

24 March 1994, LübeckNeo-Nazis firebombed the Lübecksynagogue in Germany during thenight. Two Molotov cocktails werethrown into the building, severelydamaging it.

9 July 1994, PanamaA small passenger plane exploded inmid-air while en route from Colón toPanama City. There were no survivorsamong the 18 passengers and threecrew. Twelve of the passengers wereJewish. Ansar al Allah (The Partisansof God), a Hizbollah-linked group,claimed responsibility.

18 July 1994, Buenos AiresA car bomb outside the six-storeyAMIA Jewish community building inBuenos Aires caused the building tocollapse, killing 85 and injuring 200others. Subsequent investigationsshowed the instigators to have beenthe Iranian government usingHizbollah operatives, together withlocal neo-Nazi sympathisers within the Police. In November 2005, Argentina’s General Prosecutorannounced that Hussein IbrahimBerro, a Lebanese national andmember of Hizbollah, had been the driver of the vehicle. In 2006, the Argentine Attorney Generalreleased his report on the bombing,citing evidence that the members ofthe Iranian government’s Committee

for Special Affairs had planned theattack, which was carried out byHizbollah under the command of itsexternal security service chief, ImadMughniyeh. The Attorney Generalspecifically named and sought interna-tional arrest warrants for Ali AkbarRafsanjani (President of Iran), AliAkbar Velayati (Minister of Intelligenceand Security), Mohsen Rezai(Commander of the RevolutionaryGuards), Ahmad Vahidi (Commander,Al Quds Special Operations Unit),Ahmad Reza Asghari (Iranian embassyThird Secretary) and Mohsen Rabbani(Iranian embassy cultural attaché).

26 July 1994, LondonA car bomb exploded outside theIsraeli embassy in Kensington, causingsevere structural damage. A policemanand embassy security guard were bothinjured. Slight injuries were alsocaused to some members of theembassy staff and a nearby workman.Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami, twoPalestinians loosely connected to thePFLP, were subsequently convicted of conspiracy to cause the explosion,and the Finchley bombing thefollowing evening, and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

27 July 1994, LondonA car bomb exploded outside BalfourHouse, the Finchley offices of the JointIsrael Appeal and the ZionistFederation, causing blast damage tothe front of the building and thebuildings opposite.

30 July 1994, Panama CityGunshots were fired at the HebrewCultural Center in Panama City fromtwo passing cars. One person wasinjured. No claims for responsibilitywere made.

1995

1996

13 September 1994, GermanyGerman authorities arrested sixPalestinians with Jordanian passportsand one Egyptian, in connection with a plot to assassinate Ignatz Bubis, the president of the German Jewishcommunity, and to bomb a Jewishcentre in Cologne, a synagogue inBerlin and the Israeli embassy in Bonn.Although they were later released forlack of evidence, they were stated to be members of the FRC.

20 December 1994, SwedenAli Biljani, the Iranian-born head ofthe local Iranian Shiite community inMalmö, was expelled by the Swedishgovernment on suspicion ofinvolvement in terrorism. Twosubsequent expulsions of othermembers of the Iranian communityare now known to have been due, inpart, to their collecting of informationon the Jewish community and itsschools, with a view to mountingterrorist attacks.

25 December 1994, LyonsA propane-gas car bomb parkedoutside a synagogue in Lyons, Francewas defused, narrowly avoidingpotentially massive casualties. It waslater established that the AlgerianGroupe Islamique Arme (ArmedIslamic Group – GIA) was responsible.

1995

7 June 1995, AnkaraThe president of the Jewishcommunity, Professor Yuda Yurum,survived a booby-trap bomb placed inhis car by Turkish Hizbollah.

7 September 1995, LyonsA car bomb exploded outside a Jewishschool in Lyons, injuring 14 people.

Larger-scale casualties were avoidedas a result of the children leaving theschool late. It was later establishedthat members of the Algerian GroupeIslamique Arme were responsible forthis and the December 1994 failedattack.

1996

14 March 1996, AntwerpBelgian Police found explosives andmortars on the Iran Kollahdooz, anIranian freighter. The Police arrestedthe Iranian owner of an import-exportfirm in connection with the seizure,and questioned two Iranian Ministry of Intelligence employees who wereon the freighter, which subsequentlycontinued its journey to Hamburg.The arms were destined for Munich,and it is believed that they were to be used in an attack on Israeli and/orJewish targets.

April 1996, YaroslavA bomb exploded at the JewishCultural Centre in Yaroslav, Russia.There were no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

18 April 1996, Cairo Members of Al Gamaa al Islamiyya(Egyptian Islamic Group) killed 18Greek tourists, and wounded 21others, of whom 12 were Greek, in an assault on the Europa Hotel inCairo, in the mistaken belief that theywere Israeli tourists. A spokesman forthe group subsequently stated, “Theoperation was meant to take place at a time when Jewish tourists weresupposed to be going to Alexandria.But we were surprised to find the Jewshad been replaced by Greeks as aresult of security plans by the EgyptianPolice to safeguard the Jews only”.


1997

1998

1999


27 April 1996, ParaguayParaguayan Police arrested membersof an Iranian-controlled Hizbollahterrorist cell in the tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay on their way to attack a Jewishinstitution. Two days later theArgentinian press reported the release from custody of two Lebanese citizens.

29 April 1996, CalgaryA letter bomb sent to the offices of the Jewish National Fund at theJewish Community Center in Calgary,Canada failed to explode. No claim for responsibility was made.

30 April 1996, ParisThe Israeli press reported the arrestin Paris of Hizbollah terrorists whowere planning an attack on an Israeliinstitution.

1997

31 July 1997, New YorkTwo Palestinian asylum seekers, Gazi Ibrahim Abu Mezer and LafiKhalil, were arrested after a shootoutwith Police in a Brooklyn apartment. A search of their apartment unearthedhome-made bombs and a document inwhich they threatened suicide attacksand demanded the release fromcustody of convicted terrorists SheikhOmar Abdul Rahman, Ramzi Yousefand Hamas leader Sheikh AhmedYassin. At their trial the following year,Abu Mezer stated that he intended to kill as many Jews as possible in a suicide bomb attack. He claimed he was a supporter, but not a member, of Hamas. He wassubsequently imprisoned for life;Khalil was found guilty of having fake immigration papers.

1998

23 April 1998, AthensTwo firebombs exploded outside theoffices of the Central Board of JewishCommunities in Athens. A previouslyunknown group, InternationalSolidarity, claimed responsibility.

14 May 1998, MoscowA bomb made of TNT exploded at theMoscow Lubavitch Marina RoschaSynagogue, ripping a hole in thebuilding and damaging nearby cars.Children and teachers had left thebuilding only minutes before. It isbelieved that neo-Nazis wereresponsible.

1 October 1998, BrusselsA grenade was found and safelydismantled outside the Israeliembassy in Brussels. No claim for responsibility was made.

1999

1 May 1999, MoscowA bomb containing 400 grams ofexplosives went off 50 metres awayfrom the Choral Synagogue, while areligious service was going on inside.A second bomb went off nearly anhour later near the Marina RoschaSynagogue in northern Moscow. The Police subsequently stated thatneo-Nazis were suspected.

13 May 1999, MoscowA TNT bomb partially destroyed twofloors of the Marina Roscha Synagoguein Moscow shortly after 70 children andtheir teachers had left the building. Theattack took place on Lag BaOmer. Twoworkers at the nearby construction siteof a Jewish community centre wereinjured by the blast.

18 June 1999, SacramentoA series of arson attacks onsynagogues in Sacramento, Californiawere believed to have beencommitted by members of theCalifornia branch of the World Churchof the Creator. The following year, inApril 2000, Benjamin Mathew Williamsand James Tylant Williams were triedand convicted of conspiracy to commitarson and destruction of religiousproperty in connection with theattacks and the firebombing of an abortion clinic.

2–4 July 1999, ChicagoBenjamin Nataniel Smith, a formermember of the American branch of thewhite supremacist World Church of theCreator, went on a shooting spreeinjuring six people leaving a localsynagogue, and killing and woundingother passers-by and motorists over the course of the next few days. He committed suicide following a Police chase.

2 August 1999, AthensA home-made bomb made of propane-gas canisters shattered the windows ofthe Greece-Israel Friendship Society inAthens. There were no injuries. A claimfor responsibility was made by thepreviously unknown Black Star group.

10 August 1999, Los AngelesBuford Furrow, a member of theAmerican far-right Aryan Nationsgroup, attacked the North Valley JewishCommunity Center with a variety offirearms, killing a postman and injuringthree children and two adults. On conviction he was sentenced to two life terms without parole.

18 November 1999, RomeA crudely constructed pipe bomb was

planted outside a cinema which wasshowing a Holocaust film to the Jewishcommunity, with the attendance of theIsraeli ambassador. The package wasfound and taken away. A few daysearlier a similar bomb was discovered

Year Incidents

1968 2

1969 15

1970 12

1971 6

1972 17

1973 23

1974 3

1975 7

1976 17

1977 3

1978 8

1979 18

1980 22

1981 21

1982 58

1983 16

1984 4

1985 21

1986 9

1987 3

1988 17

1989 6

1990 14

1991 8

1992 6

1993 2

1994 11

1995 2

1996 6

1997 1

1998 3

1999 8

2000 5

2001 2

2002 7

2003 10

2004 4

2005 3

2006 7

2007 0

2008 5

2009 9

2010 6

Total 427

Year and Incident Totals

2000

outside the National Museum ofLiberation, which had also beendaubed with antisemitic slogans.

22 December 1999, ArgentinaCoordinated Police action in Ciudaddel Este and Foz do Iguacu in the tri-border area led to the arrest ofindividuals connected to Hizbollah, Al-Qaeda and Al Gamaa al Islamiyya,who had been planning terroristattacks in Argentina, and possiblyOttawa, which were designed to derailongoing Middle East peace talks.

2000

4 March 2000, CanadaTarek Adealy Khafagy, an Egyptianrefugee, was arrested for possessingan explosive substance. The Policestated that he was also involved with bomb plots against the Israeliembassy in Ottawa and the consulatein Montreal.

10 March 2000, CanadaAyman Bondok and Kim St Louis werearrested for possessing illegalexplosives. They were charged withthreatening Israel in an effort to win the release of Lebanese prisoners. It is believed that Bondok had also madethreatening calls to the Israeli consulate.

27 July 2000, DüsseldorfA shrapnel bomb exploded in acommuter rail station, wounding ninepeople, including five Jews. GermanInterior Minister Otto Schilly statedthat it was the work of neo-Nazis.

2 October 2000, DüsseldorfA synagogue in Düsseldorf, Germanywas firebombed. The Policesubsequently arrested and chargedtwo Arabs with the attack.

23 November 2000, SydneyA sophisticated explosive device was thrown against the window

Bombed exterior of Neve Shalom Synagogue, Istanbul, Turkey, 15 November 2003

2001

2002

of a synagogue in the eastern suburbsof Sydney, but landed on the lawn,causing only minimal damage.

2001

3 January 2001, ZurichA bomb exploded outside the entranceto the office of El Al Israel Airlines inZurich, causing damage but noinjuries. The Revolutionary PerspectiveGroup claimed responsibility.

18 August 2001, CanberraA synagogue was attacked by five orsix masked men who threw Molotovcocktails, causing damage to theexterior and surrounding lawn.

2002

11 April 2002, DjerbaA truck filled with natural-gas canisterscrashed into a wall surrounding thehistoric Griba Synagogue in Djerba,Tunisia and exploded, killing 19 peopleand injuring 15. In February 2009,Christian Ganczarski, a German convertto Islam, was sentenced to 18 yearsimprisonment by a French court for hisrole in organising the attack. He hadbeen trained in Al-Qaeda camps inAfghanistan and Pakistan, and admittedmembership of the group. His Tunisianaccomplice, Belgacem Walid Naour, arelative of the truck driver, Nizar Naour,was sentenced to 12 years imprisonmentfor his part in the attack. Spanish courtshad already convicted Enrique Cerda andPakistani migrant Ahmed Rukhsar in May2006 for financing the attack.

20–21 April 2002, CharleroiMachine gun fire against thesynagogue in Charleroi, Belgiumcaused damage but no casualties. No claim for responsibility was made.

May 2002, CasablancaMoroccan authorities arrestedmembers of an Al-Qaeda-linked cell of Saudi nationals, who planned toblow up synagogues and poisonprominent members of the CasablancaJewish community.

4 July 2002, Los AngelesA gunman opened fire by the El Al ticketcounter in Los Angeles InternationalAirport, killing two Israeli citizens andwounding four others. An El Al securityguard returned fire, killing the gunman,an Egyptian immigrant to the USAcalled Hesham Mohammed Ali Hadayet.

November 2002, Canberra and SydneyMuslim convert Jack Roche (formerlyknown as Paul George Holland) wascharged with conspiring to bomb theIsraeli embassy in Canberra and theconsulate in Sydney in 2000. Roche hadmisgivings about the plot and reportedhimself to the Australian authorities,who only acted on his report in 2002.On conviction in June 2004, he wassentenced to nine years imprisonment.Roche had been recruited by theIndonesian Jemaah Islamiyah at aSydney mosque after his conversion.Thereafter he went for terrorist trainingwith Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.

28 November 2002, MombasaThree Israelis and 10 Kenyans werekilled, and about 80 people wereinjured, when a car bomb exploded bythe lobby of the Israeli-owned ParadiseHotel in Mombasa, Kenya. Al-Qaedaclaimed responsibility for the attack andSaleh Ali Saleh al-Nabhani (aka AbuYusuf), a Kenyan member of Al-Qaeda,was subsequently apprehended andconvicted for his leadership role in theattack and for that against the Arkiaplane the same day (see next entry).


2003


28 November 2002, MombasaTwo missiles were fired at an IsraeliArkia airliner taking off from MombasaAirport, but missed their target.

2003

16 May 2003, CasablancaLocally recruited Al-Qaeda-affiliatedterrorists killed 44 people and woundedmore than 100 others in suicide attacksagainst a series of Jewish-linkedtargets. The attacks coincided with Lag BaOmer and the targets included a Jewish cemetery, a Spanishrestaurant, the Hotel Farah (widelyused by Israeli tourists), the AllianceIsraelite Community Centre and theJewish-owned Positano restaurant.

3 June 2003, CharleroiBelgian Police arrested a man of Moroccan origin suspected ofpreparing a car-bomb attack on the Charleroi synagogue. The car,containing gas canisters, caught firebut did not explode, thereby reducingthe risk of substantial damage.

21 August 2003, IstanbulJewish dentist Yasef Yahya was shotdead by Turkish Hizbollah.

9 September 2003, MunichGerman Police seized large quantities of TNT, firearms and grenades, therebyfoiling a plot by the neo-NaziKameradenschaft — Süd, to bomb a ceremony on 9 November, theanniversary of Kristallnacht. Theceremony, which was to mark thededication of a new synagogue, was to have been attended by GermanPresident Rau and many other notables.

11 September 2003, CasablancaAlbert Rebibo, a Moroccan Jew, was

assassinated by unknown killers. The Police investigation proved that the bullets that were fired were from a gun found in the home of Mohamed Negaoni, a member of the Al-Qaeda-linked SalafiyaJihadiya group, who was at that timeon trial in connection with the 16 MayCasablanca bombings.

30 September 2003, BangkokThai Police claimed to have foiledplans by Islamist extremists to attackEl Al planes at Bangkok InternationalAirport. A man was arrested at theairport, taking photographs close to El Al facilities. A search of his homeuncovered links to Al-Qaeda and plans to use a surface-to-air missile to attack aircraft.

30 September 2003, Berlin and DüsseldorfFour men were charged with plotting to attack the Jewish Museumin Berlin and a Jewish-owned bar in Düsseldorf. Mohamed Abu Dhess,Ashraf al-Dagma, Ismail Shalabi andDjamel Mustafa were imprisoned forbetween five and eight years. All weremembers of the Al Tawhid groupestablished by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.

November 2003, IsraelJamal Aqal, a Gazan-born Palestinianemigrant to Canada, was arrested andcharged with receiving weapons andexplosives training from Hamas inpreparation for a terrorist attack inNew York City or Canada. In 2004, he pleaded guilty to planning the assassination of American andCanadian Jewish leaders, and ofIsraeli officials visiting the USA.

2004

15 November 2003, IstanbulTwenty-three people were killed and300 injured in consecutive car-bombattacks on the Neve Shalom and BethIsrael Synagogues during the Shabbatmorning services. Although the GreatEastern Islamic Raiders Front initiallyclaimed responsibility, Al-Qaedasubsequently claimed that it hadcarried out the attack.

11 December 2003, Modena Muhammad al Khatib Shafiq, a Kuwaiti-born Jordanian national ofPalestinian origin, blew himself up infront of the Modena synagogue, Italy.He was not a member of any terroristgroup, and had been under supervisionof the local health authorities, but thelocal Police believed that his suicidewas designed to intimidate the localJewish community.

2004

March 2004, Crawley and LondonThe seven defendants in the FertiliserPlot (Operation Crevice) planned a bombing campaign against theBluewater shopping centre, Ministry of Sound nightclub and other targets.A list of British synagogues aspotential targets was found by Policeat the homes of the two plot leaders,Omar Khyam and Shujah-Ud-DinMahmood, in Crawley, Sussex. Theplan was formulated after the groupleader, Salahudin Amin, attended anAl-Qaeda training camp in Pakistan in 2003. The trial was the longest andmost expensive criminal trial in Britainat the time, lasting more than a year.The defendants, several of whom hadbeen radicalised through their

membership of the Islamist Al Muhajiroun organisation, werefinally sentenced to lengthy terms of imprisonment after appealing theiroriginal sentences.

April 2004, MadridPlans to attack a Jewish communityyouth club and a Jewish school in the Hoyo de Manzanares suburb ofMadrid were found in an apartmentused by suspects in the March 2004coordinated bombings of Madrid-boundearly-morning commuter trains, whichkilled 191 people and wounded over1,800 others in the worst-ever terrorattack in Europe. The terrorists weremembers of an Al-Qaeda-affiliated cellof North African migrants. Seven ofthe key suspects, including thealleged Tunisian leader, Serhane benAbdelmajid Fakhet, died in theapartment they had used in theLeganes suburb of Madrid on 13 Aprilas security forces closed in on them.

1 April 2004, Oklahoma CityFormer neo-Nazi Aryan Nationsmember Sean Gillespie firebombedthe Temple B’nai Israel in OklahomaCity, Oklahoma, and was sentenced to39 years imprisonment on conviction.

26 July 2004, The HagueTwo men, one Somali-born Saudinational, one Dutch, wereapprehended after being seen filming the US embassy, the Israeliembassy, a synagogue and othersensitive buildings from a passing car. When properties linked to themen were searched, an Uzi sub-machine gun was found.


2005

2006


2005

August 2005, Los AngelesKevin Lamar James (aka ShakyhShahaab Murshid), Levar HaleyWashington (aka Abdur Rahman),Gregory Vernon Patterson (aka Bilal)and Hammad Samana were chargedwith planning to attack local militaryfacilities, the Israeli consulate, the El Al Israel Airlines facility at LosAngeles International Airport,synagogues and other Jewishbuildings. The Jami’yyat Ul-Islam Is-Shaheeh (Authentic Assembly ofIslam) group was founded by Jameswhile in prison, to which he had beencommitted for armed robbery. Theirplans were discovered afterWashington and Patterson werearrested in connection with gasstation robberies, the proceeds ofwhich were intended to finance theterrorist attacks. The group is notbelieved to have had any connectionto foreign terrorist organisations. In March 2009, Washington wassentenced to 22 years imprisonment,James to 16 years and Patterson to12 years. In November 2009, Samanawas sentenced to five years.

25 October 2005, NashvilleAhmed Hassan Al-Uqaily, an unaffiliatedIraqi migrant, was imprisoned for fouryears and nine months following hisconviction for planning armed attacksagainst Jewish institutions in Nashville,Tennessee. Al-Uqaily purchased twomachine guns, four hand grenades andhundreds of rounds of ammunition, butall from an undercover FBI agent afterwork colleagues had reported histerrorism plans.

December 2005, Geneva A Libyan and an Algerian student atthe Islamic Center in Geneva plottedto attack an El Al plane with a rocketlauncher smuggled in from Russia, but were foiled by the Swiss security services.

2006

June 2006, ZurichSeven men of North African originwere arrested on suspicion of plottingan attack on an El Al plane. The groupwere said to have been in contactwith others in France and Spain, andto have financed their plans with aseries of armed robberies.

29 July 2006, SeattleNaveed Afzal Haq killed one personand wounded five others at the JewishFederation of Greater Seattle. A Muslim American, Haq had noconnection to terrorist groups, butduring his attack ordered his hostagesto demand the withdrawal of USmilitary aid to Israel, and told anemergency services dispatcher that he was attacking the Jews as he wastired of his people being pushedaround in the Middle East. He hadforced his way into the building byholding a gun to a 13-year-old girl’shead. On 15 December 2009, Haq was found guilty on eight counts of aggravated murder including fivecounts of attempted murder. The juryrejected his insanity plea, although he had a history of mental illness.They accepted the prosecution’scomment that he was normal at the time of his attack, and that he hated Israel and Jews.

2 September 2006, MontrealOmar Bulphred, a 23-year-old Algerian,and his Kazakh-born accomplice, AzimIbragimov, firebombed the Skver-ToldosOrthodox Boys School in the Montrealdistrict of Outrement, and on 3 April thefollowing year the YM-YWHA Ben WeiderJewish Community Centre in the Côte-des-Neiges district. Neither were members of aterrorist group, but Bulphred had becomeincreasingly preoccupied with jihadiideology which he read about on theinternet. In February 2009, Bulphred wassentenced to seven years and Ibragimovto four years imprisonment.

17 September 2006, OsloArfan Bhatti was convicted of firing 13 shots at a synagogue in Oslo. Hewas also one of three men acquittedof plotting attacks against Israeli andUS embassies in 2006. The arrestswere a consequence of jointNorwegian/Italian surveillance of thesuspects talking about ways in whichto attack the embassies. Although thecourts described the conversations as“shocking”, they were not consideredsufficient proof.

23 September 2006, PragueAl-Qaeda-inspired extremists plannedto kidnap and kill Jews in theJerusalem Synagogue in Prague, butwere foiled by Czech security servicesafter a tip-off by the Norwegian andother foreign intelligence agencies.

1 December 2006, AmsterdamSamir Azzouz, a Dutch national ofMoroccan descent, was imprisoned for eight years in connection with aplot to carry out a series of terroristattacks in the Netherlands. His targets

included the headquarters of theGeneral Intelligence and SecurityService (AIVD) and an El Al plane at Schiphol Airport. Azzouz, who hadprevious convictions for terrorist-related offences, was a member of the Hofstad Network of jihadi activists.

December 2006, New York CitySix British conspirators, who were the target of Police Operation Rhyme,initially planned a series of bombattacks in New York, including againsta synagogue. The plot leaders, DhirenBharot, an Al-Qaeda member andHindu convert to Islam, and QaisarShaffi, visited New York where theyfilmed the (unidentified) synagogue,but eventually decided to concentrateon UK targets. This included the ‘GasLimos Project’, in which they plannedto fill three stretch limousines withexplosives and detonate them incentral London underground car parks.


2008


2008

February 2008, MauritaniaFive Mauritanians and two Tunisians,believed to be members of the Al-Qaeda-affiliated Groupe Salafistepour la Predication et le Combat(Salafist Group for the Call andCombat – GSPC), were charged withplotting to attack the Israeli embassyin Nouakchott. All were released onbail and ordered to report to the Policeon a daily basis pending the conclusionof the investigation of the attack.

February 2008, MoroccoMoroccan authorities arrestedmembers of the Beliraj group, which was associated with the al-Badil al-Hadari (Civilised Alternative)Islamist party, in connection with a plot to assassinate army officers and members of the local Jewishcommunity. The group is said to havebeen in contact with the Algerian Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb(AQIM, formerly of the GSPC) and tohave undergone training with Hizbollahin Lebanon. Among those arrested wasAbdelhafid Sriti, the local correspondentfor the Hizbollah al Manar televisionstation. The leader of the group,Abdelkader Beliraj, was also chargedwith the murder of Dr Joseph Wybran,the elected leader of the BelgianJewish community, in 1989.

March 2008, ManilaPhilippine authorities arrested threemen of Middle Eastern origin, one ofthem Jordanian, suspected of planningto bomb the Israeli, US, British andAustralian embassies in Manila. Thethree were believed to have links tothe Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah andAbu Sayyaf terrorist groups. In August2009, the Philippine security services

arrested the leader of the Abu Sayyafgroup and charged him withinvolvement in the plot.

26 November 2008, Mumbai In a multi-pronged attack on publicbuildings in Mumbai, Lashkar-e-Toibaterrorists arriving by boat fromPakistan attacked the Chabad-LubavitchNariman House, holding its sixoccupants hostage before killing them.Amongst the six killed were RabbiGavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka.In total, 170 people were killed in theMumbai attacks, six of them Jewish orIsraeli, and 308 injured. Thesubsequent investigation establishedthat the terrorists and their Americanliaison, Daood Sajed Gilani (aka DavidColeman Headley), had previouslysurveilled the target buildingsextensively, and returned to India in2009 to carry out further surveillanceon other Jewish buildings, includingthe Chabad House in Pune, which wasthe intended target of a bombing inFebruary 2010. The sole survivingterrorist, Ajmal Kasab, was sentencedto death for his part in the attacks inMay 2010. Headley pleaded guilty on18 March 2010 to his involvement inthe attack and to planning anotherattack against the offices of a Danishnewspaper that printed the controversialcartoons depicting the ProphetMohammed. He had surveilled asynagogue in Denmark as part of thisplot, under the mistaken belief thatthe intended target, the editor of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper, was Jewish.

18 December 2008, ManchesterRangzieb Ahmed, described by Police asthe highest-ranking Al-Qaeda terroristto have been apprehended in the UK,was sentenced to life imprisonment for

2009

establishing a terrorist network inManchester. He was arrested on arrivalin the UK in 2007 on a flight fromPakistan. Convicted with him wereHabib Ahmed (no relation) and HabibAhmed’s wife Mehreen Haji. Theprosecution case was based primarilyon two notebooks with plans, some ofthem encoded, of potential targets.Among these were Sir Trevor Chinn,president of the United Jewish IsraelAppeal, member of the JewishLeadership Council and personal friendof then Prime Minister Tony Blair.

2009

21 May 2009, New York CityMuslim converts James Cromitie, DavidWilliams, Onta Williams and LaguerrePayen were charged with plotting tobomb two synagogues in the Bronx, andto shoot down US military planes with aStinger missile. At his trial, it was statedthat the group leader, Cromitie, spoke ofwanting to blow up a synagogue to venthis anger against Jews. The group hadbeen infiltrated by the FBI from theoutset, and the plot would never havecome to fruition. In October 2010, allfour were found guilty and convicted.

22 May 2009, Porto AlegrePolice foiled a plot to bomb at least twosynagogues in southern Brazil. Neo-Naziliterature, knives and three home-madeexplosive devices were seized, and 14 alleged members of Neuland, a neo-Nazi group, were detained althoughlater released pending an investigation.

1 June 2009, NashvilleAbdul Hakim Muhammad, a convert to Islam formerly known as CarlosBledsoe, admitted an arson attemptagainst the home of the Sherith Israel


010

020

030

040

050

0Year and Casualties Totals

Year Killed Injured

1968 1 2

1969 1 19

1970 48 9

1971 1 0

1972 10 3

1973 3 2

1974 0 0

1975 2 38

1976 5 20

1977 0 0

1978 2 2

1979 1 75

1980 28 121

1981 10 32

1982 11 132

1983 1 6

1984 1 1

1985 31 232

1986 36 270

1987 0 1

1988 15 130

1989 1 1

1990 11 20

1991 0 6

1992 30 256

1993 0 0

1994 107 207

1995 0 14

1996 18 21

1997 0 0

1998 0 0

1999 1 13

2000 0 9

2001 0 0

2002 34 99

2003 71 400

2004 0 0

2005 0 0

2006 1 5

2007 0 0

2008 170 308*

2009 1 0

2010 9 57

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

*This total includes all the casualties from the combined Mumbai terrorist attacks as

they were part of one operation, although only one of the targets was Jewish.


Synagogue rabbi. This emerged whenhe was charged with a shooting attackat a US Army recruitment centre inLittle Rock, Arkansas, in which onesoldier was killed and another wasinjured, a few days later. His attack on the rabbi failed when he attackedthe wrong house and his Molotovcocktail bounced off the window,doing little damage. The attack wasintended to be the start of a plannednationwide terrorist campaign, forwhich Muhammad had undertakensurveillance on several institutions,including Jewish facilities.

2 June 2009, Newcastle andBurnopfield, County DurhamFather and son Ian and NickyDavison, both members of the neo-Nazi Aryan Strike Force, werearrested in connection with makingbombs, including ricin bombs. At theirtrial in May 2010, it was stated thatthey hated Jews, and other minorities, and wanted to take violent directaction. Ian Davison pleaded guilty to charges relating to publishinginstructions on bomb-making, and was sentenced to 10 yearsimprisonment. Nicky Davison wasconvicted of possession of materiallikely to be of use to a terrorist andsentenced to two years imprisonment.

10 June 2009, Washington, DCJames Von Brunn, an 88-year-oldAmerican with a long involvement inantisemitic and neo-Nazi organisations,entered the United States HolocaustMemorial Museum and shot numerouspeople, including a security guard, whowas killed. He was himself shot byanother security guard and subsequentlydied of his injuries in hospital shortlybefore he was due to appear in court.

11 June 2009, BakuTwo Lebanese Hizbollah operatives,Karaki Ali Mohammad and NajmaddinAli Huseyn, both travelling on Iranianpassports, were sentenced to 15 yearsin prison for plotting to bomb the Jewishcommunity centre and the Israeliembassy in Baku and a Russian radarstation. Four Azerbaijani locals werealso convicted in what was described as a revenge plot engineered by theIranian Revolutionary Guards after theassassination of Hizbollah’s militarychief, Imad Mughniyeh. In August 2010,the two Lebanese were freed in aprisoner swop for Azeris held in Iran.

16 November 2009, TurkeySecurity forces carried out severalraids across Turkey, resulting in thearrest of 32 members of a networkwith suspected links to Al-Qaeda. It is alleged that they were planningto carry out attacks against Israeli,American and NATO targets.

19 November 2009, Sana’aTwo suspected Houthi rebels werearrested on suspicion of planning the assassination of a local rabbi,following his accusation that theywished to displace the Jews of Saadaand Amram in Yemen.

9 December 2009, Lancashire and South WalesMichael Heaton and TrevorHannington, both members of theneo-Nazi Aryan Strike Force, werearrested in connection with calls to kill Jews, and others, on the websitethat Hannington administered for thegroup. At their trial in June 2010,Hannington pleaded guilty to threeoffences of collecting informationlikely to be of use to a person


2010

committing or preparing acts ofterrorism, and one offence of dissemi-nating a terrorist publication. He wasfound not guilty of soliciting murder.Heaton was found guilty of stirring up racial hatred but not of solicitingmurder. Hannington was sentenced to two years imprisonment, Heaton to 30 months imprisonment.

2010

13 February 2010, PuneNine people were killed and 57 injuredby a bomb that exploded in theGerman Bakery restaurant in Pune,India. The Chief Minister of the Indianstate of Maharashtra, where thebombing took place, later revealedthat their investigations had found the intended target to have been the nearby Chabad House, which hadbeen previously surveilled by DavidHeadley. However, the security at the location had been too strong anddeterred the bombers. Responsibilityfor the attack was later claimed by a Kashmiri Al-Qaeda affiliate.

20 February 2010, CairoAn Egyptian man, Gamal Hussein,threw a suitcase containing anincendiary device at the ShaarHashamayim synagogue in Cairo fromthe window of a hotel opposite. Thedevice caught fire but did not causeany casualties or damage to thebuilding. Hussein, who acted alone buthad a record of violent Islamist activityin the 1980s, was jailed for five years.

June 2010, Casablanca, Azilal and OujdaThe Moroccan authorities detained 11 members of a global jihadi networklinked to Al-Qaeda in June 2010 and

charged them with conspiring toattack tourist and governmenttargets, and to assassinate prominentmembers of the Jewish community.The group consisted of Palestinian and Moroccan members and wasestablished by former PIJ memberand Gaza resident Yahya al Hindi (aka Abu Kathada al-Shami), who hadpreviously visited Afghanistan wherehe underwent training with the Talibanand made contact with Al-Qaeda.

23 November 2010, AntwerpPolice arrested a group of jihadists in Belgium suspected of planningterrorist attacks targeting Jews andNATO vehicles in Belgium. The arrestswere part of a wider investigation intothe financing of a Chechen terroristnetwork, involving arrests in severalother countries.

23 November 2010, AthensTwo men were arrested by Police and found to be carrying all thecomponent parts for the constructionof Molotov cocktails. The menexpressed ultra-nationalist beliefsduring questioning and confessed thatthey were planning an arson attack on the Athens Synagogue.

20 December 2010, London, Stoke and CardiffPolice charged nine men with terroristoffences. It is alleged they had beenplanning to attack two Londonsynagogues and their rabbis, amongst other targets.

International SolidarityInternational Workers Organisation (Portugal)Iranian GovernmentJami'yyat ul Islam Is ShaheehJanuary 15 Organisation/Palestinian Islamic JihadJapanese Red ArmyKameradenschaft Sud (Germany)Ku Klux Klan (USA)Lashkar-e-Toiba (Pakistan)League of French Combatants Against Jewish ConquestLebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF)Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic FrontMay 15 Organisation (Abu Ibrahim Group)National and European Fascists (FNE)National Front of Palestine StudentsNational Liberation Army (ELN) Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus in Solidarity with the Palestinian PeopleNational Liberation Front (NLF— France)National Socialist Party (Spain)Neuland (Brazil)Organisation for the Defence of Europe Palestine Liberation Front (Abu Abbas)Palestinian Party in Mexico Peoples League for Free PalestinePersevering Workers of IslamPLO/Fatah/Force 17/Abu Musa/Fatah Black September/PNLOPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP-GC)Popular Struggle Front (PSF — Samir Ghawsha)Red Army Faction/Revolutionary Cells (Baader-Meinhof Group)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolution of Christians Against the Jewish EnemyRevolutionary Perspective GroupSecret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaShining Path (Sendero Luminoso, Peru)Tel el Z'AterThe Call of Jesus Christ (Belgium)The Order (USA)Toffah/Appel Group (Denmark)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupamaros West-Berlin (Dieter Kunzelman)Turkish Liberation ArmyUnaffiliated Arab nationalists/Palestinians (secular) Unaffiliated Global JihadisUnaffiliated neo-NazisWadi Haddad Group (split from PFLP)Wehrsportgruppe Hoffman (Karl Heinz Hoffman Military Sports Group)World Church of the Creator (USA)Young Muslims Organisation Unknown/No claim of responsibility

19th April Movement (M-19)Abu Sayyaf/Jemaah Islamiyah (Philippines/Indonesia)Action Directe (France)Al Gamaa al Islamiyya (Egypt)Al-Qaeda and affiliates (AQIM, al Badil al Hadari, Salafist Group for Call & Combat, Salafiya Jihadiya)Al-Tawhid (Abu Musab Al Zarqawi)Amal (Lebanese)Anti-Zionist Autonomy (Denmark)Arab Commando GroupArab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of Palestine (ANYLP)Armed Islamic Group (GIA, Algeria)Armed People's Units (Kurdish Workers Party — PKK)Armed Propaganda Union Anti-Camp David FrontAryan Nations (USA)Aryan Strike Force (UK)As - Saiqa/Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution (AS)Autonomous Collective for Intervention Against Zionist Presence in France and Against the Israel-Egyptian Peace TreatyBlack Lebanon OrganisationBlack Star GroupChristian anti-Zionist GroupCommando Anticommunista MendozaCommando for a Free PalestineCommunist Armed Group (Italy)Copernic Two (France)Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)Deutsche Aktions Gruppen (Germany)Dutch Red Youth (Netherlands)Egyptian Awakening GroupEgyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (ERP)Fatah Revolutionary Council (FRC — Abu Nidal)Free Lebanon of Foreigners OrganisationGroupe Action JeunesseHamasHeroes of PalestineHizbollah (Lebanese)/Islamic Jihad Organisation/Ansar al AllahHizbollah (Turkish) Hofstad Network (Netherlands)

1

11

1

1

3

1

1

24

1

1

2

2

5

3

1

2

7

1

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

2

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

21

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1 3

1

12

1

1

1

1

1

1

5

1

2

21

1

1

1

1

2

1

13

221

1

1

25

1

1

1

2

14

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

142

1

1

1

4

1

9

1

1

1

1

15

1

1

3

Arge

ntin

a

Aust

ralia

Aust

ria

Azer

baija

n

Belg

ium

Boliv

ia

Braz

il

Cana

da

Chile

Colu

mbi

a

Cypr

us

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

Den

mar

k

Ecua

dor

Egyp

t

El S

alva

dor

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

eceAttacks by Organisation

and Country

Where an attack involved the cooperation of more than one organisation, it is listed under

every organisation involved in the plot. Israel is included in all tables where it was the target

of an attack that originated overseas, or where terrorist capacity in Israel/Palestinian

Territories was used to plan an attack to take place overseas.


2

2

4

1

1

37

21

1

4 1 1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

361

2

13 2

1

International SolidarityInternational Workers Organisation (Portugal)Iranian GovernmentJami'yyat ul Islam Is ShaheehJanuary 15 Organisation/Palestinian Islamic JihadJapanese Red ArmyKameradenschaft Sud (Germany)Ku Klux Klan (USA)Lashkar-e-Toiba (Pakistan)League of French Combatants Against Jewish ConquestLebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF)Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic FrontMay 15 Organisation (Abu Ibrahim Group)National and European Fascists (FNE)National Front of Palestine StudentsNational Liberation Army (ELN) Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus in Solidarity with the Palestinian PeopleNational Liberation Front (NLF – France)National Socialist Party (Spain)Neuland (Brazil)Organisation for the Defence of Europe Palestine Liberation Front (Abu Abbas)Palestinian Party in Mexico Peoples League for Free PalestinePersevering Workers of IslamPLO/Fatah/Force 17/Abu Musa/Fatah Black September/PNLOPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP-GC)Popular Struggle Front (PSF – Samir Ghawsha)Red Army Faction/Revolutionary Cells (Baader-Meinhof Group)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolution of Christians Against the Jewish EnemyRevolutionary Perspective GroupSecret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaShining Path (Sendero Luminoso, Peru)Tel el Z'AterThe Call of Jesus Christ (Belgium)The Order (USA)Toffah/Appel Group (Denmark)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupamaros West-Berlin (Dieter Kunzelman)Turkish Liberation ArmyUnaffiliated Arab nationalists/Palestinians (secular) Unaffiliated Global JihadisUnaffiliated neo-NazisWadi Haddad Group (split from PFLP)Wehrsportgruppe Hoffman (Karl Heinz Hoffman Military Sports Group)World Church of the Creator (USA)Young Muslims Organisation Unknown/No claim of responsibility

19th April Movement (M-19)Abu Sayyaf/Jemaah Islamiyah (Philippines/Indonesia)Action Directe (France)Al Gamaa al Islamiyya (Egypt)Al-Qaeda and affiliates (AQIM, al Badil al Hadari, Salafist Group for Call & Combat, Salafiya Jihadiya)Al-Tawhid (Abu Musab Al Zarqawi)Amal (Lebanese)Anti-Zionist Autonomy (Denmark)Arab Commando GroupArab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of Palestine (ANYLP)Armed Islamic Group (GIA, Algeria)Armed People's Units (Kurdish Workers Party — PKK)Armed Propaganda Union Anti-Camp David FrontAryan Nations (USA)Aryan Strike Force (UK)As - Saiqa/Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution (AS)Autonomous Collective for Intervention Against Zionist Presence in France and Against the Israel-Egyptian Peace TreatyBlack Lebanon OrganisationBlack Star GroupChristian anti-Zionist GroupCommando Anticommunista MendozaCommando for a Free PalestineCommunist Armed Group (Italy)Copernic Two (France)Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)Deutsche Aktions Gruppen (Germany)Dutch Red Youth (Netherlands)Egyptian Awakening GroupEgyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (ERP)Fatah Revolutionary Council (FRC — Abu Nidal)Free Lebanon of Foreigners OrganisationGroupe Action JeunesseHamasHeroes of PalestineHizbollah (Lebanese)/Islamic Jihad Organisation/Ansar al AllahHizbollah (Turkish) Hofstad Network (Netherlands)

1

1

6

1

1

1

1

1

1

7

1

21

1

11

1

1

1

11

2

11

1

1

676

2

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

1

1

1

31

11

1

1

131

18

1

41

11

41

1

1

1

331

1

126

4

7

1

11

1

111

2

11

133

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

111

123

3

1

1

2

1

11

4

5

311

2

4

1481

1

1

3211

2

1

1

3

35211

11

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

3111

1

12

1

1

1

6

1

1

1

31

1

1

1

1

1

411

1

1

4

2

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

4

721

1

1

111

11 1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

5

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

11

1

1

121

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

11

1

1

1

13

1

1

111

1

1

14

1

1

Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 79Terrorist Incidents 1968-2010 / 78

Gua

tem

ala

Hun

gary

Indi

a

Iran

Isra

el

Ital

y

Japa

n

Keny

a

Leba

non

Mal

aysi

a

Mal

ta

Mau

ritan

ia

Mex

ico

Mor

occo

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Pana

ma

Para

guay

Peru

Philipp

ines

Port

ugal

Rom

ania

Russ

ia

Sing

apor

e

Sout

h Af

rica

Sout

h Ko

rea

Spai

n

Swed

en

Switz

erla

nd

Thai

land

Tuni

sia

Turk

ey

Uga

nda

UK

Ukr

aine

Uru

guay

USA

Vene

zuel

a

Yem

en

Attacks by Organisation and Target

Syna

gogu

e

Jew

ish

Sch

ool

Jew

ish

linke

d bu

ildin

g/co

mm

unal

org

anis

atio

nPr

omin

ent

Jew

ish

indi

vidu

al

Jew

ish

Indi

vidu

al

Isra

el li

nked

bu

ildin

g/or

gani

satio

n El

Al/

Zim

O

ffic

e/Cou

nter

Plan

e/Shi

p Is

rael

gov

ernm

ent

repr

esen

tativ

e/em

ploy

ee

Isra

eli/

Isra

el li

nked

pr

ivat

e in

divi

dual

Is

rael

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)Tupamaros West-Berlin (Dieter Kunzelman)Popular Struggle Front (PSF – Samir Ghawsha)PLO/Fatah/Force 17/Abu Musa/Fatah Black September/PNLORed Army Faction/Revolutionary Cells (Baader-Meinhof Group)Unknown/No claim of responsibilityPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP-GC)Unaffiliated Arab nationalists/Palestinians (secular) Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (ERP)Turkish Liberation ArmyArab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of Palestine (ANYLP)As - Saiqa/Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution (AS)Arab Commando GroupCommando Anticommunista MendozaOrganisation for the Defence of Europe Dutch Red Youth (Netherlands)Group Action JeunesseJapanese Red ArmyNational Front of Palestine StudentsWadi Haddad Group (split from PFLP)Unaffiliated neo-NazisTel el Z'AterNational Liberation Front (NLF – France)Autonomous Collective for Intervention Against Zionist Presence in France and Against the Israel-Egyptian Peace TreatyInternational Workers Organisation (Portugal)League of French Combatants Against Jewish ConquestNational Socialist Party (Spain)Armed Propaganda Union Anti-Camp David FrontChristian anti-Zionist GroupDeutsche Aktions Gruppen (Germany)Egyptian Awakening GroupNational and European Fascists (FNE)Secret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaWehrsportgruppe Hoffman (Karl Heinz Hoffman Military Sports Group)Young Muslims Organisation Fatah Revolutionary Council (FRC - Abu Nidal)Iranian GovernmentAction Directe (France)May 15 Organisation (Abu Ibrahim Group)Black Lebanon OrganisationCommunist Armed Group (Italy)Free Lebanon of Foreigners OrganisationLebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF)Palestinian Party in Mexico Peoples League for Free PalestineRed Brigades (Italy)19th April Movement (M-19)Copernic Two (France)The Order (USA)Palestine Liberation Front (Abu Abbas)Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso, Peru)Hizbollah (Lebanese)/Islamic Jihad Organisation/Ansar al AllahRevolution of Christians Against the Jewish EnemyThe Call of Jesus Christ (Belgium)Anti-Zionist Autonomy (Denmark)Commando for a Free PalestineNational Liberation Army (ELN) Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus in Solidarity with the Palestinian PeopleArmed People's Units (Kurdish Workers Party - PKK)January 15 Organisation/Palestinian Islamic JihadToffah/Appel Group (Denmark)Ku Klux Klan (USA)Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic FrontTupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Unaffiliated Global JihadisAmal (Lebanese)Heroes of PalestineHizbollah (Turkish) Persevering Workers of IslamArmed Islamic Group (GIA, Algeria)Al Gamaa al Islamiyya (Egypt)International SolidarityBlack Star GroupWorld Church of the Creator (USA)Aryan Nations (USA)Al-Qaeda and affiliates (AQIM, al Badil al Hadari, Salafist Group for Call & Combat, Salafiya Jihadiya)Revolutionary Perspective GroupAbu Sayyaf/Jemaah Islamiyah (Philippines/Indonesia)Al-Tawhid (Abu Musab Al Zarqawi)HamasKameradenschaft Sud (Germany)Jami'yyat ul Islam Is ShaheehHofstad Network (Netherlands)Lashkar-e-Toiba (Pakistan)Aryan Strike Force (UK)Neuland (Brazil)

2 8 2 4 3 2 4 1 1 1 1111 11 9 15 31 13 4 3 6 2 2 9 2 3 6 4 8

2 1 2 1 13 2

11

11 1 5

111

11111 21 1 1

11

1

111

111121113 41

15International Solidarity

International Workers Organisation (Portugal)Iranian GovernmentJami'yyat ul Islam Is ShaheehJanuary 15 Organisation/Palestinian Islamic JihadJapanese Red ArmyKameradenschaft Sud (Germany)Ku Klux Klan (USA)Lashkar-e-Toiba (Pakistan)League of French Combatants Against Jewish ConquestLebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF)Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic FrontMay 15 Organisation (Abu Ibrahim Group)National and European Fascists (FNE)National Front of Palestine StudentsNational Liberation Army (ELN) Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus in Solidarity with the Palestinian PeopleNational Liberation Front (NLF – France)National Socialist Party (Spain)Neuland (Brazil)Organisation for the Defence of Europe Palestine Liberation Front (Abu Abbas)Palestinian Party in Mexico Peoples League for Free PalestinePersevering Workers of IslamPLO/Fatah/Force 17/Abu Musa/Fatah Black September/PNLOPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP-GC)Popular Struggle Front (PSF – Samir Ghawsha)Red Army Faction/Revolutionary Cells (Baader-Meinhof Group)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolution of Christians Against the Jewish EnemyRevolutionary Perspective GroupSecret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaShining Path (Sendero Luminoso, Peru)Tel el Z'AterThe Call of Jesus Christ (Belgium)The Order (USA)Toffah/Appel Group (Denmark)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupamaros West-Berlin (Dieter Kunzelman)Turkish Liberation ArmyUnaffiliated Arab nationalists/Palestinians (secular) Unaffiliated Global JihadisUnaffiliated neo-NazisWadi Haddad Group (split from PFLP)Wehrsportgruppe Hoffman (Karl Heinz Hoffman Military Sports Group)World Church of the Creator (USA)Young Muslims Organisation Unknown/No claim of responsibility

19th April Movement (M-19)Abu Sayyaf/Jemaah Islamiyah (Philippines/Indonesia)Action Directe (France)Al Gamaa al Islamiyya (Egypt)Al-Qaeda and affiliates (AQIM, al Badil al Hadari, Salafist Group for Call & Combat, Salafiya Jihadiya)Al-Tawhid (Abu Musab Al Zarqawi)Amal (Lebanese)Anti-Zionist Autonomy (Denmark)Arab Commando GroupArab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of Palestine (ANYLP)Armed Islamic Group (GIA, Algeria)Armed People's Units (Kurdish Workers Party — PKK)Armed Propaganda Union Anti-Camp David FrontAryan Nations (USA)Aryan Strike Force (UK)As - Saiqa/Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution (AS)Autonomous Collective for Intervention Against Zionist Presence in France and Against the Israel-Egyptian Peace TreatyBlack Lebanon OrganisationBlack Star GroupChristian anti-Zionist GroupCommando Anticommunista MendozaCommando for a Free PalestineCommunist Armed Group (Italy)Copernic Two (France)Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)Deutsche Aktions Gruppen (Germany)Dutch Red Youth (Netherlands)Egyptian Awakening GroupEgyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (ERP)Fatah Revolutionary Council (FRC — Abu Nidal)Free Lebanon of Foreigners OrganisationGroup Action JeunesseHamasHeros of PalestineHizbollah (Lebanese)/Islamic Jihad Organisation/Ansar al AllahHizbollah (Turkish) Hofstad Network (Netherlands)

226219

111112112271

1111111111121241111143111511111113113211

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International SolidarityInternational Workers Organisation (Portugal)Iranian GovernmentJami'yyat ul Islam Is ShaheehJanuary 15 Organisation/Palestinian Islamic JihadJapanese Red ArmyKameradenschaft Sud (Germany)Ku Klux Klan (USA)Lashkar-e-Toiba (Pakistan)League of French Combatants Against Jewish ConquestLebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF)Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic FrontMay 15 Organisation (Abu Ibrahim Group)National and European Fascists (FNE)National Front of Palestine StudentsNational Liberation Army (ELN) Ernesto Che Guevara Nucleus in Solidarity with the Palestinian PeopleNational Liberation Front (NLF– France)National Socialist Party (Spain)Neuland (Brazil)Organisation for the Defence of Europe Palestine Liberation Front (Abu Abbas)Palestinian Party in Mexico Peoples League for Free PalestinePersevering Workers of IslamPLO/Fatah/Force 17/Abu Musa/Fatah Black September/PNLOPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP-GC)Popular Struggle Front (PSF – Samir Ghawsha)Red Army Faction/Revolutionary Cells (Baader–Meinhof Group)Red Brigades (Italy)Revolution of Christians Against the Jewish EnemyRevolutionary Perspective GroupSecret Army for the Liberation of ArmeniaShining Path (Sendero Luminoso, Peru)Tel el Z'AterThe Call of Jesus Christ (Belgium)The Order (USA)Toffah/Appel Group (Denmark)Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)Tupamaros West-Berlin (Dieter Kunzelman)Turkish Liberation ArmyUnaffiliated Arab nationalists/Palestinians (secular) Unaffiliated Global JihadisUnaffiliated neo-NazisWadi Haddad Group (split from PFLP)Wehrsportgruppe Hoffman (Karl Heinz Hoffman Military Sports Group)World Church of the Creator (USA)Young Muslims Organisation Unknown/No claim of responsibility

19th April Movement (M-19)Abu Sayyaf/Jemaah Islamiyah (Philippines/Indonesia)Action Directe (France)Al Gamaa al Islamiyya (Egypt)Al-Qaeda and affiliates (AQIM, al Badil al Hadari, Salafist Group for Call & Combat, Salafiya Jihadiya)Al-Tawhid (Abu Musab Al Zarqawi)Amal (Lebanese)Anti-Zionist Autonomy (Denmark)Arab Commando GroupArab Nationalist Youth for the Liberation of Palestine (ANYLP)Armed Islamic Group (GIA, Algeria)Armed People's Units (Kurdish Workers Party — PKK)Armed Propaganda Union Anti-Camp David FrontAryan Nations (USA)Aryan Strike Force (UK)As - Saiqa/Eagles of the Palestinian Revolution (AS)Autonomous Collective for Intervention Against Zionist Presence in France and Against the Israel-Egyptian Peace TreatyBlack Lebanon OrganisationBlack Star GroupChristian anti-Zionist GroupCommando Anticommunista MendozaCommando for a Free PalestineCommunist Armed Group (Italy)Copernic Two (France)Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)Deutsche Aktions Gruppen (Germany)Dutch Red Youth (Netherlands)Egyptian Awakening GroupEgyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)Ejercito Revolucionaio Del Pueblo (ERP)Fatah Revolutionary Council (FRC — Abu Nidal)Free Lebanon of Foreigners OrganisationGroup Action JeunesseHamasHeroes of PalestineHizbollah (Lebanese)/Islamic Jihad Organisation/Ansar al AllahHizbollah (Turkish) Hofstad Network (Netherlands)

1

132

1

2

11

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1

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21

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33

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311

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80 / Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010 81 / Terrorist Incidents 1968–2010

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

Attacks by Organisation and Year

Organisation and Incident Totals

The n

um

ber

of in

cid

ents

by o

rganis

ation e

xceeds the tota

l of 427 a

ttacks d

ue to s

om

e a

ttacks involv

ing m

ore

than o

ne o

rganis

ation.

Ars

on (

ince

ndia

ry

devi

ces)

Mis

sile

/roc

ket

Hos

tage

Hija

ck

Han

d G

rena

de

Car

bom

bPa

rcel

or

Lett

er

bom

bSho

otin

gAbo

rted

at

tem

pt/f

oile

d pl

otBom

b (i

mpr

ovis

ed

expl

osiv

e de

vice

s)Po

ison

Attacks by Organisation and Modus Operandi

1 1 1 1 2

3 3 1 2 11 1

3 6 4 8 28 11 2 6 1 3 8 5 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 11 1 1 12 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

1 5

21 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

11

111

111121113 4 4 2 2 3 3 1 1 11 2 1 1

1 55 3 2 3

11131111 1

11

11 11 21 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1

11

111

111

1111 1 1 2 1 2 4 3 3

11

1 1 11

1 11 1

1121 11 4 4 2 2 3 1 2

11 1

111

11

121

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010


Terrorism against Jewish communitiesand Israeli targets abroad representsthe most violent aspect ofcontemporary antisemitism, and thegreatest physical danger to DiasporaJewish communities. Antisemiticconspiracy theory, extremist ideologyand irrational hatred combine with therational calculations of political violenceto threaten the lives of ordinary Jewsand others all over the world. Thisongoing terrorist threat to Jewsdemonstrates in the starkest termswhy Jewish communities requiresecurity at their synagogues, schoolsand community buildings, and that anattack on a Diaspora Jewish communityis also an attack on the state and itscapacity to protect its citizens.

Terrorist Incidents Against JewishCommunities and Israelis Abroadcatalogues 427 terrorist attacks andplots, including those which were foiledby police or aborted by the plotters,which targeted Jews or Israelis outsideIsrael between 1968 and 2010. Itincludes attacks and plots by neo-Nazis,Marxist-Leninists, anarchists, Palestinianand other Arab nationalists,revolutionary Iran and its surrogatesand radical Sunni Islamists. The first

edition of this book, which was publishedin 2003 by CST and the Institute forCounter-Terrorism in Herzliya, Israel,was the first time that this history ofpost-1967 anti-Jewish terrorism hadbeen comprehensively collated. Thisedition includes an updated chronologyof attacks, an expanded analysis andnew statistical tables.

This book is an invaluable aid toJewish security professionals andvolunteers, law enforcement agencies,governments, academics and othersinterested in the study of terrorism,antisemitism, political and religiousextremism and the terrorist threat to Jewish Diaspora communities.

CST (the Community Security Trust) is a registered charity that advises andrepresents the UK Jewish communityon matters of antisemitism, terrorism,policing and security. CST receivedcharitable status in 1994 and isrecognised by Government and Policeas a model of a minority communitysecurity organisation. CST providessecurity advice and training for Jewishorganisations and gives assistance to those affected by antisemitism.

ISBN 978-0-9548471-4-2

Documents

CST Terrorist Incidents 2010 - Community Security Trust