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What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus? 2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
• Historical
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
• Historical
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
• Historical
• Theoretical
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
• Historical
• Theoretical
2
What is the purpose of the Crossroads Corpus?
Leverhulme funded project``Crossroads: Investigating the Unexplored Side of Multilingualism’'
• Typological
• Historical
• Theoretical
• Cognitive
2
Corpus Sources - https://lat1.lis.soas.ac.uk
• SNA Study
• Sociolinguistic interviews
• Controlled experiments
• Elicitation
• DOBES corpus on Bainounk
• SOAS’ ELAR corpus
• MesoSpace3
CorpusStructure:Genres4
CorpusStructure:Genres4
CorpusStructure:Genres4
Kujireray:456
CorpusStructure:Genres4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
CorpusStructure:Genres4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
CorpusStructure:Genres
Gubëeher:352
4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
Stagedcommunicative
events:237
CorpusStructure:Genres
Gubëeher:352
4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
Stagedcommunicative
events:237
Observedcommunicative
events:119
CorpusStructure:Genres
Gubëeher:352
4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
Stagedcommunicative
events:237
Observedcommunicative
events:119
CorpusStructure:Genres
Interview:177
Gubëeher:352
4
Bandial:419
Kujireray:456
Stagedcommunicative
events:237
Observedcommunicative
events:119
CorpusStructure:Genres
Interview:177
Elicitation: 62
Gubëeher:352
4
French486
Wolof453
Fogny220
Bayot149 Gujaher
162
Kriolu155
Mandinka88
Buluf37
Pulaar83
CorpusStructure:Languages
Manjaku52
Kassa23
Mancgne23 Kuwaatay
6Hitou149
5
Borders and Boundaries
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Phonemic Jóola Bandial Jóola Kujireray Baïnounk Gubëeher
Lenition X X X
Geminates X X X
Long Vowels X X
ɡ X X
k X X
NT X
Borders and Boundaries
6
Phonemic Jóola Bandial Jóola Kujireray Baïnounk Gubëeher
Lenition X X X
Geminates X X X
Long Vowels X X
ɡ X X
k X X
NT X
Variable Variation
Velar consonants: [k ~ ɡ ~ x ~ ɣ] ~ [h]
• ex. ‘to tie/attach’ ɛ-hɔh ~ ɛ-hɔx, ‘I tied/attached’ nɪ-hɔɣ-ɛ ~ nɪ-hɔɡ-ɛ
• ex. ‘palm wine funnel’ ga-ñaññaxBAN, ka-ñahahKUJ, gʊ-ñaakGUB
7
• ex. ‘peace/goodness’ ɡə-ssum-ayBAN ~ ka-suum-ayKUJ ~ kə-ssum-ayGUB
Variable Variation
Velar consonants: [k ~ ɡ ~ x ~ ɣ] ~ [h]
• ex. ‘to tie/attach’ ɛ-hɔh ~ ɛ-hɔx, ‘I tied/attached’ nɪ-hɔɣ-ɛ ~ nɪ-hɔɡ-ɛ
• ex. ‘palm wine funnel’ ga-ñaññaxBAN, ka-ñahahKUJ, gʊ-ñaakGUB
7
• ex. ‘peace/goodness’ ɡə-ssum-ayBAN ~ ka-suum-ayKUJ ~ kə-ssum-ayGUB
Variable Variation
Velar consonants: [k ~ ɡ ~ x ~ ɣ] ~ [h]
• ex. ‘to tie/attach’ ɛ-hɔh ~ ɛ-hɔx, ‘I tied/attached’ nɪ-hɔɣ-ɛ ~ nɪ-hɔɡ-ɛ
• ex. ‘palm wine funnel’ ga-ñaññaxBAN, ka-ñahahKUJ, gʊ-ñaakGUB
7
• ex. ‘peace/goodness’ ɡə-ssum-ayBAN ~ ka-suum-ayKUJ ~ kə-ssum-ayGUB
Variable Variation
Velar consonants: [k ~ ɡ ~ x ~ ɣ] ~ [h]
• ex. ‘to tie/attach’ ɛ-hɔh ~ ɛ-hɔx, ‘I tied/attached’ nɪ-hɔɣ-ɛ ~ nɪ-hɔɡ-ɛ
• ex. ‘palm wine funnel’ ga-ñaññaxBAN, ka-ñahahKUJ, gʊ-ñaakGUB
7
• ex. ‘peace/goodness’ ɡə-ssum-ayBAN ~ ka-suum-ayKUJ ~ kə-ssum-ayGUB
Variable Variation
Velar consonants: [k ~ ɡ ~ x ~ ɣ] ~ [h]
• ex. ‘to tie/attach’ ɛ-hɔh ~ ɛ-hɔx, ‘I tied/attached’ nɪ-hɔɣ-ɛ ~ nɪ-hɔɡ-ɛ
• ex. ‘palm wine funnel’ ga-ñaññaxBAN, ka-ñahahKUJ, gʊ-ñaakGUB
7
• ex. ‘peace/goodness’ ɡə-ssum-ayBAN ~ ka-suum-ayKUJ ~ kə-ssum-ayGUB
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences
8
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
2. Respondent: məsuume
‘all is peaceful’ “Hello.”
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
2. Respondent: məsuume
‘all is peaceful’ “Hello.”
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
3. Initiator-Questioner: kəsuumay?
‘goodness?/peace?’ “Is everything well?”
2. Respondent: məsuume
‘all is peaceful’ “Hello.”
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
3. Initiator-Questioner: kəsuumay?
‘goodness?/peace?’ “Is everything well?”
4. Respondent: kəsuumay bare.
‘There is peace only.’ “All is well.”
2. Respondent: məsuume
‘all is peaceful’ “Hello.”
Phonetic Convergences and Divergences1. Initiator-Questioner: nisaafi/nisaaful
‘I greet you/you.pl’ “Hello.”
8
3. Initiator-Questioner: kəsuumay?
‘goodness?/peace?’ “Is everything well?”
4. Respondent: kəsuumay bare.
‘There is peace only.’ “All is well.”
2. Respondent: məsuume
‘all is peaceful’ “Hello.”
Crossroads Spying
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16 13 9 8
saaful bʊ/saafil name.. kəsuumay
məsuumay məsuumay waaw/naam/oui bʊ
——- kəsuumay kəsuumay mʊlɔbɛ
——- kəsuumay barɛ ——- kəsuumay
46-total Crossroads Greetings: 21 k-, 3 g-
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384 Elan files in corpus 16 annotations*
(*half by researchers)
‘Gësúmay kep!’ - ESS120116SGa
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384 Elan files in corpus 16 annotations*
(*half by researchers)
‘Gësúmay kep!’ - ESS120116SGa
12
If a tree falls at the Crossroads…?
12
If a tree falls at the Crossroads…?
Sample Design
13
Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
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Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
ex. X no of hrs of interviews and SNA for LM, JAB, RD, AEC
13
Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
ex. X no of hrs of interviews and SNA for LM, JAB, RD, AEC
2. Labelling each interaction as one of three Communicative Contexts - Green and Abutalebi 2013
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Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
ex. X no of hrs of interviews and SNA for LM, JAB, RD, AEC
2. Labelling each interaction as one of three Communicative Contexts - Green and Abutalebi 2013
A. Single Language
13
Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
ex. X no of hrs of interviews and SNA for LM, JAB, RD, AEC
2. Labelling each interaction as one of three Communicative Contexts - Green and Abutalebi 2013
A. Single Language
B. Dual Language
13
Sample Design
1. Equal number of hours, genres, and languages for a given speaker
ex. X no of hrs of interviews and SNA for LM, JAB, RD, AEC
2. Labelling each interaction as one of three Communicative Contexts - Green and Abutalebi 2013
A. Single Language
B. Dual Language
C. Dense Code-switching
13
Single-language Contexts in the Corpus
14
Single-language Contexts in the Corpus
• French in school, church, meetings (with the researchers), official business conversations or those about politics
14
Single-language Contexts in the Corpus
• French in school, church, meetings (with the researchers), official business conversations or those about politics
• Wolof at the shop
14
Single-language Contexts in the Corpus
• French in school, church, meetings (with the researchers), official business conversations or those about politics
• Wolof at the shop• Jóola/Bainounk during ceremonies and rites such as funerals,
speeches
14
Single-language Contexts in the Corpus
• French in school, church, meetings (with the researchers), official business conversations or those about politics
• Wolof at the shop• Jóola/Bainounk during ceremonies and rites such as funerals,
speeches
14
“..no frequent switching between languages”
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
15
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
15
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
15
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
• Smaller participant conversations
15
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
• Smaller participant conversations
15
”…switching may occur within a conversation but not within an utterance”
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
• Smaller participant conversations
15
”…switching may occur within a conversation but not within an utterance”
Dual-languages Contexts in the Corpus
• Translated interviews, meetings, church ceremonies
• Smaller participant conversations
• More formal settings (will require closer examination to determine)
15
”…switching may occur within a conversation but not within an utterance”
Dense Code-Switching in the Corpus
16
Dense Code-Switching in the Corpus
• Celebrations
16
Dense Code-Switching in the Corpus
• Celebrations• Bar/campement
16
Dense Code-Switching in the Corpus
• Celebrations• Bar/campement• Informal settings - only context predicted to contain inter-
sentential switches in Adaptive Control Hypothesis
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Dense Code-Switching in the Corpus
• Celebrations• Bar/campement• Informal settings - only context predicted to contain inter-
sentential switches in Adaptive Control Hypothesis
16
”...routinely interleave their languages in the course of a single utterance and adapt words from one of their languages in the context of the other)”.
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17
Topic for Discussion
17
Topic for Discussion
How do we accurately and proportionally
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Topic for Discussion
How do we accurately and proportionally
represent realistic language data?
17
