COLLEGE & RESEARCH LIBRARIES

VOLUME 27 • NO. 2

ACRL Officers, 1965/66

President, Helen M. Brown; College Libraries Section Chairman, Martha L. Biggs; Junior College Libraries Section Chairman, Harriett Genung; Rare Books Section Chairman, Marcus A. McCorison; Subject Specialists Section Chairman, James Humphry, III; University Libraries Section Chairman, Everett T. Moore. ACRL Executive Secretary, George M. Bailey, 50 East Huron St., Chicago 60611.

ACRL Membership, February, 1966: Total . Institutional membership College . Junior College . Rare Books . Subject Specialists University

Total membership January 31, 1965

Notice-ACRL News, a Supplement to

College & Research Libraries

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BEGINNING with this issue (March 1966) College & Research Libraries will not in­clude News from the Field, Personnel profiles and notes, classified advertising, and other matter of a timely nature. Such material will be published in ACRL News, a supplement to College & Research Libraries, which will be mailed to members of ACRL each month. The News is being produced on a trial basis for six months. Arrangements for inclusion of the supplements with subscriptions to CRL, and for sale of copies must await hoped-for establishment of the publication on a perma­nent basis.

The change in publishing program was approved by the ACRL Board of Directors at the Midwinter 1966 meeting. Thus, we hope to provide for the publication of ( 1) scholarly information and ( 2) rapid news dissemination for the academic library profession.

Comments regarding the change in the ACRL publishing program should be sent to the editor of CRL or the executive secretary of ACRL. • •

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The file was compiled by the late Dr. John Hendley Barnhart during his long tenure at The New York Botanical Garden. _He was successively Editorial Assistant, Librarian, and Bibliographer, spending most of his forty-odd years of service in the library. He developed an extensive, indeed ~lmost unequaled, knowledge of botanical literature, and brought to his work an encyclopedic memory and a capacity for great precision in detail.

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Editorial Board: JoHN M. DAWSON, University of Delaware; GusTAVE A. HARRER, Boston University; SAMUEL RoTHSTEIN, University of British Co­lumbia; }AMES E. SKIPPER, Association of Research Libraries; NoRMAN E. TANIS, Henry Ford Community Col­lege; MAURICE F. TAUBER, Columbia University; EILEEN THORNTON, Ober­lin College.

Manuscripts of articles and copies of books submitted for review should be addressed to David Kaser, editor, Col­lege & Research Libraries, Joint Uni­versity Libraries, Nashville, Tenn. 37203. All articles submitted must be accompanied by an abstract of from 75 to 100 words in length. Material for the news sections should be sent to CRL, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 60611.

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Second-class postage paid at Fulton, Mo. and at additional mailing offices.

MARCH 1966 VOLUME 27 NO. 2

CONTENTS

Symbol Manipulative Programing for Bib­liographic Data Processing on Small Computers, by Frederick G. Kilgour

"Tenure" for Librarians in Academic Insti-

95

tutions, by David C. Weber 99

Some Ideas on Moving a Book Collection, by Matt Roberts 103

The Writing Habits of Librarians, by Masse Bloomfield 109

Library Technicians at Drexel, by Kenna Forsyth and Mary Y. Parr 120

Doctoral Programs and Library Resources, by Robert B. Downs 123

The Application of Special Library Services and Techniques to the College Library, by Florence DeHart 130

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II, by Dor-othy I oens Glasby 134

Book Reviews

Theory of Knowledge Classification in Li­braries, by Anand Prakash Sriva-stava, D. ]. Foskett 142

A Searcher's Manual, by George Lowy, C annie Dunlap 142

The Brothers Harper, by Eugene Exman, Donald W. Krummel 143

Focus on Information and Communica­tion, ed. by Barbara Kyle, ]esse H. Shera 144

Computer and Information Sciences, ed. by Julius T. Tou and Richard H. Wilcox, Robert Hayes 145

ACRL Board of Directors 147

The World Publishing Company announces two distinguished publishing

ventures of singular importance to libraries and private collections.

These facsimiles will become, we believe, essential reference materials for cartographers,

architects, sociologists and all concerned with city planning and the history of civilization.

THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM ADVISORY EDITORS: R. A. Skelton, Superintendent of the Map Room of the British Museum.

Alexander 0. Vietor, Curator of Maps_, Yale University Library.

THE Theatrum is a ·scholarly series of early atlases reproduced in magnifi­

cent facsimile. Three separate series are to be published, each containing six individ­ual volumes. The first will appear in April; the second and third in Fall, 1966. In total, the Theatrum encompasses the history and progress of geographical and carto­graphical knowledge from Ptolemy down through the centuries.

In the first three series are the master­pieces of the Fathers of geography and cartography, including Ptolemy's Cosmo­graphia, Waghenaer's Spieghel der Zee­vaert and Berlinghieri's Geographia.

Each volume is accompanied by an Introduction (Bibliographical Note, Litera­ture, Collation) by an acknowledged spe-

cialist in the history of cartography. Each volume in these magnificent series

is printed in photo-offset on specially-made paper ·of outstanding texture and quality and is strongly bound in full buckram. The · maps, all mounted on guards, faith­fully reproduce the original works in every aspect, including their sizes.

"These maps are essential s·ources for all who are interested in the history of car­tography and geography, and I am glad to see that your facsimiles are published at prices within the reach of so wide a circle of users.

"Your project is ambitious ... compre­hensive ... invaluable. I very much hope that you will be able to maintain, and even expand, your plans for continuing the series."-R. A. Skelton.

------- Each Series is Available only as a Complete Set -------

SERIES 1: $215.00 ProLEMAEUs-Cosmographia, Bologna 1477. ProLEMAEUs-Cosmographia, Ulm 1482. 0RTELIUS-Theatrum Orb is Terrarum,

Antwerp 1570. WAGHENAER-Spieghel der Zeevaert,

Leiden 1584-'85. WYTFLIET-Descriptionis Ptolemaicae

Augmentum, Lou vain 1597. JoHNSON (BLAEU)-Light of Navigation,

'Amsterdam 1612.

SERIES II: $290.00 ProLEMAEUs-Cosmographia. Rome, 1478. ProLEMAEUs-Geographia, Strassburg 1513. G. DE lODE-Speculum Orbis Terrarum.

Antwerp 1578.

L. SANUTo-Geografia ... dell'Africa. Venice 1588.

L J. WAGHENAER-Thresoor der Zeevaert. Leiden 1592.

M~ BououEREAu-Le Theatre Francois. Tours 1594.

SERIES Ill: $240.00 F. BERLINGHIERI-Geographia. Florence 1482. ProLEMAEUs-Geographia. Rome 1507/8. S. MUNSTER-Cosmographia. Basle 1544. L. J. WAGHENAER-The Mariner's Mirrour.

London 1588. P. KAERIUs-Germania Inferior.

Amsterdam 1617. R~ DUDLEY-Arcana del Mare. Florence 1661.

Each volume is printed in a large format, in most cases 11%" x 17% ".

CIVITATES ORBIS TERRARUM

Originally published in 1572-1618 and now made available in facsimile, beau­tifully .reproduced as a three-volume collection by The World Publishing Company, this work represents a land­mark in the history of urbanization.

To understand life in the 16th century·, this magnificent work offers the students of history, geography, sociology and the history of art and all aspects of city plan­ning, unusual insight for study in their fields.

This collection of town views presents a fascinating, illustrative account of the construction and location of towns· and castles, public buildings, domestic life, and modes of transportation common al­most 400 years ago. In all, more than 600 towns and buildings-from Amsterdam to Zurich, from Goa to Mexico City-are here depicted, including many of the first printed town plans. All are reproduced in their original size on 362 double-page plates, including 6 color plates of Amster­dam, Cologne, London, Paris, Stockholm and Venice. In addition, these works con­·tain the complete title pages, indices and descriptions of the original.

The Civitates was published in its origi­nal form by Georg Braun, Dean of the Chapter of Cologne, and Frans Hogen­berg, renowned engraver; among the com­missioned draughtsmen and painters who participated in the original creation was the famed Abraham Ortelius, who travelled from country to country studying and

sketching the towns, the people, the native costumes and customs.

Prefaced by R. V. Tooley, with an au­thoritative Bio-Bibliograghy by R. A. Skelton, Superintendent of the Map Room of the British Museum, this highly unusual collection represents a work of both au­thentic historic importance and contem­porary significance.

The paper, comparable in quality and texture to the 16th century rag paper, was specially made· for this edition. All three volumes measure approx. 11%" x 17 3~", are cloth bound and contain 362 doubl~­page plates, 6 of which are reproduced in full color; all plates are mounted on guards.

The price of this collection: Three Vol­ume Set: $195.00.

Orders for the Theatrum or Civitates collections may be sent to your bookseller, or The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio 44102.

Brochures are available on both series.

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FREDERICK G. KILGOUR

Symbol-Manipulative Programing for Bibliographic Data Processing

on Small Computers

Drawing upon experience in the processing of bibliographic data on a small computer, the author makes suggestions for appropriate pro­grams for production runs. Subfects covered by these suggestions in­clude programing language, procedures of program preparation, cod­ing and flagging, field length, and hints on effective program appli­cation.

RELATIVELY LITTLE has been writ­ten on symbol-manipulative program­ing, and papers that have appeared discuss "high-lever' languages to be run on large machines.1 Furthermore, pub­lications in the general field of language­data processing are concerned, for the most part, with machine translation or information retrieval from natural lan­guage-two procedures which require large computers. However, in 1963 Don S. Culbertson proposed that COBOL should be the standard computer lan­guage for library data processing, 2 and in the same year I. H. Pizer, D . R. Franz, and Estelle Brodman raised objections to

1 "ACM Conference on Symbol Manipulation, May 20-21, 1960," Communications of the ACM, III (April 1960), 183-234; "Design, Implementation and Appli­cation of IR-Oriented Languages," in " Papers ..• at ... Princeton, N.J., October 20-21, 1961," Com­munications of the ACM, V (January 1962), 8-46; [Symposium on Symbolic Languages in Data Proc­essing, Rome, 1962.] Symbolic Languages in Data Processing (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1962), p. 114-85 ; Philip M. Sherman, Programming and Coding Digital Computers (New York: John Wiley and Sons, [1963J). p. 294-326; Daniel G. Bobrow and Betram Raphael, "A Comparison of List-Processing Computer Languages," Communications of the ACM, VII (April 1964), 231-40 .

2 Don S. Culbertson, "Another Tower of Babel?" Library Journal, LXXXVIII (March 1963), 940-943.

Mr. Kilgour is Associate Librarian, Yale University.

Culbertson's plea.3 These two discus­sions appear to be the total literature on programing for bibliographic data processing. This paper is based on, and will report experience in programing the processing of bibliographic information on a small computer; namely, an IBM 1401 having a 4 K core, two tape drives, and advanced programing features. Most of the programs are production programs and are run on a daily production sched­ule, but some are run monthly. There­fore, the paper presents suggestions for programs, for production runs, not for one-shot programs.

Perhaps the cardinal principle of a bibliographic data processing system is that the machine must not be allowed to impose its characteristics on the data or the procedure. In the case of library procedures, long experience has accrued; indeed, libraries are thousands of years old, while books have been printed for hundreds of years. Lessons learned empirically, decades and perhaps cen­turies ago, should not be discarded be-

3 Irwin H. Pizer, Donald R. Franz, EsteUe Brod.: man, "Mechanization of Library Procedures in the Medium-Sized Medical Library : I. The Serial Record," BuUetin of the Medical Library Association, LI (July 1963)' 331-38.

I 95

96 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

cause of machine characteristics or be­cause of difficulties in program planning or coding. For instance, it is not neces­sary to sacrifice lower-case letters in printout from high-speed printers; fur­thermore, final printout can be done on typewriters controlled by computer-pro­duced punched cards or punched tapes, thereby achieving upper and lower case print.

Perhaps the most important character­istic of the computer to be used is that it should have variable word length storage in its internal memory. In short, its core should be able to store variable length words characteristic of natural language. In the years ahead, language-data proc­essing will be being done on such machines, and a start made now should be in the right direction. The speed of the computer matters little, and indeed a slow computer may be better than a fast machine and most certainly will do better if high speed is acquired with the penalty of fixed word length.

A programing language to be used for bibliographic data processing on a small computer must be machine oriented. In other words, the programing language of choice is a symbolic-assembly language as close to machine language as avail­able. Macros can be wasteful of space, and if used, should be only in the form of closed subroutines or routines used but once in the main program. The so­called high-level languages are certainly easier to learn but are inefficient and must be run on large machines. More­over, these languages restrict a computer in the operations it can perform so that they lend a provincial quality to their programs, whereas symbolic-assembly languages make possible the writing of sophisticated programs taking full ad­vantage of the computer's capabilities. Indeed, many workers employing large computers for language-data processing have increasingly used machine-oriented languages.

Culbertson, in the paper referred to

above, urged that librarians adopt COBOL for library computer programs. He based his suggestion on the attractive premise that use of COBOL would yield standardized programs that could be run on a large array of computer models pro­duced by various manufacturers. How­ever, he recognized that to achieve such standardization only one of the COBOL dialects could be used. To compile COBOL, a slightly larger computer con­figuration must be available since four tape drives are required with a 4 K core. Furthermore, COBOL is a problem­oriented language and such languages are not inherently suitable for symbol­manipulative programing. Still, Culbert­son was quite correct in pointing out that use of a symbolic-assembly language may mean that an extensive and ex­pensive reprograming task could accom­pany a change in equipment.

The output of language-data process­ing is often characterized by ·having one section which is fixed in its two dimen­sional design and other sections which may be varied two dimensionally. For instance, printed text on a page may vary in number of lines and in line length from book to book, but it is essentially a block of words. On the other hand, the running head and page number vary ex­tensively in position. An analogous fixed and varied format is the card found in the conventional library card catalog. Here, bibliographic data describing books occur in the same relative posi­tions on cards in most libraries. However, call numbers for books and headings for subjects, titles, editors, etc., are placed in varying positions according to in­dividual library practices. Programs can be written for formats having varied and fixed characteristics by assigning the processing of the fixed characteristics to the main program. In addition, a genera­tor program can be written which will operate on data from a control card whereby the generator will write brief programs to determine position of that

Programing for Bibliographic Data Processing I 91

part of the format which may vary from one product to another. Siich generator programs give flexibility to bibliographic data processing. Since language-data processing requires relatively large work areas in the computer's internal memory, the generator should be written in the work area and erased after it has written its programs to be used by the main program. Program tables can also be de­vised to attain similar flexibility.

It is not possible to employ a monitor program in the conventional sense of that phrase in a small computer, but a somewhat similar effect can be attained by employing a systems tape, if a pro­gram is too large to fit into core. In such a circumstance, the program should be divided into three or more sections, one section being common to the others. In assembling the program, the common section can be assembled either first or last. Should it be first, the others should be written on tape with one of the tape sections in core at the start of processing. In the case of three sections, the third section may be left in core and written on tape during processing and the sec­ond section called in to replace it. This procedure may, of course, be reversed, for when the third section is needed, the common section containing calling in­structions can bring it back into core. Also, the systems tape may be used to store data for recall in subsequent proc­essing.

If a large amount of processing is necessary, several programs may be needed. In such a circumstance, the pro­grams can be planned for a sequential system wherein they are linked together. The program system that yielded most of the experience on which this paper draws consists of four major programs, two of which have generators, and two that employ a systems tape. The four major programs have been linked to­gether so that when the first program has completed its processing of the data, it loads the second program automatically.

The third and fourth are similarly loaded. Such a program system greatly simplifies operation, for the operator need only place the data cards after the first program and depress the load but­ton.

Symbol-manipulative programs are characterized by their high percentage of logic instructions. However, symbol­manipulative programs for language­data processing have an additional typi­cal feature in that the core position of data is locked into the logic. It is this characteristic of logic interlocked with position that places exceptionally heavy requirements on indexing features of a computer and on the programer to con­trive efficient, qlosed subroutines to maintain index registers at correct values.

Another characteristic of such symbol­manipulative programs is a high density of labels. If the assembly program has a limitation of the number of labels it will process in one iteration, care should be taken to keep the number of labels below that limit by use of actual address or by other means. Reiterative assembly of one large program for processing bib­liographic information on a 1401 requires 25 minutes and uses a box and a third of punched cards. Since de-bugging may sometimes constitute as much as 90 per cent of the total time of development of a computer program,4 it is important to minimize assembly time.

If bibliographic data is to be sorted and arranged alphabetically, such sorting will constitute a major programing prob­lem. Moreover, to obtain differentiation in sorting, it will most likely be necessary to sort on more characters than origi­nally estimated. The technique for doing such sorting is, of course, to establish a separate sort control on which the com­puter actually operates. Initial articles should be removed from this control, and when various languages are in­volved, separate article tables for each

' Sherman, op. cit., p. 398.

98 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

language must be established in the pro­gram. Also, various spellings of "Mac" and many other letter, or letter and diacritical mark, combinations should or should not be brought together in the sort control, depending upon the filing rules adopted. Finally, there will be some elements by which filing is to take place such as numbers in a title. An ex­ample is 1066 and All That. If this title is to be sorted as though it were Ten Sixty­six and All That, there is no program which can instruct the machine to do it. Here it is necessary for the person proc­essing the data to write out a separate sort control in the form of TEN SIXTY­SIX AND ALL THAT, and the pro­gramer must provide for a signal which will enable the computer to recognize that it must use this human determined sort control.

Another characteristic of language­data processing on a small computer is that the preparation of the data involves linking it with the program to be used. In general, it is necessary to identify each internal category of data with an exclusive code, and to assign such codes so that the program can recognize when processing moves from one category to another. Also, codes must be designed to identify sections of data within each category. These three simple coding re­quirements yield enormous flexibility in processing.

Codes or flags should be positive and exclusive. Negative flags, such as blank spaces, should be avoided, for experience has shown that they can be troublesome.

In establishing flags, one should use symbols that occupy but one column on a punched card. As a concomitant of this rule, upper-case characters should not be used as flags, for in many circum­stances it will necessitate the use of an­other flag to indicate upper-case. Hence, the flag would actually occupy two columns. Experience has shown that such two-column flags are difficult to program. Also, symbols should not be used which are in the regular printout of the sys­tem; it is preferable to use non-printing characters despite the unquestionable fact that they complicate the de-bugging process since they do not appear in a post listing of a program.

A further caution about preparing data for processing is to avoid having fixed internal fields. In most, if not all cases, it will be necessary to have a fixed over­all record length, but it is unnecessarily restrictive of the data to have fixed fields within the record length, albeit that such fixed fields facilitate programing.

Finally, if a major bibliographic data processing system is to be established, it is most desirable that there be one operational application made early in the development. Such an application will reveal various difficulties which it may be necessary to solve by altering the preparation of the data, by elaborating the program, or by using both these tech­niques. Should it be necessary to change the data preparation, much future grief will be avoided, and it is for this rea­son that an early application is advan­tageous. ••

J

DAVID C. WEBER

''Tenure'' for Librarians in Academic Institutions

The iustification for and the special nature of tenure for librarians are discussed. Reasonable grounds and procedures for dismissal are delineated. Although the formalities of faculty tenure work well for some libraries, a different program based on a sound pattern of ap­pointments is described and is considered preferable in other institu­tions.

THE woRD "TENURE" is used by some academic libraries in the same sense in which it is applied to faculty appoint­ments of professorial rank. A consider­able number of directors of other aca­demic libraries would follow the spirit of faculty tenure but would apply the term in a special way to the appointments of librarians. What is the basis for this spe­cial meaning of tenure in the case of li­brarians?

Certainly librarians resemble profes­sors in that they are members of an academic staff and belong to a scholar­ly profession. A few may teach formal classes, and many perform informal teaching in their public service capaci­ties. In performing technical bibliograph­ical processes they frequently carry on research activities of a difficult nature.

On the other hand, librarians differ from professors in that they operate a service organization, geared not to their own scholarly purposes but serving the

· scholarly activities and instructional needs of others. It is an operation which consists largely of bibliographic records and business processes; and a fairly high proportion of librarians-about one-half in many libraries-are managers or super­visors. Thus, librarians constitute a spe-

Mr. Weber is Associate Director of Li­braries, Stanford University.

cial group with some features akin to professors and others similar in character to such university administrators as deans or business officers.

Faculty tenure may be equated with job security for academic freedom, usu­ally attained within seven years. It rests on guaranteed protection from inter­ference with a very special kind of intel­lectual enterprise, always working on the frontier of knowledge. Librarians must of course have intellectual freedom for such tasks as selecting books for pur­chase, disseminating information on all subjects, preparing bibliographies or ex­hibits, and advising students in reading. This freedom must be guaranteed and defended without stint, as strongly as it is defended for professors. Yet the ser­vice nature of the library implies that librarians should not be immune from institutional pressures in such matters as circulation policies, book classification, or library building planning, or even to some extent book selection.

Admitting that tenure holds substan­tial disadvantages for the institution, for individual scholars, and for the academic profession, the 1964 AAUP presidential address of Professor Fritz Machlup of Princeton concludes that there is one overwhelming advantage-"really the only justification for the system of aca­demic tenure." That advantage is "the

/99

100 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

social products of academic freedom (whereby) a few men once in a while might feel insecure and suppress or post­pone the communication of views _which, true or false, wise or foolish, could in­spire or provoke others to embark on or continue along lines of reasoning which may eventually lead to new insights, new judgments, or new appraisals re­garding nature or society ."1 This advan­tage is foreign to the practice of li­·brarianship.

It should be clear that librarians con­stitute a unique profession. There is spe­cial preparation to fit librarians for their profession, the basis of which is the dis­cipline of bibliography. Typically re­quired is a breadth of subject and linguistic knowledge approaching the encyclopedic. The labor market, the sal­ary patterns, and the criteria for profes­sional advancement are distinctive. The twelve-month nature of the library is imposed by publishing and technical processing schedules as well as public service requirements. The staff organiza­tion requires permanent positions at the intermediate ranks. The character of the librarian's contribution to his institution is unique. These facts require that li­brarians be considered as a distinct pro­fessional group and be provided with a personnel program specifically designed for it.

One element of such a personnel pro­gram is job security. This is not, how­ever, the sole, nor perhaps even the primary, justification upon which is based a "tenure" concept for librarians. Rather, the value of a type of tenure for librarians may rest primarily in its effect on staff morale, in its improvement of the institution's ability to recruit new librarians, and in its advancing librarian­professor relations as between colleagues in the educational process. If his status is enhanced, the librarian is encouraged and facilitated in his efforts to serve his institution effectively.

1 Fritz Machlup, "In Defense of Academic Tenure," AAUP BuUetin, L (June 1964), 119, 123-24.

The spirit of faculty tenure should be followed to the fullest degree for li­brarians in all academic institutions. Yet, because of the special nature of li­brarianship, perhaps the tenure concept should be replaced by reference to the "term of appointment." This phrase seems preferable because "tenure" is generally synonymous with "academic freedom," and this is a subsidiary ( al­though essential) right of librarians rather than being the major reason for granting permanency of appointment.

It is unquestionably desirable for li­brarians in due course to achieve ap­pointments which are "without limit of time," generally within seven years. This would indicate to the individual that he is highly regarded in the institution and could expect to hold his position until retirement, so long as his effectiveness as a librarian is maintained. If competence fails through inability or unwillingess to grow with the organization, or if intoler­able personality traits develop, a change must be made.

Occasionally conditions will develop which will justify termination of an ap­pointment. In the 1946 American Library Association "Statement of Principles of Intellectual Freedom and Tenure for Librarians," the grounds which are ac­cepted as justifying "termination for cause" include "incompetence and tmfit­ness, insubordination (and) conduct which is criminal, infamous, or dis­honest in the eyes of the law." Moral turpitiude is included under infamous conduct.2

The phrase "incompetence and unfit­ness" is vague enough to call for explana­tion. In Professor Clark Byse' s Tenure in American Higher Education ( 1959), over half of the surveyed institutions identified incompetence as grounds for

2 This statement was adapted from the AAUP specifically for librarians by the American Library Association, and it constitutes a policy urgently needed by the host of public librarians whose freedom in book selection and "in the presentation of material on all sides of controversial questions" is all too frequently challenged.

"Tenure" for Librarians in Academic Institutions I 101

dismissal. These institutions used such phrases as "ineffective teaching," failure to give "satisfactory service," "serious shortcomings in meeting duties," and "inefficiency." These are still general terms, but their transfer to the field of librarianship is not difficult. Personality characteristics of librarians also may legitimately be weighed in this judgment because of the "team" nature of a library staff. The definition of "incompetence'' for librarians may in fact need to be more stringent than it is for professors as a result of the difference in staff structure of the library. Personal judgment is clearly necessary in any border line case whether it be of a professor or a li­brarian.3

The AA UP Committee on Academic Freedom and Tenure has never applied faculty tenure provisions to administra­tive positions. This recognizes the prima­cy of the faculty in conducting the affairs of the institution. But whereas the dean or assistant dean who fails to maintain his ability as an administrator usually has his professorial status on which to fall back, librarians who are department heads, or division chiefs, and sometimes in higher administrative ranks, seldom have available this return to teaching. As with the professor in an administra­tive post, a librarian on a permanent appointment has "tenure" as to rank but not as to a particular position or in­dividual assignment.

It is essential for the well-being of the institution and of the library staff to re­serve for the director of libraries the ability to terminate the appointment of any librarian regardless of length of ser-

8 Professor Byse also reported less common grounds, and mention of these may serve to describe a minority view containing lesser faculty protection. A quarter of the surveyed institutions termed "neglect of duty" as grounds for dismissal. Ten per cent named in­capacity or disability. Ten per cent also named failure by the teacher in his relationship to his institution, e.g. lack of cooperation with policies or lack of sympathy with the founding purposes. Only three of eighty institutions named as grounds for dismissal the individual's failure in professional growth as seen in "prolonged lack of productivity," " failure to ad­vance professionally," and "failure to meet qualifica­tions for advancement."

vice when, in the director's best judg­ment, there is no other way to correct a condition which seriously undermines the effectiveness of the library and which is clearly caused by the individual's fail­ure to maintain competence. A professor who goes sour loses his attraction for students; his classes dwindle, and he may be avoided by his colleagues. He hurts few by his failures. On the other hand, a librarian who loses effectiveness or com­petence directly damages the work of all of his associates year in and year out. More difficult still, he may be at a high administrative level where there really is no feasible alternative assignment.

In facing the occasional necessity to notify a librarian of termination for cause, the director must use the utmost kindness and discretion in the technique used. Reasonable advance notice for termination of any appointment is es­sential. Except in cases of serious mis­conduct which may require immediate severance, dismissal from an appoint­ment should be in writing from the di­rector to the librarian, with cause for dismissal, one year in advance of ter­mination. Written notice that a three- or five-year term appointment will not be renewed should be made by December 1 prior to expiration of the term; March 1 is reasonable during a one-year appoint­ment. Normal final limits for a term ap­pointment may be extended by written agreement when special circumstances ( such as illness) make it necessary to postpone the decision ori renewal. Ap­pointment without limit of time may be made at any time before the last year of the expiring term.

Opportunity is given for oral or writ­ten rebuttal to a termination for cause if the individual so chooses. A protested decision may always be taken for review to the president or his associate (or to a review committee formed by the aca­demic vice-president), since every em­ployee must be free from the threat of dismissal merely because some superior may dislike him or the results of his

102 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

independent scholarship or his outside activities.

In summary, the concept of profes­sorial "tenure" as applied to librarians should be in the form of a program of term appointments leading to a per­manent appointment. It should be de­signed to foster the professional growth of the individual librarian at each stage of his career. This requires a precise classification of ranks, periodic reassess­ments until attainment of a "permanent" appointment, a promotion potential for the subject or technical specialist just as much as for the administrative,4 and suit­able protection against unjust dismissal, demotion, or salary reduction. Such a program of appointments should be ac­companied by benefits and privileges comparable to those that the institution offers to professors. And a sound per­sonnel program assumes that it will be administered with humane considera­tion, consistently but not rigidly.

As was said at the very beginning of this statement, many university libraries follow such policies. Librarians in these institutions are commonly treated as a separate professional group having aca­demic status and perquisites without faculty titles. In other universities, how­ever, librarians are accorded formal fac­ulty rank. This faculty rank is required under two situations.

One situation is where the institution's staff is divided into faculty with aca­demic status and non-academic staff with civil service or "classified status." If the librarian is classed in the latter group, he accompanies the clerks, groundsmen, and other nonprofessional groups. He would find his work hampered; he would be unjustly rewarded in benefits and privileges. Librarians under such a situa­tion must have faculty rank.

The other type of situation is created

• The logic of the two-ladder classification policy for librarians is stated in Robert Vosper "Needed: An Open End Career Policy," ADA Bulletin, LVI (October 1962), 833-35. ·

where the staff is divided into academic and non-academic with all in the former category having faculty rank and with this faculty group including research as­sistants, editors, assistant deans, audio­visual specialists, athletic coaches, and student counselors. This definition is broad; obviously the librarian is com­fortably included in such a definition, and fully deserves the faculty rank. This is in contrast to another common situa­tion where the academic group is sub­divided into teaching staff with faculty ranks and non-teaching professional staff with separate designations, the latter subdivision including the librarians.

Conditions vary markedly from one institution to another. Where the li­brarian :fits naturally only in the group having faculty rank, and a s.eparate group standing on its own designation as "librarian" with full academic perqui­sites is not feasible, faculty rank is es­sential. In these cases, all aspects of ap­pointment, probation, achievement of tenure, and termination must conform with the Statement of Principles on Aca­demic Freedom and Tenure as adopted in 1940 by the American Association of University Professors and the Association of American Colleges. 5 Here the library administration must follow the rigors established for handling termination for cause-with written charges presented before a library staff or staff association committee, a full stenographic record of the hearing, and the committee :findings and recommendations submitted to the president of the institution for action.

This faculty-patterned tenure policy best serves the purposes of some institu­tions. Other schools feel that an equally just, and in some respects a more logical, policy exists in a personnel program de­signed to meet the special purposes of librarianship in academic institutions .

•• 5 The current situation is recorded in Robert B.

Downs, "Status of University Librarians-1964," CRL, XXV (July 1964), 253-58.

MATT ROBERTS

Some Ideas on Moving a

Book Collection Some of the principles are given that can be applied in moving a book collection from one library into another, as well as some of the more p

obvious pitfalls to be avoided. Questions that may arise and decisions which must be made in planning the move are discussed briefly, in­cluding the orientation of the transfer, problems associated with loca­tions, methods of transporting the collection, and materials needed. A few comments on strategy and tactics of the move, as well as some advantages of an internal operation are offered in conclusion.

THERE CAN be no doubt that it can be something of an adventure to move a book collection-out of a crusty old crackerbox of a library into a spacious temple of luxury. Anyone who has ever done it will agree, not because the out­going library is usually an assault upon sanity, and the in-coming one a set of new and invigorating problems, but be­cause the move itself presents a chal­lenge far removed from the usual profes­sional occupation.

This essay will offer some general ob­servations on moving a book collection, as well as some of the principles th~t can be applied. It will be no definitive statement, but it may be of some service to those fortunate enough to have to worry about moving into a new building.

Many of the libraries built during the early part of this century apparently were designed for maximum security and minimum access. They were small and crowded, and offered but little refuge to books and less to readers and staff. The point of this brief discourse is not to disparage old libraries, however, but to emphasize a basic point, a rule of book

Mr. Roberts is Chief, Circulation Depart­ment, Washington University Libraries, St. Louis.

moving, if you will: the difficulties in­volved in moving a book collection out of an old library are far greater than those of moving it into a new building. A. general exodus from a typical old library with narrow aisles, inadequate lighting, small windows, few doors and no elevators make it obvious that such a rule should at least be kept in mind when planning a book move, lest the person responsible find himself at the very outset at a point of no egress.

ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTION

For reasons that have partly to do with time and economy, but mainly with necessity, the arrangement of the book collection in the old library is seldom the same as it is intended to be in the new. Over the years collections get jammed in wherever they will fit, books go into stor­age, new shelving is added in strange places, and so on. Although this occurs in virtually every library, it does confront the mover with the necessity of making a crucial decision early in the planning stage. He must decide on one of two methods, although either is open to con­siderable variation depending on the equipment and manpower available.

The decision involves the orientation of the book transfer. The librarian re-

I 103

104 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

sponsible can base his plans on the in­tended arrangement of the collection in the new library, or on the existing ar­rangement in the old. He can, for in­stance, move out of the old building be­ginning with range one, section one in the top floor. Following this procedure, and assuming the order in which the various classes are to be shelved differs from the existing order, the location of a particular class in the new building must be pre-determined. For example, if the order of shelving in one floor of the old building is G, T, R, B, C, D, E and F ( a not unlikely occurrence), and it is intended that classes C, D, E, F and G in that order be on one level of the new building, then, if the mover begins with the first class in the old library, he must know exactly where in the new library class G is to be shelved, and in order to know this he must know how many sec­tions must be left for classes C, D, E and F, which precede G. The same is true for any other floor in the building. If he has the equipment and manpower he can move from every floor simul- · taneously; the important point is that he is moving into predetermined locations.

A second choice is to move out of the old building according to the new li­brary shelving sequence, which, in our example, would be C, D, E, and so on. Assuming the exact locations in the new building to be unknown, then C must be moved before D, D before E, and so on for every level in the building. Undoubt­edly the greatest disadvantage of this method lies in its inflexibility, a handicap so severe as to exclude it from serious consideration. On the other hand, the first method, that of moving into pre­determined locations, offers such great flexibility, as well as such a high degree of exactitude, that it may be recom­mended as a second rule of book moving.

There is one situation in which this rule is not applicable. Moving a collec­tion of one million volumes into a build­ing with a capacity of one million does not provide sufficient buffer space to

permit predetermined locations, primari­ly because measurements cannot be so exact that one class begins the shelf following the termination of the previous class. In any event, excepting ·a storage building, it is difficult to imagine a new library with expansion space of less than 5 per cent, which is sufficient to permit predetermined locations.

DETERMINING THE ExTENT

OF THE COLLECTION

One of the first steps to be taken in preparing a book move is to determine the extent of the collection. There is no possible way to avoid this, and he who would try courts disaster. The number of volumes in the collection is of no impor­tance; the linear feet of books is of the greatest importance. It may be that there are several possible approaches to this problem, but essentially there are only two basic methods of accomplishing the desired objective, the correct method and the other methods, all of which may be summed up in one terrifying example.

Were we to divide the total number of volumes in the collection by the average number of volumes per linear foot, we would arrive at a figure of the extent of the collection. Thus:

500,000 volumes in collection average of 6.284 volumes/ foot c

79,567.llinear feet of books.

This is an impressive figure. It is even more impressive when computed sep­arately for each class. It is, one might say, a first step, and done this way it is a first step down the long road to inde­scribable chaos. One of the most serious mistakes that can be made in planning a move, especially if locations must be pre­determined, is to accept the established figure as to the number of books in the collection. While it is not my intention to impugn the reputation of book counters, such figures are usually based on an in­accurate estimate, and become more in­accurate as the years go by. In addition,

Some Ideas on Moving a Book Collection I 105

the only method of determining the average number of volumes per linear foot is by a random sample, and the only true way to take a random sample is with a book of random numbers. To do this we must determine the total number of shelves in the book stack; therefore an accurate count of shelves is necessary. Already we have put much labor into this. Then, when we know the total number of shelves, and have our book of random numbers, and have determined the minimum number of shelves to be counted in order to achieve the desired degree of accuracy, we need only count off the designated shelves, obtain the average number of volumes per linear foot, divide, and three months later we may find ourselves tied in a knot that would turn the sword of Alexander. Ad­mittedly, this is an exaggerated account, yet it is an example of what can happen when we assume too much, when we devise elaborate schemes which in the long run are exceedingly time-constim­ing, and when we risk so much solely to avoid labor which appears on the surface to be onerous, or even unneces­sary. I have calculated the extent of a book collection by the· random-shelf method and by measuring each and every shelf (not by myself, of course), and it is my considered opinion that comprehensive measuring involves but little more work and results in far greater accuracy than any of the sampling tech­niques. Assuming the reader to be con­vinced that measuring is the only sure way, we have only to summarize quickly the technique of measuring. In a crowded book stack it is possible to measure the vacant shelf space, rather than the actual book footage. If we mark off all those sections having 35~ inch shelves, seven shelves to a section, a quick calculation tells us that such a section can contain no more than 20 ft. 8~ inches of books, and, by subtracting the empty shelf space, we arrive at the total feet of books in that section. The actual measuring may be done with a

ruler, tape measure, or measured length of string. Of course, if there is consider­able variation in section width from area to area, or if sections contain continu­ously varying numbers of shelves, it may be simpler and quicker to measure the actual book footage.

PRoBLEMs AssociATED WITH LocATIONs

Every library preparing to move its collection is confronted with a variety of location problems, many of which may be unique to that library. There are problems which very likely are common to all; books must be transferred from departmental libraries, or from storage, into the new building. Occasionally even an entire branch library must be ' incor­porated into the main collection. Rather than attempt to anticipate all problems, the discussion here will be limited to two basic ones.

First and foremost is the problem of books in storage, or in departmental li­braries. Ideally, these books will be in long runs, or will comprise an entire sub­ject class. If such is the case, then there is no real problem, for the planning li­brarian, having measured the linear feet of books in each class, and knowing their specific locations in the new building, is able to determine exactly where the problem books are to be shelved. It matters little whether they are moved before or after the main collection. On the other hand, if, unhappily, the books are not in long runs or single classes, the mover has no alternative but to as­sign them separate space in the new building ( or leave them until later), where they can stay until ready for final shelving. And while this may appear to be an unnecessary waste of space, the librarian in charge would soon learn to his dismay that any attempt to shelve individual books during the moving op­eration would be a mistake of the first magnitude. The momentum of the entire move could easily be broken by such an attempt.

The second location problem concerns

106 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

only those libraries that segregate their bound periodicals. If it is intended that these periodicals be integrated into the main collection, the obvious time to ac­complish this is during the move. The classed titles may be removed from the old library in shelf list order, and shelved by number in the new building. The mover must know where each title is to fit in and how much space to leave for it. To accomplish this a card must be prepared for each giving title, class num­ber, and amount of space to be left. Ac­cordingly, there will be a card for Mod­ern Language Association. Publications ( PB 6/M 6-8 shelves), another for Poe­try ( PS 301/P 6-4 shelves), and so on. When the PB and PS collections are being transferred the crew supervisor in the receiving library will be able to tell from the cards given ·him where and in what amount space is to be left. The transfer of periodicals in each class obviously must be coordinated with the transfer of books, arriving after the books have been shelved. Although the execution of this method may seem diffi­cult and likely to result in unfortunate consequences, there is in it the subtle advantage that it keeps the supervisor alert and ready for any contingency.

BoxEs AND LABELS

There are several factors to be con­sidered in selecting the type or types of boxes to be used in transporting the col­lection. Size, strength, cost, and avail­ability are primary among these. The basic box should be of sufficient size to carry a reasonable number of books, but not so large that it cannot be carried by one man. It should be sturdy enough to permit stacking and must have handles or handgrips; otherwise it will be awk­ward to handle. Finally, it ·should be readily available and obtainable in large quantities on short notice. More than one library has discovered that a beer carton is well designed for carrying books. Being 17" long, 11" wide, and 10" high,- it will hold an average carrying

load with but few problems involving overly long books. Furthermore, it has handgrips and is heavily constructed.

There are other methods of transport which may be desirable or necessary. Book trucks are very good, as a large one will hold the equivalent of about thirteen beer cartons and obviate the trouble and wear of loading and unloading boxes. They can be difficult to get up and down stairs, however; therefore, unless it is the ground level being moved, or unless an elevator is available, their use may be somewhat limited. Oversize volumes call for larger boxes, and rare books obvious­ly require a degree of protection not pos­sible with the ordinary box.

Unless the librarian in charge of the move has an irresistible urge to live dangerously, it is recommended that labels be used to identify boxes, and that these labels offer some indication of box content and not simply a number, for the crews at the receiving end may (and should) be handling boxes from different locations. Therefore, the label should in­dicate the floor destination of the box, the class of books contained therein, and consecutive label numbers.

FINAL PLANs-STRATEGY

The major stack problem in many an old library is one of too little space; in a new library, on the other hand, the problem may be virtually one of too much space. This is not entirely the frivolous problem it may seem, for there are several factors to be considered. One is that in determining locations a little buffer space must be left between classes in order to avoid the possibility of having one class encroach upon the space allotted to the one following it, while a second is that the collection must be distributed in such a manner that shifting in future years will be held to a minimum. These two factors, being pure­ly mechanical, are easily resolved. There is a problem, however, that is not easily resolved, and which can best be posed as a question: how much expansion space

Some Ideas .on Moving a Book Collection I 107

is to be allotted to each subject class? As the university places more or less emphasis on teaching and research in various subject fields, the library's ac­quisitions in those subjects will rise or fall. The question must be answered for each subject, in so far as is possible. For the purpose of the moving operation, the problem may be resolved by assigning a basic code (e.g., two feet of books on each shelf) to all subjects, then varying it according to expansion potential and other factors. In addition, periodicals, theses, and other consecutive type ma­terials may be given special considera­tion. Since both the total stack footage in the new library and th·e linear feet of books to be moved are known, the li­brarian can arrange the subject classes in descending order of expansion po­tential, as best he is able to determine, and then increase the space allocated beginning with those subjects high on the list, as well as those which will soon be absorbing storage, or other books. This process is continued until the total footage of books being moved has been spread throughout the book stack. Buffer space assigned to a class must be in­cluded in the space assigned to that class. Finally, a coding system will emerge with code numbers assigned to all classes. An example of such a system is offered below.

Code 1: One foot of books on each of five shelves (in a single-face section) : Classes given the highest expansion po­tential.

Code 2: Two feet on each of five shelves: Classes given a lower expansion potential.

Code 3: Three feet on each of six shelves: Theses and periodicals.

Code 4: Two feet on each of four shelves: Oversize books.

Code 5: One foot on each of three shelves: Classes that must absorb storage books not shelved during the move, an­ticipated gift collections, and the like.

For reasons that will be clearly under­stood only when the move is completed,

it is important that a logical (and pos­sible) coding system be established and adhered to rigidly during the move. A code helps establish a pattern, a rhythm of shelving, and, even though it may vary from class to class, it remains a catalyst that assists in holding the opera­tion together.

FINAL PLAN-TACTICS

Following the space allocation stage in the planning of the move, an equip­ment plan of each floor in the new building should be acquired, and on it marked the exact location of every sub­ject class. In addition, an over-all moving plan must be prepared, giving floor, shelving codes and range locations for all classes. Multiple copies of this plan should be available, one for each super­visor, as well as one or two spares. An example of such a plan is given in part below.

Chart I ~t(oving schedule-Classes P-PZ, 400-499, 840-869, 890-899. Level 5.

Codes: P-PM-2

Space allotted:

PN-1 PQ-5 PR-1

PS-PZ-2 400-499-2 840-869-2 890-899-2 oversize-4

Regular size books-1,231 single-face sections

Oversize books- 14 single-face sections

Order of shelving: P-PM, 890-899, 400-499, PN-PQ, 840-869, PR-PZ, Oversize

Locations: P-PA Begin: Range 1, Section 1

End: Range 5, Section 22 PB-PM Begin: Range 6, Section 1

End: Range 9, Section 4 890-899 Begin: Range 9, Section 7

End: Range 9, Section 12 Direction: North to South

108 I College & Research Libraries • March) 1966

And so on, throughout the entire level, concluding with oversize books.

As a guide to shelvers, measuring rods should be provided, their length cor­responding to the amount of empty space desired on a shelf according to the code in use. Thus, a rod 23~ inches in length would be used when one foot of books was required per shelf, whereas one only 11~ inches in length would be necessary when the code calling for two feet was in use.

EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL

Provision of the necessary equipment for the move, including tractors, trailers, lift-gate trucks, and possibly portable elevators and conveyors, as well as the necessary drivers and operators, is a problem in logistics best handled by an agency outside the library, perhaps . by the buildings and grounds department of the university. For its part, the library can supply boxes, labels, book trucks, and whatever incidental supplies may be needed.

The library should be prepared to as­sign as much of its staff to the operation as can be spared and must be able to provide the necessary supervisory per­sonnel. The role of supervisors in the move is of paramount importance. The actual physical labor may be assigned to student assistants, Manpower, Inc., la­borers, or to any other reasonably competent group that can be assembled, but, even if an outside firm is hired for the actual moving operation, on-the-job supervision should certainly be under­taken by library personnel, for only they can be expected to realize fully the importance of order and care in moving books.

The volume of manpower involved in the move will depend largely on the number of points from which books are leaving the old building at any one time. This, in turn, is contingent upon the number of supervisors available. Assum­ing the number of exit points to be con­stant, the volume of manpower required

will increase as the operation progresses, finally leveling off shortly before the mid­way point is attained. While the actual volume of manpower may vary greatly from library to library, depending upon size, distance to be moved, and other factors, it may be offered as a final rule of book moving, that as much manpower as can be effectively utilized should be employed in order to provide a steadily increasing flow of books into the new li­brary; the flow becoming constant when the shelving crews have attained to their maximum efficiency. This is of primary importance because, although the pace of packing in the old library and shelv­ing in the new increases with experience, a leveling off in packing efficiency begins before a corresponding leveling off in shelving efficiency, As the move pro­gresses, given a fixed number of shelvers, additional workers should be added to the out-going library until packing and shelving are balanced. At that time addi­tional help should be available if needed to maintain the now constant flow, be­cause once the momentum of book flow . has been built up, it must not be per­mitted to falter.

CoNCLUSION

There are several benefits to be real­ized in having the library undertake the move itself. One is that, given adequate planning and supervision, the collection will be transferred in remarkably good order. Furthermore, since there is no question but that moving is hard on books, to a greater or lesser degree de­pending upon the method used and care exercised, the collection will suffer mini­mum damage, primarily because those responsible ha:ve a personal interest in preventing damage. The greatest advant­age, however, is one of cost. Admittedly, the total cost of any book move is diffi­cult to determine. Planning may begin a year before the operation commences, while during the move quite a few of the library staff may be involved. The sal-

(Continued on page 119)

' 1 'l

MASSE BLOOMFIELD

The Writing Habits of Librarians

The writing habits of librarians were studied by citation counts in Library Literature. The data obtained show that persons holding a doctor's degree, whether in library science or in some other field, write an average of one publication per year. Persons holding a master's degree in library science write an average of 0.05 publications per year. Authors selected at random from Library Literature publish 0.20 items per year. The data point to a relationship between writing ac­tivity and the award of a doctor's degree.

Lists of prolific library science authors are given and compared to prolific authors in information science.

THE WRITING HABITS of most librarians are easily definable because Library Lit­erature has provided an excellent author index to as complete a collection of li­brary writings as is possible. One of the characteristics of librarians is that not only are they the collectors of what other people write, but also they have pro­duced a large body of literature in which they have expressed their own views. Library Literature indexes material from over one hundred fifty periodicals, which gives the librarian wide latitude to pub­lish. The aim of this study was to find a definable pattern in the writing habits of librarians whose work is indexed in Li­brary Literature.

The writing habits of librarians have been alluded to in other writings, but no study completely devoted to them has been reported in the literature. Earlier work in this field includes articles by

Mr. Bloomfield is Supervisor, Culver City Library, Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, California. This paper is based upon a profect conducted under the direction of Dr. Martha Boaz, Dean of the School of Library Science in the University of South­ern California.

Danton,! Harvey2 and Cuadra.3 These men have made studies in this field but from different points of view. Danton has made a thorough study of the character­istics of doctoral candidates and a por­tion of his article concerned the disserta­tions they wrote. Danton, however, slant­ed his study to an evaluation of the sig­nificance of the dissertation only rather than a quantitative study of the complete writings of the librarians. In the study by Harvey, which discusses the character­istics of the more successful librarians, there is no quantitative study of the li­brarians' writing. Harvey studied wheth­er or not publications were a factor in the advancement of head college and public librarians. He said:

Were vertically mobile librarians more like­ly to have published books and magazine articles than their occupationally immobile colleagues? Yes, of course, and other studies of librarians and college professors have reached the same conclusion. Again, look-

1 J. Periam Danton, "Doctoral Study in Libraria~­ship in the United States," CRL, XX (November 1959)' 435-53.

2 John F. Harvey, "Advancement in the Library Profession," Wilson Librar,y Bulletin, XXXVI (Octo­ber 1961), 144-47.

3 Carlos A. Cuadra, "Identifying Key Contributions to Information Science,'' Am.erican Documentation, XV (October 1964), 289-95.

I 109

110 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

ing at the chief librarians at the highest levels, four-fifths (college) and one-half (public) of the librarians had published, while at the lowest level, only one-sixth (college) and one one-hundredth (public) had published. 4

These data tend to show a relationship between advancement and publication.

Cuadra has attempted to rank the leading contributors to information sci­ence or the documentation field. He com­piled a list of major contributors to the field by an analysis of the references in four bibliographies on information stor­age and retrieval. He counted the refer­ences for each author cited in the four bibliographies and then multiplied the four numbers. Thus Kent's total as given in Table 1 of 489,000 is the product of 39

'Harvey, op. cit., p. 146.

TABLE 1

THE HIGHEST ScoRING TWENTY-FIVE Aunm:Rs IN THE FmLD OF INFORMATION SciENCE BY

PuBLICATION FREQUENCY

Greatest Number of Citations Listed in

Any One of the Author Score Four Bibliographies

Kent 489,060 39 Taube 163,625 35 Perry . 158,840 38 Luhn. 111,720 30 Shera 55,233 19 Vickery 48,906 19 Mooers 21,120 24 Rang ana than 4,180 19 Opler . 3,840 10 Bernier 3,696 14 Schultz, C. 3,080 11 Shaw, R. . 2,925 15 Bar-Hillel 2,646 21 Hyslop 2,640 12 Gull 2,160 12 Dyson 1,760 11 Bourne 1,600 10 O'Connor 1,386 11 Newman, S. 1,350 9 Frome 1,080 12 Garfield 1,008 14 Yngve 968 22 Clapp 945 9 Fairthome 864 16 Andrews, D . . 840 8

NoTE: Carlos A. Cuadra, "Identifying Key Contri• butions to Information Science," American Docum4?l­tation, XV (October 1964), 293.

citations times 33 citations times 19 cita­tions times 20 citations. The other arbi­trary numbers used in ranking the con­tributors were computed in the same way.

Table 1 shows the results of Cuadra's study. The greatest number of publica­tions of any one author listed in any of the bibliographies is 39. Table 1 has been included for comparative purposes with data that will be presented later in this paper.

No quantitative data are available from earlier studies, to determine writing activity of librarians. The aim of this study is to obtain such data and establish criteria for the writing activity of librar­ians.

"THE STUDY

This study is based entirely on ma­terial listed in Library Literature. The persons selected for this study came from three sources. First, the group of 171 holders of the doctor's degree in library science came from the articles by Dan­ton5 and Merritt.6 A second group of forty-two librarians who have doctor's degrees but whose major area of study for the degree was in some field other than library science was selected for the most part from library school catalogs. A third group of 172 librarians was selected who had written a master's thesis which was cited in Library Literature. And a fourth group of forty-seven authors was selected at random from the 1949-1951 issue of Library Literature. These last two groups were selected so that they wo1,1ld have had at least ten or more years to contribute to the literature. This was done so that time enough would be available to them for obtaining sufficient experience and maturity for productive writing. Also the average length of time from the award of the library science doctorate to the time of this study was ten years and therefore the same com-

G Danton, op. cit., p. 435. 6 LeRoy C. Merritt, "Doctoral Study in Librarian­

ship-A Supplement," CRL, XXIII (November 1962) 589-40. •

The Writing Habits of Librarians I 111

parative length of professional activity is afforded to the last two groups.

Several assumptions were made in conducting this· study. First of all, the writing activity of librarians is limited to those publications cited in Library Literature. It is known that some of the authors have contributed to other fields besides library science, but any writing not indexed in Library Literature was considered to be outside the scope of this study. If a librarian writes on a political science subject, it will not be cited in Library Literature nor should it be considered within the literature of library science. A second assumption was that all citations in Library Literature have equal value. This is not true, but for many of the statistical tabulations this has been assumed. It goes without saying that a book is a far greater con­tribution to the field than is a review. One is an individual creative effort and the other is .a response to that contribu­tion. A third assumption was that Li­brary Literature does indeed give a com­plete picture of the contributions of the

people studied. And the final assumption made was that neither death nor mar­riage would have a significant effect on the statistical analysis. This study was taken through the September 1964 issue of Library Literature.

Once the four groups of librarians had been selected, Library Literature was searched to locate all the items indexed by each person. These citations were di­vided into several categories. Counts were made to determine how many arti­cles, book reviews, and monographs were cited and whether or not a master's thesis or dissertation was cited. A count of one was given for a citation; a count of one-half was given for joint author­ship, which will account for many of the fractional counts. Thus the final tally has

. some relationship to the publication pro­duction of a writing librarian.

Thus the statistical data in the follow­ing tables give the totals, the averages, and the medians of the citations found in Library Literature. The total and aver­age figures are subdivided according to the kinds of publication, that is, master's

TABLE 2 DATA FOR LmRARY SciENCE DocTORATE PUBLICATIONS

CITED IN LmRARY LITERATURE

Total number of publications cited

Number of master's theses cited Number of dissertations cited . Number of articles cited . Number of book reviews cited . . . . . . . Number of monographs cited . . . . . . .

Total number of publications cited before the awarding of the doctorate . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total number of publications cited after the awarding of the doctorate . . . . . . . . . . . .

Publications written during the first year after the award of the doctorate . . . . . . . . . . .

Publications written during the second year after the award of the doctorate . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Publications written during the third and fourth year after .the award of the doctorate . . . . . . . . .

Publications written during the fifth to tenth year after the award of the doctorate . . . . . . . . . . . .

Publications written after the tenth year of holding the doctorate

NUMBER OF DoCTORATEs STUDIED .

Number of Publications

3,199.5

35 140

2,102.5 693.5 228.5

870

2,189.5

178

156.5

315.5

740 799.5

Average Number of Publications per Doctorate

18.6 (median 8 )

0.2 0.82

12.3 4.05 1.34

5.1

12.85

1.04

0.91

1.84

4.34 4.66

171

112 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

thesis, doctoral dissertation, articles, book reviews, and monographs. The total number of publications for librarians with library school degrees is then broken down further by those publica­tions which were written before and after the awarding of the degree. Since a date had to be established for the group of nonlibrary-science doctorates and random authors, the date of the first publication in Library Literature was as­sumed as a beginning date. These dates were then used to determine writing ac­tivity by years from the date of the first publication. These data are shown on the writing habits of librarians as a func­tion of time from a given starting point.

THE DATA

A. Library Science Doctorates.

The data are presented according to the four groups of librarians. The first group to be studied is the library science doctorates. Table 2 shows the data ac­cumulated for this group. A total of 171 librarians with doctorate degrees have written over three· thousand items refer­enced in Library Literature. The average writing activity of this group was 18.6 items per doctorate, and the median was 8. The lower figure for the median shows that there are a few prolific writers in this group. Included in Table 2 is the average number of articles, monographic works, and reviews they have written. Also the average number of master's theses and dissertations is listed. Note that the average number of dissertations is less than one, which means that a num­ber of dissertations were omitted from Library Literature. Of the 171 people in this group, only 140 dissertations were indexed. Since the author, title, and date of the dissertation were given in the list­ings by Danton and Merritt, Library Literature was searched carefully to make sure that none of these disserta­tions were overlooked. When the disser­tation was published as a journal article, it wa~ not called a dissertation because

the dissertation would be much longer than a journal article. Where the average number of dissertations indexed was 0.82, the average number of master's theses indexed for the group was one­quarter that number, or 0.2. As would be expected, the article is the most used vehicle for the librarian to express his thoughts. Two-thirds of the publications for this group consisted of journal arti­cles.

The library science doctorate wrote an average of 5.1 items before obtaining his doctor's degree. This is a point of significance. The doctoral candidate in library science is already a mature, ex­perienced librarian before he obtains his advanced degree. As a result of the writing habits experienced before the award of the doctor's degree, these li­brarians continued writing at an ex­tremely high rate after the award of the doctor's degree. In fact, the average doc­torate writes about one article a year after he receives the doctor's degree. This is a high rate of writing in contrast to the average librarian who writes an estimated 0.05 items per year. Further­more, it is the doctorates who raise the writing rate of the average librarian to the annual average of 0.05 publications. From Table 2, the average publication production per year for the first five years after the award of the doctorate is almost one per year.

In contrasting the writing of librarians with scientists, Price, in his book Little Science, Big Science, describes the scien­tific writing activity as:

Thus, for a field containing one thousand papers, there will be about three hundred authors. About 180 of them will not get be­yond their first paper, but another will be above our cutoff of ten papers each, and ten will be highly prolific, major contribu­tors.7

The data collected for this paper show in a large measure that the trend in ~Derek J. De Solla Price, L ittle Science, Big

ScMnce (New York: Columbia University Press 1963). p. 49. . •

TABLE 3

DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS CITED FOR LIBRARY SCIENCE DOCTORATES BY

FREQUENCY OF PUBLICATION

Number of Doctorates

10 7

13 16 7 3 9 5 7 8 5 5 7 2 4 7 3 1 5 2 3 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Number of Publications

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (median) 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (average) 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 33 34 35 39 40 41 42 47 49 50 51 57 58 61 66 67 68 80

109 129 135 157

The Writing Habits of Librarians I 113

scientific publications described by Price is partially true for librarians as well. The library science doctorate produces on an average more than the Price cutoff level of ten publications. Price gives the definition of his cutoff point as:

If there are 100 authors, and the most pro­lific has a score of one hundred papers, half of all the papers will have been written by the ten highest scores, and the other half by those with fewer than ten papers each. In fact, in this ideal case, a full quarter of the papers have been written by the top two men and another quarter by those who publish only one or two items.

This immediately gives an objective method for separating the major from the minor contributors. One may set a limit and say that half the work is done by those with more than ten papers to their credit, or that the number of high producers seems to be the same order of magnitude as the square root of the total number of authors. s

The average number of publications of the library science doctorates is 18.6. Thus, if Price's criterion holds for library science authors, the people who strive to obtain the doctor's degree have by some process selected an average amongst them who will be in the most prolific writing segment of librarians.

Even though it is suggested that the holders of the doctorate are prolific, Table 3 shows the distribution of pub­lications cited for library science doc­torates by their frequencies of publica­tion. Thus ten doctorates have written but one publication, twenty have written but two or three publications, sixteen have written four papers, and seven have written but five papers. The distribution curve would show the median at eight and the average at 18.6. The holder of the doctor's degree shows a far greater writing activity than Price suggests for scientists. Because the library science doctorate is a prolific writer, Table 4 was prepared to show the names of these writers, who are quite well known in the

8 Ibid., p. 46.

114 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

TABLE 4 field. Dr. Jesse H. Shera led the field with 157 citations.

B. Non-Library-Science Doctorates.

LIST OF THE MosT PROLIFIC AUTHORS WITH LmRARY SciENCE DocTORAL DEGREES

Number of Citations The second group studied comprised

forty-two librarians who received the doctorate in some field besides library science. Table 5 shows the data ac­cumulated for this group. This group shows even greater writing activity than the library science doctorates. The aver­age number of publications written by these librarians is twenty-seven, which is nine more than the average for the library science doctorates. The data for this group were gathered somewhat dif­ferently than data for the library science doctorates. Because the date for the award of the doctorate for this group was not readily available, statistics for their writing activity per year was based on the date of the first publication found for each author. This group, as well as the first group, averaged about one publica­tion per year, which again is a high rate of activity.

Perhaps the same criteria of selection

Shera, J. H. Camovsky, L. Shaw, R. R. Tauber, M. F . . Ellsworth, R. E. Goldhor, H. Merritt, L. C. Asheim, L. E. Martin, L. A. Schick, F. L. Danton, J. P. Fussier, H. H. Harvey, J. F. Winger, H. W. Joeckel, C. B . . Hodgson, J. G. Muller, R. H .. Brodman, E. McDiarmid, E. W. Eaton, T .. Swank, R. C. Kaser, D. Henne, F .. Hines, T. C.

TABLE 5

DATA FOR PuBLICATIONS OF LmRARIANs HAVING DocTORATES IN NoN-LmRARY-SCIENCE SUBJECTS CITED IN LmRARY LITERATURE

157 135 128.5 108.5

80 68 67.5 67 66.5 65.5 60.5 57.5 56.5 50.5 49.5 49.5 46.5 41.5 41.5 41 41 40 39.5 38.5

Average Number Number of of Publications

Total number of publications cited

Number of master's theses cited Number of dissertations cited Number of articles cited . . Number of book reviews cited . . . . . . . . . . Number of monographs cited . . . . . . . . . .

Number of publications cited in the year of the earliest publication Number of publications cited during the first year after the

earliest publication . . . . . . . . . . . Number of publications cited during the second year after the

earliest publication . . . . . . . . . . . Number of publications cited during the third and fourth years

after the earliest publication . . . . . . . . Number of publications cited during the fifth through the tenth

year after the earliest publication . . . . . . Number of publications cited after the tenth year from the

year of the earliest publication .

NuMBER OF DocTORATEs STUDIED

Publications per Doctorate

1,138.5 27 (median 13)

5 0.12 1 0.02

808 19.3 205 4.9 119.5 2.85 63.5 1.53

41.5 0.99

26.5 0.63

61.5 1.46

214.5 5.1

731 17.4

47

The Writing Habits of Librarians I 115

of these doctoral candidates took place as for the library science doctoral can­didates. The subject area for the doctor­ate does not seem to have an effect on the writing activity of librarians. The writing activity of all librarians who hold doctorates is exceptionally high. Table 6 shows the distribution of publi­cations per non-library-science doctorate. It shows a good deal of similarity to Table 3, and the two people with the greatest activity of both groups have al­most the same number of publications. For library science doctorates, this num­be~ was 157 publications, for non-library­science doctorates, this number was 154 publications.

TABLE 6

DISTRIBUTION OF PuBLICATIONS CITED FOR LmRARIANs HAVING DoCToRATES IN NoN-LmRARY-SCIENCE SUBJECTS BY

FREQUENCY OF PUBLICATION

Number of Doctorates

0 3 2 2 3 1 0 4 1 0 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Number of Publications

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 (median) 16 17 21 23 25 26 27 (average) 28 33 34 49 51 61 71

120 145 154

TABLE 7 LIST OF THE MosT PRoLIFic NoN-LmRARY­

ScmNcE DocTORATES WITH OVER THIRTY-FIVE CITATIONs IN LmRARY LITERATURE

Shores, L. 0

Powell, L. C. Wilson, L. R. Kuhlman, A. F. Osborn, A. D. 0

Wight, E. A. 0

Dunkin, P. S. 0

Lancour, A. H.

Number of Citations

154 144.5 120 71 60.5 50.5 49 48.5

Because the non-library-science doc­torates were selected from library school catalogs, it would be expected that they are in the research atmosphere of a uni­versity and particularly in the environ­ment of a library school. This environ­ment may provide both the opportunity and desire to publish, which may well be the determining factor in this group's high rate of publication. Table 7 lists the non-library-science doctorates by name and the number of publications cited in Library Literature. In Table 7, Dr. Louis Shores leads ~he list with 154 publica­tions. Since this list is not complete, there may well be other authors as prolific as Dr. Shores. Yet the productivity of pub­lications by librarians does not come close to the high number cited by Price at 995 publications.9

It should be noted that for this group of non-library-science doctorates, the average number of citations for disserta­tions was 0.02, which was just one disser­tation indexed in Library Literature. This is to be expected from candidates whose major doctoral interest was not in library science. There were five mas­ter's theses indexed, which shows to some extent the switch in program for the doctorate but not the vocational goal set in the master's program.

C. Librarians Whose Master,s Theses Are Cited in Library Literature.

The third group of librarians were those whose master's theses were cited

8 Ibid., p. 49.

116 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

TABLE 8 DATA FOR LmRARIANS WHOSE MAsTER's THESES

WERE CITED IN LmRARY LITERATURE

Total number of publications cited

Number of master's theses cited Number of dissertations cited Number of articles cited . . Number of book reviews cited .

Number of Publications

420.5

172 3

196 32.5

Average Number of Publications per Librarian

2.44 (median 1)

1 0.02 1.15 0.19

Number of monographs cited . . . . . . . 17 0.10 Total number of publications cited before the award of the

master's degree . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 0.2 Total number of publications cited after the award of the

master's degree . . . . . . . . . . 214.5 1.25 Publications cited during the first year after the award of the

master's degree . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0.08 Publications cited during the second year after the award of

the master's degree . . . . . . . . . . 9 0.05 Publications cited during the third and fourth year after the

award of the master's degree . . . . . . . . 22.5 0.13 Publications cited during the fifth through the tenth year

after the award of the master's degree . . . . . 90.5 0.53 Publications cited after the tenth year of the award of the

master's degree . 80.5 0.47

NUMBER OF LmRARIANS STUDIED

in Library Literature. The fact that these people had their theses indexed might have spurred them to further publishing. However, their annual publication pro­duction only equals the estimated aver­age librarian's rate of 0.05 publications per year.

This group of 172 librarians did very poorly in their publications production in contrast to the librarians with doc­torates. Their total average publication rate was 2.44, and the median was just one. That the median was one shows that at least half of the group did not write any kind of a publication after they won their master's degrees. Of the group se­lected, three library science doctorates produced 30 per cent of the publications other than master's theses. Table 8 shows the data accumulated for the 172 librar­ians. The publication rate before the awarding of the master's degree was an average of one-fifth of a publication per librarian. The average annual publica­tion rate in this group after the award of the master's degree was one publication per fifteen librarians. The average pub-

172

lication rate per year per doctorate was about ten times this figure or about one publication per year. It would be ex­pected that as the holders of master's degrees gained experience, their writing activity would increase. In the period from five to ten years after the awarding of the master's degree, this group of li­brarians was producing only slightly more publications than it had during the first year after the degree was granted. There is an increase in production of publications, but it is small. The total publication activity of this group was almost equally divided between the mas­ter's theses which were written in library school and the articles, book reviews, and monographs which were published after their graduation. Apparently the writing of a master's thesis which is cited in Library Literature does not spur a li­brarian to publish after his graduation from library school.

Table 9 shows the number of librar­ians in this group and the number of publications they have written. The dis­tribution curve for the number of pub-

The Writing Habits of Librarians I 117

TABLE 9 DISTRIBUTION OF PuBLICATIONS CITED

FOR LIBRARIANS WHosE MAsTER's THESES WERE CITED IN LIBRARY LITERATURE

Number of Librarians

124 19

8 6 4 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1

Number of Publications

1 (median) 2 (average) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 16 19 31 67

lications this group has written shows that 124 librarians have written only the master's thesis, and this after some twelve to fourteen years of experience. The highest productivity of this group was a librarian who had written sixty­seven publications. This individual is F. L. Schick, who can be found in Table 4 with the listing of the library science

doctorates. By chance, his master's thesis fell into the sample taken for this group. Two other doctorate-s fell into this cate­gory, but their publication production did not equal Dr. Schick's. Because this group did not show outstanding publica­tion activity, a list of names comprising it was not considered necessary.

D. Authors Chosen at Random From Library Literature.

For contrast with the librarians hold­ing doctor's and master's degrees, another group of authors was selected from the 1949-1951 issue of Library Lit­erature. This group should have resem­bled the group cited for master's theses in that they were chosen by almost the same method. The librarians with mas­ter's degrees were chosen because their theses were cited in Library Literature. The members of this group were chosen because they were cited in Library Literature for some other kind of pub­lication indexed during the period of time from 1949 to 1951. From Table 10, it can be seen that ten of the forty-seven librarians of this group had master's theses cited. Nine of these ten master's

TABLE 10 DATA FOR AUTHORS CHOSEN AT RANDOM IN LIBRARY LITERATURE

Total number of publications cited

Number of master's theses cited Number of dissertations cited . Number of articles cited . . Number of book reviews cited Number of monographs cited . . . . . .

Number of publications cited in the year of the earliest publication . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of publications cited in the first year after the earliest publication . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of publications cited. in the second year after the · earliest publication . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of publications cited in the third and fourth year after the earliest publication . . . . . . . .

Number of publications cited in the fifth through the tenth years after the earliest publication . . . . . .

Number of publications cited after the tenth year from the year of the earliest publication

NUMBER OF LIBRARIANS STUDIED

Number of Publications

268.5

10 1

229 22 6.5

57.5

24.5

13.5

22

57.5

93.5

Average Number of Publications per Librarian

5.7 (median 1)

0.21 0.02 4.86 0.42 0.14

1.2

0.52

0.29

0.46

1.2

2.0

47

1181 College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

theses were the only publications which caused their authors to fall in this group. Also from Table 10, it can be seen that only one dissertation was cited.

This group started with a base of forty-seven publications before a search was made for additional publications. The fact that the group had been pub-· lishing some articles and monographs gave them the incentive to continue their writing activity. As a group, the average number of publications produced was 5. 7. This is almost two and a half times the activity of the group of librarians whose master's theses were cited. De­spite this high average, the median num­ber of publications per librarian for this group was one. That is to say, half of this group wrote one publication and then stopped.

In the first ten years after the earliest citation in Library Literature, this group was more likely to publish within a year of the first publication, than in any of the next nine years. Table 11 shows the number of librarians who had been cited for a given number of publications. Again there is no listing of names be­cause it was felt that a publication ac­tivity of twenty-five, the highest number

TABLE 11 DISTRIBUTION OF PuBLICATIONS FOR

LmRARIANs WHo WERE CITED IN LmRARY LITERATURE BY FREQUENCY OF PUBLICATION

Number of Librarians

22 7 1 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 3 1 4 1

Number of Publications

1 (median) 2 3 4 5 6 (average) 7 8 9

10 16 19 21 25

for this group, fell far short of that for the librarians with doctorates, which had a top of 157 publications. All the authors listed by name in Tables 4 and 7 had more than thirty-five publications to their credit.

DISCUSSION

The data as given above in Tables 2, 5, 8 and 10 have been summarized in Table 12. There are a few trends that can thus be seen. First, throughout each of the groups selected, article production is by far the most frequent method of ex­pression. The next most frequent method of publication is the book review. And the least frequent method of publication is the monograph. For this comparison, the thesis is not considered a method of publication because . it is school-con­nected. Few people decide to write a thesis except under the urging of a class­room instructor. Despite the effort that is necessary to write a monograph, there is still quite a high incidence of mono­graphic work done. The average of over one monograph per doctorate indicates that the awarding of a doctor's degree and the writing of a fairly substantial dissertation may give a person enough experience and impetus to continue after graduation to write books and reports.

It should be noted that there is very little comparison between the list pre­pared by Cuadra as given in Table 1 and the lists of doctorates as given in Tables 4 and 7. Only two names appear in com­mon among these three lists. The names of Dr. Shera and Dr. Shaw appear in Cuadra's list and in the list of the most prolific library science doctorates. If in­formation science is the frontier of re­search in library science disciplines, then it is clear that most of the research is be­ing conducted outside the areas of study by the library science doctorates. Li­brarians, whether holding advanced de­grees or not, have left research in docu­mentation to be done by men who have

The Writing Habits of Librarians I 119

TABLE 12 SuMMARY oF DATA OF WRITING AcTIVITY BY LIBRARIANs

GIVEN IN AvERAGE PUBLICATIONS PER AuTHOR

Librarians Chosen from

Library Non-Library- Librarians with Citation in Science Science Master's Theses Library

Doctorates Doctorates Cited Literature

Number of master's theses cited 0.20 0.12 1.00 0.21

Number of dissertations cited 0.82 0.02 0.02 0.02 Number of articles cited . 12.30 19.30 1.15 4.86 Number of book reviews cited 4.05 4.90 0.19 0.42 Number of monographs cited 1.34 2.85 0.10 0.14 Total number of publications 18.60 27.0 2.44 5.70

cited (median 8) (median 13) (median 1) (median 1) Publications cited in years after either

award of degree or first puclica-tion:

First 1.04 Second 0.91 Third and fourth 1.84 Fifth to tenth 4.34 After tenth 4.66

obtained their education and experience outside the library environment.

Because of the scope of this study, the signincance or area of publications was not considered. It might be of value for a study to relate the reasons for the lack of correlation between the proline au­thors holding library science doctorates and the prolilic authors of documenta­tion literature.

CoNCLUSIONs

Certain patterns of writing habits among librarians can be discerned from the data accumulated for this study. The librarians who obtain doctorates write substantially more than librarians with­out the degree. To obtain a doctorate means that a person must work dili­gently, usually beyond the demands made on the average librarian. The selec­tion process perhaps :6.lters the appli­cants for the doctorate so that only the hard workers and diligent writers are awarded the degree. The doctorate seems to be a difference in writing pro­ductivity whether the degree was in

0.99 0.08 0.52 0.63

I

0.05 0.29 1.46 0.13 0.46 5.10 0.53 1.20

17.40 0.47 2.00

library science or in some other :Geld. The citation of the master's thesis in Library Literature does not seem to have any effect on the publication activity after the award of the master's degree. Au­thors chosen at random from citations in Library Literature produced signi£­cantly more publications than the aver­age librarian, but did not compare to the productivity of the doctorate. • •

MOVING ... (Conti nued from page 108)

aries of all library personnel taking part must be included in the over-all cost, and the library neglecting to do this deceives only itself. Even so, the cost of hiring a moving company to do the job can be almost astronomical, exceeding by three to :6.ve times the cost of an internal operation; because, though rec­ognizing that the library must account for its own staff time, regardless of who actually moves the books, the burden of planning and supervision must by neces­sity be borne by the library staff. • •

KENNA FORSYTH and MARY Y. PARR

Library Technicians at Drexel

This is a study of Drexel's five years of experience in offering library school courses to persons interested in working in libraries at the subprofessional level. In some ways the program has proved useful, but in other ways it has not. A major problem has been the high in­cidence of early dropout. Yet almost a third of the students did B or better work, and two-thirds did C or better work. Efforts are being made to develop better screening procedures for admission and to improve the value of the program to the library community.

THE CURRENT SHORTAGE of librarians has caused the role of the subprofessional to increase in importance. Twenty years ago the ALA Committee for Library Ed­ucation recommended initiation of a pro­gram to train library technicians in order to provide librarians with a trained re­serve force. Recent library surveys have recommended -certification levels for such personnel, and many large libraries now provide such positions at relatively high levels.1 A number of special edu­cation programs have been established for such personnel in order to prepare them for positions of responsibility.2

Five years ago the graduate school of library science of Drexel Institute of Technology formally instituted a pro-

1 Lowell Martin, Library Service in Pennsa~lvania; Present and Proposed (2 vols.; Harrisburg: State Library, 1968) ; The Free Library of Philadelphia lists a Library Assistant III level with pay scale $4,871 to $6,016.

2 "Junior Personnel for Libraries in Toledo," Wil­son L ibrary BuUetin, XXXVII (March 1963), 524; Jane Daniels, "Aid thru Aides," Library Journal, LXXXVIII (June 1, 1963), 2194-97; Gertrude Annan, "Library Technicians; Need, Training, Potential," Medical Library Association Bulletin, LII (January 1962) , 72-80.

Miss Forsyth is Reference Assistant in the District of Columbia Public Library, and Miss Parr is Assistant Professor of Library Science at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn.

120/

gram designed to introduce library ed­ucation to persons interested in librarian­ship but lacking a college degree. These students, called library technicians, ranged in age from twenty-one to fifty­five. Numbering sixty-nine since the pro­gram's inception, they were admitted to Drexel on credentials from their schools and colleges and on recommendations from references. This report has been prepared so that the program's value to the students involved and to the school can be calculated.

Courses Taken.-The technicians were allowed to take the school's four intro­ductory courses, totaling fifteen quarter hours: Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Basic Reference Sources, Library in Society, and Selection of Li­brary Materials. They were admitted to classes attended by graduate students. Since they made up such a small minor­ity in their classes, they did not inter­fere with the graduate students or slow down the classes in which they partic­ipated. It was necessary for them to maintain a grade average of seventy in order to complete these four courses; after two failures they were dismissed. If a student completed the first four courses with an eighty average he could

TABLE 1 NUMBER oF CoURSES TAKEN BY STUDENTs

Students Per Cent

More than 4 . 7 10 3 to 4 courses 11 16 1 to 2 courses 50 73 No record (withdrew) 1 1

Total 69 100

obtain permission to take one or two more. In any case, the student remained a nondegree candidate not receiving graduate credit.

Of the sixty-nine students enrolled, few took advantage of the privilege of taking four courses. Fifty, or 73 per cent, took only one or two courses. Only 16 per cent took three or four courses, and only 10 per cent went beyond the first four courses (See Table 1).

Fourteen, or 20 per cent of the stu­dents failed to maintain the necessary grade average for the first four courses. Table 2 shows 35 per cent to have had grade averages between seventy and sev­enty-nine, and 28 per cent to have been in the eighty to eighty-nine range. Three students obtained averages above ninety, but took only one course. Two of these students had no college background, whereas one had two years of college; one was a medical school assistant li­brarian; the second was a DuPont Com­pany secretary, and the last held no posi­tion while at Drexel.

Positions and Grades.-This program was expected to attract persons who

Library Technicians at Drexel I 121

were already working in subprofessional library positions. Interestingly enough only two-thirds actually had library posi­tions (Table 3). Most of them were at the clerical or subprofessional level, but several were considered to be filling pro­fessional positions, and a few were head librarians in schools and business firms.

Sixteen per cent of the technicians had other types of positions. Most of them were typists or secretaries. The group al­so included a nurse, a teacher, and a managing editor of a newspaper.

It is interesting to match grade aver­ages with the types of positions held by these students. Those who had positions outside the library field had the best over-all average: eighty-one. Students with library positions maintained a com­bined average of seventy-five, but those students who held no positions had a combined average of only sixty-nine.

About half of the technicians had some college background (Table 4), but they had surprisingly little better grade averages than those who had not been to

90-100 80-89 70-79 Below 70 .

TABLE 2

GRADE AVERAGES

Students

3 19 24 14

No grade (Audit, Incomplete) 9

Total 69

Per Cent

4 28 35 20

13

100

TABLE 3

PosiTIONs HELD WHILE IN LmRARY ScHOOL

Students Per Cent Grade Average

Library Positions 45 65 75 Other Positions 11 16 81 No Position 13 19 69

Total 69 100 75

122 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

TABLE 4 COLLEGE BACKGROUND

With previous college work . With no previous college work

Total

college, seventy-six as contrasted with seventy-five.

Evaluation.-The library technician program is valuable to the profession only if it produces capable subprofes­sionals whose capacity for superior work has been improved. Has the Drexel pro­gram been successful in achieving this goal? The answer must be yes in some respects and no in others.

The program has produced a number of students who completed the intro­ductory courses successfully and went into the library world better prepared to make a useful contribution. Mter three or more courses, several of them achieved grade averages superior to those obtained by most graduate stu­dents; no doubt these people became valuable employees. For these students and the libraries which employed them Drexel performed an important service by giving them an introduction to the essentials of librarianship. Less than a fourth of the entire group can be placed in this category.

The majority failed to make good grades (above 80 or B), though they did make grades above 70 or C. Therefore, based on grades, the program has been only partially successful. The 55 per cent

Students Per Cent Grade Average

35 51 76 34 49 75

69 100

with averages below 80 per cent can be compared to 14 per cent of the graduate student body with averages below 80 per cent.

Perhaps more serious, however, is the fact that most technicians dropped out of the program early, only a fourth com­pleting three or four courses. For the early dropouts, the value of the program was reduced to the value of only one or two courses. Although some had to with­draw because of low averages, it is dis­appointing that the others did not take advantage of the opportunity to take more courses. It is hard to decide what factors could be used at the time of ad­mission which might better separate the early dropouts from those willing to stay through the entire program.

Each quarter several technicians take courses at Drexel. Students presently in the program have had more college work than their predecessors and are main­taining a considerably higher combined grade average. A new pattern has been developed for admissions by restricting according to previous educational level, grades, library experience, and personal interviews. Through an improved pro­gram Drexel hopes to make a more im­portant contribution to the library world.

••

ROBERT B. DOWNS

Doctoral Programs and

Library Reso~rces

THE ACCOMPANYING TABLE includes all United · States institutions, which, ac­cording to American Universities and Colleges (9th edition, 1964), conferred five or more doctoral degrees during the period 1953-1962-a total of 186 univer­sities, colleges, seminaries, institutes, and schools.

The tabulation presents the number of degrees awarded by each institution, and the figures are further broken down by broad fields: humanities, biological sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences. In a few instances, the total number of degrees is larger than the to­tals of the four subject fields, because the degrees were not classifiable by fields; in this category were "degrees in arts ·without major, sciences without ma­jor, and all others." The final two col­umns record for each library the number of volumes held and the total expendi­tures for books, periodicals, and binding in 1962, the final year covered by the decade of statistics of doctoral degrees.

The chief purpose of the present in­vestigation is to determine whether there exists any direct correlation between the number and variety of doctoral degrees awarded and the strength of library re­sources in individual institutions.

A glance at the table, wherein institu­tions are arranged in order of the num­ber of doctoral degrees conferred, will . reveal a close relationship, in general, between degrees and library support.

Dr. Downs is Dean of Library Admin­istration in the University of Illinois.

Among the thirty-seven universities which awarded more than seven hun­dred degrees each during the decade, only ten held less than one million vol­umes, and none possessed less than one­half million volumes; two of the ten have gone past the million mark since 1962. Of the thirty-six institutions reporting between three hundred and seven hun­dred degrees each, eighteen held col­lections in excess of five hundred thou­sand volumes, and two were over one million volumes; three others have gone above the one million figure since 1962.

Approached in another way, of the 93,799 doctoral degrees awarded in the United States for the 1953-62 period, 58,150, or nearly two-thirds, came out of the thirty universities with libraries con­taining more than one million volumes each.

Special factors should be noted in the cases of the two top degree-producing institutions: Columbia and California. Of Columbia's imposing total of 5,644 doctoral degrees, 3,438 were awarded by Columbia University proper and 2,206 by Teachers College. California's 5,024 degrees represented five different cam­puses, but chiefly Berkeley and Los An­geles, both owning multi-million volume libraries.

Book expenditures for the last year of the decade were more uneven than were· the volume holdings. -Among the forty­four institutions awarding more than five hundred degrees each, the range was from Catholic University's $82,151 to the combined University of Cali-

/ 123

TABLE 1

Total Biological Physical Social Volumes in Expenditures, Institution No. Degrees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library, 1962 1962

Columbia 5,644 893 431 971 3,338 3,026,464 $ 558,846 California (all campuses) 5,024 353 1,650 1,778 1,228 5,279,404 2,844,697 Wisconsin 3,733 431 1,485 881 919 1,527,432 544,918 Illinois . 3,502 296 915 1,520 746 3,525,820 810,445 Harvard 3,192 577 340 775 1,487 6,931,293 1,023,889 Michigan 2,981 469 824 927 747 3,049,715 627,514 N.Y. Univ. 2,870 341 628 516 1,376 1,150,000 214,446 Ohio State . 2,559 242 892 693 726 1,520,597 423,879 Chicago 2,363 310 507 528 991 2,210,062 457,213 Minnesota 2,353 190 1,01 523 590 2,072,285 603,345 Cornell 2,202 164 948 585 499 2,278,046 684,283 Yale 2,141 695 35 572 498 4,572,893 781,765 Purdue . 2,032 22 95 888 163 564,383 339,922 Indiana 1,990 261 21 252 1,262 1,828,992 571,812 Stanford 1,938 190 22 751 733 2,287,332 437,628 MIT 1,813 16 7 1,671 41 827,357 146,649 Iowa 1,570 378 412 273 507 1,096,996 337,180 Texas 1,521 157 315 516 533 1,508,262 1,242,171 Mich. State 1,515 60 668 339 445 897,612 377,932 Pennsylvania 1,486 240 343 368 526 1,744,680 493,247 Penn. State 1,459 58 410 524 467 659,516 386,456 Southern California 1,413 303 220 127 763 1,007,891 222,583 Northwestern 1,336 352 204 469 311 1,666,200 361,714 Iowa State . 1,308 1 560 606 141 528,003 151,987 Princeton . . . . 1,137 216 96 580 233 1,754,580 347,343 Univ. of Washington . 1,124 126 260 447 279 1,173,496 437,125 Pittsburgh . 1,051 114 222 278 434 1,021,343 248,809 Boston Univ. 951 313 201 93 344 546,504 150,305 North Carolina 929 217 144 230 338 1,283,109 425,589 Johns Hopkins 905 128 246 379 146 1,207,246 198,785 Maryland 861 36 339 286 200 501,973 337,308 Syracuse 830 41 116 158 290 617,482 296,936 Catholic 824 336 119 160 208 614,036 82,151 Florida . 795 84 245 220 241 970,429 317,924 Missouri 787 61 239 150 337 1,043,330 376,669

Rutgers 779 19 436 190 132 1,017,765 309,778 Duke 732 139 235 174 184 1,540,062 470,416 Rochester 695 193 236 231 34 749,217 240,704 California Tech. 653 64 589 136,278 84,967 Kansas . 651 42 201 212 196 962,849 344,771 Colorado 634 50 136 211 237 785,542 358,218 Nebraska 597 20 148 104 323 712,963 231,364 Fordham 583 143 135 77 228 548,881 187,825 Louisiana 576 68 200 145 163 1,042,218 451,233 Utah 491 28 126 248 89 314,026 178,165 Oklahoma 486 26 128 113 219 826,105 255,461 Carnegie Tech. 483 10 455 18 204,149 73,978 Oregon State 478 251 145 78 415,217 139,990 Western Reserve 476 73 164 83 154 777,306 127,670 Virginia 454 47 48 187 169 1,155,488 193,872 Denver 453 148 138 167 420,509 150,645 Tennessee 452 25 157 149 121 704,907 252,617 Brown . . . 444 95 76 226 47 1,170,755 214,619 Washington Univ. (at St. Louis) 442 29 122 196 95 911,759 225,407 Florida State 431 71 141 81 133 596,453 196,431 Notre Dame 413 55 34 259 65 577,822 162,022 St. Louis 406 72 81 120 133 481,881 134,472 Wayne . 406 24 46 138 198 795,488 341,584 Brooklyn Poly. Inst. 392 387 5 62,290 78,970 Oregon 385 14 51 73 247 869,457 227,876 Vanderbilt . 368 105 99 105 59 841,305 213,843

(J't. Univ. Libs.) 362 207 63 92 Washington State . 763,500 131,280

Temple 361 61 108 77 115 584,654 162,614 Texas A. & M. 352 226 113 11 434,117 134,915 Connecticut . . . . 349 1 126 75 147 413,551 218,656 State Univ. of N.Y.-Bu:ffalo 341 13 87 67 174 374,184 55,362 Peabody 330 26 30 13 261 (J't. Univ. Libs., See Vanderbilt) Georgetown . 329 15 37 112 165 503,794 114,000 Oklahoma State 327 113 105 109 654,594 274,696 Colorado State CoiL 320 312 178,845 37,687 Radcliffe . . . . 320 99 83 31 105 131,025 30,954 North Carolina State Coli. 313 191 98 24 246,686 182,474 Kentucky 303 25 83 69 126 970,786 307,344

TABLE I (cont. )

Total Biolog ical Physical Social Volumes in E xpenditures, Institution No. Degrees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library, 1962 1962

Illinois Tech. 297 2 46 247 2 85,000 $ 34,325 Tulane . 271 57 Ill 73 30 806,460 239,232 Cincinnati .. 264 27 69 I27 36 829,628 I55,302 Rensselaer 253 249 4 lli ,289 8,790 American Univ. 238 27 8 203 I47,009 100,704 Case Institute . 235 225 10 95,757 74,I83 Kansas State 235 162 72 I 284,527 I65,244 s.w. Baptist Sem. 232 232 300,000 36,666 Delaware 2ll II 200

/ 352,032 I69,858 -Rice I99 I8 23 I 52 6 420,494 20I,102

Houston I9I 84 2 I05 243,630 I00,714 Loyola . I86 I2 I03 8 63. 373,246 I02,271 Lehigh . I82 8 I2 I 58 4 40I ,600 86,2I5 Southern Baptist Sem. I73 I73 IC6,I25 75,454 Alabama 165 2 34 36 93 723,747 I71,518 Arkansas I64 I6 5 34 I09 476,94I I2I,868 Emory I49 24 58 3I 28 723,46·3 2I4,295 Wyoming I44 23 20 IOI 298,170 76,239 Arizona I42 47 43 52 370,450 I97,712 New Mexico 140 33 II 59 37 343,618 130,703 Virginia Poly. 125 37 88 301i,558 68,567 Massachusetts ll7 6 89 19 3 251,991 94,845 Yeshiva 116 40 40 2 34 268,224 99,477 Bryn Mawr . . 1( 6 52 10 I8 19 290,646 53,376 New School for Social Research 105 9 26 70 30,167 19,876 St. John's I05 27 14 64 208,805 ll6,564 Georgia Tech . . 103 103 262,614 186,718 Tufts 101 24 5 72 318,695 84,496 Union Theol. Sem. (N.Y.) .. 101 101 373,040 25,486 New Orleans Baptist Sem. 93 93 73,549 20,720 Auburn 90 23 21 46 318,929 93,869 Georgia 90 5 27 12 46 517,215 218,925 West Virginia .

I

86 . 28 41 17 485,990 180,181 Princeton Theol. Sem. 80 80 263,812 26,269 Claremont 78 7 35 36 333,495 IIO,OOO

Lawrence 78 78 95,176 27,848 North Dakota 78 19 59 233,721 80,312 Utah State . 77 54 8 15 302,090 77,261 Adelphia •. 74 71 3 120,987 73,134 Texas Tech. 74 7 3 8 56 527,936 161,159 Baylor 67 35 17 15 318,422 95,550 Brandeis 66 14 18 12 22 263,599 127,305 Louisville 58 7 51 341,005 147,456 Dropsie 57 18 35 73,431 4,850 Northern Baptist Sem. 57 57 63,907 5,884 Texas Woman's Univ. 56 36 20 160,000 66,224 North Texas 52 7 45 414,330 169,532 Mississippi . 50 1 9 2 38 352,889 140,399 Jewish Theol. Sem. 49 49 203,000 12,335 Union Theol. Sem. (Va.) 48 48 128,571 21,153 Bradley 46 1 45 130,000 33,500 Iliff Theol. Sem. 46 46 60,000 9,809 St. Mary's (Ind. ) 45 45 61,045 21,449 South Carolina 44 5 4 15 20' 514,859 267,619 Colorado School of Mines 43 43 104,574 27,103 Colorado State Univ. 42 18 24 219,512 68,271 Drew 42 41 1 248,619 34,124 New Hampshire 40 14 26 308,119 76,927 Montana State Coil. 39 6 26 7 164,000 63,000 Hartford Sem. 37 35 2 170,667 18,500 Central Baptist Sem. 36 36 36,220 9,573 Rockefeller In st. 34 34 55,243 46,151 Hebrew Union 33 33 150,920 18,385 Portland 31 22 9 102,422 21,880 Jefferson 30 30 46,091 33,060 Univ. of Pacific 30 30 120,000 51 ,524 Philadelphia Coil. of Pharmacy 29 28 1 33,814 15,300 Akron 27 2 25 137,256 54,721 Tulsa 27 27 209,899 46,444 Arizona State 26 26 448,750 228,080 Springfield . 26 26 56,658 13,500 Duquesne • • 0 • •

24 4 20 173,096 73,978 Pacific School of Religion 23 23 71,694 13,729 Hawaii . 22 17 5 415,047 279,121

TABLE 1 (cont.)

Total Biological Physical Social Volumes in E xpenditures, Institution No. Degrees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library, 1962 1962

·Boston Coli. 21 21 581,584 $ 134,060 Southern Illinois 21 2 7 12 597,671 . 482,420 Medical Coli. of Va. 20 17 3 69,357 24,413 Middlebury 19 19 130,819 25,636 Medical Coli. of S.C. 17 17 34,551 14,574 Stevens 17 17 43,100 19,646 Hahn em ann 15 15 37,511 17,300 Ohio Univ. . 15 6 5 4 328,347 121,480 St. Mary's Sem. (Ill.) 14 14 53,500 3,000 Grace Sem. 13 13 25,475 11,216 San Francisco Sem. 13 13 80,177 23,142 St. Bonaventure 13 8 5 112,749 14,615 Rhode Island 12 2 10 208,520 124,531 General Theol. Sem. 11 11 134,746 31,003 Protestant Episcopal School 11 11 ~17 5,000 South Dakota State 11 8 3 ' 81 50,836 South Dakota 11 2 9 188,552 48,564 Miami 10 4 4 2 616,019 252,234 Mississippi State • • • 0 • 10 8 1 1 221,362 63,150 Univ. of Missouri at Kansas City 10 10 223,400 31,571 Alaska . . . . . . 9 9 70,736 52,335 Brigham Young 9 3 6 373,125 212,236 Alfred . . . 8 8 103,138 18,400 Lorna Linda 8 8 60,000 24,616 Woodstock 8 8 133,000 22,000 Howard 7 7 391,103 222,480 St. Mary's Sem. (Md.) 7 7 7,434 3,243 Union . . . . . . . . . 7 7 203,000 41,190 Southern Calif. School of Theology . 6 6 65,653 11,345 Maine 5 5 328,488 55,865 Marquette 5 5 307,050 157,204 Montana State Univ. 5 5 257,973 91,121 N.Y. Law 5 5 73,000 8,895 Occidental . 5 5 168,489 37,476 u.s. Naval School 5 5 230,000 59,500

Doctoral Programs and Library Resources I 129

fornia's total for all of its campuses of $2,844,697. Eleven universities reported expenditures in excess of $500,000 each, nineteen between $300,000 and $500,000, and only eight less than $200,000. Infla­tionary trends of the past several years • have increased the totals; in 1963-64, twenty-eight universities spent more than · $500,000 for books and six exceeded $1,-000,000.

Since there are no established norms, exactly how many volumes should be held by the library and how much money spent for books in an institution offering doctoral programs are debatable matters. Pragmatically speaking, how­ever, it seems doubtful that high-level doctoral work in a variety of fields can be carried on .with less than half a mil­lion volumes and with annual book ex­penditures under $200,000. Applying these criteria to the 186 institutions in­cluded in the present investigation, only sixty-four met the 500,000 volume stan­dard, and fifty-seven spent more than $200,000 for library resources.

If th·ese recommended, admittedly arbitrary levels are valid, 123 institutions were substandard in volume holdings and 130 in expenditures for library ma­terials, as of 1962.

In certain instances, there may have been mitigating facts. The specialized technical institutions-California Insti­tute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Brooklyn Polytechnic In­stitute, Illinois Institute of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Case Institute of Technology, Colorado School of Mines, etc.-rank high academically, but their doctoral offerings are in a limited number of scientific and tech­nical fields. Hence, their library require­ments are considerably less varied than are those of general universities dealing with humanities and social sciences, as well as with science and technology. Such institutions as Purdue, Iowa State University, Pennsylvania State Univer-

sity, and others which in the past have specialized in agriculture and engineer­ing have grown slowly for the same rea­son, although in recent years they have tended to develop into comprehensive universities.

It should also be pointed out that Mas­sachusetts Institute of Technology, which by general consent ranks at the top of this type of institution, possesses a library approaching a million volumes in size.

Another consideration that has doubt­less influenced the modest size of li­braries in certain doctoral-degree grant­ing institutions is the proximity of ex­tensive resources in other libraries. Ex­amples are Bryn Mawr College in Phila­delphia, closely allied to the University of Pennsylvania, and Radcliffe College in Cambridge, with its Harvard Uni­versity affiliation. Unless there is a direct official connection, however, no univer­sity worthy of the name would expect to rely chiefly upon other institutions to provide the library resources needed by its doctoral candidates.

The most severe limitations of library collections and support found in the group granting doctoral degrees were among theological seminaries. The tra­dition that Christianity and Judaism are bookish religions is hardly borne out by the miniscule libraries and parsimonious book budgets which seem to be the rule rather than the exception in divinity schools. Two highly regarded institu­tions, Princeton Theological Seminary and Union Theological Seminary of New York, for example, expended $26,269 and $25,486, respectively, for library mate­rials in 1961-62, and others ranged as low as $3,243. Yet the twenty-two inde­pendent schools of this character award­ed more than one thousand one hundred doctoral degrees in the period under re­view.

In summary, statistics of doctoral de­(Continued on page 141)

FLORENCE DEHART

The Application of Special Library Services and Techniques

to the College Library Advanced library services, common to some special libraries, were applied to certain courses of study in English in five selected colleges. These services included: (1) answering reference questions fully rather than guiding patrons to the answer; (2) the preparation upon request of pertinent bibliographies; (3) notification of faculty mem­bers when something appeared in print that they would likely use; and (4) recommendation of books for purchase. Measurement of library use was made among groups receiving these services and among groups not receiving them; no quantifiable differences were observed.

INCREASING INTEREST in the development of services in the college library has found expression in the literature in re­cent years. Various authors have recom­mended that special library services and techniques be applied to the college li­brary. In an attempt to provide objective measurement of the effect of their appli­cation, a study was made in five college libraries. It was made in cooperation with their departments of English, with­in the course of one academic year.

The hypothesis of the study was that the provision of "special library" ser­vices and techniques by a college li­brary for a current, ongoing course will result in more and better library use by the persons being served than when they are not provided. "College library"

A summary of a doctoral dissertation ac­cepted by the faculty of the Graduate School of Library Service, Rutgers Univer­sity, in 1964 (215 p.). Copies of the disserta­tion are available from University Micro­films, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Miss DeHart is head, Reference Depart­ment, Seton Hall University Library.

130/

was defined as a main library in a col­lege or university which emphasizes four-year undergraduate instruction and may or may not offer graduate programs leading to a master's or doctor's degree.

The experiment was designed to de­termine quantitatively the use made of the various services given to the faculty members served and to their students, and the use made of the same materials by control groups who were not pro­vided special services. An attempt was also made to measure the value of the services to the faculty members and their students, in so far as quality can be de­termined.

The purpose of the first phase of the study was to identify those special li­brary services and techniques worthy of further testing on a broader scale. The following services were provided for eight (seven after one withdrawal) fac­ulty members in one small university in connection with two upper division and two lower division courses, considered by the head of the Department of Eng­lish to have in their syllabi substantial

· (

Application of Special Library Services and Techniques I 131

potential for library use: ( 1 ) a special reference service giving answers to ques­tions rather than merely indications of where answers might be found; ( 2) com­piling bibliographies upon request, enumerative or annotated; ( 3) a current awareness service, in which ninety-five current periodicals and Abstracts of Eng­lish Studies were searched for items per­tinent to the courses served, with notifi­cation to faculty members of these items through citations or original abstracts and tables of contents when appropriate; ( 4) a book ordering service, in which book reviews in the ninety-five periodi­cals were scanned and filled-out order blanks sent for approval to appropriate professors for titles relevant to their courses, as well as filled-out order forms for materials to repair deficiencies in the collection which hindered the provision of services.

These services were not provided in connection with the personal study and research of faculty members unless their study and research happened to coincide in subject matter with the courses served. Neither were the services provided di­rectly to students. The head of the de­partment of English stated that part of the educational goal of the department was to teach students to find materials and information themselves; therefore, they should not have any part of their work done for them.

Quantitative measurement of the use made of the services provided in the first phase of the study indicated that none was worthy of second phase testing in other college libraries. Use was made most consistently and heavily by one professor, bearing out the results of studies cited by Clark, in which in­dividual professors, rather than the items being tested, appeared to be the deter­mining factor in the outcome of the studies.1

1 V~rginia Clark, "Teaching Students to Use the Library: Whose Responsibility?" CRL, XXI (Septem­ber 1960), 372.

Without a knowledge, however, of the underlying attitudes of the professors toward educational goals and teaching methods, and without a knowledge of whether the services, with their possibly inherent cumulative value, helped to fa­cilitate their teaching and the learning of their students, the meaning of the quantitative statistics could not be fully interpreted. In addition to a know ledge of the attitudes of the professors served, it was necessary to ascertain what other factors, controllable or uncontrollable~ were instrumental in helping or hinder~ ing the receipt of potential benefit from the services.

Responding to the questionnaires, pro~ fessors indicated, with respect to the current awareness service in particular, that they would have made more use of the library materials cited if their time schedule, the nature of the articles, and the price of photoduplication had been more favorable. They considered the cur~ rent awareness service as a potential aid to· themselves in providing general back­ground from which to draw in their teaching. Two professors. specifically in~ dicated that this service offered cumula­tive benefits to be reaped at the time of subsequent offerings of their courses.

Since none of the services offered in the first phase of the study proved worthy of further testing in current, on­going courses, two other services were tested in the second phase of the study, in the original library as well as in four others. Replies to one of the question­naires sent to professors in the first­phase of the study indicated that bib­liographical assistance of a librarian in compiling course reading lists would be a desirable service. This service, offered during the second phase of the study, aimed to determine what, if any, of the intellectual parts of the compilation of reading lists could be done or aided by librarians and to measure subsequent use made of the lists prepared by the re, searcher and/ or professors.

132 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

The other service tested was sug­gested by the head of the department of English of the first college studied: the compilation of a checklist of periodicals of use to students of English language and literature, based on the library's holdings, and giving information not be­fore included in a periodical directory under one cover. It appeared possible that this information would not only aid the student to become familiar with the subject content of periodicals that would be useful to him, but that it would also aid him in using the periodicals more effectively through the inclusion of cer­tain bibliographical information, such as the presence of an index or special bibliography. A number of the periodi­cals included in the checklists were not indexed in any periodical indexes.

The services described above were provided as follows: reading lists were prepared for one course at each of two of the colleges and for two courses at one college; the checklist of periodicals was distributed to one class of two courses at each of the five colleges, in­cluding the first. The checklist was adapted to the holdings of each library at the five institutions and distributed in the name of each library.

Quantitative measurement of the use made of the services provided in the second phase of the study also proved the hypothesis to be false. Comment by professors revealed factors which mili­tated against use of the services: assign­ments given by professors specifying that the use of library materials was either not required or was forbidden in the preparation of papers; assignment of papers requiring textual analysis of literary works themselves rather than analysis which would include critical material as well; and the use of ali-in­one textbooks containing bibliography and readings as well as the usual text­book material with the specification that no readings not given in the textbook be assigned.

The services in both phases of the

study were provided for courses cur­rently in operation in the department of English; the results of the study may or may not apply to other fields. In re­spect to the particular services offered, the quantitative and qualitative data, in both phases of the study, proved that this assumption was not justified.

The study did show that while the special library services offered had no · impact on the content and methods of teaching of these ongoing courses, they served most of the professors in the first phase and one professor in the second phase as general preparation for the design of the same and other courses in the future. In addition, it was generally agreed that the current awareness ser­vice offered in the first phase enriched the background of the professors. There was some indication, therefore, that the usefulness of the services may be broader and of more long-range value than is indicated by their lack of im­mediate effect on a particular ongoing course. The amount of time and ma­terial required to give the services is not judged to be a prohibitive factor.

Under the conditions in which the study was made-providing a limited number of services in relation to current ongoing courses in the department of English within the period of one aca­demic year-there is no evidence that the application of special library services and techniques to the college library provided more or better service to users than when they were not provided. Be­cause there was some indication that the usefulness of the services may be broader and of more long-range value than their effect on a particular ongoing course, it is recommended that the same and other special library services be tested in the same and other fields over a longer period of time.

In addition to providing data bearing on the hypothesis, the study revealed certain general implications for further investigation concerning library service at the undergraduate level, directly or

.

Application of Special Library Services and Techniques I 133

indirectly. These implications are merely hypotheses and have not been proved by the study.

Communications from professors in­dicated, to varying degrees, that the na­ture of the periodicals in the field of English language and literature is such that the undergraduate or the profes­sor teaching undergraduate courses has evidently not been, generally speaking, those to whom the periodicals are di­rected. The potential of the use of pe­riodicals to aid teaching and learning in this field cannot be known fully unless a number of articles are considered by professors to be appropriate for use in undergraduate courses.

Obviously, the provision of less ex­pensive means of photoduplication would facilitate giving special library services. Two articles considered to be particularly valuable by the librarian giving the services would have cost professors $3.10 and $1.90 respective­ly, at the relatively low cost of ten cents per sheet.

Responses from professors indicated, to varying degrees, that they had little or no time to come to the library to follow up on notifications of appropriate available material. That professors' time is being saved by the services may not be apparent because th·ey would not be scanning periodicals for appropriate ma­terial, etc., if the services were not of­fered. Delivery and pick-up service to and from faculty offices might be ini­tiated where this service is not already offered.

Professors approved for ordering the majority of the filled-out order forms which had been sent to them. Alt}10ugh the department of English was covering current ordering (unaware that the forms would be sent from the library), these materials had been missed by the department of English, nor had the library attempted systematically to round out current ordering from this department. In two cases, where the bibliography in the textbook served in

whole or in part as the course reading list, slightly less than half of the works listed in the textbook bibliography were held by the libraries. These instances of lack of control over the collection sug­gest that librarians might assume more definite responsibility, in practice as well as in theory, for the maintenance and development of the collection.

As would be expected, the use of ali­in-one textbooks, containing readings and bibliography as well as the usual textbook material, and the specifications by faculty members that students not use materials other than those provided in this one source or in the literary works used as texts, do not foster the use of special library services in connection with these courses.

Both phases of the study bore out the implication with respect to the lead time necessary for planned communication with the faculty in order to direct spe­cial library services most specifically to the needs of faculty and students. That professors were unaccustomed to re­ceiving and using services not before offered may have been a deterrent to their fullest use.

The opportunity for communication with the faculty which the study af­forded might be provided in the way most suitable to each institution as part of a regular, organized, and required routine. The study bore out the follow­ing of Knapp's findings:

Still the conscious analysis of the total curriculum in terms of the library resources, organization, and services appropriate for the several elements in it should result in something approaching a more rational li­brary program than the relatively hap­hazard one in operation at present. 2

.. In another connection, she states fur­ther:

But granted that the contribution of the

2 Patricia B. Knapp, College Teaching and the Col­lege Library (Chicago, ALA, 1959 ; ACRL Mono­graph No. 23), p. 97.

(Continued on page 15~)

DOROTHY JOENS GLASBY

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II IT MUST BE REMEMBERED by anyone who happens to consult this listing that the publications noted are not neces­sarily the best or the only new peri­odicals in a particular field. Those which have been mentioned have been chosen because they would seem to have some special value for libraries or cover ma­terial which is currently of great inter­est. A few, also, have been included be­cause they are somewhat unusual (in format, in subject matter, or in the man­ner of their distribution) and their par­ticular q~alities might be over looked in the rush to keep up with the flood of more ordinary journals.

Titles marked with an asterisk in the alphabetical section at the end of this listing are scholarly, scientific, or tech­nical publications which have not been annotated in any way as the nature of their contents would appear to be ob­vious.

ABSTRACTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, INDEXES. In

this day of multitudinous publications al­most any reliable aids which may be of help to librarians in book selection are in­valuable. Sci-Tech Book Profiles and M edi­cal Book Profiles are new monthlies which will reproduce (in reduced size) the title pages, tables of contents, names of con­tributors, prefaces and indexes of graduate or professional level books in their respec­tive fields. The items selected for such treat­ment will be those in current issues of the American Book Publishing Record, and it is suggested that the Profiles, aside from their value as selection aids, may be used to decide whether a book which is not im­mediately available (out, missing, not pur­chased by the library) does indeed contain the information needed. One can predict excellent quality and a useful life for the Profiles when one sees R. R. Bowker Co. in the imprint. Another selection aid, also in the field of science, is Science Books, issued in the Miscellaneous Publications Series of

134/

the American Association for the Advance­ment of Science. Short reviews (three or four lines each) covering about two hun­dred books were included in the first issue. Each review is marked with symbols to show that the book is "not recommended,'~ is "very simple elementary," is "profession­al," etc. Science Books would appear to be intended primarily for the use of the school librarian.

The currently available published pro­ceedings of national and international con­ferences, meetings, symposia, and congress­es in all areas of science and technology are listed in Directory of Published Proceed­ings. The meetings are arranged chronologi­cally and indexed by city and by subject. Prices, current or estimated, are included.

East European Science Abstracts pub­lishes five to seven line abstracts of East German, Polish, and Czech patents dealing with applied chemistry and technology, and other fields where chemicals are used. Journals from those countries are abstracted selectively and coverage is extended to cer­tain Russian journals which are not known to be translated cover to cover.

Although it will include information on other minority groups, The Negro in Print is primarily an annotated listing of current American and foreign publications on the Negro. Adult and juvenile works as well as fiction and nonfiction will be noted and there will be announcements of forthcoming publications as well.

In English, but including the original German titles, is Mundus, a "'quarterly re­view of German research contributions on Asia, Mrica, and Latin America-arts and science." The review seems to be carefully done and should be of great value to li­brarians as each issue is divided into two parts (arts and economics; science and ge­ography) each of which includes book notes and abstracts plus a selected bibliography of new books and articles.

AREAS, PEOPLES. The Hellenic American National Picture Magazine introduces peo­ple of a common heritage. The first issue has articles on singer George Maharis and

•

Detroit Lions' lineman Alex Karras as well as sections of news from Greece and from Greek communities in the United States. Another reminder that America is composed of people from many places is African For­urn issued by the American Society of Mri­can Culture. The society is composed of some four hundred Americans of Mrican descent who are teachers, scholars, and ar­tists and its purpose has "been to bring to the American Negro, in particular, an un­derstanding of the continuing value of our gifts and a pride in our origins so that we may join other Americans who feel secure in the traditions of their past and their contribution to America." The new quarter­ly will include articles on contemporary African society and cultural development as well as on the problems and contributions of American Negroes. There will also be a section concerned with national minorities and their problems of adjustment. The first issue of the Forum offers material by, well­known persons such as J omo Kenyatta, Alex Quaison-Sackey, and James Farmer.

American libraries concerned with area studies may be interested in American Studies issued by the American Studies As­sociation of the Philippines, a counterpart group to the American Studies Association in the United States. Despite its title the review will operate in an area of Philippine studies, that is, the investigation of prob­lems hearing on the influence of American culture on the Philippines. The first issue has an interesting discussion of "Manuel L. Quezon and the American Presidents" and a Carlos Romulo contribution "American Literature and the Modern Sensibility."

Organ of the Center for Latin American Studies of the City College of the City Uni­versity of New York, Centro will include a variety of articles, poems, and stories in English or in Spanish. Somewhat more scholarly, perhaps, is Latin American Re­search Review which is "devoted to syste­matic reviewing of current studies of Latin America." The Review is issued by the Latin American Research Review Board composed of representatives of each insti­tution (ranging alphabetically from the University of Arizona to the University of Wisconsin) which has pledged financial support to the extent of $1,000 annually to subsidize the Review for the .first two years of its publication. The first issue contains

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II I 135

topical reviews of "Social Stratification Re­search in Latin America" and "U rbaniza­tion in Latin America" as well as informa­tion on conferences, libraries, and new pub­lications. There is also a special section listing research projects being undertaken in various institutions in this country. Fu­ture issues will also include research by Latin American institutions.

THE ARTs. Syn, covering international contributions to the new art, takes its name from the Greek word meaning "together." Its articles, which have the same text in English and German, are designed to "open possibilities of an integral art beyond the hard-and-fast definitions of formalism (con­crete art, optical art, hard-edge painting) or informalism (expressionism, tachism, ac­tion-painting) on the basis of pure painterly principles." As might he expected, there are many illustrations, some in color.

The rather slight Film Heritage is "not affiliated with any university" although it is published at the University of Dayton. Its first issue includes short pieces on "David Wark Griffith in Retrospect, 1965" and "Luis Alcoriza and the Films of Luis Bunuel." It has, also, a number of interest­ing black and white pictures. Theatre De­sign & Technology concerns itself with the architectural aspects of dramatic presenta­tions. It is the official publication of the U.S. Institute of Theatre Technology which wants to "bring about greater understand­ing between those who work in theaters and those who build them." The well-illustrated journal has articles about, and listings of, new theaters. It also includes current num­bers of "Recent Publications on Theatre Architecture," a bibliography begun in 1960 and published separately through no. 12.

The first issue of Lugano Review dis­cusses Melville and philosophy and pre­sents drawings (five by Thomas Merton) and paintings. The Review, well-printed in black and white with large type and clean, attractive pages, will devote itself to the whole field of the arts.

BusiNEss, EcoNOMICS. Superseding the same publisher's Japan Trade Monthly, the new Industrial Japan explores economy and trade, devoting its first issue to advertising and marketing in Japan. The first issue has a most unusual three dimensional cover but, as one might expect, has many advertise­ments throughout. The April issue of each

136 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

year is to be a special economic yearbook type of publication. Although the title African Commerce implies coverage of the whole continent, the first issue of the monthly review seems to concentrate on Uganda. The articles are the short sum­mary type and touch on various aspects of Mrican financial, commercial, and indus­trial progress.

Articles in Journal of Purchasing "may present concepts from business, statistics, economics, engineering, behavioral science, or any discipline which contributes to the advancement of knowledge in business or governmental purchasing, material manage­ment, or related areas . . . rand1 may discuss theories, principles or philosophies." Business Economics represents a consolida­tion of some of the former publications of the National Association of Business Econ­omists. Issues will have, in addition to regular articles, a special section devoted to a placement service.

Pergamon Press publishes Columbia Jour­nal of World Business for the graduate school of business of Columbia University. The Journal seems to be of high quality and the articles included are written by men of stature in their fields. Even one who knows nothing of business, however, can appreci­ate the last article in the first issue "Pray Don't Call it English" (which has, among other gems: "The typical executive memo or report, generously larded with murky, flabby and pretentious phrases, seems al­most to defy description. Call it cant, call it 'Businessese' but don't call it English").

EDUCATION. Designed to be torn apart for use in teaching safety, School Safety includes pages for bulletin boards, songs, stories, and other such materials. It would appear to be aimed at the elementary school teacher for in addition to teaching aids it has information on matters such as the dangers of contact lenses on the play­ground and ways of protecting the health of teachers.

Superseding Southern School News (pub­lished for eleven years) Southern Educa­tion Report will focus on programs to ex­pand educational opportunities for the so­cially and economically handicapped in the southern and border states. It will, how­ever, extend coverage to any promising con­cepts in education anywhere in the nation.

As did its predecessor, the Report will present an account of major events and trends in the area of the desegregation of education. The first issue includes discus­sions of current investigations such as the "North Carolina Advancement School" and "Early School Admission Project."

GENERAL. Primarily with colored illustra­tions, Voyageur explores wildlife, scenery, and historical events in a particular part of the country. Texts are short but the topics are of great interest. The first issue has "Where Time Stands Still," "Destiny of the Voyageurs," and "The Fascinating North Country Around Lake Superior."

Lithopinion is unusual in many ways. It is a quarterly published by Local One of the Amalgamated Lithographers of America and is distributed without cost to the Lo­cal's membership plus editors and other "leaders of opinion" (librarians included) . The publishers say "there is not another magazine quite like this . . . a general mag­azine on as high a level as any in the coun­try, written by professionals, and offered to the community of free minds as a con­tribution by a labor union." The well writ­ten, beautifully illustrated first issue in­cludes provocative articles on "Getting to Know Each Other" (labor and govern­ment) , "Bread is Not Enough" (a writer behind the Iron Curtain), and "Labor's Non-Image on Television" (doctors, law­yers, etc. but few laboring men on TV). The many examples of the finest of the Jithographic art, much of it in color, that are included appear because "this is not discussion that comes out of the woodwork, that has no mother or father or past or future. This is political and economic dis­cussion that comes out of our particular view of the world as artist-craftsmen."

INTERNATIONAL AFFAms. Vista, pocket size and with capsule articles and features on people and events in the world of the UN and international affairs, is published by the United Nations Association of America (formerly the American Associa­tion for the United Nations) to replace its earlier UNA News.

LANGUAGE, LITERATURE. Although there are many journals in the field, few attempt, say the publishers (St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Scotland) of Forum for Mod­ern Language Studies, as extensive a cover-

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II I 137

age. The Forum's scope will be the prin­cipal languages and literatures of Europe and America during the past millennium in · the hope that a process of cross fertilization between different areas of study in the whole field can be encouraged. The con­tributors are asked to consider whether their work is likely to illumine, however obliquely, more than one small private corner. Other journals provide short re­views so Forum limits its reviews to a few substantial ones in which the authors con­centrate on matters of substance and prin­ciple so the critique will itself contribute

. to the subject covered by the book. Half issues will be devoted, at frequent intervals, to papers on a single chosen subject or author. The second issue, for example, will have a number of papers on Dante and the fourth, on Corneille.

Northwest Folklore supersedes Oregon Folklore Bulletin and is particularly inter­ested in publishing the "raw materials of folklore, that is, the actual collected super­stitions, tales, songs, etc. of oral tradition." From time to time, as they have in the first issue, the publishers will present short in­vestigative or critical articles on the folk­lore of the Northwest.

LAw. California Western Law Review is issued by the school of law of California Western University in San Diego. It is one of the latest in the long and often distin­guished list of similar law school publica­tions. Articles in the Review are not writ­ten by the students of the school but are edited by them under faculty supervision. In contrast, the faculty of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law of the University of Liberia in Monrovia issues Liberian Law Journal.

Articles in Lawyer's Medical]ournal are written by doctors in fairly simple ter­minology. Each includes a short bibliog­raphy and tries to reduce "a complex medi­cal problem to understandable terms, readi­ly grasped by the trial attorney" in order to "provide workable techniques for evalua­tion of traumatic injuries" and to help to "bridge the widening gap between theory and practice in this growing field."

PoLITICS, GoVERNMENT. Although the Office of the Federal Register of the Gen­eral Services Administration now publishes similar material in annual volumes called

Public Papers of the Presidents it will at­tempt to supply current information through its Weekly Compilation of Presidential Doc­uments. The Weekly will be issued every Monday and include whatever material has been released by the White House up to the previous Friday at 5 P.M. Coverage will include transcripts of the President's news conferences, messages to Congress, public speeches and statements. In addition there will be an index of contents, cumulative index, and list of laws approved by the President and nominations submitted by him to the Senate as well as a checklist of White House releases.

Asian Outlook has taken over the sub­scription list of Free China & Asia pub­lished since October 1954 by the Asian Peoples Anti-Communist League of the Re­public of China. The new publication is similar to the old in that much of its infor­mation is rather general in nature and many items are quoted (with appropriate com­ments) from Communist Chinese publica­tions. Articles are very short and, of course, anti-Communist in nature. Two in the first issue are "Medical Training in Mainland China" and "An Indian View of the 'Second Bandung.'"

RECREATION. Devoted to the "fun" side of flying, Private Pilot will cover the na­tional and international scene with con­centration on the light plane picture. The publication is popularly written rather than technical in nature and seems, judging by the first issue, to put emphasis on first-hand accounts of experiences such as landing on a freeway in California or hunting coyotes from a plane.

RELIGION. Within the scope of Religious Studies will be, also, the psychology and so­ciology of religion as they bear on major religions and major religious questions. The Cambridge University Press publication will have, in addition to articles, extended book discussions, surveys of recent literature, and book notes.

SciENCE. In October 1866, George Pea­body gave Yale University a gift of $150,000 for "the foundation and mainte­nance of a museum of natural history.'' Discovery, issued as a journal to inform and interest the Peabody Museum Associates, is one of the recent outgrowths of that original gift. Rather than following the form of a

138 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

report, Discovery will discuss the museum's activities by means of articles on its collec­tions and how material for them was gath­ered throughout the world. The first issue has many black and white illustrations and articles such as "Sea Bird Studies on Christ­mas Island," "Yale in Kenya," and "The Arch.ae,?logical Expedition to Egyptian Nubia.

Replacing Arid Zone Newsletter (last is­sued December 1964) Nature and Re­sources will cover all the different aspects of UNESCO's Natural Resources Research Division investigations. Fields included are hydrology, geology, soil sciences, ecology, and the conservation of nature. The quar­terly is subtitled "bulletin of the Interna­tional Hydrological Decade" (the decade is 1965-1974).

Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters is a supplement to journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry published by Pergamon Press since l-955. The Letters, in English or German, wlli provide for a rapid exchange of information. Communications included will be, ~f course, short and highly tech­nical in nature.

Although Palaeogeography, Palaeoclima­tology, Palaeoecology may eventually divide into separate specialized numbers for each of its three fields, it is presently an "inter­national journal for the geo-sciences." Its scholarly, documented text is in English, French, or German and each article has, also, an English summary.

SciENCE, APPLIED. Short news items with information on places to get help or ma­terials are the specialties of Information Retrieval Letter. A larger publication, Sys­tems and Communications, will cover the latest developments in communications and electronic technology. It will have sections on new products plus review articles and technical news notes. View; the Magazine of Closed-Circuit and Community Antenna TV is designed "to reflect the importance of these fields in all facets of our commer­cial, industrial, recreational, and govern­mentallives." View includes some technical articles and much material about new prod­ucts and new uses for old ones. Even one who knows little of the technical aspects of the subject can agree that "although we are most aware of the use of CCTV in its most dramatic aspects, as in the world shaking flight of the Gemini capsule, or

in exploring the sea under the polar icecap, the use of closed circuit television cameras as everyday workhorses in banking, retail department stores, steel mills, schools, and the like, have made a far greater impact in today's world."

Acta Mechanica, although it will wel­come papers on applied mathematics, is primarily concerned with all fields of the­oretical or applied mechanics. Its articles are in English or German with summaries in both languages. Designed as an aid to engineers, Microwave Engineering will pro­vide news, features, product and equipment reports, book reviews, and abstracts. Japan Chemical Quarterly is published in order to introduce to the world the economic and technical aspects of the chemical industry in Japan. The first issue includes articles on "Japan's Fertilizer Exports" and "Acrylic Fiber of Asahi Chemical."

Including in its first issue a number of articles on rice and coffee growing, Experi­mental Agriculture promises to publish "the results of experimental work in animal and crop husbandry, with an emphasis on re­search carried out in the warmer climates of the world." The new quarterly super­sedes the highly regarded Empire ] ournal of Experimental Agriculture.

Designed for "physician-to-physician" communication, Medical Opinion & Review will "isolate and explore aspects of the emerging cultural values within which the dual functions of physician and citizen must be discharged." The new monthly will have reviews, by physician reviewers, of new books on medicine and in ancillary subjects as well as information and discussions of postgraduate training programs and evalu­ation of new medical films and service ma­terials. There will also be reports on devel­opments in science, a music column, and a guide to art treasures.

SociAL SciENCE. Articles in Voices; the Art and Science of Psychotherapy are not the scholarly, annotated type but seem to be, rather, short, amusing, somewhat ran­dom thoughts, quotes, or reviews. The quar­terly, official publication of the American Academy of Psychotherapy, includes, also, much illustrative matter such as cartoons, portraits, etc.

An interesting and rather substantial­seeming publication, Revista Latinoameri­cana de Sociologia, will be issued from

Buenos Aires by the Centro de Sociologia Comparada of the Instituto Torcuato di Tella. In a desire to "differentiate the two main functions, that of the publication of scientific and scholarly output and that of serving as an organ of information and dis­cussion for the professional concerns of sociologists as a social collectivity" the American Sociological Association has be­gun publication of The American Sociolo­gist. The new periodical will serve as a channel for the publication of official re­ports and proceedings, news notes, obit­uaries, and other such material. It will in­clude, also, articles on the profession itself. Research studies and other investigative reports will remain in the association's American Sociological Review and its other publications.

Urban Affairs Quarterly is issued by Sage Publications but sponsored by the City University of New York because, as the Chancellor of the university says in the first issue, "although many scholars and in­stitutions are making important contribu­tions to urban planning, transportation, housing, education, sociology, etc. the re­sources available have been limited, and the academic community has not made a commitment comparable to its activities in other areas. This is changing; the serious­ness of urban problems commands atten­tion from the scholarly community . . . new legislative programs demonstrate dramati­cally increased governmental interest." The quarterly will provide a vehicle for the pub­lication of results of the increased interest and, hopefully, of the increased activity. The editors, and the writers of articles in the first issue, are persons who are actually working in the field of urban affairs in uni­versities or in the government.

PERIODICALS

Acta M echanica. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10010. v. 1, no. 1, 1965. Frequency not given. Price not given. 65-9933.

African Commerce. P.O. Box 1442, Kam­pala, Uganda. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Monthly. 40s. 65-9940.

African F arum. American Society of Mrican Culture, 15 East 40th St., New York 10016. v. 1, no. 1, Summer 1965. Quar­terly. $4. 65-9921.

The American Sociologist. Executive Office,

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II I 139

American Sociological Association, Suite 215, 1755 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. v. 1, no. 1, Nov. 1965. Quarterly. $3. 65-9976.

American Studies. Editor, c/o Dept. of Eng­lish, University of the Philippines, Dili­man, Quezon City, Philippines. v. 1, no. 1, Apr. 1965. Semiannual. Price not given. SA65-9983.

Asian Outlook. Ku Cheng-kang, 1707 Chung-cheng Road, Taipei, Taiwan, Re­public of China. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Frequency not given. $2.50 ( $5 air mail) . 65-9952.

0 Astrofizika. Akademiia nauk Armianskoi SSR, Barekamutian 24, Erevan 19, Ar­menian SSR. v. 1, no. 1, Feb. 1965. 4 no. a year. 1 ruble. 65-9922.

0 British Corrosion Journal. British Joint Corrosion Group, 14 Belgrave Square, London S.W.l. v. 1, no. 1, July 1965. Bimonthly. £ 7/ 10/ -(9 issues, to end of 1966) . 65-9969.

0 Building Science. Pergamon Press, 122 East 55th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1965. Quarterly. $30. 65-9941.

Business Economics. Ralph E. Burgess, Ex­ecutive Secretary-Treasurer, National As­sociation of Business Economists, P.O. Box 2804, Washington, D.C. 20013. v. 1, no. 1, Summer 1965. 3 no. a year. $4. 65-9977.

California Western Law Review. Managing Editor, California Western Law Review, 3902 Lomaland Dr., San Diego, Calif. 92106. v. 1, no. 1, Spring 1965. Annual. $3. 65-9948.

°Carbohydrate Research; an International Journal. Elsevier Publishing Company, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Nether­lands. v. 1, no. 1, July/ Aug. 1965. Bi­monthly. $17.50. 65-9978.

Centro. Center for Latin American Studies, City College of the City University of New York, New York. no. 1, June 1965. Frequency not given. Price not given. 65-9894.

Columbia Journal of World .Business. Per­gamon Press, 122 East 55th St., New York 10022. v. 1, inaugural issue, Fall 1965. Quarterly. $10. 65-9951.

Directory of Published Proceedings. Inter­Dok, 6 Kenneth Rd., White Plains, N.Y. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Monthly. $38. 65-9931.

Discovery. Peabody Museum of Natural

140 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. Semiannual. Free to members of Peabody Museum Associates. 65-9974.

East European Science Abstracts. Transla­tion and Technical Information Services, 32 Manaton Road, London S.E.15. v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1965. Monthly. Price not given. 65-9926.

0 European Polymer Journal, Pergamon Press, 122 East 55th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Feb. 1965. Quarterly. $50. 65-9925.

Experimental Agriculture. Cambridge U ni­versity Press, American Branch, 32 East 57th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1965. Quarterly. $13.50. 65-9962.

Film Heritage. Film Heritage, Box 42, Uni­versity of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 45409. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. Quarterly. $2. 65-9973.

Forum for Modern Language Studies. Pro­fessor W. E. Rex, Dept. of French, Uni­versity of California, Berkeley, Calif. v. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1965. Quarterly. $5 (for direct order) $6 (order through book­seller or agent). 65-9961.

The Hellenic American National Picture Magazine. 1810 Washington Blvd. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 48024. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Monthly. $6. 65-9950.

Industrial Japan. Dentsu Advertising Lim­ited, English Publications Dept., Ginza­Nishi, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan. no. 1, Oct. 1965. Quarterly. $10 (seamail) $16 (air mail). 65-9963.

Information Retrieval Letter. American Data Processing, Inc., 2200 Book Tower, Detroit, Mich. 48226. v. 1, no. 1, May 1965. Monthly. $24. 65-9979.

Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. Pergamon Press, 122 East 55th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Monthly. $50. 65-9959.

Japan Chemical Quarterly. Chemical Econ­omy Research Institute, Takakubo Bldg., 28, 3-chome, Kanda Ogawa-machi, Chi­yoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. v. 1, no. 1, July 1965. Quarterly. $5.50. 65-9966.

0 I ournal of Labelled Com pounds. Presses Academiques Europeennes, 98, Chaussee de Charleroi, Bruxelles 6, Belgium. v. 1, no. 1, Jan./ Mar. 1965. Quarterly. $25. 65-9984.

of Purchasing Agents, Inc., 11 Park Place, New York 10007. v. 1, no. 1, May 1965. Quarterly. $6. 65-9935.

0 The Journal of Strain Analysis. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, Westminster, S.W.1, London. v. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1965. Quarterly. £3/-/-. 65-9967 ..

Latin American Research Review. LARR · Subscriptions, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas 78712. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. 3 no. a year. $8. 65-9960.

Lawyers Medical Journal. Baker, Voorhis & Co., Inc., Mount Kisco, New York. v. 1, no. 1, May 1965. Quarterly. $25. 65-9936.

Liberian Law journal. Faculty of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, West Mrica. v. 1, no. 1, June 1965. Semian­nual. $2 (per issue). 65-9919.

Lithopinion. Lithopinion, 113 University Place, New York 10003. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. Quarterly. Free to qualified persons and institutions. 65-9965.

The Lugano Review. James Fitzsimmons, Via Maraini 17 a, Lugano, Switzerland. v. 1, no. 1, 1965. 6 no. a year. $15. 65-9927.

Medical Book Profiles. R. R. Bowker Co., 1180 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10036. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Monthly. Price not given. 65-9954.

Medical Opinion & Review. 1860 Broad­way, New York 10023. v. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1965. Monthly. $14. 65-9942.

Microwave Engineering. Ashbourne Pub­lications Ltd., Ashbourne House, Alberon Gardens, London, N.W.11. v. 1, no. 1, June 1965. Bimonthly. $9. 65-9964.

0 Molecular Pharmacology. Academic Press Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York 10003. v. 1, no. 1, July 1965. Bimonthly. $11 (for 3 issues of 1965). 65-9928.

Mundus. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesell­schaft m.b.H., Postfach 40, Stuttgart 1, Germany. v. 1, no. 1, 1965. Quarterly. $20. 65-9980.

Nature and Resources. Natural Resources Research Division, Dept. of Advance­ment of Science, UNESCO, Place de Fontenoy Paris 7e, France. v. 1, no. 1/ 2, June 1965. Quarterly. Price not given. 65-9958.

journal of Purchasing. National Association The Negro in Print. Negro Bibliographic

- ~

.,.

(

and Research Center, Inc., 117 R. Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002. v. 1, no. 1, May 1965. Bimonthly. $7.25. 65-9916.

0 Neuroendocrinology. S. Karger AG, Ar­nold-Bocklin-Strasse 25, 4000 Basel, Swit­zerland. v. 1, no. 1, 1965/ 66. Bimonthly. $15.50. 65-9943. -

Northwest Folklore. University of Oregon Publications, Friendly Hall, Eugene, Ore. v. 1, no. 1, Summer 1965. Semiannual. $2.50. 65-9944.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palae­ocology. Elsevier Publishing Company, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Nether­lands. v. 1, no. 1, Mar. 1965. 4 no. a year. $14. 65-9956.

Private Pilot. Gallant Publishing Company, 550A S. Citrus Ave., Covina, Calif. v. 1, no. 1, Oct./Nov. 1965. Bimonthly. $3.25. 65-9949.

Religious Studies. Cambridge University Press, American Branch, 32 East 57th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1965. Semiannual. $9.50. 65-9981.

Revista Latinoamericana de Sociologia. Ad­ministraci6n, Revista Latinoamericana de Sociologia, Virrey del Fino 3230, Buenos Aires, Argentina. v. 1, no. 1, Mar. 1965. 3 no. a year. $5. 65-9972.

School Safety. National Safety Council, Edi­torial and Executive Office, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago 60611. v. 1, no. 1, Sept./ Oct. 1965. 4 no. a year. $3.60. 65-9945.

Sci-Tech Book Profiles. R. R. Bowker Co., 1180 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10036. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Monthly. Price not given. 65-9955.

Science Books; a Quarterly Review. Science Books, American Association for the Ad­vancement of Science, 1515 Massachu­setts Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. v. 1, no. 1, Apr. 1965. Quarterly. $4.50. 65-9914.

Southern Education Report. Southern Edu­cation Reporting Service, P.O. Box 6156, Nashville, Tenn. 37212. v. 1, no. 1, July/ Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. $2. 65-9938.

Syn; International Contributions to the New Art. Agis Verlag, 757 Baden-Baden, Lich­tentaler Allee 84. 1, 1965. 3 no. a year. DM 36-. 65-9971.

Systems and Communications. Systems Pub­lications Ltd., Bugle House, 2la Noel St.,

New Periodicals of 1965-Part II I 141

London W.l. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Monthly. $11 (free to certain categories of subscriber). 65-9946.

Theatre Design & Technology. 1117 C.L., 4200 5th Ave. Pittsburgh 15213. no. 1, May 1965. 4 no. a year. $6. 65-9932.

Urban Affairs Quarterly. Sage Publications Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York 10011. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Quarterly. $12. 65-9957.

View; the Magazine of Closed-Circuit and Community Antenna TV. RT Publishing Co., 10 Poplar Road, Ridgefield, Conn. 06877. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. $6. 65-9970.

Vista. United Nations Association of the United States of America Inc., 345 East 46th St., New York 10017. v. 1, no. 1, July I Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. Price not given. 65-9924.

Voices; the Art and Science of Psychother­apy. Alexander Jasnow, Managing Editor, 14-11 Lucena Drive, Fair Lawn, N.J. 07410. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. Quarterly. $8. 65-9947.

Voyageur. Box 5226 Powderhorn Station, Minneapolis, Minn. 55407. v. 1, no. 1, 1965. Semiannual. $2 (per issue). 65-9939.

Weekly Compilation of Presidental Docu­ments. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash­ington, D.C. 20402. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 2, 1965. Weekly. $6. 65-9929. • •

DOCTORAL PROGRAMS (Continued from page 12 9)

grees granted and of library holdings and book expenditures strongly support the view that the two go hand in hand in universities distinguished for their doctoral programs. An institution out­standing for its graduate offerings is al­most invariably equally notable for the strength of its library resources. It is perhaps equally obvious that a sub­stantial number of institutions giving the doctorate lack the library resources to support advanced-level graduate study, and should either discontinue such of­ferings or undertake extensive develop­ment of their libraries. • •

Theory of Knowledge Classification in Libraries. By Anand Prakash Srivastava. New Delhi: Lakshmi Book Store, 1964. 206p. $6.75.

In the field of classification, provision of good textbooks for beginning students has lagged far behind the output of advanced works describing research. Mr. Srivastava has been teaching for some years in the Virkram, Delhi, and Rajasthan universities, and has now published this book on the basis of his lectures and seminars. It goes a long way towards filling the gap, and pro­vides a useful introduction to the science of classification, particularly as developed in India under the influence of Professor S. R. Ranganathan.

There are five main sections and a useful (if somewhat limited) glossary. The book opens with a discussion of the structure of knowledge and the nature and role of clas-

' sification schemes in ordering knowledge in documents for shelf arrangement and for the subject approach to books. The next two sections cover analysis into categories, or "facets"; the qualities of a classification scheme; terminology; and notation. These are followed by a more detailed account of the structure of a faceted scheme, and the final section deals with the procedure in classifying documents.

The approach is generalized, but the ex­amples are all taken from the Colon and Decimal classifications. Although the author is wholeheartedly of the Ranganathan school, he has some criticism for CC and some praise for DC; and the book is ded­icated to Melvil Dewey. He shows a good knowledge of current classification litera­ture (especially British), and has clearly read H. E. Bliss's books with a sympathetic understanding. The exposition is lucid and shows a good grasp of the principles of teaching.

Criticism of the work derives mainly from its place of origin. It is written very much within the school established by Ran­ganathan, and may therefore appear new and strange to American students; the text is not free from errors in the use of English, or misprints. Though an elementary work, therefore, it is not easy to read. I am con-

142/

Book Reviews vinced, however, of the value of the work it describes, and recommend it to teachers in American library schools who are look­ing for a simple account of the principles of facet analysis. For anyone willing to make the effort to master the style and ap­proach-remembering that the author is not writing in his mother tongue-the book re­pays study.-D. ]. Foskett, University of London.

A Searcher's Manual. By George Lowy. Hamden, Conn.: Sho.e Strong Press, 1965. 104p. $5. ( 65-16218).

Mr. Lowy has produced an interesting guide to the principles and practices of bibliographic searching. The guide is di­vided into three main parts: ( 1) the intro­duction, which includes the function of the search and principles of card catalog en­tries; (2) the technique of the search, includ­ing a comparison of procedures followed in several libraries, use of the main card catalog, use of bibliographies and catalogs, illustrative searches, search of the outstand­ing order file, serials and series and final steps; and ( 3) an appendix, which includes sections on the most frequently used biblio­graphic tools and selective lists of national, trade, and specialized bibliographies.

This slender volume should prove help­ful in the training of new bibliographic searchers if used with established guides and if it is emphasized to the trainee that some of the principles stated are not uni­versally accepted but may be . practices of one library. No distinction is made, for ex­ample, between American-British and foreign authors in the rule for filing names with a prefix, and also the modification of letters is not disregarded in all libraries. The material is generally well organized, and good use is made of samples and tables throughout the text. Each chapter is summarized but in most cases the summary is too brief to be very useful. The chapters on basic principles and card catalog entries are well done except for the fact that the author fails to mention the best searcher's manual available-the ALA Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries.

Not all bibliographic searchers will agree

'

with the selection of bibliographies nor with their relative importance but this vol­ume should nonetheless be a useful tool in training new searchers and should be espe­cially useful in small and medium-sized li­braries. Large libraries might well wish for a greatly expanded list of bibliographies containing fuller information. All libraries might question the value of the comparison of searchers' markings and outstanding or­der file arrangements, although this might be valuable in the classroom. A new edi­tion might include an introduction contain­ing general searching principles as well as a chapter on modifications in searching and problems encountered with computerized order records.-Connie Dunlap, University of Michigan.

The Brothers Harper. By Eugene Exman. New York: Harper & Row, r19651• xvi, 415pp. $7.95. (65-14651).

Welcoming a businessman's history of his firm in which factual data is thoroughly ex­plored, well organized, and carefully docu­mented-such is a rare pleasure, surpris­ingly rare indeed even for the output of so literate a group as publishers. Mr. Exman, recently retired as a vice president of Har­per's has here retold the story of the firm from its beginnings around 1820 to the dis­astrous fire of 1853. He approaches his subject with great seriousness of purpose and with an almost Germanic propensity for raw data-evidence rather than hypoth­eses, details rather than conclusions, names rather than personalities. His presentation is long and involved, but in time it comes to impress one as being specially appro­priate to its subject.

Mr. Exman's announced objective is "to keep green the memory of the four brothers and their extraordinary partnership." Mter contemplating their sullen faces and read­ing about their uneventful careers, one is led to conclude that Mr. Exman is indeed a good organization man. Not that his heroes are without glory: they carved their niche in our country's cultural history with a shrewdness which one can not help but ad­mire. Working quietly and with a unity of purpose, they formed a powerful dynasty: so far as we will ever know, their four wives never fought, and nephews when they came of age were taken into the firm

Book Reviews I 143

with no grumblings from their uncles. Mr. Exman has tried his best to discover the individualities of the four brothers-Fletch­er the friend of authors, Wesley the printer, John the bookkeeper, James the personnel manager-but their uncommunicative ways leave us agreeing with their adage that "any one of us is Harper, and the other three are the brothers."

What was their commitment to the cul­tural world they served? Why did they deal · in books, rather than in nails or mortgages or potatoes? What was their attitude toward the content of their editions? Did they be­lieve in virtue rewarded, naively equating literary merit with large profits? Or did they see irreconcilable extremes, in the manner of some pessimistic Romantic di­chotomy, their strategy being one of com­pensating for a few good works with a mass of potboilers? Did they believe in a "long haul" theory, balancing in their catalogue the probable immediate favorites with the potential long-term classics? Or were they satisfied to leave all such matters to the gods and the critics, issuing almost anything and predicating their firm's growth on new audiences-such as were quickly develop­ing in the West and through their own school district series? Such questions, how­ever simplified and rhetorical, reflect on the larger question which we must ultimately ask about any publishers-in what ways were they a cause, and in what ways mere­ly an effect, of the cultural life of the pub­lic they served?

"The secret of a successful book house was to play the p~rt of the benefactor of the man of letters" -such is the dictum of William Tryon (Parnassus Corner, p. 101), and while James T. Fields broadcast it widely and convincingly enough to carry his firm to a remarkable success, it also carried him down to the depths of a fear­some battle with one of his disgruntled authors, the redoubtable Gail Hamilton. In comparison, the assault on Harpers, by Theodore Sedgwick Fay, described by Mr. Exman, approaches slapstick. In their ex­ternal dealings, the Harpers were usually too clever to leave themselves vulnerable to serious attack; and, within the firm, they changed quietly with the times, in contrast to the violent personal upheavals of Fields' later business career. Fields preached end-

144 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

lessly and argued persuasively for the cause of culture; but it was probably Harpers whom authors knew as the firm that spoke with its pocketbook.

This we may suspect, but can never prove: the Harpers knew all too well that good business required holding one's cards close to one's chest. (Among Mr. Exman's least successful chapters, for instance, is his sixth, in which he attempts to demonstrate how his fum "launched" American authors.) In the absence of much evidence to the contrary, we must presume that the record of Harpers is best reflected in its publishing record: the brothers were astute, hard­working, and relatively scrupulous business­men, whose diversified competences includ­ed the selection of good literary texts, but whose modest intellectual accomplishments and interests discouraged them from pro­viding much of any cultural leadership. Mr. Exman is thus both justified and successful in preparing a book that never inspires a warm veneration or sympathy for the broth­ers, but passively and cumulatively induces a cold respect for their ability to flourish in one of the more formidable areas of the business world.-Donald W. Krummel, The Newberry Library.

Focus on Information and Communica­tion. Ed. by Barbara Kyle. London: ASLIB, 1965. viii+ll3p. 14s.

Recently, according to Miss Kyle's intro­duction to this volume, ASLIB sponsored a conference on classification as an interdis­ciplinary study at which papers were pre­sented in such diverse fields as botany, mathematics, and anthropology. The inter­disciplinary approach to classification aroused so much interest that Miss Kyle has brought together a collection of seven pa­pers, by six scholars, from widely differing areas of research as "a further attempt to provide for ASLIB members a selection from authors in peripheral fields and to in­troduce these authors to each other and to ASLIB's field of endeavour." The philos­ophy behind this collection is characteristic of the work of ASLIB members whose ap­proach to classification has always been more interdisciplinary than that of their American colleagues. However, the confer­ence held at Syracuse University last July

on the sociological foundations of access to knowledge may hopefully be regarded as suggesting that American librarianship is beginning to tend more toward the inter­disciplinary view.

Only three of the seven papers in this collection have been previously published, and none is by a librarian, though all have something of importance to say to librar­ians, and such serious students of British librarianship as Foskett, Farradane, and Miss Kyle herself are deeply indebted to their authors.

The collection opens with an essay by Rupert Crawshay-Williams on a linguistical­ly based method for resolving controversies in science and the philosophy of science as to the correctness of empirical statements or judgments when the facts themselves are not in dispute. The relevance of this essay to classification theory lies in the insight it can give for the answering of such ques­tions as: Is mathematics to be classified with the sciences? Is a species a natural group or a construct of the human mind?

The second paper in the series (by James K. Feibleman) on the integrative levels in nature and in the sciences, and the technological applications that derive from them, has strongly influenced D. J. Foskett's studies of the integrative levels in bibliographic classification.

Perhaps more obviously related to library problems than some of the other essays in this volume are the two on computers. The first, by A. R. Meetham of the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington, deals with the problems of developing machine­generated indexing vocabularies. The essay by W. T. Williams of the faculty of the University of Southampton on "Computers as Botanists" is an exposition of the advan­tages offered by the computer in the per­formance of certain intellectual tasks, par­ticularly that of extracting from a complex mass of data some underlying pattern or formulation of general principles. His essay could as well have been entitled "Comput­ers as Classifiers." He finds, however, that man enjoys three advantages over the com­puter "which he may well retain even into the far distant future" -he weighs less than any computer yet designed; he requires far less energy than does the computer; and he

l

'

"is the only computer yet designed which can ~e produced entirely by unskilled la­bour.

Patrick Meredith (who, because of his participation in the Washington ICSI Con­ference of 1958, is perhaps better known to American librarians and documentalists than are most of the other contributors to this volume) is represented here by a par­ticularly fine attempt to develop a funda­mental theory, based on the structuring of relationships, of the subject or "topic" analysis of documents. The work of both Farradane and Ranganathan has much in common with Meredith's inquiry into the psycho-linguistic and logical relationships in the classification of documentary con­tent. Barbara Wootton, who is a professor of social studies at the University of Lon­don, is also well known on this side of the Atlantic, mainly through her contributions to ASLIB publications. She is represented in this volume by two excellent papers which discuss the problems of communica­tion and language, particularly in the social sciences. Both essays should greatly interest librarians generally and reference librar­ians in particular, as well as those con­cerned specifically with classification.

This reviewer is thoroughly convinced that the literature of librarianship needs enrichment through relevant writings from other disciplines, and we applaud Miss Kyle's declaration that "Librarianship no longer deals with packaged information but must include such topics as semantics, the philosophy of science, and automation." We hope that this collection of papers will be widely read by librarians, for as the editor says, it "demonstrates how large is the area of knowledge and how numerous the jour­nals which documentalists must scan if r.elevant work is not to be missed." How­ever, there is one serious problem of strat­egy that Miss Kyle's point of view pre­sents: how is it possible to persuade, not to say compel, librarians to read such material. Certainly more conferences like those of ASLIB and Syracuse Diversity are needed, and compilations like Miss Kyle's are use­ful. But the fact remains that such impor­tant material, of which the volume under review is a valid sample, is not easy read­ing for those not trained in the appropriate

Book Reviews I 145

discipline. Perhaps one cannot complain too loudly if the average librarian shies away from concepts and vocabularies that are strange and even terrifying. But the librar­ian of tomorrow will have these interdis­ciplinary infiltrations in his future, and he must prepare himself for them. Therefore, the meaning for library education of the growing dependence of librarianship upon research in areas of knowledge which, in the past, were regarded as alien to it is obvious. We hope that Focus on Informa­tion and Communication will help to sharp­en the perspective on the curriculum in every library school.-]esse H. Shera, West­ern Reserve University.

Computer & Information Sciences. Ed. by Julius T. Tou, and Richard H. Wil­cox. Washington: Spartan, 1964. 544pp. $13.85. ( 64-25585).

The term "information science" has been used in so II)any ways and in so many dif­ferent contexts that the prospective reader of a book concerning it must be alert to the particular meaning used. This book adopts the meaning used by those who are highly oriented toward computer theory; it there­fore includes information science as a branch of "computer science," with heavy emphasis on the problems in "artificial in­telligence." The papers from which this book is made were presented in June 1963 at a conference concerned with "Learning, Adaptation, and Control" as a symposium on Computer and Information Sciences.

The papers can be divided into five groups. (The numbers shown for each pa­per are those assigned in the book.)

A. Four concerned with learning or adaptive behavior: (2) some fundamental theorems of perceptron theory and their geometry; ( 15) dynamic programing, learn­ing, and adaptive processes; ( 16) pre-req­uisites of self-organization; ( 17) a unified theory of learning and information.

B. Seven concerned with pattern recogni­tion: ( 3) determination and direction of features in patterns; ( 4) hyperplanes, hy­perspheres, and hyperquadrics, as decision boundaries; (5) a mathematical approach to pattern recognition and self-organization; ( 6) a pattern-identified device using linear

146 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

decision functions; ( 7 ) a theoretical and ex­perimental study of a model for pattern rec­ognition; ( 8) new developments in artificial intelligence and pattern recognition; ( 11) a threshold-conditioned adaptive template procedure for recognition of normalized con­nected patterns.

C. Three concerned with "automata the­ory": (9) the structure of the semigroup as­sociated with automata; ( 10) temporally or­ganized automata and an algebraic theory of machines; ( 14) a problem solver with formal descriptive inputs.

D. Five concerned with adaptive control: ( 12) pattern-recognizing control systems; ( 13) learning-contro.l systems; ( 18) new problems in adaptive control; (21) prind­ples of learning systems construction for complex process control; ( 22) on the design of learning systems for control.

E. Three concerned with artificial intel­ligence in general: ( 1) a model for experi­ential storage in neural networks; ( 19) thousand-gate-computer simulation of a bil­lion-gate-computer; ( 20) noology-the sci­ence of intelligence.

Throughout, there is a heavy use of

mathematical notation. Some of the papers (2, 6, 11, 12, 15) emphasize the optimiza­tion of measures of effectiveness (in the spirit of linear programing); others ( l, 4, 5, 7, 8) consider the statistical or proba­bilistic factors involved; others emphasize the logical or algebraic structure ( 3, 9, 10, 14, 17); others (13, 21, 22) are very ori­ented to the issues in control, particularly in the dynamics of feedback. The remain­der (16, 18, 19, 20) are essentially descrip­tive. However, even for the mathematically sophisticated, this is a book for the "ini­tiated." The descriptive articles are at a very speculative level of discussion, and the technical ones depend heavily on prior work, particularly on Rosenblatt, F., Prin­ciples of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms (Spartan, Washington, D.C., 1961).

The book is published by Spartan and suffers from numerous typographical and printing errors, presumably due to the typi­cal pressures of publishing a "proceedings" within reasonable time limits.-Robert Hayes, University of California, Los An­geles. ••

The Editorship of CHOICE

(RICHARD K. GARDNER, who has served as editor of CHOICE since its beginning, relinquished the editorship with the January 1966 issue. He has been editor for two years and eight months; during this time he brought a singularly useful journal into existence, guided its first steps, and brought it to a recognized place as an essential publication not only for academic libraries but for all types of libraries. He brought to the editorship scholarly background, academic experience, determination, and organizational ability. The result is a contribution of considerable importance to libraries and to those served by libraries.

His many friends within and outside the American Library Association wish him well in his new career at Western Reserve University.-David H. Clift, Executive Director, American Library Association. • •

ACRL Board of Directors BRIEF OF MINUTES

January 24, 1966-2:00 p.m.

Present: President Helen M. Brown; Vice President and President-Elect Ralph E. McCoy; Past President Archie L. McNeal; Directors-at-Large Thomas R. Buckman, James H. Richards, Jr.; Directors on ALA Council E . Walfred Erickson, W. Carl Jack­son, Rev. Jovian Lang, Kathryn R. Renfro, Edward B. Stanford, Robert L. Talmadge; Section Officers Carson W. Bennett, Martha L. Biggs, Andrew J. Eaton, Harriett Gen­ung, Everett T. Moore, James W. Pirie, Mary E. Schell, Lee Sutton; Executive Sec­retary George M. Bailey, and Secretary Rosemary Chamberlin.

Guests included: Subsection Officers Eleanor Buist, William J. Dane, Jane Wil­son; Committee Chairmen Floyd M. Cam­mack, Morris A. Gelfand, Arthur T. Ham­lin, Frances Kennedy, Bernard Kreissman, Edmon Low, Norman E. Tanis; Editors Richard K. Gardner, Peter M. Doiron, David Kaser.

Helen M. Brown presided. (Note: Individual reports of ACRL activ­

ities were mailed to members of the Board and are available to ACRL members upon request. Wherever necessary, information from the reports will be added to the min­utes.)

The minutes of the Board of Directors meeting as reported in CRL, September 1965, were approved.

Mr. Bailey asked that proceedings of the Midwinter meetings be submitted to him before the end of Midwinter, to avoid the necessity of submitting two separate reports. The ·information from the proceed­ings is needed for Highlights, to be pub­lished in the ALA Bulletin. Proceedings should include action taken at Midwinter, schedules and plans for New York confer­ence meetings, and projected plans. Mem­bers of the Board and guests were reminded of the availability of funds from the J. Mor­ris Jones-World Book Encyclopedia-ALA Goals Award, for which applications are due two weeks after Midwinter. A sched­ule of activities to be completed prior to the Annual Conference will be sent to of­ficers of ACRL units. Appointments for 1966/ 67 should be completed prior to the

conference. Requests for mailing lists and membership cards should be given to the executive secretary during Midwinter.

Ralph E. McCoy, chairman of the Plan­ning and Action Committee, reported that:

1. The amendments to the ACRL Con­stitution, to be brought before the member­ship for the second time at the New York meeting, will be published in the May issue of CRL.

2. The committee expressed the need to continue the Ad Hoc Committee on Re­search as a permanent committee to keep the Association informed on the various federal government proposals involving in­formation systems, including but not lim­ited to the COSATI task force proposal. It was agreed that, after receiving advice on the nature of the assignment from the Com­mittee on Research, a recommendation for continuance would be made to the Board of Directors.

3. Miss Brown had informed the commit­tee of the loss of one ACRL councilor un­der ALA's biennial reapportionment, re­ducing the number of councilors to seven.

4. The committee members agreed to retain the non-voting status of councilors on the ACRL Board who are elected by the entire ALA membership, although nominat­ed by the division.

5. Only personal members of ALA should be permitted to vote jn ALA elections. A resolution to this effect will be sent to the ALA committee which is investigat­ing voting privileges. This was approved by the Board at its meeting on January 25.

6. Minor changes were made in the statement on "Services to Library Users," prepared by the ACRL Committee on Li­brary Services. The committee recom­mended adoption of the statement.

7. The committee members expressed concern that ACRL members should be bet­ter informed of pertinent federal legisla­tion. Miss Brown reported her plans for an information session, dealing with the High­er Education Act, at the New York Confer­ence. It was recommended that the Board approve the proposal made at the ALA Legislation Committee meeting on January 23-"that the ALA Bulletin publish in a prominent location a periodic letter to mem­bers from the ALA Washington Office ( sim-

I 147

148 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

ilar in format to the letter from Mr. Clift), carrying late advice to librarians on how they might take advantage of new federal legislation, giving dates, procedures, sources of forms, etc.

8. A concern of several members about off-campus library service and a suggestion that a forum or round table be established to discuss university library extension work, was referred to the University Libraries Sec­tion for discussion.

Edmon Low, chairman of the Advisory Committee to the President on Federal Legislation, reported on recent legislation. It is expected that a supplemental appropri­ation will be requested for the Higher Edu­cation Act of 1965, Title II A and B, but nothing for II C. If money is appropriated, it would have to be used during the current fiscal year. Librarians should be prepared for the use of funds if they become avail­able. During Midwinter, the ALA Commit­tee on Legislation held a workshop meeting to discuss the role of divisional commiftees.

The Board approved the proposal to en­large the Audio-Visual Committee to twelve members, to emphasize problems of small college and junior college libraries. Bernard Rink, a junior college librarian, is now act­ing as chairman.

Archie L. McNeal, chairman of the Budg­et Committee, stated that budget requests should be submitted to Mr. Bailey during Midwinter and should include a statement of justification.

The ACRL Gra.nts Committee received a special grant of $25,000 from the United States Steel Foundation for the support of emerging institutions in the South. Arthur Hamlin, chairman, noted that the principal problem of the committee members would be to plan a program in relation to the availability of federal funds. Miss Brown commended Mr. Hamlin for the excellent work of his committee. The committee gives special attention to requests for funds to support cooperative projects.

Bernard Kreissman, reporting for the Committee on Library Surveys, noted that the ACRL list of surveyors omits the names of many capable surveyors, and includes names of persons whom the committee would not recommend. The committee is trying to develop a proposal whereby a highly qualified surveyor might take along an inexperienced librarian to train him in

survey techniques. Thus, capable librarians would become knowledgeable surveyors. Maurice Tauber, chairman of the commit­tee, reported other activities at the J anu­ary 25 meeting of the Board, including the publication, in the Spring of 1966, of the papers of the Columbia Conference on Li-brary Surveys, held in June 1965; publica- 1

tion of a manual on library surveys; com­pilation of a bibliography of academic li­brary surveys; and consideration of the ALA Statement of Surveys, which seemed satis­factory. It might be desirable to correlate the list of consultants used by ACRL and LAD.

The Local Arrangements Committee for the New York Conference has been help­ing the College Libraries Section locate a site for its Preconference on Non-Western Resources. Queens College will act as host for the Section's conference meeting. The ACRL booth is being planned as an active service center for visiting college and uni­versity librarians. Morris Gelfand is resign­ing as chairman of the committee because of overseas assignments and will be replaced by Bernard Kreissman.

Frances Kennedy reported an ACRL membership of 10,126 as of December 31, 1965. Ralph Hopp, representative from the University Libraries Section, had mailed an -~' excellent letter to head librarians who were not ALA members. Figures for section mem­bership were distributed.

A second draft of the guidelines for ex­tension library services is being developed with the help of Walfred Erickson and should be completed before the Annual Conference.

The report of the American Association of Junior Colleges- ALA Committee on Jun- 1

ior College Libraries, resulting from its metting in May 1965, was issued late in 1965. A press release has been issued, not­ing the committee's recommendations for action, and was distributed to the Board in Detroit. Representatives of ACRL will at­tend the AAJC conference in St. Louis, February 28-March 4.

ACRL Representatives have been ap­pointed to the Association of American Col­leges-ACRL Committee on College Li­braries. A meeting of the joint committee is planned for the spring. Mr. Bailey reported on his attendance at the convention of AAC in Philadelphia, January 11-12, when he

distributed information about ALA to col­lege administrators and met with the AAC Commission on Liberal Learning. He was assisted by James Govan, Swarthmore Col­lege, and Warren Owens, Temple Univer­sity. ACRL has been elected to honorary membership in the Association of American Colleges.

The Editorial Board of CHOICE: Books for College Libraries agreed to drop the subtitle from the publication, which will henceforth be known as CHOICE. Subscrip­tions continue to increase. Volume 2 in­cluded 4, 729 reviews. The publication wilJ be copyrighted, beginning with the Febru­ary 1966 issue. Miss Brown expressed ap­preciation, on behalf of the ACRL Board, for the excellent work which Richard Gard­ner has accomplished in establishing the book selection journal. Mr. Gardner re­signed, effective January 31, 1966. He will be succeeded by Peter Doiron, who has served as assistant editor for reviewing.

The College Libraries Section's activities were given in detail in the report submitted prior to Midwinter. Martha Biggs, section chairman, had reported that the Ad Hoc Committee on Community Use of Academic Libraries has been analyzing the results of a questionnaire sent to academic libraries. These results will be reported in the Sec­tion's conference program. The Committee on Non-Western Studies will hold its pre­conference at Douglas College, Rutgers Uni­versity.

James W. Pirie, chairman of the Junior College Libraries Section, distributed a re­port of activities. He has been appointed editor of the Junior College Book List and is resigning as chairman of the section. He reviewed the plans for completion of the book list. Harriett Genung, chairman-elect of the section, will become chairman for the remainder of the year, as well as 1966/67.

Helen Brown read her report as Presi­dent of ACRL, noting her "pleasur.e and sat­isfaction in being a member of this active and constructive professional association." She expressed appreciation for the willing­ness of busy members to work on commit­tees and the support received from the ACRL office. A brief review of programs of concern to ACRL included academic library needs only partially supported by foundation and federal funds. The ACRL program in New York "will be designed to

ACRL Board of Directors I 149

give practical information to librarians on how to take advantage of the library pro­visions of the Higher Education Act of 1965. The speakers will review the Act from the standpoint of library administration, of reference services, of technical services, and of library education. Their papers, hopeful­ly to be published in College & Research Libraries will form in effect a valuable man­ual. Other divisions of ALA have been in­vited to join ACRL in sponsoring the pro­gram, including LAD, LED, RSD, and RTSD." The work on standards by the AAJC-ALA Committee on Junior College Libraries and the ACRL Standards Commit­tee should result in an acceptable document. Other activities noted included the work of the Grants Committee and the future of that program, the development of a list of quali­fied library consultants, and the Preconfer­ence on Non-Western Resources. Finally, Miss Brown again expressed appreciation to Richard Gardner for his contribution to the establishment of CHOICE, our regret in re­gard to his resignation, and the wish for his improved health and success.

The meeting was adjourned at 3:45p.m. BRIEF OF MINUTES

January 25, 1966-8:30 p.m. Present: President Helen M. Brown, Vice

President and President-Elect Ralph E. Mc­Coy, Past President Archie L. McNeal; Di­rectors-at-Large Thomas R. Buckman, James H. Richards, Jr.; Directors on ALA Council E. Walfred Erickson, Elliott Hardaway, W. Carl Jackson, Mrs. Frances B. Jenkins, Rev. Jovian Lang, Kathryn R. Renfro, Ed­ward B. Stanford, and Robert L. Talmadge; Section Officers Martha L. Biggs, John M. Dawson, Andrew J. Eaton, Harriett Genung, James Humphry, III, Everett T. Moore, Mary E. Schell, Lee Sutton; Executive Sec­retary George M. Bailey, and Secretary Rosemary Chamberlin.

Guests included Subsection Officers Flem­ing Bennett, William J. Dane, Jane Wilson; Committee Chairmen Floyd M. Cammack, Mrs. Patricia B. Knapp, Norman E. Tanis, Maurice F. Tauber, R. Kent Wood; Editor David Kaser; Forrest Carhart, Mrs. Judith Krug, Harald Ostvold, and Dorothy Strouse.

Helen M. Brown presided. Members of the Board and guests intro­

duced themselves. Maurice F. Tauber, chairman of the Ad

Hoc Committee on Research, reported on

150 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

matters discussed by the committee, includ­ing the issuance of the COSATI report, "Recommendations for National Document Handling Systems in Science and Technol­ogy," and the future meeting of the com­mittee to discuss the report; areas of re­search involving the committee; legislation affecting research; funds and personnel available for research; and developments relating to academic and research libraries, such as the establishment of the Education­al Research Information Center (ERIC) in the U.S. Office of Education. The commit­tee plans to draft a status report and offer suggestions for a national program.

Miss Dorothy Strouse attended the Board meeting as a representative of PLA to con­sider the revised statement of PLA stan­dards. A second draft will be mailed to con­cerned ACRL members early in April, re­questing comments, and a final revision should be ready for the New York meeting. Comments on the revision should be sent to Miss Louise Hazelton, Director of the Standards Revision Project, 136 Warren Street, Concord, New Hampshire. ACRL Board members commented that the revised document would be helpful and timely. Norman Tanis, chairman of the ACRL Stan­dards Committee, had been asked to look at the document and was especially pleased with the emphasis on cooperation.

The statement of "Service to Library Users," recommended by the Planning and Action Committee for adoption, was ap­proved by the Board, with two changes. Physical facilities should include "listening facilities." Under the same heading, studies or carrels should be available for "students." These two additions will be made in the statement which will be published in CRL.

The National Library Week Committee is emphasizing junior college development and is planning a brochure for distribution to junior colleges during National Library Week, according to R. Kent Wood, chair­man.

Floyd Cammack reported that the Publi­cations Committee accepted the report of the ACRL Publications Officer. Noting that there had been a 100 per cent increase in the ACRL membership during the past eight years, with 25 per cent reduction in headquarters staff, the committee recom­mended an increase in headquarters staff. The editorial and production staff were com-

mended. The committee noted approval of the new design of CRL, started in 1965; voted to retain subscriptions to CRL, as did the Planning and Action Committee; voted to authorize the investigation of publication of an anthology of CRL articles. Maurice Tauber is working on the anthology. Finally. the committee voted to authorize CRL to begin publication, as soon as possible, of a trial series of monthly news supplements, thus separating the two types of information service: ( 1) a scholarly journal, and ( 2) rapid news dissemination. The ACRL News, a supplement to CRL, would be sent free to members and financed from the present budget. News items would be indexed in CRL as before, possibly in greater depth. The ACRL Board approved the supplemen­tary publication in principle, subject to ad­ditional clarification. The Publications Com­mittee recommended the reappointment of David Kaser as editor of CRL, of Mrs. Mar­garet Toth as editor of the Microcard Series, and the appointment of David Heron as edi­tor of the Monograph Series. Appointments are for three years, beginning July 1966. Editors are responsible for the appointment of Editorial Boards for the same period.

The Planning and Action Committee also discussed the CRL subscriptions and voted to retain them to permit wider circulation of the journal. Circulation should not be tied to membership, which carries other rewards and privileges, as well as responsibilities. However, this would not preclude an in­crease in subscription price, if recommended by the Publications Committee.

A "Summary of a Proposed Study for De­termining the Requirements of College Li­brary Patrons, and Relating These Require­ments to the Acquisition Process," was dis­tributed to members of the Board. An ex­planation of the proposal was made by For­rest F. Carhart, Director of the Office of Research and Development, and Mrs. Judith Krug, research analyst in the office. The prospect that academic libraries will face a large increase in book funds under the Higher Education Act of 1965 suggests a need for guidelines to assist librarians in making acquisitions decisions. The proposed study would be conducted by a private re­search firm, Human Sciences Research, un­der the direction of the ALA Office, and financed by the National Science Founda­tion. An advisory board of qualified mem-

hers of the supporting divisions would be formed. The study would determine how present acquisitions decisions are made and suggest improvements in policies and prac­tices. After some discussion, the Board voted to refer the proposal to the ACRL Ad Hoc Committee on Research for a decision.

James Humphry, III, chairman of the Subject Specialists Section, reported on the proposal to change the status of the Sec­tion to a division of ALA, noting the in­crease in membership and the possibilities of affording the subject specialists a more congenial place within the ALA framework. The matter will be explored by the section officers before the Annual Conference. At the present time, the Section favors co­sponsorship of a Subsection conference pro­gram of interest to all members of the Sec­tion, as will be the case in New York.

Miss Brown introduced Mr. Humphry as a candidate for the office of Vice President and President-Elect of ACRL. Harald Ost­vold was introduced as the other candidate. A list of candidates for all ACRL offices was distributed to the Board members and will be published in CRL.

The University Libraries Section had sub­mitted reports of activities before and dur­ing Midwinter. The Committee on Academic Status is continuing its investigation of top­ics concerned with academic status. Two more papers have been published in CRL.

In the Fall of 1965, Miss Brown had ap­pointed an Ad Hoc Committee on Relations with ARL, under the chairmanship of Ever­ett Moore. In his written report, Mr. Moore noted that James Skipper, a member of the committee, had suggested establishing in­formational contact between the two orga­nizations. More direct and effective co­operation was desirable on such activities as relations with COSATI and implementation of ideas for bibliographical programs. The committee members recommended that the executive secretary of each organization should be invited to attend the meetings of the other Board.

The report of the Midwinter PEBCO meetings was distributed to members of the Board. Archie MeN eal, PEBCO repre­sentative, noted the emphasis on relations with other organizations and the fact that ACRL was responsible for two of four new activities during the past year. He also noted the need for an evaluation of

ACRL Board of Directors I 151

current library practices by the ALA Office of Research and Development. Finally, the passage of the Higher Education Act needs to be supported by appropriations.

Mr. McCoy reported that the Planning and Action Committee:

1. Recommended approval of the petition of the Missouri Association of College and Research Libraries for chapter status. This was approved by the Board.

2. Recommended endorsement of a pro­posal of the American Association of State Libraries for an analysis and coordination of library standards for all types of li­braries. The proposal, received from Maryan E. Reynolds, president of ASL, was read to the Board, which approved the principle.

3. Voted to submit the proposal for an ALA division on library automation to the Board for information without recommenda­tion. A letter from Hannis S. Smith, chair­man of the ALA Committee on Organiza­tion, was read to the Board: "A petition signed by more than five hundred members of the Association has been presented which proposes the creation of a new division in the Association which will be responsible for the Association's concern with the auto­mation of , any and all library activities. This proposal is now under consideration and study by our committee. While there appears to be no doubt but that the sub­ject-automation-is a matter of grave con­cern to the entire association, there seems to be a wide variation in opinion of how this can be handled in the structure of the Association. Since this impinges upon the interests of all divisions, and is by implica­tion in the field of responsibility statements now dispersed among several divisions, our committee is requesting that each division Board give this matter some serious thought and communicate your thinking to us as soon as possible, but certainly in time for the committee's meetings in New York." In­formation was attached to the petition. The Board approved the appointment of a com­mittee to inform the Board members about this matter. Information about the proposed division will be sent to members of the Board, giving the names of committee mem­bers to whom comments might be made. (NoTE: It was later learned that COO had desired a recommendation from the ACRL Board for the COO meeting on Thursday, during Midwinter. As a result, the ACRL

152 I College & Research Libraries • March, 1966

officers agreed to state that the Board had seen no objection to the establishment of a new division, as recommended by COO. The new division was approved by the ALA Council on Thursday, January 27, under the title, "Information Science and Automation Division.")

A statement on preliminary planning for the administration of Title IIA of the Higher Education Act of 1965 was read by Miss Brown, including prospects for funds and preliminary and unofficial information for basic grants, applications from "com­binations of institutions," supplemental grants, and special purpose grants. The in­formation will be published in CRL in clari­fied form.

Robert Talmadge, chairman of the LAD Statistics Committee for College and Uni­versity Libraries, reported the extensive re­organization of the U.S. Office of Educa-

SPECIAL LIBRARY SERVICES . (Continued from page 199)

library is somewhat more limited than it has been proclaimed to be, a more impor­tant implication is that there is widespread lack of understanding or, at least, consensus among faculty and staff about what a li­brary can and should contribute to the college-indeed, about what a library is.3

Unlike the training of high school teachers and administrators, the training of college faculty and administrators does not ordinarily include courses deal­ing with education on the college level. There is ordinarily no opportunity pro­vided in the training of college faculty and administrators, therefore, to equip them to teach students to find and use multiple sources, or, indeed, to de­termine whether this is desirable. Nor is there opportunity provided to study ways in which teaching methods might fulfill these educational goals by using special library services and techniques as aids in these teaching methods.

The objectives of the study did not include the setting forth of a blueprint which college librarians might follow in

a Ibid., p. 93.

tion. Frank Schick has been transferred to the National Center for Educational Sta­tistics. With this upheaval, a distribution of the questionnaires for statistics collec­tion was delayed by four months. The fu­ture appears uncertain. USOE hopes to con­solidate the questionnaires sent to academic institutions to include library data. How­ever, ALA could get the data from USOE and publish it separately, if desired. The 1964/ 65 Statistics will appear as in the past, however.

A statistics conference is scheduled for June 1-3, 1966 (the dates were changed after the A CRL Board meeting) and will include approximately one hundred partici­pants. The purpose is to determine what USOE wants from librarians and what the latter expects from USOE. The Handbook of Library Statistics should be published by April 1966.

The meeting was adjourned at 11:40 p.m.

acting upon its conclusions and implica­tions. One factor, however, appeared to the writer, as a subjective response, to be perhaps the major determinant of the future successful application of special library services and techniques to the college library in further experimenta­tion: the attitude of college librarians toward the service program.

In order to determine exactly what educational goals are desirable and how they are best fulfilled, librarians, faculty, and administrators must be willing to divest themselves of preconceived ideas of what each "should" do and explore their roles on the basis of faculty and student need. The mere initiation of such discussions will be difficult and their outcome will undoubtedly indicate at least some change from present practice, bringing into play natural human re­sistance to change. It appeared to the writer, therefore, that the future service program in college libraries, whether or not special library services and tech­niques are ultimately applied, may well be a measure of the maturity of college librarians. • •

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A student is about to dial the phone in his dorm room. He's going to use it to study French by calling the Learning Lab. At the same time other students will be dialing lessons in Biology, Government, Speech ... any subject the university has scheduled for that period. Through the tel­ephone, universities can extend their Learn­ing Lab facilities economically to every dormitory room, so students can take full advantage of a university's opportunities.

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be able to connect with a computer, put a problem to it, and receive information back in the most convenient form ... voice or teletypewriter ... even as a video image.

This is one more way we are working to improve communications to meet the fu­ture needs of students, faculty and admin­istration. Many of these commumcations systems-Tele-Lecture service (two-way am­plified phone calls), Data-Phone* service, and remote blackboard projection-are available now. Find out what you can do to benefit from them by talking with your Bell Telephone Communications Consultant.

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Third Edition 5 volumes 4,649 pages 1965 $120.00

Entries for 156,499 serial titles held by 956libraries in the United States and Canada are included in the just-published Third Edition of Union List of Serials. Incorporated in this new edition in a single alphabet are all the entries · and information in the Second Edition (published in 1943), the First Supplement (published in 1945), and the Second Supple­ment (published in 1953), plus selected new titles and holdings up to the beginning of the current Library of Congress publication New Serial Titles, which lists serials published from 1950 to date. Including cross references and changes, the total number of individual entries in the Third Edition is 226,987.

This new Third Edition has been prepared under the sponsorship of the Joint Commit­tee on the Union List of Serials, Inc., a nonprofit corporation representing thirteen Ameri­can and Canadian library . associations and bibliographical institutions . Financed by a grant from the Council on Library Resources, Inc., the Joint Committee contracted with the Library of Congress to carry out the editorial work of compiling the new edition; Mrs. Edna Brown Titus served as editor.

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THE JULIAN S·TREET LIBRARY: A Preliminary List of Titles. Warren B. Kuhn, formerly Assistant Librarian for Circulation at the Princeton University Library, has developed this practical, annotated list of titles for Princeton's Julian Street library. Designed as a source of suppleme.ntary reading material for the Prince­ton undergraduate, this library includes standard classics, basic reference works, books requested by the students themselves, a wide variety of other titles which the browsing student will fil'ld intellectually stimulating.

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RENAISSANCE REPRINTS will make available once again important texts in history, political thought and literature now expensive and nigh impossible to find. The best available contemporary edition will be reprinted. Available good modern critical editions will not be duplicated.

Each reprint will have a new introduction by a scholar wherein he will place the text in its historical setting, review the relevant literature, indicate relations to other contemporary tracts and provide a concise bio-bibliography.

The following series will appear: A. French history and political thought

Editor: Ralph E. Giesey, University of Minnesota B. French literature C. Italian history and political thought

Editor: Gordon Griffiths, University of Washington D. Italian literature E. Spanish history and political thought F. Spanish literature

Editor: Otis H. Green, University of Pennsylvania G. Bibliography

Editor: Archer Taylor, University of California

Publication opens with Series A. French history and political thought, which first offers ·the prime sources for Huguenot political thought and activity: the record of a great struggle in the later sixteenth century over the principles of heterodoxy in religion and the right of resistance in politics:

[BARNAUD, Nicolas]. Reveille-Matin des franyois. Edimbourg, 1574. 2 vols. in 1. 380 pp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23.50 BEZE, Theodore de. Du Droit des Magistrats sur leurs subiets. n.p. 1579.

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together: $17.50 ESTIENNE, Henri. Discours merveilleux de la vie, actions et deportemens de Catherine de Medicis. n.p. 1578. 100 pp. . ..... .. .... ........ .... ... . $11.00

GENTILLET, Innocent. Apologie ou defense pour les Chrestiens de France . . . . Geneva, 1578. 244 pp .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .... . ................... $17.50

<· --. Anti-machiavel. n.p. 1609. 985 pp . .. . . . ....................... $45.00 I<: --. Commentariorum de regno ... advers. N. Machiavellum. n.p. 1577.

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HOTMAN, Fran~ois. La France-GauZe ou Gaule-franyoise. (Extracted from S. Goulart, Memoires de l'Estat de France, n.p. 1589, II fols. 271-349.) 170 pp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. $14.50

~ · MORNAY, Philippe de. De la puissance legitime du Prince sur le peuple et le peuple sur le Prince. n.p. 1581. 270 pp ..... . . .. .. ... ...... ..... .. ....... $19.50

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THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, ORIGINAL SERIES as published in England

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The JEWISH QuARTERLY REVIEW, Original Series, was founded in London in Oc­tober, 1888, by Israel Abrahams and Claude G. Montefiore, two distinguished schol­ars and authors. The JEWISH QuARTERLY REVIEw, under their editorship, immedi­ately established itself as the most important journal in the English language, de­voted to critical studies in all branches of Judaism. Hailed by scholars in various fields of religion and theology, its initial issues concentrated on Jewish literature and history; its sphere of interest, however, was continually expanded to include articles· of a wider theological nature.

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