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LRCW 4 Late Roman Coarse Wares,
Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean Archaeology and archaeometry
The Mediterranean: a market without frontiers
Edited by
Natalia Poulou-Papadimitriou, Eleni Nodarou and Vassilis Kilikoglou
BAR International Series 2616 (I)2014
Volume I
Published by
ArchaeopressPublishers of British Archaeological ReportsGordon House276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 [email protected]
BAR S2616 (I)
LRCW 4 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and archaeometry. The Mediterranean: a market without frontiers. Volume I.
© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2014
Cover illustration: Early Byzantine amphora from Pseira, Crete (photo by C. Papanikolopoulos; graphic design by K. Peppas).
ISBN 978 1 4073 1251 4 (complete set of two volumes) 978 1 4073 1249 1 (this volume) 978 1 4073 1250 7 (volume II)
Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford
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Hadrian Books Ltd122 Banbury RoadOxfordOX2 7BPEnglandwww.hadrianbooks.co.uk
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665
COARSE WARES FROM THE EARLY BYZANTINE EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF RHODIAPOLIS: COOKING WARES AND AMPHORAE
ÖZGÜ ÇÖMEZOĞLU
Istanbul University, Department of Art History, Byzantine Art. Istanbul, Turkey
This article is on the cooking pots and amphorae from the early Byzantine church of Rhodiapolis. The vessels of the site which exists in the episcopal lists until the 9th century are mainly dated from the 5th century to the middle Byzantine period. Although the production sites of the Rhodiapolis material are still unclear, they have common features with the products of Egypt, Syria, Cyprus and the Aegean Islands, as well as Lycia and Cilicia in Anatolia. It is also worth noting that the very few fragments found at the excavation and dated after the 9th century indicate that there was limited population living in the city after the 9th century.
KEYWORDS: RHODIAPOLIS, LYCIA, COOKING POTS, AMPHORAE, EAST MEDITERRANEAN
In the province of Kumluca near Antalya, Rhodiapolis was a medium-sized Roman city, which was also inhabited in the Byzantine period1
Although this three-aisled basilica does not have an atrium and gallery, the straight wall on the east of the apse and the pastophoria represents one of the general features of the early Byzantine basilical churches around the east Mediterranean coasts (Fig. 1). The large size of the church and the debris in the naos indicate that this church had a wooden roof as had many others in the region. Steps of the synthronon and traces of the altar also survived. Considering these architectural features and characteristics of architectural plastic fragments, the first construction phase of the church is dated to the 5th or 6th centuries (Akyürek and Tiryaki 2010, 389-390). The church is considered to be the Episcopal church of the city. Rhodiapolis exists in the Episcopal lists until the middle of the 9th century as the centre of a bishopric (Akyürek and Tiryaki 2010, 390; Hellenkemper ve Hild 2004, 415; Darouzes 1981, Notitia 4, 289). This basilica is one of the two churches in the settlement, the other one being located near the agora. Due to its location at the highest point of the city and to the fact that it is larger than the other, the church presented here is believed to be the Episcopal church of Rhodiapolis
. The early Byzantine church, where the material presented in this article was found, is located on the Acropolis. To the north there is an adjacent building with a chapel.
2
1This research is supported by ARIT (American Research Institute in Turkey) and Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects.
. The annexed building at the north side of the church may be the Episcopal residence; future excavations will shed light on
2This research will be published in the symposium proceedings of “ASMOSIA X INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones in Antiquity” by Dr. Ayça Tiryaki (Istanbul University).
the function of this annex. Archaeological excavations are still continuing, and the adjacent building will be excavated in the following years.
Pottery found during the excavation of the church can be classified into basins, jars, pithoi, cooking pots, jugs, amphorae, lids, and oil lamps. Each class has its own sub-groups due to the variety of their forms. Cups used as bowls for serving purposes are comparatively rare. The majority of the parallels of these vessels are common between the 4th-5th and the 9th centuries around Syria, Cyprus, the Aegean Islands and Egypt, as well as the Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia (Çömezoğlu 2011).
The content of this article is restricted to cooking wares and amphorae found in the church. Because there is no trace showing that the church was used for another function yet, the north rooms or buildings may be suggested as the original contexts of these vessels. Three types of cooking pots have been identified in terms of form and fabric in our studies during the excavations. Although the amphorae are not so many as the cooking pots, they draw our attention with their variety in form. This variety indicates the possibility of commercial relations over a large area.
Cooking Pots
The first group of cooking pots can be distinguished by their flaring and thickened outturning rims. Some examples have been found with their handles. The cross-sections of the handles are oval or flat, one of the flat handles is fluted (Fig. 2, e). Rim dimensions vary between 10 and 22cm. All the samples of this type are made of a gritty, porous, pink fabric. On some fragments, the dark colour of the pink slip even on the rims of the vessels is most likely due to the firing process. These fragments consist of rim and body sherds and it is difficult to identify any trace of fire.
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There are small differences in shape among the examples of this type. Vessels of Fig. 2, g-h have protruding profiles just under the rim. The rim profiles of the vessels in Fig. 2, c-f-k are folded out. The parallels of this type in Jerusalem and Xanthos are categorized as cooking pots (Tusingham 1985, 95; Pellegrino 2007, 660-661). More specifically, vessels from Kyenai similar to those of Fig. 2, c-f-k are also called jars as well as cooking pots (Mader 1998, nr.46, 48).
This type was also in use during the late Roman/early Byzantine period in Lycian settlements like Xanthos and Limyra. The vessels with a similar form and gritty fabric in Xanthos are considered to be local and they were also distributed to Letoon and Patara. The production in Xanthos is dated from the 3rd-4th to the 6th-7th centuries. The closest parallels with the Rhodiapolis finds are dated to the 3rd-4th centuries (Pellegrino 2007, 660-661, fig. 3/24). Fig. 2, ı from Rhodiapolis best represents this similarity. Another production center in Lycia in the 6th-7th centuries is Limyra. This settlement is between the trade routes of Syria-Palestine, and from Egypt to the Anatolian coasts via Cyprus. Coarse cooking wares were also exported from Limyra to the western settlements as far as Albania (Vroom 2004, 308). The equivalents of Fig. 2, a-b in Rhodiapolis, appear among the local products of Limyra (Vroom 2004, 287, 300, fig. 4).
The equivalents of Fig. 2, g-h, which have a protruding profile on the rim, from Jerusalem are dated to the 3rd-4th centuries (Tushingham 1995, 95, fig.32/4). Another group from France-Fos are dated to the 6th-7th centuries and are described as Cilician and Lycian vessels (Marty 2007, 206-07, fig. 5/22).
The first type of Rhodiapolis cooking pots can be identified as Lycian and Cilician products, due to their fabric and form. This group must be part of a common tradition in the area between the 3rd and 7th centuries. The main findspot of these vessels in Rhodiapolis is an area before the apse which has been disturbed by treasure-seekers. Another important findspot is the south nave, but no traces of a new function were ascertained during the excavations of this area. It should be noted that two big cisterns are located to the south of the church. These vessels must have been used in the surrounding buildings. Other utilitarian vessels found at the same places (such as basins, jugs, pithoi and bowls) can be dated between the 5th and 9th centuries (Çömezoğlu 2011, 25-31). This group of vessels from Rhodiapolis can be defined as one of the common forms around Lycia in the 5th-7th centuries.
The rims of the second type of cooking pots are thickened and flare out slightly (Fig. 3, 6). Handles are attached between the rim and body, rim diameters vary from 10 to 20cm. Either flat or oval handles are attached on those found with handles. The fabric is porous, pink or reddish-brown with coarse sand, some examples of this group are slipped. Although there are many similarities in terms of fabric between the first and second groups, the second type has thicker walls and coarser inclusions. The rim, handle and body sherds of this group in Rhodiapolis are
few and fragmentary, no trace of fire was detected. These vessels are identified as jars as well as cooking pots, like the similar findings from Khirbat el-Ni’ana (Vincenz and Sion 2007, fig. 5/ 1-3). Parallel examples dated to the 4th-7th centuries from Argos are in a micaceous fabric. The production of this type of vessels is considered to take place around the Aegean coasts and the west parts of the Mediterranean, but their export diminished towards the 6th century (Abadie-Reynal 2001, fig. 3/2). The examples from Hagia Eirine (İstanbul) are also micaceous and gritty. Similar to the Rhodiapolis fragments their bodies are almost oval with vertical ribs, some are slipped, they have either one or two handles. They are thought to be in use from the period of Heraklius in the 10th century (Peschlow 1978, nr. 120-121).
The second type of the Rhodiapolis cooking pots is a common type around the Aegean settlements during the estimated occupation period of the church. In the excavations they were mostly found in the north nave and the northern adjacent chapel, but some sherds were found in the south nave. The use of these vessels can also be related with the adjacent building to the north.
The third type of cooking pots has a spherical or oval body under a short flaring rim (Fig. 4,7). The bodies are ribbed vertically in some cases, some have been found with handle fragments. In all cases handles begin from the rim. Most of similar examples from neighboring settlements are two-handled. Either flat or round bases were used for this form (Bakirtzis 2003, 130). Rim diameters vary from 8 to 14cm. The common feature of this group is their thin fabrics with low density of pores, and small inclusions. The fabric colour is orange or red, without any slip of paint applied on these vessels. Traces of fire are visible on some of the fragments belonging to this group. Containing and heating small amounts of food is suggested for the function of similar vessels from S. Nicholaos Church at Myra (Demre). These vessels from Myra are made of the local paste of the area and this vessel type survived until the 10th/11th centuries in Myra, a Lycian settlement close to Rhodiapolis (Türker 2009, 49, 55-58). Another settlement in the Aegean region where this type of vessels was used in the 8th century is Pseira. The form has common features with the Rhodiapolis fragments, but the paste differs with its micaceous and coarse gritty character (Poulou-Papadimitriou and Nodarou 2007, 757, fig. 5/1,2). Such findings from Chios are dated to the 7th century (Balance et al. 1989, fig. 35/22). Other similar vessels with spherical bodies and flaring rims derive from Kadmeia, dated from the 8th to the 10th centuries. These vessels have vertical ribs on their bodies, although their thickened and rounded rims are different from the Rhodiapolis examples (Armstrong 1993, nr. 27-29). Especially among the 12th century cooking pots of the Kadmeia findings there are very similar examples with the Rhodiapolis fragments. Flaring rims, tall and oval bodies, thin walls and ribs are the common features between the two groups (Armstrong 1993, nr. 147).
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As in the cities around the Aegean and Lycia, this type is one of the most commonly used in Rhodiapolis but it is also popular in other sites around the Mediterranean. The samples from Carthage are dated to the 4th-5th centuries (Fulford and Peacock 1984, fig. 69/19.1). Among the middle Byzantine finds of Saraçhane there are examples with thin walls and one or two handles (Hayes 1992, 57, nr. 39.4-5). Also there are many similarities in terms of form between the 2nd and 3rd types of cooking pots from Rhodiapolis. Some fragments which are dated to the 7th-8th/9th centuries at Saraçhane have common features with both of these types (Hayes 1992, nr. 31.33, 35.14, 50.109).
The fragments of the third type of cooking pots in Rhodiapolis exist in greater numbers than the first and second types. They were found in almost the entire excavated area. The existence of the third type may be related to the local production in Lycia. But it should be noted that this form is one of the most popular forms in the settlements around the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea. This group of cooking pots might have survived until the latest period of Rhodiapolis.
Amphorae
Although the amphorae are limited in quantity, it is possible to determine their production centers and their role in the late Roman–early medieval trade (Fig. 8-9). The fragments of the first group from Rhodiapolis belong to LR1 amphorae (Fig. 8, a). These small rim and body pieces are found in small quantities on the surface of the debris and in the excavation of the north nave. To make a stratigraphical comment is almost impossible in this case. The fabric is gritty and the colour is pink-buff. The Rhodiapolis examples have cylindirical and comparatively large necks, and simple rounded rims. Although they are very fragmentary and it is difficult to understand the form of the body and handle, characteristics of the 5th century and of later LR1 amphorae can be identified on these examples (Reynolds 2005, 566-567, fig. 33b-34; Williams 2005, 616). Pamphylia, Lycia, Karia, Rhodes, Euboea and Lesvos are suggested among the possible production centers of LR1. Workshops in Cilicia, Crete, Kos and Cyprus have already been determined (Demesticha 2003, 469; Poulou-Papadimitriou and Didioumi 2010, 741-743; Pieri 2007, 613-615). The production in Cyprus increased around the 6th-7th centuries, and imitations were produced in Egypt and the Black Sea area in the same centuries (Pieri 2007, 613-615). Such productions existed in Kos in the 7th century and Crete in the 7th-8th centuries (Poulou-Papadimitriou and Didioumi 2010, 741-743).
The gritty fabric of the LR1 is characteristic for the production around Cyprus, Cilicia and Syria. Investigations on chemical compositions of these amphorae indicate the geological background of the east Mediterranean, in particular Cilicia and Cyprus, is suitable for the production of the LR1 (Williams 2005, 616-617).
Equivalents of the Rhodiapolis LR1 amphorae are mainly dated between the 5th and 7th centuries. Finds from Saraçhane (Hayes 1992, 63-63, pl.15a, 30.156), Thasos (6th-7th centuries) (Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, CC210, CC260), Syria (6th-7th centuries) (Bavant and Orssaud 2001, 34-37), Yassıada (7th century) (Bass 1982, 155-157) are the closest parallels. The Rhodiapolis fragments have the same features with the LR1 amphorae from the east Mediterranean, particularly Cyprus – Cilicia – Syria and the Aegean islands productions.
In the second group of Rhodiapolis amphorae, the neck is slightly concave and the handle begins from the neck (Fig. 8, b). The third type has thin handles attached on the conical neck (Fig. 8, c). The fabric of both types is gritty. The representatives of these groups are numerous and the sherds are fragmentary. It is not possible to detect traces of paint or slip. The parallels of the second group among Sinop amhorae were produced between the Hellenistic period and the 6th century. This group is one of the amphora types used on the trade routes between north Africa and the Black Sea in the late Roman period (Opait 2004, 31, DIII). Such amphorae with gritty fabric from Nisibe are compared to the 7th century examples (Dorna-Metzger 2001, fig. 3/13). Although the 7th century parallels from the Black Sea are different in fabric, they are comparable in their rim sherds (Sazanov 1997, 91, fig. 2/18). The second type of the Rhodiapolis amphorae seem to indicate trade between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
Like the second type, the third type of the Rhodiapolis amphorae has equivalents dated from the 6th to the 9th centuries around the Black Sea. Especially the 7th and 8th centuries examples from that area are the closest parallels (Sazanov 1997, 91-92, fig. 2/23-2). Other similar amphorae come from south-east Anatolia and the east Mediterranean. Such examples found in Nisibe are dated to the 5th-7th centuries (Dorna-Metzger 2001, fig. 3/14).
Such amphorae as types two and three were in use around the Mediterranean from the beginning of the late Roman period. According to stratigraphic data, they can be dated until the 12th century in medieval settlements. Among the parallels from St. Nicholaos Church in Myra (Demre), similar fragments are dated up to the 11th-12th centuries (many parallels of type three are among type 5 in Myra). The presence of these amphorae which are compared to the Black Sea examples are explained by the trade relations between the east Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Türker 2009, 92-93). Many similar amphorae from Saraçhane are dated to the same period (Hayes 1992, 76, type 63, fig. 26/1-3).
The second and third type of amphorae of Rhodiapolis can be considered as the indicators of trade between the east Mediterranean and the Black Sea. We believe that the problems of dating will be solved during the upcoming excavations in Rhodiapolis. The find areas of these types in the church are surface levels in the adjacent chapel at the north-east. The connection of this chapel
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with the north annex suggests that the functions of these amphorae may be related with that of the building.
In the fourth type (Fig. 8, d-j), fluted oval handles are attached to the conical rim, but they are not hooked up. The colour is orange, the fabric is fired soft and has coarse sand inclusions. Traces of red paint can be identified on the sherds. The most important findspots of this type are the heaps made by the treasure-hunters and the surface levels in the north-east chapel. Some pieces were also found in the nave. Early examples from Italy are among the St. Lorenzo amphorae. Examples of this type have also been found around the Black Sea and the Balkans and are dated between the 3rd-5th centuries. The south coasts of Anatolia are not noted among the distribution areas of this type (Arthur 1998, fig. 8, 9/2). Some other comparable amphorae around the Meditterranean are dated from the 6th to the 10th centuries (Sazanov 1997, 94, fig. 3.28/4-5). Examples with strap handles and flaring thickened rims from Saraçhane are dated to the 11th century (Hayes 1992, type 4).
The difference between the fourth and the fifth type is the form of their handle. Fluted flat handles of the fifth type are hooked up (Fig. 8, k-o). The fabric is coarse gritty, and hard and contains coarse sand inclusions; slip traces are detected on the surface. A grey core is persent in an orange fabric and the red slip turns to grey on some sherds. This type of amphorae with thick walls is the most common in Rhodiapolis. They were found in the north and south aisles, as well as in the heaps made by the treasure-seekers in the east part of the church. This type with the hooked up handles is more common in the middle and late Byzantine periods than in the early Byzantine period (Sazanov 1997, 98). Examples from Saraçhane are dated to the 12th-13th centuries with varying handle forms, and small narrow outcurved mouths (Hayes 1992, type 62, 67). The paralels of both the fourth and fifth types of Rhodiapolis have bulging bodies.
Although Rhodiapolis is known as a bishopric until the 9th century, numerous glazed pottery indicates that the site was still inhabitated until the 12th century. The fourth and fifth types of amphorae might have been used for a longer period than the other amphora forms in Rhodiapolis. In particular the fifth type must have been used during the middle Byzantine occupation of the site.
Some amphora bases and toes have been found during the excavations (Fig. 8, p-v, 9). But some of their body forms are unclear, since we do not have enough fragments to identify the body forms. Such amphora bases have many examples in late Roman amphorae around Africa and the east Mediterranean (Bonifay 2004, 89-153; Ben Abed et al. 1997, 19-20).
Conclusions
Cooking wares and amphorae are part of the “coarse wares” from the Church of Rhodiapolis. More fragments such as basins, pithoi, jars, jugs, bowls and lamps have been unearthed during the excavations. The excavations were held in the nave and the chapel of the adjacent building to the north which has a direct connection with the church. Pieces of glass lamps were also found in small quantities in the excavated area. Before the excavations in the area, several pits had been dug by the treasure-seekers in the nave, apse and prothesis. The heaps of these pits in front of the apse and the prothesis made any stratigraphical study difficult. As well as the finds from those heaps, many ceramic fragments were found from the surface levels in the nave and north-east chapel. This may indicate that the original context of many fragments might have been the buildings around and about. Traces of functional modifications were not determined during the excavations carried in the nave. Forthcoming archaeological studies of the adjacent building to the north may shed light on the function of the findings. Especially the finds from the north-east chapel may be related to this annex.
As mentioned above, the first building phase of the church is dated to the 5th or the beginning of the 6th centuries. Some arrangements were made during the lifetime of the church (Akyürek and Tiryaki 2010, 390). Rhodiapolis is mentioned in the list of diocese until the 9th century (Hellenkemper and Hild 2004, 415; Darouzes 1981, Notitia 4, 289). However a small amount of glazed ceramic findings from other areas (such as the bath) reveals that the occupation of the settlement decreased but continued until the 12th-13th centuries. Also several types of amphorae and cooking pots were in use in the middle Byzantine period.
The most commonly used types are the third type of cooking pots and fourth and fifth types of amphorae. These forms are the representatives of surviving forms after the early Byzantine period in the region. Among the other ceramic finds of Rhodiapolis are many forms such as jugs, bowls or mugs dated from the 4th/5th centuries, whilst some forms of basins are dated from the 7th to the 9th centuries (Çömezoğlu 2011, 30-31, basins type 1). This situation reveals that despite the fact that the cooking pots and amphorae were in use from the early Byzantine period in Rhodiapolis, the majority of those vessels were used also during the middle Byzantine era.
The vessels presented in this paper are the indicators of the trade relations of Rhodiapolis in the area. They indicate the ties of the settlement with Lycia, Cilicia and the east Mediterranean. The first type of cooking pots has the same features with the vessels produced around Lycia and Cilicia. Similarly, the third type was common in Lycia and has many parallels in the Aegean Islands and the Mediterranean coasts. In particular this type has many similarities with the local productions of Myra, a settlement to the west of Rhodiapolis, in terms of fabric and form. LR1 amphorae from Rhodiapolis are indicative of the relations with Cilicia, Syria, Cyprus and the
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Aegean Islands. Moreover, other amphora types indicate the place of Rhodiapolis within the trade relations between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
Because no ceramic workshop has been unearthed in Rhodiapolis yet, it is still unclear whether any of the vessel types was produced in this site during the Byzantine period. We expect to clarify this question during the following excavation seasons.
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Fig. 1: Plan of the church
Fig. 2: cooking pots type 1
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Fig. 3: cooking pots type 2
Fig. 4: cooking pots type 3
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Fig. 5: cooking pots type 1 Fig. 6: cooking pots type 2
Fig. 7: cooking pots type 3
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Fig. 8: a- LR1 amphora (type1); b, amphorae type 2; c, amphorae type 3; d-j, amphorae type 4; k-o, amphorae type 5; p-v, bases/toes
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Fig. 9: Amphorae rims and handles
Fig. 10: Amphorae bases
