Cicero's Remarks on Translating Philosophical Terms – Some General Problems

Cicerorsquos Remarks on Translating Philosophical Terms ndash SomeGeneral Problems

John Glucker

In this study I shall discuss some general problems concerning the general nature of theremarks made by Cicero himself in various places in his philosophical and rhetoricalworks about his translation of a Greek term into Latin We have over two hundred suchremarks scattered throughout these writings Some of them are brief and give us only thebare facts about the Latin word and its Greek original ndash eg Luc 54 lsquoea dico incerta quaeἄδηλα Graecirsquo Some are longer explaining the various ways of rendering a Greek terminto Latin and the reasons for Cicerorsquos preference for this or that Latin term Some ofthese remarks appear as part of a more general discussion of how one should translateGreek words for abstract concepts The Appendix to this article is to the best of myknowledge the second complete collection of all such Greek-into-Latin remarks inCicerorsquos philosophical and rhetorical works The only other collection I have encounteredis Appendix I to Christian Nicolasrsquos Sic enim appello1 Nicolasrsquos collection of these notesis lsquominimalistrsquo and does not include the larger contexts of Cicerorsquos explanationshesitations and methodological discussions This is sufficient for his theme which treatsCicerorsquos translations of Greek terms as specimens of what modern linguists calllsquoterminological autonymyrsquo If however one wishes to examine these remarks from thepoint of view of Cicerorsquos own practice achievements difficulties and doubts one oftenneeds to put a remark in its wider context or even cite at length some of Cicerorsquos moregeneral discussions of the sort of translation he was attempting My list is therefore longerand more extensive than Nicolasrsquos ndash as well as filling some plain gaps in his list

Two relatively comprehensive aids to the study of Cicerorsquos Latin rendering of Greekterms have been available for a while but have not been sufficiently used Victor ClavelrsquosDe M T Cicerone Graecorum Interprete is quite an achievement for what originated as athegravese compleacutementaire written by a busy schoolmaster not allowed at the time to teach ina university due to his ldquoopinions tregraves libeacuteralesrdquo2 This book is a somewhat confused butvery useful treasure-trove In its first two parts it deals with Cicerorsquos translations fromGreek poetry and prose providing full texts and fragments of Cicerorsquos translations proper(as available at that time) and discussing various methodological issues such as Cicerorsquosremarks on the Greek words behind his translations as against his lsquosilentrsquo translations of

37

1 Christian Nicolas Sic enim appello Essai sur lrsquoautonymie terminologique Greacuteco-latine chez Ciceacuteron (Louvainetc 2005) pp 315ndash25

2 Victor-eacutemile Clavel De M T Cicerone Graecorum Interprete Paris 1868 On Clavel see A Faure inDictionnaire de biographie francaise eds M Preacutevost and Roman DrsquoAmat Paris 1959 VIII p 1409 His maindoctoral thesis was on Arnold of Brescia Later he was for a while professor of Greek literature in Lyon

Greek into Latin from Antiquity until the Nineteenth Century Warburg Institute Colloquia 18 2012

GreekIntoLatin1 revRED - Copy (3)_Warburg1 13012012 1457 Page 37

Greek terms without remarking on the Greek origins But the most useful part of thiswork is the lsquoCiceronianum Lexicon Graeco-Latinumrsquo pp 314ndash78 It is the fullest lexiconof Greek terms translated by Cicero and their Latin renderings both in Cicerorsquos propertranslations and in his theoretical works and it includes both those terms on thetranslation of which Cicero does remark and more importantly those which he translateslsquosilentlyrsquo that is most of the Greek terms which he renders into Latin Clavelrsquos book ishardly mentioned in works dealing with Cicerorsquos Greek or Greek-into-Latin The onlycopy I could find in London is in the British Library3

Another useful aid is a long-forgotten article by H J Rose lsquoThe Greek of Cicerorsquo4

His remarks preceding and following his list of places where Greek appears are asusual with this sober and industrious scholar sane and instructive His list pp 93ndash114 includes also places in the letters where Greek is employed I (and a reader whohad my copy of the offprint before me) have found a very small number of minorerrors and omissions Like Clavelrsquos book Rosersquos article is hardly mentioned in morerecent works

As a result most studies of Cicerorsquos translations of Greek terms have so far beennaturally partial based on a selection of his terms and remarks I shall mention only afew

Hans-Joachim Hartungrsquos doctoral thesis Ciceros Methode bei der Uumlbersetzunggriechisher philosophischer Termini is dedicated to a discussion of translations ofepistemological terms such as κατάληψις φαντασία ἔννοια and ethical terms such as τέλοςοἰκείωσις ἀξία5 It does have a brief discussion of lsquoCiceros eigene Uumlbersetzungstheorienrsquo(pp 17ndash25) but like the rest of Hartungrsquos discussions this part is weighed down by verylong footnotes referring at great length to modern works This Vollstaumlndigkeit is attainedat the expense of a proper discussion of most of Cicerorsquos own remarks ClaudioMoreschinirsquos lsquoOsservazioni sul lessico filosofico di Ciceronersquo is far more of a properdiscussion of what we find in the texts of Cicero6 But again it limits itself to discussionsof the Latin translations of terms in epistemology ethics physics and logic and theirGreek counterparts and hardly touches on those places where Cicero himself explainshis Greek originals and his methods of translating It is detailed and very helpful for thetyro ndash but one gets no general picture of any aspect of Cicerorsquos terminological

38

JOHN GLUCKER

3 One shortcoming of this lexicon is the lack of any method and consistency in references to Cicerorsquos worksSometimes the references are simply to ldquoLucil Cic et aliirdquo sometimes the Greek source is given but one is nottold where Cicerorsquos Latin rendering appears Most of the time when it comes to terms on which Cicero remarksin his philosophical or rhetorical works we have a reference to the Ciceronian text ndash but again sometimes we aregiven the Gruter paragraphs and sometimes the Scott ones This makes it somewhat difficult to use the lexiconbut it still is the fullest of its kind

4 H J Rose lsquoThe Greek of Cicerorsquo Journal of Hellenic Studies 41 1921 pp 91ndash1165 Hans-Joachim Hartung lsquoCiceros Methode bei der Uumlbersetzung griechisher philosophischer Terminirsquo PhD

diss Hamburg University 19706 Claudio Moreschini lsquoOsservazioni sul lessico filosofico di Ciceronersquo Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore

di Pisa Classe di Lettere e Filosofia 2 Pisa 1979 pp 78ndash178


innovations Carlos Leacutevyrsquos lsquoCiceacuteron creacuteateur du vocabulaire latin de la connaissance essaide synthegravesersquo devotes too much space (from the point of view of the classical scholar) toproviding the reader with basic information about Cicerorsquos philosophy and his attitudeto the philosophical schools but its last pages contain some useful analyses of some ofCicerorsquos new terms and the way in which he relates them to their Greek originals7 It is agood introduction to the subject in the context of a general conference on Latin as alanguage suitable for philosophy ndash but again it does not ask more general questionsconcerning Cicerorsquos methods and especially concerning the nature of Cicerorsquos Greek-into-Latin remarks (henceforward GLR) I could cite one or two more recentpublications8 but they add little or nothing to elucidating the problems I wish to touchon As long as one had no full and synoptic collection of Cicerorsquos own remarks ndash not tomention an index to these GLRs like the one I supply following my collection ndash it wasdifficult if not impossible to ask the more general questions In what follows I shall raisesome such questions laying no claim to anything like comprehensiveness I would liketo regard the present article as a first step in the direction of discussing the general natureof such Uumlbersetzungsbekenntnisse in Cicerorsquos abstract works I should only note that suchremarks by a translator are far from being a common phenomenon among theoreticalworks and one finds them mainly in literatures where the subject of the work is fairlynew to the language and many speakers would be grateful for an explanation of the moreabstract new terms in a language where such terms have been long established9

I shall start with one of the issues which first drew my attention to such generalproblems

A FIRST MENTION OF A GREEK TERM ndash NO BIRTH-PANGS

1 Some modern viewsa) M Tulli Ciceronis Academica The text revised and explained by James S Reid London1885 (and reprints) Introduction p 45 (on Cicerorsquos speech in the lost Catulus)

That Cicerorsquos criticism of the dogmatic schools was in this speech incomplete and merelypreliminary may be seen by the fact that he found no occasion to Latinize such terms asκατάληψιςhellip ἐνάργεια ὁρμή ἀπόδειξις δόγμα οἰκεῖον ἄδηλα ἐποχή nearly all important terms inthe Stoic and to some extent in the Antiochean system all of which Lucullus is obliged totranslate for himself

39

CICEROrsquoS REMARKS ON TRANSLATING PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS

7 Carlos Leacutevy lsquoCiceacuteron creacuteateur du vocabulaire latin de la connaissance essai de synthegravesersquo in La langue latinelangue de philosophie Actes du colloque organiseacute par lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise de Rome Rome 1992 pp 92ndash106

8 For instance Lois C Perez Castro lsquoAcerca se las terminologias ciceronianas preacutestamos calcos ycorrespondenciasrsquo Emerita 70 2002 pp 205ndash12 which uses a small selection of Ciceronian Latin terms asexamples for modern linguistic analysis

9 This phenomenon is not unusual in modern Hebrew where much of the vocabulary of philosophy or literarytheory has had to be constructed from existing Hebrew roots as counterparts of such terms in the larger Europeanlanguages In many works of philosophy and literary theory and criticism one finds notes explaining the GermanEnglish or French term rendered by the Hebrew term in a particular context


The implication is that wherever Lucullus of his namesake dialogue remarks on theGreek origin of a Latin term he is using this must be the first time in which this Latinterm appears It has therefore not been used or remarked on in Catulus

b) John Glucker lsquoProbabile Veri Simile and Related Termsrsquo (1995)

But unlike some Ciceronian translations where we have Cicero himself pointing out theGreek terms he translates [and here follows a footnote giving references to a few GLRs] we arenot lsquopresent at the birth-pangsrsquo of probabile and veri simile and are not told by Cicero in an extantwork what the Greek originals isare10

On p 116 I suggested that the explanation of the Greek words behind these two termsdid appear in what had been the first dialogue in the first version of the Academic booksCatulus ndash but in a part which has not survived in the second Varronian version I amnot contesting this particular suggestion ndash especially since we touch here on two centralterms in the controversies between Stoics and Academics and since we do not have theGreek originals of these Latin concepts explained anywhere else But in what follows Ishall attempt to demonstrate that a GLR is not necessarily the first appearance of theLatin term as the counterpart of a Greek term There are no lsquobirth pangsrsquo here

c) J G F Powell lsquoCicerorsquos translations from the Greekrsquo (1995)

In fact Cicero does not typically use his own inventions without explanations Often heexplains their meaning certainly on their first occurrence but sometimes subsequently as wellwith reference to the very Greek words that they are supposed to supersede or rather the Greekand Latin words elucidate each other The Greek word the newly created Latin word and thesurrounding context together act as a three-pronged method of explanation often in fact veryefficient11

Again it is taken for granted that the new Latin term (or the Latin term in its newphilosophical connotation) is always explained by its Greek counterpart on its firstappearance

I add an observation of a more general nature which may be of some use also in ourfollowing discussions The assumption that the first occurrence of a GLR is necessarilythe first time Cicero uses the new term or connotation presupposes a strict methodicalapproach adopted by Cicero consciously or subconsciously from the very beginning ofhis philosophical and rhetorical activity in the last two years of his life If I may anticipatesome of the results of our inquiry in the following sections one can say that Cicero was

40

JOHN GLUCKER

10 John Glucker lsquoProbabile Veri Simile and Related Termsrsquo in Cicero the Philosopher Twelve Papers ed JG F Powell Oxford 1995 pp 115ndash43 (115ndash16)

11 J G F Powell lsquoCicerorsquos translations from the Greekrsquo in Cicero ed Powell (n 10 above) pp 273ndash300(291)


indeed not ganz unmethodisch but that his methods were more desultory and far lessconsistent than those of a modern writer composing quite consciously a well-organizedand well-planned corpus The Ciceronian corpus of these two years ndash however brief aspace this may appear ndash grew step by step and once a work was published one could nolonger take it back for corrections Nescit vox missa reverti

Let us now examine some lsquofacts on the groundrsquo12

2 Some Ciceronian evidence13

a) κατάληψις1) Luc 17 (Luc) hellip nec definiri aiebant necesse esse quid esset cognitio aut perceptioaut si verbum e verbo volumus comprehensio quam κατάλημψιν illi vocant eosque quipersuadere vellent esse aliquid quod comprehendi et percipi posset inscienter faceredicebanthellip

Ibid 31 (Luc) ad rerum igitur scientiam vitaeque constantiam aptissima cum sit menshominis amplectitur maxime cognitionem et istam κατάλημψιν quam ut dixi verbum everbo exprimentes comprensionem dicemushellip

Ibid 18 (Luc) cum enim ita negaret [Philo] quicquam esse quod comprehendi posset(id enim volumus esse ἀκατάλημπτον) si illud esset sicut Zeno definiret tale visum (iamenim hoc pro φαντασίᾳ verbum satis hesterno sermone trivimus)hellip [Emphasis mine]In all these cases one could assume ndash if one accepts the lsquobirth-pangsrsquo approach ndash thatthese Latin terms had not been used before ndash that is that they had not been used in thedialogue Catulus Let us take a few other GLRs concerned with the difficult κατάληψις

2 i) Acad I 40 (Varro) in qua primum de sensibus ipsis quaedam dixit nova [Zeno]quos iunctos esse censuit e quadam quasi impulsione oblata extrinsecus quam illeφαντασίαν nos visum appellamus et teramus hoc quidem verbum erit enim utendumin reliquo sermone saepiushellip

Ibid 41 [Varro] helliplsquoid autem visum cum ipsum per se cerneretur comprehendibile -ferretis haecrdquo ATT lsquoNos verorsquo inquit lsquoquonam enim alio modo καταλημπτὸν diceresrsquo

VArsquosed cum acceptum iam et approbatum esset comprehensionem appellabat similemhis rebus quae manu prenderentur ex quo etiam nomen hoc duxerat [at del Man] cum

41


12 Readers not fully familiar with the background and chronology of Cicerorsquos philosophical and rhetoricalworks should consult the chronology on pp xiii-xvii of Cicero ed Powell (n 10 above) Powellrsquos own lsquoIntroductionCicerorsquos Philosophical Works and their Backgroundrsquo ibid pp 1ndash36 would be of interest to experts as well So asa more general introduction to Cicerorsquos lsquoGreek into Latinrsquo is Powellrsquos article lsquoCicerorsquos Translations from Greekrsquoibid pp 273ndash300

13 In the following one should bear in mind that Academicus Primus is the counterpart (probably with someminor alterations on which see the following note) of the first part of the lost Catulus That would imply ndash in theexamples immediately below ndash that two of our terms had already been used and explained in Catulus and yetlsquoLucullusrsquo ndash in the second part of the version including Catulus ndash seems to feel that he has to explain the Greekoriginals again See also n 15 below


eo verbo antea nemo tali in usu esset plurimisque idem novis verbis (nova enim dicebat)usus est

2 ii) Fin III17 (Cato) rerum autem cognitiones quas vel comprehensiones velperceptiones vel si haec verba aut minus placent aut minus intelleguntur catalepsis14

This after Luc 17 31 and 145 Acad I 40ndash41 One conclusion we can tentativelydraw from these passages is that where Cicero is not sure about the proper Latin termwith which to translate a Greek term he keeps harking back to it in a number of GLRseven occasionally wondering whether it might be better to have the Greek termlsquonaturalizedrsquo in Latin

b) ἐννοίαιLuc 22 (Luc) quod si essent falsae notitiae (ἐννοίας enim notitias appellare tu videbare)hellip

But nothing of the kind has been said earlier in Lucullus Cicero must have used thistranslated term in Catulus At Acad I 32 we have notiones animi and at 42 lsquoinde posteanotiones rerum in animi imprimerenturrsquo But it is not impossible that somewhere laterin Catulus he did use notitiae Here and at 31 he has lsquonotitiaersquo while at Fin III21 TuscI57 Top 31 he has lsquonotionesrsquo

c) ἐνάργειαLuc 17 (Luc) hellippropterea quod nihil esset clarius ἐναργείᾳ ndash ut Graeci perspicuitatemnos si placet nominemus fabricemurque si opus erit verba nec hic sibi (me appellabatiocans) hoc licere soli putethellip

This implies that perspicuitas may be new here but also that Cicero in Catulusexplicitly (and perhaps with explanations) made his characters create new Latin wordsfor Greek terms

d) ἐποχή1) Luc59 (Luc) ex his illa necessario nata est ἐποχὴ id est assensionis retentio hellip

2) Ibid 148 (Cat) Tum Catulus lsquoEgonersquo inquit ad patris revolvor sententiam quamquidem ille Carneadeam esse dicebat ut percipi nihil putem possehellip daggerper epochen illamomnium rerum conprobansdaggerhellip

The text is disputed but some form of epoche is certain The Greek form epochen isPlasbergrsquos suggestion taken from the Roman edition of 1471 The two main groups ofMSS A and B both read epochem

42

JOHN GLUCKER

14 This spelling seems to show a trace of the lsquoByzantine pronunciationrsquo (similar to the modern Greekpronunciation) where ει is pronounced ι Note the way in which he lsquoasks permissionrsquo to keep the Greek as well(Was this word written in Greek characters by Cicero or did he himself do the Latin transliteration as a suggestionfor having the Greek word used in Latin)


I emphasize revolvor since it seems to point back to things already said by Catulus inhis own speech in the lost Catulus15

e) καθῆκονκατόρθωμα1) Fin III20 (Cato) initiis igitur ita constitutis ut ea quae secundum naturam sunt ipsapropter se sumenda sint contrariaque item reicienda primum est officium (id enimappello καθῆκον) ut se conservet in naturae statu deinceps ut ea teneat quae secundumnaturam sint pellatque contraria

Ibid III24 (Cato) et tamen est etiam aliqua cum his ipsis artibus sapientiaedissimilitudo propterea quod in illis quae recte facta sunt non continent tamen omnespartes e quibus constant quae autem nos aut recta aut recte facta dicamus si placet illiautem appellant κατορθώματα omnes numeros virtutis continent sola enim sapientia inse tota conversa est quod idem in ceteris artibus non fit

Ibid IV15 (Cic) alterum significari idem ut si diceretur officia media omnia autpleraque servantem vivere hoc sic expositum dissimile est superiori illud enim rectumest (quod κατόρθωμα dicebas) contingitque sapienti soli hoc autem inchoati cuiusdamoffici est non perfecti quod cadere in nonnullos insipientes potest

2) Acad I 37 (Varro) Atque ut haec non tam rebus quam vocabulis commmutaverat[Zeno] sic inter recte factum atque peccatum officium et contra officium media locabat

43


15 This may be the place for a note on the difference between the two versions of the Academic books Wasthe second version (Academici libri) larger in size than the first (Catulus ndash Lucullus) Grammatici certanthellip

The main evidence for assuming that Cicero expanded the first version is Att XII131 lsquoGrandiores suntomnino quam erant illi sed tamen multa detractarsquo Reid p 35 and n 6 takes this to mean lsquogreater lengthrsquo andremarks lsquoThe words grandiores and breviora [later in the same sect see below] are not contradictory the latter appliesto the mode in which each separate point is put the former to the compass of the whole workrsquo His remark isquoted with approval by R D Shackleton Bailey Cicerorsquos Letters to Atticus 7 vols Cambridge 1965ndash70 V p 367(on this paragraph his Letter 3211) On grandiores he remarks that lsquograndis in connection with a book is usedonly of size see Thes [= TLL] VI218540 (adding Plin Ep II15)rsquo The Correspondence of M Tullius Cicero edsR Y Tyrrell and L C Purser 7 vols Dublin and London 1879ndash1901 V p 108 (on this paragraph in Att XIItheir Letter DCXXVII) write lsquoGrandiores] lsquofinerrsquo which he afterwards expresses by the word splendidiora notlsquolargerrsquo as he tells us in this letter that the new edition will be shorterrsquo But they continue immediately lsquoThe naturalmeaning of grandiores would be ldquolarger biggerrdquo and it is possible that we should here give it that meaning andhave breviora below mean ldquomore conciserdquorsquo Essentially Reidrsquos proposal

What Cicero says at the end of our sect 131 is lsquoMulto tamen haec erunt splendidiora breviora meliorarsquo andhaec contrasts with lsquohellipilla quae habes de Academicis frustra descripta suntrsquo ndash plainly the books of the first versionnot just the separate points One does not spend money on copying separate points

Cicero first announced the recasting of Catulus ndash Lucullus into the new Varronian version in Att XIII123 ofJune 23 45 By July 28 or so we are informed that Atticus had already presented Varro with his dedicatory copy(Att XIII442) Yet on July 11 or 12 Cicero writes to Atticus lsquoquattuor διφθέραι sunt in sua potestatersquo Thus thewhole recasting took about three weeks Even if he suspended all work on De finibus during these weeks could hefind the time for a substantial expansion of the text

In the lsquofirst apparatusrsquo to Otto Plasbergrsquos editio minor of Lucullus (with Academici Libri Leipzig 1922) we havequotations from Acad III-IV in Nonius Jerome and others and echoes or allusions in Augustine and MacrobiusAll of them knew only the second version Their quotations and allusions are essentially identical with what wehave in Lucullus with the small variants one could only expect


quaedam recte facta sola in bonis actionibus ponens prave id est peccata in malis officiaautem conservata praetermissaque media putabat ut dixi

In his passage in the First Academic lsquoVarrorsquo already uses the Latin terms whose Greekoriginals are only explained in the third and fourth books of De finibus We know fromvarious letters to Atticus of that period that Cicero worked on the first two books (atleast) of De finibus at the same time as preparing the second version of the Academicbooks But the four Academic books were published a good few weeks at least beforeDe finibus16 In any case it would be far too fanciful to assume that Cicero took it forgranted in readers of his Academic books that they would have read De finibus earlier Itwould be simpler to assume either that these two terms with their Greek counterpartshad already been explained in Catulus or that it was only in the context of lsquoCatorsquosrsquo speechin Fin III where a large number of Stoic terms are explained at some length (on whichsee our next section) that Cicero felt the need to make such explicit GLRs

f) σωφροσύνηTusc III16 veri etiam simile illud est qui sit temperans ndash quem Graeci σώφρονα appellanteamque virtutem σωφροσύνην vocant quam soleo equidem tum temperantiam tummoderationem appellare non numquam etiam modestiam sed haud scio an recte eavirtus frugalitas appellari possit quod angustius apud Graecos valet qui frugi hominesχρησίμους appellant id est autem modo utilis at illud est latius omnis enim abstinentiaomnis innocentia (quae apud Graecos usitatum nomen nullum habet sed habere potestἀβλάβειαν nam est innocentia adfectio talis animi quae noceat nemini) ndash reliquas etiamvirtutes frugalitas continet quae nisi tanta esset et si in angustiis quibus plerique putantteneretur numquam esset L Pisonis cognomen tanto opere laudatum

This is clearly a case where Cicero has already used a number of alternative Latinrenderings of the untranslatable Greek term σωφροσύνη Here are some examples fromearlier works

temperantia Fin I47ndash8 I51 II39 (lsquointemperantiarsquo) II73 (lsquosi modestia si pudicitia si unoverbo temperantiahelliprsquo) IV4 V36 ND III38

moderatio Fin II60 (lsquohellip ad modestiam aut temperantiam quae est moderatio cupiditatumrationi oboediensrsquo)

ordo et moderatio Fin II47modestia see moderatiovoluptatum contemptio Acad I 23 (probably a paraphrase of σωφροσύνη see Reid p 122 n

11)

In this case it is clear that we are not present at the lsquobirth-pangsrsquo of any Latin conceptIndeed the term frugalitas which Cicero seems to prefer here is never ndash to the best ofmy knowledge ndash again used and it appears that temperantia finally won the day

44

JOHN GLUCKER

16 On the chronology see John Glucker Antiochus and the Late Academy Goumlttingen 1978 pp 407 ff


g) ἀξίωμαLuc 95 (Cic) nempe fundamentum dialecticae est quidquid enuntietur (id autemappellant ἀξίωμα quod est quasi ecfatum) aut verum esse aut falsum

hellip effatum esse id quod aut verum aut falsum sithellipTusc I14 omne pronuntiatum (sic enim in praesentia occurrit ut appellarem ἀξίωμα

utar post allo si invenero melius) ndash id ergo est pronuntiatum quod est verum aut falsumFat I20 si est motus sine causa non omnis enuntiatio quod ἀξίωμα Dialectici

appellant aut vera aut falsa erit21 itaque contendit omnes nervos Chrysippus ut persuadeat omne ἀξίωμα aut verum

esse aut falsumBut at 19 we have lsquoenuntiatumrsquo in this sense At 26 lsquopronuntiatiorsquo but immediately

afterwards at 27 lsquoenuntiatiorsquoSee Gellius NA XVI8This is a clear case of a Greek term which cannot be translated literally or

etymologically It is translated ad sensum and Cicero clearly does not even try to beconsistent As lsquoCatorsquo says at Fin III55 lsquore enim intellecta in verborum usu faciles essedebemusrsquo17

I shall briefly cite the example of vitium as the counterpart of κακία employed withno GLR by lsquoVarrorsquo at Acd I15 and by lsquoLucullusrsquo at Luc 39 but first explained with theGreek original by lsquoCatorsquo at Fin III39ndash40 and further explained by Cicero at Tusc IV34and Cicerorsquos explanations at Fin III35 and Tusc III7 for his preference for lsquoperturbatiorsquoor lsquoperturbatio animirsquo rather than the more literal morbus as a rendering of the Stoicπάθος On these more will be said later

One case of what one could call inconsistency ndash that is if there had been any reasonwhy we should look for consistency ndash is the apparently simple Greek term ὁρμή Cicerohas no fewer than five GLRs on this term Luc 24 Fin III23 (lsquoadpetitio animirsquo) FinV17 (lsquoadpetitus animirsquo) Fin IV39 (lsquonaturalis adpetitiorsquo) ND II58 (lsquoconatus etadpetitiorsquo) The Greek term is notoriously difficult to translate adequately into anylanguage One wonders why Cicero chose these specific Latin terms all connected withadpeto The relatively large number of GLRs for one Greek term as well as the additionin one case of the qualifying naturalis and in another case of the near-alternative conatusshows that he was not entirely happy with this translation Yet precisely in this case hedoes not present us with any reasons or hesitations

So much for the lsquobirth-pangs principlersquo As I said in a corpus which grew naturallypiece by piece during a stormy period in Cicerorsquos private life one cannot expect that sortof method and planning But is there any principle or method in the use and frequencyof GLRs in the various works of this period

45


17 On Cicerorsquos ad sensum translation of ἀξίωμα see also John Glucker lsquoProbabile Veri Simile and RelatedTermsrsquo in Powell ed Cicero the Philosopher (n 10 above) pp 115ndash43 especially pp 131ndash2


B lsquoCLUSTERSrsquoOne phenomenon which we can observe when we look at the distribution of such GLRsover Cicerorsquos philosophical works is that whenever a portion of the text deals intensivelywith issues related to the Stoics or to disputes between Stoics and Academics thenumber and frequency of such remarks rises in comparison with parts of the works wherethe main themes are say Epicurean or even when someone (usually Cicero himself)responds to the StoicAcademic exposition Let us look again at some lsquofacts on thegroundrsquo

1 Lucullusrsquos speech Lucullus 13ndash6217 Greek words cited and explained (15 17 18 22 24 26 27 29 30 31 37 38 4954 59 and some repetitions) as against nine in the whole of Cicerorsquos speech (64ndash147)

Lucullusrsquos speech is a refutation from an AntiocheanStoicizing point of view ofAcademic scepticism In the second version it was probably transferred to Varro18 Itoffers a detailed exposition of Stoic lsquoepistemologyrsquo probably for the first time in Latin

2 Catorsquos speech De Finibus III16ndash7627 Greek words cited and explained (20 21 23 24 26 32 33 34 57 35 39ndash40 4551ndash3 55 69 and many repetitions) as against six in the whole of Book IV (Cicerorsquosreply)

Catorsquos speech is most probably the first systematic exposition in Latin of some of thebasic ideas of Stoic ethics This has occasioned Cicerorsquos own remarks in the proem toBook III3ndash5 on the difficulties in dealing with Stoic terminology and his remarks atIV15 on various ways of translating Greek words ndash as well as his compliments to lsquoCatorsquo(that is to himself) at III40 for his success in lsquonaturalizing philosophy in Romersquo

3 The detailed discussion of πάθη Tusc IV13 Greek words cited and explained (10 11 12 17 21 23 25 33 34) as against 8 inBook I none in Book II 7 in Book III (the more detailed discussion of πάθη) and 1 inBook V

The theory ndash and the lists of πάθη ndash are of Stoic origins as Cicero remarks numeroustimes in Books IIIndashIV At II13 he says lsquoet primo si placet Stoicorum more agamus quibreviter astringere solent argumenta deinde nostro instituto vagabimurrsquo See also III84anticipating IV He then opens his detailed discussion at IV9 with the words lsquoQuiaChrysippus et Stoici quum de animi perturbationibus disputant magnam partem in iispartiendis et definiendis occupati suntrsquo At IV33 having completed his exposition of theStoic definitions of πάθη he says lsquoHabes ea quae de perturbationibus enucleate disputantStoicihelliprsquo

46

JOHN GLUCKER

18 See Glucker Antiochus (n 16 above) pp 406ndash20


In this field the Stoics created a large technical terminology sometimes giving oldwords (including Homeric ones like χόλος μῆνις κότος) a new or more precise meaningand sometimes inventing new words Many of their new and very precise definitionssurvive in an anonymous book περὶ παθῶν wrongly ascribed to Andronicus thePeripatetic In SVF19 IIVII1 (lsquoNotio affectus et singulorum affectuum definitionesrsquo)pp 92ndash102 especially 95ndash101 many long lists of definitions from lsquoAndronicusrsquo arepresented with parallel passages from Cicero

4 The Stoic theory of the gods ND II (Balbusrsquos speech)20 Greek words cited and commented on but 11 of them are godsrsquo names and theiretymologies in Greek

Here one notes that in Book I we have 12 GLRs in the speech of the EpicureanVelleius and 4 in the response of Cotta the Academic however only three of them referto proper Epicurean terms (43ndash4 49 50) In what has survived of Cottarsquos Book III wehave 9 GLRs but 6 of them are names of gods and two are non-philosophical Greekwords

5 The surviving 46sectsect of De Fato10 Greek terms cited and commented on in sectsect 1ndash28 Most of them ndash as one would expectfrom a discussion related to Stoic logic ndash of a logical nature such as λογική περὶ δυνατῶνἀργὸς λόγος (lsquoignava ratiorsquo)

Thus remarks concerned with Stoic terms clearly predominate in the philosophicalworks This may not be an accident The difference between the lsquomore complexrsquo Stoicterminology as against the lsquosimplerrsquo Epicurean concepts is stated a few times in theseworks Let us hear what lsquoVarrorsquo has to say at Acad I 5ndash7

nos autem praeceptis dialecticorum et oratorum etiam quoniam utramque vim virtutem essenostri putant sic parentes ut legibus verbis quoque novis cogimur uti quae docti ut dixi a Graecispetere malent indocti ne a nobis quidem accipient ut frustra omnis suscipiatur ltlaborgt 6 iamvero physica si Epicurum id est si Democritum probarem possem scribere ita plane ut Amafiniusquid est enim magnum cum causas rerum efficientium sustuleris de corpusculorum (ita enimappellat atomos) concursione fortuita loqui nostra tu physica nosti quae cum contineantur exeffectione et ex materia ea quam fingit et format effectio adhibenda etiam geometria est quamquibusnam quisquam enuntiare verbis aut quem ad intellegendum poterit adducere Haec ipsade vita et moribus et de expetendis fugiendisque rebus illi simpliciter pecudis enim et hominisidem bonum esse censent apud nostros autem non ignoras quae sit et quanta subtilitas 7 siveenim Zenonem sequare magnum est efficere ut quis intellegat quid sit illum verum et simplexbonum quod non possit ab honestate seiungi (quod bonum quale sit negat omnino Epicurus ltseLambinusgt sine voluptatibus ne suspicari ltquidem Durandusgt) si vero Academiam veterem

47


19 Hans von Arnim ed Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta Leipzig 1903 (and reprints) This is the fullestcollection of the remains of the ndash now lost ndash works of the first generations of Stoic philosophers The texts aregiven in the original Greek and Latin and the introductions and notes are in Latin


persequamur quam nos ut scis probamus quam erit illa acute explicanda nobis quam argutequm obscure etiam contra Stoicos disserendum

Cicero speaking in his own person at Fin II14ndash15 mentions the difficulty inunderstanding Heraclitusrsquos language as well as the rerum obscuritas of Platorsquos Timaeusand continues lsquoEpicurus autem ut opinor nec non vult si possit plane et aperte loquinec de re obscura ut physici aut artificiosa ut mathematici sed de inlustri et facili et iamin vulgus pervagata loquiturrsquo

Small wonder then that Cicero employs his own renderings of some central and notall that simple Epicurean terms such as κινητικὴ ἡδονή καταστηματικὴ ἡδονή20 orμετακόσμια Fin II75 without telling the reader what the Greek source of such termsmight be He may be somewhat unjust to Epicurean technical terminology but at leasthe is consistent

The same applies to the Peripatetics whose doctrines ndash via Antiochus ndash arerepresented in Pisorsquos speech in Fin V and in Cicerorsquos response to lsquoCatorsquo Fin IVwhose source is most probably Antiochus in turn following in matters of ethics aPeripatetic source21 The differences between the Stoic disserendi spinae and theproper and intelligible styles of exposition of the Peripatetics are emphasized almost atthe beginning of Cicerorsquos speech at Book IV6ndash7 and at the end of it 78ndash9 wherePanaetius is given as an example of a Stoic who realized ndash and eschewed ndash hispredecessorsrsquo lsquoacerbitas sententiarumrsquo and lsquodisserendi spinaersquo Thus it is only Stoicterminology on such premises which creates the difficulties explained in generalterms by lsquoVarrorsquo at Acad I 5ndash7 and in greater detail with some examples by lsquoCicerorsquoat Fin III2ndash5 and by his lsquoCatorsquo at XV51ndash3

But if Cicerorsquos purpose in composing his philosophical works in Latin was in hisown words lsquoipsius rei publicae causa philosophiam nostris hominibus explicandamputavi magni existimans interesse ad decus et ad laudem civitatis res tam gravistamque praeclaras Latinis etiam litteris continerirsquo (ND I7) ndash why then bother to tellhis Latin readership what the Greek technical terms behind some of his Latinneologisms may have been

C FAMILIARITY WITH GREEK AN ADVANTAGEAs usual let us examine again some lsquofacts on the groundrsquo ndash this time GLRs whereknowledge of Greek is assumed

48

JOHN GLUCKER

20 On which see the extensive discussion by Michael C Stokes lsquoCicero on Epicurean Pleasuresrsquo in Powelled Cicero the Philosopher (n 10 above) pp 145 -170

21 At Fin V where lsquoPisorsquo is offering a straight exposition of Antiochusrsquos ethics more Stoic elements areintroduced together with the Peripatetic ideas as understood by Antiochus At Book IV where an Antiocheansource is used for refuting Stoic ethics the whole exposition is more Peripatetic This is not the place to discusssuch issues in detail


a) Tusc III61 omnibus enim modis fulciendi sunt qui ruunt nec cohaerere possuntpropter magnitudinem aegritudinis ex quo ipsam aegritudinem λύπην Chrysippus quasisolutionem totius hominis appellatam putat

Cicero may be our only source for this Chrysippean etymology but not for theetymology altogether At SVF I575 (p 130 21ndash2 Stobaeus) we have ὁ δὲ Κλεάνθης ἔλεγετὴν λύπην ψυχῆς παράλυσιν22

Cicero takes it for granted here that the reader will make the λυ connection Noexplanation is offered for those who are not familiar with Greek23

b) Tusc IV23ndash4 quem ad modum cum sanguis corruptus est aut pituita redundat autbilis in corpore morbi aegrotationesque nascuntur sic pravarum opinionum conturbatioet ipsarum inter se repugnantia sanitate spoliat animum morbisque perturbat experturbationibus autem primum morbi conficiuntur quae vocant illi νοσήματα eaquequae sunt eis morbis contraria quae habent ad res certas vitiosam offensionem atquefastidium deinde aegrotationes quae appellantur a Stoicis ἀρρωστήματα isque itemoppositae contrariae offensiones hoc loco nimium operae consumitur a Stoicis maximea Chrysippo dum morbis corporum comparatur morborum animi similitudo quaoratione pretermissa minime necessaria ea quae rem continet pertractemus 24intellegatur igitur perturbationem iactantibus se opinionibus inconstanter et turbide inmotu esse semper cum autem hic fervor concitatioque animi inveteraverit et tamquamin venis medullisque insederit tum existet et morbus et aegrotatio et offensiones eaequae sunt eis morbis aegrotationibusque contrariae haec quae dico cogitatione inter sedifferunt re quidem copulata sunt eaque oriuntur ex libidine et ex laetitia

How many readers with no knowledge of Greek would understand the fine distinctionbetween νοσήματα and ἀρρωστήματα

c) ND II108 (Balbus quoting Cicerorsquos Aratea)hellipquam quidem Graeci lsquoEngonasinvocitant genibus quia nixa feraturrsquo

111 (Balbus quoting Cicerorsquos Aratea) lsquohas Graeci stellas Hyadas vocitare sueruntrsquo apluendo (ὕειν enim est pluere) nostri imperite Suculas quasi a subus essent non abimbribus nominatae24

49


22 A nineteenth-century commentary (Selections from Cicero Part III The Tusculan Disputations tr R BPaul ed Thomas Krechever Arnold London 1851 p 229 note on quasi solutionem) also cites Plato Cratylus419c lsquoἡ λύπη ἀπὸ τῆς διαλύσεως τοῦ σώματος ἔοικεν ἐπονομασθῆναι ἢν ἐν τοῦτῷ τῷ πάθει ἴσχει τὸ σῶμαrsquo This wouldimply that the Stoics were not the first to point out this lsquoetymologyrsquo

23 The Greek word for grief or sorrow lupē in transliteration is given by Cicero in the original Greek TheGreek word for lsquoparalysisrsquo of the body andor soul paralusis is only given in the Latin translation as solutio Onlythose who knew the Greek word ndash and some cognates in Greek (especially the basic verb luo lsquoto dissolversquo) ndash wouldbe able to guess the lundash connection

24 The Greek verb huein was connected by the Latin translators ndash wrongly ndash with the Greek word for pighus Thus Latin Suculae for these stars was a mistranslation Only those who knew Greek could guess this fromCicerorsquos note


In both cases only those who know Greek would understand the etymology but theexplanation of the wrong etymology in the case of Suculae would be utterly lost on theGreekless reader

d) Div I1hellip itaque ut alia nos melius multa quam Graeci sic huic praestantissimae reinomen nostri a divis Graeci ut Plato interpretatur a furore duxerunt

The Greekless reader could hardly be expected to know the connection suggested bySocrates in Plato Phaedrus 244b-d between μαντική (lsquodivinationrsquo predicting futureevents) and μανική (madness) In fact only those familiar with Platorsquos dialogue wouldunderstand this remark of Cicero

Finally a passage which we have already discussed in a previous context

e) Fin III17 (Cato) rerum autem cognitiones quas vel comprehensiones velperceptiones vel si haec verba aut minus placent aut minus intelleguntur catalepsis [ieκαταλήψεις in the lsquoByzantinersquo pronunciation] appellemus licethellip

Luc 17 31 and 145 Acad I 40ndash41 already offer us the various Latin alternatives AsI suggest at A2a) these terms or some of them may well have already figured in CatulusYet here Cicero is still not entirely happy with the various renderings of this word socentral to Stoic epistemology and the disputes between Stoics and Academics and hislsquoCatorsquo proposes to keep the Greek term pro Latino Cicero did not follow that adviceand eventually comprehensio seems to have won the day What matters however is thatall these GLRs would be hardly comprehensible to anyone whose Greek is not up toconsidering the various Latin terms etymologically Who then are the potential readersof these GLRs ndash and by extension of Cicerorsquos GLRs in general (For after all even whena GLR is simple and intelligible in Latin ndash for instance lsquohellipaestimatione quam illi ἀξίανvocantrsquo (Fin III20) which is uttered en passant ndash what is the value of it to the Greeklessreader)

Speaking in his own person in one of his earlier philosophical works in response toan argument propounded by lsquoVarrorsquo Cicero says

f) Acad I 10 Causam autem probabilem tu quidem affers aut enim Graeca legere malentqui erunt eruditi aut ne haec quidem qui illa nescient sed eam mihi non sane probasimmo vero et haec qui illa non poterunt et qui Graeca poterunt non contemnent suaquid enim causae est cur poetas Latinos Graecis litteris eruditi legant philosophos nonlegant an quia delectat Ennius Pacuvius Accius multi alii qui non verba sed vimGraecorum expresserunt poetarum ndash quanto magis philosophi delectabuntur si ut illiAeschylum Sophoclem Euripidem sic hi Platonem imitentur Aristotelem Theophrastum

And at 12 he refers to Brutus who has already published philosophical works in Latinwhich are in no way inferior to Greek works

50

JOHN GLUCKER


We find similar arguments at greater length in Cicerorsquos prooemium to Brutus at FinI4ndash10 In both contexts Cicero appears to respond to the initial reaction by someeducated Romans to his first attempts to lsquomake philosophy speak Latinrsquo ndash most probablyConsolatio and Hortensius The lsquoVarrorsquo of Acad I 4ndash8 who has his doubts about thepotential readership of Latin philosophical works may well represent some remarks madeto Cicero by some of his friends25 But only a few months later when Cicero publishedDe natura deorum he could already refer in his prooemium again addressed to Brutusto a wide enough readership and not only Greekless readers like Caerellia there was alsoBalbus ndash and Brutus himself (see Att XIII214ndash5) In the prooemium to the first booksect8 he writes lsquoeoque me minus instituti mei paenitet quod facile sentio quam multorumnon modo discendi sed etiam scribendi studia commoverim complures enim Graecisinstitutionibus eruditi ea quae didicerant cum civibus suis communicare non poterantquod illa quae a Graecis accepissent Latine posse dici diffiderent in quo genere tantumprofecisse videmur ut a Graecis ne verborum quidem copia vinceremurrsquo We know fromvarious sources that Brutus himself was the author of some Latin philosophical worksand Cicero hints at it at Fin I8 We do not know who the others described as compluresmay be but it is unlikely that Cicero would mention them and employ such an epithetunless there were at least a few of them

One scholar undoubtedly Graecis litteris eruditus whose judgement Cicero fearedwas Varro to whom he dedicated the slightly revised second version of his Academicbooks Cicerorsquos doubts hesitations and plain fear of Varrorsquos probable criticisms of thesebooks in which Varro himself figures as a representative of the views of his teacherAntiochus are expressed in a large number of letters to Atticus written in May and June45 which we now have in Book XIII of his Epistolae ad Atticum Most of Cicerorsquos fearswere connected with the contents and the arguments ndash eg would Varro think thatCicerorsquos defence of the Academy is more convincing than lsquohis ownrsquo presentation of theviews of Antiochus (Att XIII253) But one remembers that the work which Varro wasto dedicate to Cicero in exchange was De lingua latina and that Varro had done muchwork in the past in fields which were originally studied properly only in Greek He hadalso written satires in the style of Menippus (to which lsquohersquo refers at Acad I8) and inwhich Greek was mixed with Latin

I suggest that Cicerorsquos remarks about the Greek terms he translated into Latin wereintended mainly for such erudite readers as Brutus Balbus and Varro (and indeedAtticus hismelf) It is such readers whose criticism he would appreciate and fear and hisremarks may be one way of preemptive defence against their possible criticisms One mayeven speculate and suggest that GLRs such as Fin III17 where Cicero goes so far as tosuggest abandoning all his Latin variants for κατάληψις and transliterating the Greekword may be a reaction to criticisms by some readers of his Academic books who were

51


25 But probably not Varro himself see Fam IX81


not quite happy with any of his proposed Latin counterparts Could it have been VarroAfter all the titles of many of his Menippean satires are in Greek and in the fragmentsof those satires Greek words not infrequently appear in the midst of the Latin (But thena philosophical work is in no way a lsquomedleyrsquo like a Menippean satire)

D VERBUM E VERBO AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS26

We have ecountered a number of cases where the accuracy of a translation was beingdiscussed in a GLR Let us now consider the little evidence we have in the whole corpus

Verbum e verboa) Luc 17 hellip nec definiri aiebant [Stoici] necesse esse quid esset cognitio aut perceptioaut si verbum e verbo volumus comprehensio quam κατάλημψιν illi vocant eosque quipersuadere vellent esse aliquid quod comprehendi et percipi posset inscienter faceredicebanthellip

b) Ibid 31 ad rerum igitur scientiam vitaeque constantiam aptissima cum sit menshominis amplectitur maxime cognitionem et istam κατάλημψιν quam ut dixi verbum everbo exprimentes comprensionem dicemushellip

Cognitio translates the sense of the Greek term and perceptio is also etymologicallyclose to it (capio is near enough to λαμβάνω) But comprehendo conveys the completedgrasp with cum=con doing the work of the prefix κατα- in the sense of lsquocompletelyrsquo as inκατασκάπτω καταστρέφω κατεσθίω and the like This fits well with Zenorsquos pugnumgesture at 145

gtEtymological translation Not attested before Cicero probably a Ciceronianinnovation

c) Fin III52 ut enim inquit nemo dicit in regia regem ipsum quasi productum esse addignitatem (id est enim προηγμένον) sed eos qui in aliquo honore sunt quorum ordo prox-ime accedit ut secundus sit ad regium principatum sic in vita non ea quae primo loco suntsed ea quae secundum locum obtinent προηγμένα id est producta nominentur quae velita appellemus (id erit verbum e verbo) vel promota et remota vel ut dudum diximus prae-posita vel praecipua et illa reiecta re enim intellecta in verborum usu faciles esse debemus

This is another proper case of verbum e verbo in the sense of an etymologicaltranslation pro+duco = προ+αγω The other terms proposed here (and also at IV72)are not etymological translations

52

JOHN GLUCKER

26 Nicolas Sic enim appello (n 1 above) pp 96ndash102 discusses the meaning of verbum e verbo and some similarexpressions but mainly with an eye to various types of calques and their linguistic status I have tried to use simplermore philological terms J G F Powell lsquoCicerorsquos Translations from the Greekrsquo (n 11 above) especially pp 276ndash7 deals with this issue in the more general context of Cicerorsquos translations But his conclusion on p 277 concerningverbum e verbo is somewhat less detailed than what I have attempted here


gtEtymological translation New only as a technical term

d) Top 35 multa etiam ex notatione sumuntur ea est autem cum ex vi nominisargumentum elicitur quam Graeci ἐτυμολογίαν appellant id est verbum ex verbolsquoveriloquiumrsquo nos autem novitatem verbi non satis apti fugientes genus hoc notationemappellamus quia sunt verba rerum notae itaque hoc quidem Aristoteles σύμβολονappellat quod Latine est lsquonotarsquo sed cum intellegitur quid significetur minus laborandumest de nomine

Clearly in the etymological sensegtEtymological translation Attested only here

e) Tusc III7 num reliquae quoque perturbationes animi formidines libidines iracundiaehaec enim fere sunt eius modi quae Graeci πάθη appellant ego poteram lsquomorbosrsquo et idverbum esset e verbo sed in consuetudinem nostram non caderet nam misereriinvidere gestire laetari haec omnia morbos Graeci appellant motus animi rationi nonobtemperantis nos autem hos eosdem motus concitati animi recte ut opinorperturbationes dixerimus morbos autem non satis usitate nisi quid aliud tibi videtur

Here an accurate translation although it is neither a new Latin term nor anetymological translation is still described as verbum e verbo while the alternative isexplained through Latin consuetudo

gtLiteral translation a common word is rejected in favour of the lsquomore appropriatersquoLatin word perturbationes not attested before Cicero

Verbum pro verbof) De opt gen orat 14 hellipnec converti ut interpres sed ut orator sententiis isdem et earumformis tamquam figuris verbis ad nostram consuetudinem aptis in quibus non verbumpro verbo necesse habui reddere sed genus omne verborum vimque servavi non enimea me adnumerare lectori putavi oportere sed tamquam appendere

Here the expression is verbum pro verbo not verbum e verbo and in the context it seemsto mean translating one Greek word with one Latin word It should be noted thatAlbrecht Dihle has brought a number of arguments against the authenticity of De optimogenere oratorum27 But the author is clearly a good imitator fully at home with most ofCicerorsquos terminology

Verbum quod ideam valeat et simg) Fin II13 primum idem esse dico voluptatem quod ille ἡδονήν et quidem saepequaerimus verbum Latinum par Graeco et quod idem valeat hic nihil fuit quod

53


27 Albrecht Dihle lsquoEin Spurium unter den rhetorischen Werken Cicerosrsquo Hermes 83 1955 pp 303ndash14


quaereremus nullum inveniri verbum potest quod magis idem declaret Latine quodGraece quam declarat voluptas huic verbo omnes qui ubique sunt qui Latine sciunt duasres subiciunt laetitiam in animo commotionem suavem iucunditatis in corporehellip

Here it is no longer the etymology since Cicero maintains here and in various otherplaces in this book that Latin lsquovoluptasrsquo gives the exact meaning and connotation of Greekἡδονή But note that the expression verbum e verbo is not used here since the Latin wordhas the status of lsquoverbum Latinum par Graeco et quod idem valetrsquo ndash or lsquoverbum quodidem declarat magis usitatumrsquo (Fin III15) and is not a newly created translation of aGreek term

gtLiteral but not etymological translation Emphasis on sense and connotation

h) Fin III35 nec vero perturbationes animorum quae vitam insipientium miseramacerbamque reddunt (quas Graeci πάθη appellant poteram ego verbum ipsuminterpretans morbos appellare sed non conveniret ad omnia quis enim misericordiamaut ipsam iracundiam morbum solet dicere at illi dicunt πάθος sit igitur perturbatioquae nomine ipso vitiosa declarari videtur [nec eae perturbationes vi aliqua naturalimoventur secl Madv]) ndash omnesque eae sunt genere quattuor partibus plures aegritudoformido libido quamque Stoici communi nomine corporis et animi ἡδονὴν appellantego malo laetitiam appellare quasi gestientis animi elationem voluptariam Perturbationesautem nulla naturae vi commoventur omniaque ea sunt opiniones ac iudicia levitatisitaque his sapiens vacabit

lsquoCatorsquo excuses himself from translating two Greek terms into the more familiar Latinterms In the first case the Latin word would be far too strong in the second case hewishes to distinguish Stoic from Epicurean ἡδονή

Note that the term used for the more lsquoadequatersquo translation is not verbum e verbo butlsquoverbum ipsum interpretarirsquo ndash since in this case as well the Latin word has the status oflsquoverbum quod idem declarat magis usitatumrsquo (Fin III15) and is not a newly createdtranslation of a Greek term nor is an existing Latin word given a new technical sensePerturbatio to the best of my knowledge is not attested before the age of Cicero but theverb perturbo is at least as old as Plautus

gtLiteral but not exact translation of both terms (But see our remark on Tusc III7e above)

i) Fin III39 (Cato) hellip sed ad turpes actiones quae oriuntur e vitiis (quas enim κακίαςGraeci appellant vitia malo quam malitias nominare) And Cicerorsquos responsehellip

j) 40 (Cato) quod enim vituperabile est per se ipsum id eo ipso vitium nominatum putovel etiam a vitio dictum vituperari sin κακίαν malitiam dixisses ad aliud nos unumcertum vitium consuetudo Latina traduceret nunc omni virtuti vitium contrarionomine opponitur

54

JOHN GLUCKER


In both cases we have again a preference for a more accurate Latin verbum usitatumin preference to the more literal equivalent (which is also a verbum usitatum)

Note that here again we have no expression like verbum e verbo again since we are notcreating new Latin terms but following a consuetudo Latina

gtAccurate rather than literal translation

Thus the expression verbum e verbo in three out of its four appearances in a GLRcontext means strictly an etymological rendering of a Greek word by a Latin wordVerbum pro verbo appears only once with no examples The context seems to indicatethat it implies the translation of one Greek word by one Latin word but not necessarilyetymologically related

In one place verbum e verbo seems to mean a literal but not etymological translationmorbus is one of the literal renderings of πάθος ndash it is indeed as we are told in the nexttwo passages lsquoverbum Latinum par Graeco et quod idem valetrsquo and using it for πάθοςwould be lsquoverbum ipsum interpretarirsquo but there is no etymological connection WhatCicero prefers here is a Latin word which better renders the Stoic philosophical idea inplain Latin

In our last two passages Cicero does not actually say that he prefers consuetudo Latinato a literal translation but this is just what he does

Cicero is thus not inaccurate in his use of terms The more general methodologicalremark of his lsquoCatorsquo at Fin III15 seems to confirm his specific GLRs

k) Fin III15 nec tamen exprimi verbum e verbo necesse erit ut interpretes indisertisolent cum sit verbum quod idem declaret magis usitatum equidem soleo etiam quoduno Graeci si aliter non possum id pluribus verbis exponere et tamen puto concedinobis opportere ut Graeco verbo utamur si quando minus occurret Latinum ne hocldquoephippiisrdquo et ldquoacratophorisrdquo potius quam ldquoproegmenisrdquo et ldquoapoproegmenisrdquo concedaturquamquam haec quidem ldquopraepositardquo recte et ldquoreiectardquo dicere licebit

That is one need not always use an etymological equivalent especially when onealready has a Latin term which translates the Greek term ndash such as adsensio or adprobatiofor συγκατάθεσις or divinatio for μαντική (even if as we have seen the Greek etymologyhas more to recommend it) As to translating one Greek word by a number of Latinwords this seems to be a clear reference to what we call paraphrasing lsquoEthicsrsquo for examplehas as yet no Latin counterpart It is thus described at Acad I 19 as lsquouna [sc ratio] de vitaet moribusrsquo28 At Fat 1 Cicero notes this absence and suggests lsquoquia pertinet ad moresquos ἦθος illi vocant nos eam partem philosophiae ldquode moribusrdquo appellare solemus seddecet augentem linguam Latinam nominare moralemrsquo But he does not follow it anyfurther The extensive remains of Cicerorsquos translation of Platorsquos Timaeus are full of cases

55


28 See Reidrsquos note ad loc


where the translation paraphrases the Greek29 See also lsquoCatorsquo at Fin III55 57 As forkeeping Greek terms as they are in transliteration the only example I can think of islsquoCatorsquosrsquo suggestion at Fin III17 to keep καταλήψεις in transliteration as a Latin word

We are left with what Cicero says in other contexts about the earlier Latintranslations from the Greek Let us examine these passages

l Fin I4 in quibus hoc primum est in quo admirer cur in gravissimis rebus non delecteteos sermo patrius cum idem fabellas Latinas ad verbum a Graecis expressas non invitileganthellip Quid si nos non interpretum fungimur munere sed tuemur ea quae dicta suntab iis quos probamus eisque nostrum iudicium et nostrum scribendi ordinemadiungamushellip

See Madvig ad loc The reference here to interpretes reminiscent of Catorsquos words inFin III15 may suggest that here too Cicero refers to etymological translations But thepractice of Plautus and Terence would not support such an assumption I would suggestthat ad verbum here may mean rather loosely a Latin rendering (even if it is lsquocreativersquoand may contain some lsquocontaminationrsquo) of the text of a Greek play One notes that theexpression used is not verbum e verbo nor even verbum ipsum In any case Cicero maynot be entirely consistent when he speaks of early Roman poets He is quite consistentin the few places where he refers to his own practice

Madvig and others following him cite here Varrorsquos words at Acad I 10 lsquoan quiadelectat Ennius Pacuvius Accius multi alii qui non verba sed vim expresserunt poetarumrsquoas if this meant that they translated entirely freely This however is not the way Cicerouses vis in such contextsm) Fin II15 (Cicero) lsquosatisne igitur videor vim verborum tenere an sum etiam nuncvel Graece loqui vel Latine docendusrsquo etc ndash having explained why voluptas is the properLatin rendering of ἡδονή This has been made clear at 8 where Cicero has said lsquoverumhoc loco sumo verbis his eandem certe vim voluptatis Epicurum nosse quam ceterosomnes enim iucundum motum quo sensus hilaretur Graece ἡδονήν Latin voluptatemvocantrsquo Vis thus signifies meaning and in the case of terms the meaning of words Thuswhat Varro seems to imply is that Ennius et al did not usually translate verbum e verbobut rather used the Latin word which corresponded as closely as possible to the meaningof the Greek word They translated Greek texts but did not do it literally

I am not sure that I am entirely happy with these suggestions

E SOME TRANSLATIONS AD SENSUMWe have seen one or two examples where Cicero prefers a Latin term which is not evena literal translation of the Greek but rather conveys some more adequate sense in Latin

56

JOHN GLUCKER

29 On Cicerorsquos translation of Timaeus see Powell lsquoCicerorsquos Translations from Greekrsquo (n 11 above) pp 280ndash81 with references to modern literarture


Let us look at a few examples The notes in this section will be particularly brief andshould be regarded merely as a first step towards more detailed research into these andsimilar GLRs

a With Cicerorsquos explanations1 πάθος At Fin III35 and Tusc III7 Cicero explains why the verbum e verbo translationmorbi will not do and why he has chosen lsquoperturbationesrsquo or lsquoperturbationes animorumrsquoAt Tusc IV23ndash4 he divides lsquoperturbationesrsquo (πάθη) into lsquomorbirsquo (νοσήματα) andlsquoaegrotationesrsquo (ἀῤῥωστήματα)

2 κακία At Fin III39ndash40 Cicero explains why the verbum e verbo translation malitiawould be misleading (as being too narrow in Latin) and why lsquovitiumrsquo is the properequivalent

We have already seen these two remarks in earlier contexts What concerns us here isthat in both cases a Latin counterpart of a Greek word already exists but not in thespecific sense required by the philosophical term The philosophical issue itself and Latinconsuetudo have made Cicero avoid an etymological or literal translation and choosesomething more adequate In these cases at least he explains what he is doing In thefollowing cases he does not and we are left to guess

b Without explanations1 ἀξίωμα At Luc 95 Tusc I14 Fat I20 we have lsquoenuntiatiorsquo lsquopronuntiatiorsquo and similarLatin terms They all have in common the vocal expression of such lsquostatementsrsquo ndash whichis part of the Stoic definition ndash rather than the sense of ἀξιόω30 The lsquoliteralrsquo translationwould be hazardous anyway because of the other sense of ἀξίωμα see Fin III20 on ἀξία

2 ἀπόδειξις At Luc 26 et al this is rendered as lsquoargumenti conclusiorsquo But lsquoargumenticonclusiorsquo would better translate the Stoic ἐπιφορά or more literally the Peripateticσυμπέρασμα (also used occasionally by the Stoics) ndash or even the whole process ofσυλλογισμός This issue has been discussed ever since Madvig and is still being disputedI cannot suggest a solution since the whole issue of Latin terms for syllogisms Stoic andAristotelian of enthymemata and the like especially in the literature betwen Cicero andBoethius still has to be more throughly studied

3 δόγμα At Luc 27 and 29 Cicero translates it as lsquodecretumrsquo Perhaps the connectionwith formulae like ἔδοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ is at work here But see also eg Luc 8 helliplsquonec ut omnia quae praescripta et quasi imperata sint defendamus necessitate ullacogimurrsquo (Emphasis mine) See also Fam XIII59 lsquoin eius controversiis quid decernas a

57


30 See Glucker lsquoProbabile Veri Similersquo (n 10 above) pp 131ndash2


te non petorsquo At Luc 27 we are told of such decreta lsquocum enim decretum proditur lexveri rectique proditurrsquo The legal aspect of the lsquodecreersquo is prominent even thereThe Christians did not translate this Greek term but left it as it is

4 θεωρήματα At Fat 11 and 15 the MSS read lsquopraeceptarsquo But despite the ingrained useof this term (praecepta artis) in modern Latin Sharplesrsquos commentary on Fat 11 shouldconvince anyone that Cicero wrote lsquoperceptarsquo ndash which is a verbum e verbo etymologicaltranslation in the original sense of θεωρέω lsquolook observersquo31

Appendix A

TEXTS OF CICEROrsquoS REMARKSNote I have separated the philosophical from the rhetorical texts since in a number ofcases the same Greek word is translated differently in the two contexts This will be madeclear from the indices in Appendix B Within each section I have arranged the passagesin the chronological order of the works in which they appear32 to facilitate anyexamination of the possible development in the use of various terms I have given notjust the lsquobarersquo notes but wherever relevant also their wider contexts I have also includedsome longer passages where Cicero (or a speaker in one of his dialogues) discusses issuesof methods of translating from the Greek This collection of passages is presented herenot only in support of some of the points made in the article but as an aid for futureresearch

a Philosophical worksHortensius61 ndash Nonius p 329M Tullius in Hortensio tum ψευδομένους et soritam et totam dialecticam aut inludis autincrepas

See Luc 147 Div II 11

Lucullus 15 (Luc) Socrates autem de se ipse detrahens in disputatione plus tribuebat is quosvolebat refellere ita cum aliud diceret atque sentiret libenter uti solitus est eadissimulatione quam Graeci εἰρωνείαν vocanthellip

74 (Cic) [de Platone] ironeam enim alterius perpetuam praesertim nulla fuit ratiopersequi

58

JOHN GLUCKER

31 See Sextus Empiricus Opera vol III part 2 Indices compiled by K Janaacuteček p 282 sv θεωρήματα andVictor Brochard Eacutetudes de philosophie ancienne et de philosophie moderne Paris 1912 (and reprints) pp 230ndash31

32 On which see the chronology mentioned in n 12 above


See Brut 292 De Or II269ndash70

17 (Luc) hellip nec definiri aiebant [Stoici] necesse esse quid esset cognitio aut perceptioaut si verbum e verbo volumus comprehensio quam κατάλημψιν illi vocant eosque quipersuadere vellent esse aliquid quod comprehendi et percipi posset inscienter faceredicebant propterea quod nihil esset clarius ἐναργείᾳ ndash ut Graeci perspicuitatem autevidentiam nos si placet nominemus fabricemurque si opus erit verba nec hic sibi (meappellabat iocans) lsquohoc licere soli putet ndash sed tamen orationem nullam putabantinlustriorem ipsa evidentia reperiri posse nec ea quae tam clara essent definiendacensebant

Cf 34 (Luc) simili in errore versantur cum convicio veritatis coacti perspicua aperceptis volunt distinguere etc

31 (Luc) ad rerum igitur scientiam vitaeque constantiam aptissima cum sit menshominis amplectitur maxime cognitionem et istam κατάλημψιν quam ut dixi verbum everbo exprimentes comprensionem dicemushellip

See 17145 Acad I 41 Fin III17

18 (Luc) cum enim ita negaret [Philo] quicquam esse quod comprehendi posset (idenim volumus esse ἀκατάλημπτον) si illud esset sicut Zeno definiret tale visum (iamenim hoc pro φαντασίᾳ verbum satis hesterno sermone trivimus)hellip

See Acad I 40

21ndash2 (Luc) Cetera series deinde sequitur maiora nectens ut haec quae quasi expletamrerum comprehensionem amplectuntur lsquosi homo est animal est mortale rationeparticepsrsquo quo e genere nobis notitiae rerum imprimuntur sine quibus nec intellegiquicquam nec quaeri ltnec Plasberggt disputari potest quod si essent falsae notitiae(ἐννοίας enim notitias appellare tu videbare) ndash si igitur essent eae falsae aut eius modi visisimpressae qualia visa a falsis discerni non possent quo tandem his modo uteremur

30 (Luc) cetera autem similitudinibus construit ex quibus efficiuntur notitiae rerumquas Graeci tum ἔννοιας tum προλήψεις vocant

See Fin III21 Tusc 1I57 ND I43ndash5 Div II108 Top 31

24 (Luc) nam aliter adpetitio (eam enim volumus esse ὁρμὴν qua ad agendum impellimuret id adpetimus quod est visum) moveri non potest

See Fin III23 IV39 V17 ND II58 Off I101 II18

26 (Luc) itaque argumenti conclusio quae est Graece ἀπόδειξις ita definitur lsquoratio quaeex rebus perceptis ad id quod non percipiebatur adducitrsquo

59



See 27 (lsquoaut conclusisse aut invenisse conclusi argumenti fidesrsquo) 30 (lsquoratioargumentique conclusiorsquo) 40 (an Academic syllogism) 44 (lsquonam concludi argumentumnon potest nisi is quae ad concludendum sumpta erunt ita probatis ut falsa eiusdem modinulla possint essersquo) 44 (lsquohellip ita priore posterius posteriore superius convinciturrsquo) 67 (alsquosyllogismrsquo of Arcesilaus is conclusio and has primum and secundum) 75 (lsquosophismatahellipfallaces conclusiunculaersquo) 96 (with the light-and-day Stoic syllogism) 128 Acad I 32(lsquohellipomnis dialecticae disciplina id est orationis ratione conclusaersquo) Fin I22 30 (withdefinitiones) III27 (lsquoconcludunturhellip argumentarsquo) IV8 (lsquoargumenti ratione conclusirsquo) ndashboth in the context of Zeno IV8 (lsquoargumenti ratione conclusirsquo with details) DivII101ndash03 (what is a proper lsquoconclusio rationisrsquo) 108ndash09 (premises) Fat 31 (a complexsyllogism of Carneades in modus tollens)33

27 (Luc) sapientiae vero quid futurum est quae neque de se ipsa dubitare debet nequede suis decretis (quae philosophi vocant δόγματα) quorum nullum sine scelere prodipoterit cum enim decretum proditur lex veri rectique proditurhellip

29 (Luc) quoniam enim id haberent Academici decretum (sentitis enim iam hoc meδόγμα dicere) nihil posse percipi hellip

31 ad rerum igitur scientiam vitaeque constantiam aptissima cum sit mens hominisamplectitur maxime cognitionem et istam κατάλημψιν quam ut dixi verbum e verboexprimentes conprensionem dicimus

See 17 and 145 Acad I 41 Fin III17

37 (Luc) hellip nunc de adsensione atque adprobatione quam Graeci συγκατάθεσιν vocantpauca dicemushellip

In what follows he uses adsensio But see 38 adprobare

38 (Luc) nam quo modo non potest animal ullum non adpetere id quod accomodatumad naturam adpareat (Graeci id οἰκεῖον appellant) sic non potest obiectam remperspicuam non adprobare

49 (Luc) hellip quod captiosissimo genere interrogationis utuntur quod genus minime inphilosophia probari solet quom aliquid minuatim et gradatim additur aut demitursoritas hoc vocant qui acervum efficiunt uno addito granohellip

See 92ndash3 147 Div II11

60

JOHN GLUCKER

33 These are examples of Cicero using the Latin terms quite consistently once he has merely explained theGreek origin in one remark Usually one expects him to repeat this sort of remark One wonders whether termssuch as argumentum concludere and argumenti conclusio had already been lsquonaturalizedrsquo in Latin before Cicero (egby Varro)


54 (Luc) ne hoc quidem cernunt omnia se reddere incerta quod nolunt (ea dico incertaquae ἄδηλα Graeci)

59 (Luc) ex his illa necessario nata est ἐποχὴ id est assensionis retentiohellip

148 (Cat) daggerper epochen illam omnium rerum conprobansdagger (See apparatus ad loc)34

75 (Cic) hellipquorum sunt contorta et aculeata sophismata (sic enim appellantur fallacesconclusiunculae)

[See 91 and 95 for coniuntio = conexum diiunctio ambigue dictum ndash Stoic logical terms(see Reid ad loc) where there is no remark on the Greek Only the more basic ἀξίωμα isgiven in Greek at 95]

93 (Cic) lsquoplacet enim Chrysippo [inquit Stoicus] cum gradatim interrogetur verbi causatria pauca sint anne multa aliquanto prius quam ad multa perveniat quiescerersquo (id estquod ab his dicitur ἡσυχάζειν)

95 (Cic) nempe fundamentum dialecticae est quidquid enuntietur (id autem appellantἀξίωμα quod est quasi ecfatum) aut verum esse aut falsum

hellip effatum esse id quod aut verum aut falsum sithellipSee 97 (effabimur) Tusc I14 Fat I20

123 (Cic) ltvosgt [add Davis [enim] del ipse] etiam dicitis esse e regione nobis econtraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia quos ἀντίποδαςvocatishellip

130 (Cic) huic [Aristoni] summum bonum est in is rebus neutram in partem moveriquae ἀδιαφορία ab ipso dicitur Pyrrho autem ea ne sentire quidem sapientem quaeἀπάθεια nominatur

136 (Cic) illa vero ferre non possum ndash non quo mihi displiceant sunt enim Socraticapleraque mirabilia Stoicorum quae παράδοξα nominanturhellip

See Fin IV74

145 (Cic) hellip [Zeno] tum cum plane conpresserat pugnumque fecerat comprensionemillam esse dicebat qua ex similitudine etiam nomen ei rei quod ante non fueratκατάλημψιν imposuithellip

61


34 The issue of Greek characters as against transliterations into Latin characters is a complex one and differenteditors often adopt different policies I have simply followed what I have found in the latest critical editions nowavailable



147 hellipet de sorite aut pseudomenohellipSee Hort 61 Luc 49 92ndash3 Div II 11

148 +per epochen see on 59

Acad I5ndash7 5 (Varro) nos autem praeceptis dialecticorum et oratorum etiam quoniamutramque vim virtutem esse nostri putant sic parentes ut legibus verbis quoque noviscogimur uti quae docti ut dixi a Graecis petere malent indocti ne a nobis quidemaccipient ut frustra omnis suscipiatur ltlaborgt 6 iam vero physica si Epicurum id est siDemocritum probarem possem scribere ita plane ut Amafinius quid est enim magnumcum causas rerum efficientium sustuleris de corpusculorum (ita enim appellat atomos)concursione fortuita loqui nostra tu physica nosti quae cum contineantur ex effectioneet ex materia ea quam fingit et format effectio adhibenda etiam geometria est quamquibusnam quisquam enuntiare verbis aut quem ad intellegendum poterit adducereHaec ipsa de vita et moribus et de expetendis fugiendisque rebus illi simpliciter pecudisenim et hominis idem bonum esse censent apud nostros autem non ignoras quae sit etquanta subtilitas 7 sive enim Zenonem sequare magnum est efficere ut quis intellegatquid sit illum verum et simplex bonum quod non possit ab honestate seiungi (quodbonum quale sit negat omnino Epicurus ltse Lambinusgt sine voluptatibus ne suspicariltquidem Durandusgt) si vero Academiam veterem persequamur quam nos ut scisprobamus quam erit illa acute explicanda nobis quam argute quam obscure etiam contraStoicos disserendum

For atomos see Fin I17ndash18

24 (Varro) sed quod ex utroque id iam corpus et quasi qualitatem [Stoic ποιόν]quandam nominabant ndash dabitis enim profecto ut in rebus inusitatis quod Graeci ipsifaciunt a quibus haec iam diu tractantur utamur verbis interdum inauditisrsquo 25 lsquonos verorsquoinquit Atticus lsquoquin etiam Graecis licebit utare cum voles si te Latina forte deficientrsquoVA lsquoBene sane facis sed enitar ut Latine loquar nisi in huiusce modi verbis utphilosophiam aut rhetoricam aut physicam aut dialecticam appellem quibus ut aliismultis consuetudo iam utitur pro Latinis qualitates igitur appellavi quas ποιότηταςGraeci vocant quod ipsum apud Graecos non est vulgi verbum sed philosophorum atqueid in multis dialecticorum vero verba nulla sunt publica suis utuntur et id quidemcommune omnium fere est artium aut enim nova sunt rerum novarum facienda nominaaut ex aliis transferenda quod si Graeci faciunt qui in his rebus tot iam saecla versanturquanto id nobis magis concedendum est qui haec nunc primum tractare conamurrsquo lsquoΤuverorsquo inquam [Cicero] lsquoVarro bene etiam meriturus mihi videris de tuis civibus si eos

62

JOHN GLUCKER


non modo copia rerum auxeris ut effecisti sed etiam verborum VA lsquoaudebimus ergorsquoinquit lsquonovis verbis uti te auctore si necesse erithelliprsquo

See Fin III5

27 (Varro) hellip atque carentem omni illa qualitate [Here ndash in the context ndash Aristotelianποιότης] (faciamus enim tractando usitatius hoc verbum et tritius)hellip

See ND II94

26 (Varro) itaque aer (hoc quoque utimur pro Latino)hellip

26 (Varro) ergo illa initia et ut e Graeco vertam elementa dicuntur [ἀρχή ndash not στοιχεῖον]

30 (Varro) mentem volebant rerum esse iudicem solam censebant idoneam cuicrederetur quia sola cerneret id quod semper esset simplex et unius modi et tale qualeesset (hanc illi ἰδέαν appellabant iam a Platone ita nominatam nos recte speciempossumus dicere)

See Tusc I58 Orator 10

32 (Varro) verborum etiam explicatio probabatur id est qua de causa quaeque essentita nominata quam ἐτυμολογίαν appellabant

See Top 35

40 (Varro) in qua [=dialectica] primum de sensibus ipsis quaedam dixit nova [Zeno]quos iunctos esse censuit e quadam quasi impulsione oblata extrinsecus quam illeφαντασίαν nos visum appellamus et teramus hoc quidem verbum erit enim utendumin reliquo sermone saepiushellip

See Luc 18

41 [Varro] helliprsquoid autem visum cum ipsum per se cerneretur comprehendibile ndash ferretishaecrsquo ATT lsquoNos verorsquo inquit lsquoquonam enim alio modo καταλημπτὸν diceresrsquo

VArsquosed cum acceptum iam et approbatum esset comprehensionem appellabatsimilem his rebus quae manu prenderentur ex quo etiam nomen hoc duxerat [at delMan] cum eo verbo antea nemo tali in re usus esset plurimisque idem novis verbis (novaenim dicebat) usus est

Cf Luc 1731 145

De FinibusI17 (Cic) ille [Epicurus] atomos quas appellat id est corpora individua proptersoliditatemhellip

63



18 hellipilla individua et solida corporaBut usually atomus is used from now on

See Acad I 6

21 (Cic) Ita quae mutat [Epicurus] ea corrumpit quae sequitur sunt tota Democritiatomi inane imagines quae εἴδωλα nominant quorum incursione non solum videamussed etiam cogitemus infinitio ipsa quam ἀπειρίαν vocant tota ab illo est tuminnumerabiles mundihellip

22 (Cic) iam in altera philosophiae parte quae est quaerendi et disserendi quae λογικὴdiciturhellip

See Tusc IV 33 Fat 1But at 17 (Cic) we have in physicis as if that needed no explanation What he did

with lsquoethicsrsquo is buried in the lacuna between 22ndash3See lsquoVarrorsquo at Acad I 25

42 (Torquatus) quoniam autem id est vel summum bonorum vel ultimum velextremum (quod Graeci τέλος nominant)hellip fatendum est summum esse bonumiucunde vivere

See III26But already at 11 (Cic) we have lsquoqui sit finis quid extremum quid ultimum quo sint

omnia bene vivendi recteque faciendi consilia referendarsquo At 55 (Torquatus) we haveplainly lsquonullus in ipsis error est finibus bonorum et malorum id est in voluptate etdolorehelliprsquo At II4 plainly lsquofinis bonorumrsquo but at 5 lsquohellipsive finem sive extremum siveultimumrsquo Same again at II6 Later on all terms are used but if only one is used it isusually finis

II1 Primum inquam deprecor ne me tamquam philosophum putetis scholam σχολὴνvobis aliquam explicaturum quod ne in ipsis quidem philosophis magnopere umquamprobavi

See Tusc I7

8 (Cic) verum hoc loco sumo verbis his eandem certe vim voluptatis Epicurum nossequam ceteros omnes enim iucundum motum quo sensus hilaretur Graece ἡδονήν Latinevoluptatem vocant

12 (Cic) egone non intellego quid sit ἡδονή Graece Latine voluptas utram tandemlinguam nescio deinde qui fit ut ego nesciam sciant omnes quicumque Epicurei essevoluerunt hellip

64

JOHN GLUCKER


13 (Cic) ergo illi intellegunt quid Epicurus dicat ego non intellego ut scias meintellegere primum idem esse dico voluptatem quod ille ἡδονήν et quidem saepequaerimus verbum Latinum par Graeco et quod idem valeat hic nihil fuit quodquaereremus nullum inveniri verbum potest quod magis idem declaret Latine quodGraece quam declarat voluptas huic verbo omnes qui ubique sunt qui Latine sciuntduas res subiciunt laetitiam in animo commotionem suavem iucunditatis incorporehellip 14 in eo autem voluptas omnium Latine loquentium more ponitur cumpercipitur ea quae sensum aliquem moveat iucunditas hellip 15 satisne igitur videor vimverborum tenere an sum etiam nunc vel Graece loqui vel Latine docendus et tamenvide ne si ego non intellegam quid Epicurus loquitur cum Graece ut videorluculenter sciam sit aliqua culpa eius qui ita loquatur ut non intellegatur quodduobus modis sine reprehensione fit si aut de industria facias ut Heraclitusldquocognomento qui σκοτεινὸς perhibetur quia de natura nimis obscure memoravitrdquo autcum rerum obscuritas non verborum facit ut non intelligatur oratio qualis est inTimaeo Platonis Epicurus autem ut opinor nec non vult si possit plane et aperteloqui nec de re obscura ut physici aut artificiosa ut mathematici sed de inlustri etfacili et iam in vulgus pervagata loquitur etc

[16 (Cic) sin autem voluptatem putat adiungendam eam quae sit in motu (sic eamappellat hanc dulcem in motu eam nihil dolentis in stabilitate) quid tendit

30 (Cic) hellip hanc in motu voluptatem (sic enim has suaves et quasi dulces voluptatesappellat)hellip

See also 31 32 stans et movens voluptas 77Here Cic is translating two Epicurean technical terms καταστηματικὴ ἡδονή and

κινητικὴ ἡδονή But he makes no remark on the Greek]

20 (Cic) quis enim vestrum non edidicit Epicuri κυρίας δόξας id est quasi maxime ratasquia gravissimae sint ad beate vivendum breviter enuntiatae sententiae

See ND I85

23 (Cic) hellip lsquoquibus vinum defusum e pleno sit χρυσίζονrsquo ut ait Luciliushellip

24 (Cic) Laelius called σοφός in a quotation from Lucilius Cicero Praeclare Laelius etrecte σοφόςhellip

See Tusc I7

[75 (Cic) rem videlicet difficilem et obscuram individua cum dicitis et intermundiaquae nec sunt nec possunt esse intellegimus voluptas quae passeribus omnibus nota esta nobis intellegi non potest

65



That is ἄτομοι (OK see on I17) and μετακόσμια ndash which are not explained in Greekeither here or at ND I18 See also Fin I22 lsquoille Democritus atomos quas appellat idest corpora individua propter soiditatemhelliprsquo Acad I 6 lsquohellip de corpusculorum (ita enimappellat Epicirus= Democritus 5 atomos)helliploquihelliprsquo

Clavel p 324 sv ἄτομοι lsquoM Tullius Graeco nomine quasi tentavit uti non autemusus estrsquo idem consuetudine tritum adhibuit Seneca

(Well not quitehellip)]

III2 (prooem) itaque quamquam in eo sermone qui cum Torquato est habitus non remissifuimus tamen haec acrior est cum Stoicis parata contentio quae enim de voluptatedicuntur ea nec acutissime nec abscondite disseruntur neque enim qui defendunt eamversuti in disserendo sunt nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt 3 ipse etiamdicit Epicurus ne argumentandum quidem esse de voluptate quod sit positum iudiciumeius in sensibus ut commoveri nos satis sit nihil attineat doceri quare illa nobis simplexfuit in utramque partem disputatio nec enim in Torquati sermone quicquam implicatumaut tortuosum fuit nostraque ut mihi videtur dilucida oratio Stoicorum autem nonignoras quam sit subtile vel spinosum potius disserendi genus idque cum Graecis tummagis nobis quibus etiam verba parienda sunt imponendaque nova rebus novis nominaquod quidem nemo mediocriter doctus mirabitur cogitans in omni arte cuius ususvulgaris communisque non sit multam novitatem nominum esse cum constituanturearum rerum vocabula quae in quaque arte versentur 4 itaque et dialectici et physiciverbis utuntur iis quae ipsi Graeciae notae non sint geometrae vero et musici grammaticietiam more quodam loquuntur suo ipsae rhetorum artes quae sunt totae forenses atquepopulares verbis tamen in dicendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis atque ut omittam hasartes elegantis et ingenuas ne opifices quidem tueri sua artificia possent nisi vocabulisuterentur nobis incognitis usitatis sibi quin etiam agri cultura quae abhorret ab omnipolitiore elegantia tamen eas res in quibus versatur nominibus notavit novis quo magishoc philosopho faciendum est ars est enim philosophia vitae de qua disserens arripereverba de foro non potest 5 quamquam ex omnibus philosophis Stoici plurimanovaverunt Zenoque eorum princeps non tam rerum inventor fuit quam verborumnovorum quod si in ea lingua quam plerique uberiorem putant concessum est utdoctissimi homines de rebus non pervagatis inusitatis verbis uterentur quanto id nobismagis est concedendum qui ea nunc primum audemus attingere et quoniam saepediximus et quidem cum aliqua querela non Graecorum modo sed eorum etiam qui seGraecos magis quam nostros haberi volunt nos non modo non vinci a Graecis verborumcopia sed esse in ea etiam superiores elaborandum est ut hoc non in nostris solum artibussed etiam in illorum ipsorum adsequamur quamquam ea verba quibus instituto veterumutimur pro Latinis ut ipsa philosophia ut rhetorica dialectica grammatica musicaquamquam Latine dici poterant tamen quoniam usu percepta sunt nostra ducamus

66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25

15 (Cato) lsquoExperiamur igiturrsquo inquit lsquoetsi habet haec Stoicorum ratio difficiliusquiddam et obscurius nam cum in Graeco sermone haec ipsa quondam rerum nominanovarum daggernon videbanturdagger quae nunc consuetudo diuturna trivit quid censes inLatino fore

lsquoFacillimum id quidem estrsquo inquam [Cicero]rsquoSi enim Zenoni licuit cum rem aliquaminvenisset inusitatam inauditum quoque ei rei nomen imponere cur non Catoni nectamen exprimi verbum e verbo necesse erit ut interpretes indiserti solent cum sit verbumquod idem declaret magis usitatum equidem soleo etiam quod uno Graeci si aliter nonpossum id pluribus verbis exponere et tamen puto concedi nobis opportere ut Graecoverbo utamur si quando minus occurret Latinum ne hoc ldquoephippiisrdquo et ldquoacratophorisrdquopotius quam ldquoproegmenisrdquo et ldquoapoproegmenisrdquo concedatur quamquam haec quidemldquopraepositardquo recte et ldquoreiectardquo dicere licebitrsquo

lsquoBene facisrsquo inquit [Cato] lsquoquod me adiuvas et istis quidem quae modo dixisti utarpotius Latinis in ceteris subvenies si me haerentem videbisrsquo

See 51 52 IV72

17 (Cato) rerum autem cognitiones quas vel comprehensiones vel perceptiones vel sihaec verba aut minus placent aut minus intelleguntur catalepsis35

20 (Cato) sequitur autem haec prima divisio aestimabile esse dicunt (sic enim ut opinorappellemus) id quod aut ipsum secundum naturam sit aut tale quid efficiat ut selectionedignum propterea sit quod aliquod pondus habeat dignum aestimatione quam illi ἀξίανvocant contraque inaestimabile quod sit superiori contrarium

See 34initiis igitur ita constitutis ut ea quae secundum naturam sunt ipsa peropter se sumenda

sint contrariaque item reicienda primum est officium (id enim appello καθῆκον) ut seconservet in naturae statu deinceps ut ea teneat quae secundum naturam sint pellatquecontraria

At Acad I 36ndash7 we have lsquoaestimatione dignandarsquo and lsquoaestimandarsquo with no Greekcomments

On καθῆκον and κατόρθωμα see below 24 45 and IV15 Off I8

21 (Cato) simul autem cepit intellegentiam vel notionem potius (quam appellant ἔννοιανilli) viditque rerum agendarum ordinem et ut ita dicam concordiam multo eam plurisaestimavit quam omnia illa quae prima dilexerat atque ita cognitione et ratione collegitut statueret in eo conlocatum summum illud hominis per se laudandum et expetendum

67


35 See n 14 above


bonum quod cum positum sit in eo quod ὁμολογίαν Stoici nos appellemusconvenientiam si placethellip

See for ἔννοια Luc 22 and reff

23 (Cato) hellip sic appetitio animi quae ὁρμὴ Graece vocaturhellipSee Luc 24 Fin IV39 V17 ND II58

24 (Cato) et tamen est etiam aliqua cum his ipsis artibus sapientiae dissimilitudopropterea quod in illis quae recte facta sunt non continent tamen omnes partes e quibusconstant quae autem nos aut recta aut recte facta dicamus si placet illi autem appellantκατορθώματα omnes numeros virtutis continent sola enim sapientia in se tota conversaest quod idem in ceteris artibus non fit

lsquoRecte factarsquo is already used at Acad I 37 with no Greek commentsSee above 20 and below 45 and IV15 Off I8

26 (Cato) cum enim hoc sit extremum (sentis enim credo me iam diu quod τέλος Graecidicunt id dicere tum extremum tum ultimum tum summum licebit etiam finem proextremo aut ultimo dicere) ndash cum igitur hoc sit extremum congruenter naturaeconvenienterque viverehellip

See I42 Already at De Inv I6 we have both finis and officium

32 (Cato) sed in ceteris artibus cum dicitur lsquoartificiosersquo posterum quodam modo etconsequens putandum est quod illi ἐπιγεννηματικὸν appellant cum autem in quolsquosapienterrsquo dicimus id a primo rectissime dicitur

33 (Cato) ego adsentior Diogeni qui bonum definierit id quod esset natura absolutumid autem sequens illud etiam quod prodesset (ὠφέλημα enim sic appellemus) motum autstatum esse dixit e natura absoluto

See 69

34 (Cato) hellipsic bonum hoc de quo agimus est illud quidem plurimi aestimandum sedea aestimatio genere valet non magnitudine nam cum aestimatio (quae ἀξία dicitur)neque in bonis numerata sit neque rursus in malis quantumcumque eo addideris in suogenere manebit alia est igitur propria aestimatio virtutis quae genere non crescendovalet

See 20

35 (Cato) nec vero perturbationes animorum quae vitam insipientium miseramacerbamque reddunt (quas Graeci πάθη appellant poteram ego verbum ipsuminterpretans morbos appellare sed non conveniret ad omnia quis enim misericordiam

68

JOHN GLUCKER


aut ipsam iracundiam morbum solet dicere at illi dicunt πάθος sit igitur perturbatioquae nomine ipso vitiosa declarari videtur [nec eae perturbationes vi aliqua naturalimoventur secl Madv]) ndash omnesque eae sunt genere quattuor partibus plures aegritudoformido libido quamque Stoici communi nomine corporis et animi ἡδονὴν appellantego malo laetitiam appellare quasi gestientis animi elationem voluptariam Perturbationesautem nulla naturae vi commoventur omniaque ea sunt opiniones ac iudicia levitatisitaque his sapiens vacabit

See Tusc III7 (cf III9ndash10) IV10 11 Off II18 (Or 128)

39 (Cato) hellip sed ad turpes actiones quae oriuntur e vitiis (quas enim κακίας Graeciappellant vitia malo quam malitias nominare) And Cicerorsquos responsehellip

40 (Cato) quod enim vituperabile est per se ipsum id eo ipso vitium nominatum putovel etiam a vitio dictu vituperari sin κακίαν malitiam dixisses ad aliud nos unum certumvitium consuetudo Latina traduceret nunc omni virtuti vitium contrario nomineopponitur

See Tusc IV34 where Cic uses the more general concept vitiositasBut vitia is already used in this sense by lsquoVarrorsquo at Acad I 15 hellipde virtutibus et de vitiis

also lsquoLucullusrsquo in Luc 39 where vitia are contrasted with virtus

45 (Cato) et quem ad modum opportunitas (sic enim appellemus εὐκαιρίαν) non fitmaior productione temporis (habent enim suum modum quae opportuna dicuntur) sicrecta effectio (κατόρθωσιν enim ita appello quoniam rectum factum κατόρθωμα) ndash rectaigitur effectio item convenientia deinde ipsum bonum quod in eo positum est ut naturaeconsentiret crescendi accessionem nullam habet

See above 21 and 24

51ndash3 (Cato) hinc est illud exortum quod Zeno προηγμένον contraque quodἀποπροηγμένον nominavit cum uteretur in lingua copiosa factis tamen nominibus acnovis quod nobis in hac inopi lingua non conceditur quamquam tu hanc copiosioremetiam soles dicere sed non aliemum est quo facilius vis verbi intellegatur rationem huiusverbi faciendi exponere 52 ut enim inquit nemo dicit in regia regem ipsum quasiproductum esse ad dignitatem (id est enim προηγμένον) sed eos qui in aliquo honoresunt quorum ordo proxime accedit ut secundus sit ad regium principatum sic in vitanon ea quae primo loco sunt sed ea quae secundum locum obtinent προηγμένα id estproducta nominentur quae vel ita appellemus (id erit verbum e verbo) vel promota etremota vel ut dudum diximus praeposita vel praecipua et illa reiecta re enim intellectain verborum usu faciles esse debemus 53 quoniam autem omne quod est bonum primum locum tenere dicimus necesse est nec bonum esse nec malum hoc quodpraepositum vel praecipuum nominamus idque ita definimus quod sit indifferens cum

69



aestimatione mediocri quod enim illi ἀδιάφορον dicunt id mihi ita occurrit ut indifferensdicerem

See Fin III15 IV72 Luc 37 (where the vocabulary is purely Latin)

55 (Cato) sequitur illa divisio ut bonorum alia sint ad illud ultimum pertinentia (sicenim appello quae τελικὰ dicuntur nam hoc ipsum instituamus ut placuit pluribus verbisdicere quod ltuno suppl Ascgt non poterimus ut res intellegatur) alia autem efficientiaquae Graeci ποιητικά alia utrumque

57 (Cato) de bona autem fama (quam enim appellant εὐδοξίαν aptius est bonam famamhoc loco appellare quam gloriam) Chrysippus quidem et Diogenes detracta utilitate nedigitum quidem eius causa porrigendum esse dicebanthellip

69 (Cato) ut vero conservetur omnis homini erga hominem societas coniunctio caritaset emolumenta et detrimenta quae ὠφελήματα et βλάμματα appellant communia essevoluerunt quorum altera prosunt nocent altera neque solum ea communia verum etiamparia esse dixerunt commoda autem et incommoda (ita enim εὐχρηστήματα etδυσχρηστήματα appello) communia esse voluerunt paria noluerunt etc

On ὠφέλημα see 33

IV5 (Cic) hoc loco tantum dico a veteribus Peripateticis Academicisque qui reconsentientes vocabulis differebant eum locum quem civilem recte appellaturi videmur(Graeci πολιτικόν) graviter et copiose esse tractatum

See V66

15 (Cic) alterum significari idem ut si diceretur officia media omnia aut pleraqueservantem vivere hoc sic expositum dissimile est superiori illud enim rectum est (quodκατόρθωμα dicebas) contingitque sapienti soli hoc autem inchoati cuiusdam offici estnon perfecti quod cadere in nonnullos insipientes potest

See above III20 24 45 (κατόρθωμα) Off 18

39 (Cic) naturalem enim appetitionem quam vocant ὁρμήνhellipSee Luc 24 and reff III23 IV39 V17 ND II58 Off I101 II18

72 (Cic) ldquoistardquo inquit [Zeno] ldquoquae dixisti valere locupletem esse non dolere bonanon dico sed dicam Graece προηγμένα Latine autem producta (sed praeposita autpraecipua malo sit tolerabilius et mollius) illa autem morbum egestatem dolorem nonappello mala sed si libet reiectanea

70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53

74 (Cic) haec παράδοξα illi nos mirabilia dicamusSee Luc 136

V12(Piso) hellip quia duo genera librorum sunt unum populariter scriptum quod ἐξωτερικὸνappellabant alterum limatius quod in commentariis relinquerunt non semper idemdicere videntur

17 (Piso) hellip appetitum animi quem ὁρμὴν Graeci vocanthellipSee Luc 24 and reff Fin III23 IV39 ND II58 Off I101 II18

23 (Piso) Democriti autem securitas quae est animi tranquillitas quam appellavitεὐθυμίαν eo separanda fuit ab hac disputatione quia ista animi tranquillitas ea ipsa estbeata vita quaerimus autem non quae sit sed unde sit

See 87

66 (Piso) nam cum sic hominis natura generata sit ut habeat quiddam ingenitum quasicivile atque populare quod Graeci πολιτικὸν vocanthellip

See IV5

87 (Piso) id enim ille [Democritus] summum bonum εὐθυμίαν et saepe ἀθαμβίαν appellatid est animum terrore liberum

See 23

92 (Cic) at hoc in eo M Crasso quem semel ait in vita risisse Lucilius non contigit utea re minus ἀγέλαστος ut ait idem vocaretur

Tusculanae DisputationesI7 hellip scholas σχολὰς Graecorum morehellip 8 hellipscholas σχολάς ut Graeci appellanthellip

See Fin II1

14 omne pronuntiatum (sic enim in praesentia occurrit ut appellarem ἀξίωμα utar postallo si invenero melius) ndash id ergo est pronuntiatum quod est verum aut falsum

See Luc 95 Fat I20

19 ut multo ante veteres proxime autem Aristoxenus musicus idemque philosophusipsius corporis intentionem quandam velut in cantu et fidibus quae ἁρμονία diciturhellip

71



24 si est Aristoxeni harmonia dissolvitur

41 ἁρμονίαν autem ex intervallis sonorum nosse possemus etc

22 quintum genus adhibet [Aristoteles] vacans nomine et sic ipsum animum ἐνδελέχειανappellat novo nomine quasi quandam continuatam motionem et perennem

28 Ino Cadmi filia nonne Λευκοθέα nominata a Graecis Matuta habetur a nostrisSee ND III48

40 persuadent enim mathematici terram in medio mundo sitam ad universi caelicomplexum quasi puncti instar optinere quod κέντρον illi vocant

57 hellip nec vero fieri ullo modo posse ut a pueris tot rerum atque tantarum insitas et quasiconsignatas in animis notiones quas ἐννοίας vocant haberemus nisi animus ante quamin corpus intravisset in rerum cognitione viguisset

See Luc 22 and 30 Top 31

58 nihil enim ille [Plato] putat esse quod oriatur et intereat idque solum esse quodsemper tale sit quale est (ἰδέαν appellat ille nos speciem)hellip

See Acad I 30 Orator 10

(There are no GLRs in Book II)

III7 num reliquae quoque perturbationes animi formidines libidines iracundiae haec enimfere sunt eius modi quae Graeci πάθη appellant ego poteram lsquomorbosrsquo et id verbum essete verbo sed in consuetudinem nostram non caderet nam misereri invidere gestirelaetari haec omnia morbos Graeci appellant motus animi rationi non obtemperantisnos autem hos eosdem motus concitati animi recte ut opinor perturbationes dixerimusmorbos autem non satis usitate nisi quid aliud tibi videtur

Perturbationes and perturbationes animi are already used by lsquoVarrorsquo at Acad I 38ndash9 withno Greek comments

See 23 IV10ndash11 Fin III35 Or 128

8ndash11 Quid tibi omnisne animi commotio videtur insaniaNon mihi quidem soli sed id quod admirari saepe soleo maioribus quoque nostris hocita visum intellego multis saeculis ante Socratem a quo haec omnis quae est de vita et demoribus philosophia manavit

72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo

9 Quia nomen insaniae significat mentis aegrotationem et morbum id est insanitatemet aegrotum animum quam appellarunt insaniam (omnis autem perturbationes animimorbos philosophi appellant negantque stultum quemquam his morbis vacare quiautem in morbo sunt sani non sunt et omnium insipientium animi in morbo suntomnes insipientes igitur insaniunt) sanitatem enim animorum positam intranquillitate quadam constantiaque censebant his rebus mentem vacuam appellaruntinsaniam propterea quod in perturbato animo sicut in corpore sanitas esse non posset10 nec minus illud acute quod animi adfectionem lumine mentis carentemnominaverunt amentiam eandemque dementiam ex quo intellegendum est eos quihaec rebus nomina posuerunt sensisse hoc idem quod a Socrate acceptum diligenterStoici retinuerunt omnis insipientes esse non sanos qui est enim animus in aliquomorbo ndash morbos autem hos perturbatos motus ut modo dixi philosophi appellant ndashnon magis est sanus quam id corpus quod in morbo est ita fit ut sapientia sanitas sitanimi insipientia autem quasi insanitas quaedam quae est insania eademquedementia multoque melius haec notata sunt verbis Latinis quam Graecis 11 quodaliis quoque multis locis reperietur sed id alias nunc quod instat totum igitur idquod quaerimus quid et quale sit verbi vis ita declarat eos enim sanos quoniamintellegi necesse est quorum mens motu quasi morbo perturbata nullo sit qui contraadfecti sint hos insanos appellari necesse est itaque nihil melius quam quod est inconsuetudine sermonis Latini cum exisse ex potestate dicimus eos qui ecfrenatiferuntur aut libidine aut iracundia ndash quamquam ipsa iracundia libidinis est pars sicenim definitur iracunida ulciscendi libido - qui igitur exisse ex potestate dicunturidcirco dicuntur quia non sint in potestate mentis cui regnum totius animi a naturatributum est Graeci autem μανίαν unde appellent non facile dixerim eam tamenipsam distinguimus nos melius quam illi hanc enim insaniam quae iuncta stultitiaepatet latius a furore distinguimus Graeci volunt illi quidem sed parum valent verboquem nos furorem μελαγχολίαν illi vocant quasi vero atra bili solum mens ac nonsaepe vel iracundia graviore vel timore vel dolore moveatur quo genere AthamantemAlcmaeonem Aiacem Orestem furere dicimus qui ita sit adfectus eum dominum essererum suarum vetant duodecim tabulae itaque non est scriptum lsquosi insanusrsquo sed lsquosifuriosus escitrsquo stultitiam enim censuerunt constantia id est sanitate vacantem possetamen tueri mediocritatem officiorum et vitae communem cultum atque usitatumfurorem autem esse rati sunt mentis ad omnia caecitatem quod cum maius essevideatur quam insania tamen eius modi est ut furor in sapientem cadere possit nonpossit insaniahellip

13 non enim de aegritudine solum quamquam id quidem primum sed de omni animiut ego posui perturbatione morbo ut Graeci volunt explicabo

73



16ndash18 veri etiam simile illud est qui sit temperans ndash quem Graeci σώφρονα appellanteamque virtutem σωφροσύνην vocant quam soleo equidem tum temperantiam tum moderationem appellare non numquam etiam modestiam sed haud scio an recte ea virtusfrugalitas appellari possit quod angustius apud Graecos valet qui frugi homines χρησίμουςappellant id est tantum modo utilis at illud est latius omnis enim abstinentia omnis inno-centia (quae apud Graecos usitatum nomen nullum habet sed habere potest ἀβλάβειανnam est innocentia adfectio talis animi quae noceat nemini) ndash reliquas etiam virtutes frugalitas continet quae nisi tanta esset et si in angustiis quibus plerique putant tenereturnumquam esset L Pisonis cognomen tanto opere laudatum 17 sed quia nec qui proptermetum praesidium reliquit quod est ignaviae nec qui propter avaritiam clam depositumnon reddidit quod est iniustitiae nec qui propter temeritatem male rem gessit quod eststultitiae frugi appellari solet eo tris virtutes fortitudinem iustitiam prudentiam frugalitascomplexa est (etsi hoc quidem commune est virtutum omnes enim inter se nexae et iugataesunt) reliqua igitur et quarta virtus sit ipsa frugalitas eius enim videtur esse propriummotus animi adpetentis regere et sedare semperque adversantem libidini moderatam inomni re servare constantiam cui contrarium vitium nequitia dicitur 18 frugalitas utopinor a fruge qua nihil melius e terra nequitia ab eo (etsi erit fortasse durius sed tempte-mus lusisse putemur si nihil sit) ab eo quod neqicquam est in tali homine ex quo idemlsquonihilirsquo dicitur ndash qui sit frugi igitur vel si mavis moderatus et temperans eum necesse estesse constantem qui autem constans quietum qui quietus perturbatione animi vacuumergo etiam aegritudine et sunt illa sapientis aberit igitur a sapiente aegritudo

See IV36 (same alternatives briefly discussed without the Greek)

23 itaque praeclare nostri ut alia multa molestiam sollicitudinem angorem proptersimilitudinem corporum aegrorum aegritudinem nominaverunt hoc propemodum verboGraeci omnem animi perturbationem appellant vocant enim πάθος id est morbumquicumque est motus in animo turbidus nos melius aegris enim corporibus simillimaanimi est aegritudo at non similis aegrotationis est libido non immoderata laetitia quaeest voluptas animi elata at gestiens etc

See Tusc III7 IV10ndash11 Fin III35 Or 128(But see 61 and 74ndash5)

61 omnibus enim modis fulciendi sunt qui ruunt nec cohaerere possunt proptermagnitudinem aegritudinis ex quo ipsam aegritudinem λύπην Chrysippus quasisolutionem totius hominis appellatam putat

65 quid ille Terentianus lsquoipse se poeniensrsquo id est ἑαυτὸν τιμορούμενος

IV10 hellip quae Graeci πάθη vocant nobis perturbationes appellari magis placet quammorboshellip

74

JOHN GLUCKER


11 est igitur Zenonis haec definitio ut perturbatio sit quod πάθος ille dicit aversa a rectaratione contra naturam animi commotio

See III7 Fin III35 Or 128

12 id cum constanter prudenterque fit eius modi adpetitionem Stoici βούλησιν appellantnos appellemus voluntatem eam illi putant in solo esse sapiente

[16 hellipinvidentia ndash utendum est enim docendi causa verbo minus usitato quoniam invidianon in eo qui invidet solum dicitur sed etiam in eo cui invideturhellip

Gk ζῆλος See def at 17]

17 obtrectatio autem est ea quae intellegi ζηλοτυπίαν volo aegritudo ex eo quod alterquoque potiatur eo quod ipse concupiverat

21 excandescentia autem sit ira nascens et modo existans quae θύμωσις Graece dicitur[ὀργὴ ἐναρχομένη sine modo Nonius]

21 distinguunt illud etiam ut libido sit earum rerum quae dicuntur de quodam autquibusdam quae κατηγορήματα dialectici appellant ut habere divitias capere honoremindigentia rerum ipsarum sit ut honorum ut pecuniae

23ndash4 quem ad modum cum sanguis corruptus est aut pituita redundat aut bilis incorpore morbi aegrotationesque nascuntur sic pravarum opinionum conturbatio etipsarum inter se repugnantia sanitate spoliat animum morbisque perturbat experturbationibus autem primum morbi conficiuntur quae vocant illi νοσήματα eaquequae sunt eis morbis contraria quae habent ad res certas vitiosam offensionem atquefastidium deinde aegrotationes quae appellantur a Stoicis ἀρρωστήματα isque itemoppositae contrariae offensiones hoc loco nimium operae consumitur a Stoicismaxime a Chrysippo dum morbis corporum comparatur morborum animi similitudoqua oratione praetermissa minime necessaria ea quae rem continet pertractemus 24intellegatur igitur perturbationem iactantibus se opinionibus inconstanter et turbidein motu esse semper cum autem hic fervor concitatioque animi inveteraverit ettamquam in venis medullisque insederit tum existet et morbus et aegrotatio etoffensiones eae quae sunt eis morbis aegrotationibusque contrariae haec quae dicocogitatione inter se differunt re quidem copulata sunt eaque oriuntur ex libidine et exlaetitia

25 hellip ut mulierositas ut ita appellem eam quae Graece φιλογυνία diciturhellip ut odiummulierum quale in μισογύνῳ Atili est ut in hominum universum genus quod accepimusde Timone qui μισάνθρωπος appellaturhellip

75



33 habes ea quae de perturbationibus enucleate disputant Stoici quae λογικὰ appellantquia disseruntur subtiliushellip

[This is the end of the exposition of Stoic doctrine Most of the rest is Peripateticdoctrine and a dispute between the two]

See Fin I22 Fat 1

34 huius igitur virtutis contraria est vitiositas ndash sic enim malo quam malitiam appellareeam quam Graeci κακίαν appellant nam malitia certi cuiusdam vitii nomen est vitiositasomnium ndash ex qua concitantur perturbationeshellip

See Fin III39ndash40 where the more individual lsquovitium ndash vitiarsquo is used

[36 Alternative translations of σωφροσύνη without the Greek See III16ndash18]

V7 itaque et illos septem qui a Graecis σοφοί sapientes a nostris et habebantur etnominabanturhellip

See Fin II24

TimaeusV14 (31b8ndashc4) Id optime adsequitur quae Graece ἀναλογία Latine (audendum est enim quoniam haec primum a nobis novantur) comparatio proportiove dicipotest

VI17 (33b4ndash5) hellip et globosum est fabricatus quod σφαιροειδὲς Graeci vocant cuiusomnis extremitas paribus e medio radiis attingitur

VII23 (36a2ndash3)hellip ut in singulis essent bina media (vix enim audeo dicere medietatesquas Graeci μεσότητας appellant sed quasi ita dixerim intellegatur erit enim planius)

VIII27 (36e6ndash37a2) est enim unus ex omnibus rationis concentionisque quaeἁρμονία Graece sempiternarum rerum et sub intellegentiam cadentium compos etparticeps

X35 (40b5ndash7)hellip ut hunc varietate distinctum bene Graeci κόσμον nos lucentemmundum nominaremus

XI38 (40d6ndash7) Reliquorum autem quos Graeci δαίμονας appellant nostri ut opinorLares si modo hoc recte conversum videri potest et nosse et nuntiare ortum maius estquam ut profiteri nos scire audeamus

76

JOHN GLUCKER


De Natura DeorumI18 (Velleius) hellip nec anum fatidicam Stoicorum Pronoeam quam latine licetProvidentiam dicerehellip

20 (Velleius) Pronoea vero si vestra est Lucili eademhellip

22 hellip cur Pronoea vestra cessaverithellipSee II58 and especially Balbusrsquos reply at II73ndash4 and Balbusrsquos joke at 160

20 (Velleius) helliphunc censes primis ut dicitur labris gustasse physiologiam id est naturaerationemhellip

See ND I41 Div I90 but also Fin III73

28 (Velleius) nam Parmenides quidem commenticium quiddam coronae similem efficit(στεφάνην appellat) continentem ardorum lucis orbem qui cingit caelum quem appellatdeum in quo neque figuram divinam neque sensum quisquam suspicari potest

30 (Velleius) quod vero sine corpore ullo deum vult esse [Plato] ( ut Graeci dicuntἀσώματον) id quale esse possit intellegi non potest careat enim sensu necesse est careatetiam prudentia careat voluptate quae omnia una cum deorum notionecomprehendimus

36 cum vero Hesiodi Theogoniam id est originem deorum interpretatur [Zeno] tollitomnino usitatas perceptasque cognitiones deorumhellip

37 Cleantheshellip tum ultimum et altissimum atque undique circumfusum et extremumomnia cingentem atque complexum ardorem qui aether nominetur certissimum deumiudicat

43 (Velleius) quae est enim gens aut quod genus hominum quod non habeat sine doctrinaanticipationem quandam deorum quam appellat πρόλημψιν Epicurus id est anteceptamanimo rei quandam informationem sine qua nec intellegi quicquam nec quaeri necdisputari potest quoius rationis vim atque utilitatem ex illo caelesti Epicuri de regula etiudicio volumine accepimus

44 (Velleius) quod quoniam fere constat inter omnis non philosophos solum sed etiamindoctos fatemur constare illud etiam hanc nos habere sive anticipationem ut ante dixisive praenotionem deorum (sunt enim rebus novis nova ponenda nomina ut Epicurusipse πρόληψιν appellavit quam antea nemo eo verbo nominarat) 45 ndash hanc igitur

77



habemus ut deos beatos et immortales putemus quae enim nobis natura informationemipsorum deorum dedit eadem insculpsit in mentibus ut eos aeternos et beatoshaberemus

See Luc 22 Fin I31 (Latin with no Greek comment) Tusc I57 Div II108 Top31

49 (Velleius) Epicurushellip docet eam esse vim et naturam deorum ut primum nonsensu sed mente cernantur nec soliditate quadam nec ad numerum ut ea quae illepropter firmitatem στερέμνια appellat sed imaginibus similitudine et transitioneperceptishellip

50 (Velleius) in qua intellegi necesse est eam esse naturam ut omnia omnibus partibusparia respondeant hanc ἰσονομίαν appellat Epicurus id est aequabilem tributionem

109 (Cotta) confugis ad aequilibritatem (sic enim ἰσονομίαν si placet appellemus)hellip

55 (Velleius) hinc vobis [Stoicis] extitit primum illa fatalis necessitas quam εἱμαρμένηνdicitis ut quidquid accidat id ex aeterna veritate causarumque continuatione fluxissedicatis quanti autem haec philosophia aestimandast cui tamquam aniculis et his quidemindoctis fato fieri videantur omnia sequitur μαντικὴ vestra quae Latine divinatio diciturqua tanta inbueretur superstitione si vos audire vellemus ut haruspices augures hariolivates coniectores nobis essent colendi

For εἱμαρμένη see Div I125For μαντικὴ see ad Div I1 Legg II32

58 (Cotta) Zenonem quem Philo noster coryphaeum appellare Epicureorum solebathellip

63 Quid Diagoras Atheos ( Ἄθεος) qui dictus est posteaque Theodorus nonne apertedeorum naturam sustulerunt

See III89

85 (Cotta) itaque in illis selectis eius bervibusque sententiis quas appellatis κυρίας δόξαςhaec ut opinor prima sententia esthellip

See Fin II20

109 See at 50

II14 (Balbus) hellip tum stellis is quas Graeci κομήτας nostri cincinnatas vocanthellip

[23 (Balbus) helliptamen id ipsum rationibus physicis id est naturalibus confirmari volo]

78

JOHN GLUCKER


29 (Balbus) omnem enim naturam necesse est quae non solitaria sit neque simplex sedcum alio iuncta atque conexa habere aliquem in se principatum ut in homine mentemin belua quiddam simile mentis unde oriatur rerum adpetitus in arborem autem et earumrerum quae gignuntur e terra radicibus inesse principatus putatur principatum autemid dico quod Graeci ἡγεμονικὸν vocant quo nihil in quoque genere nec potest nec debetesse praestantius

But principatus in the Stoic sense has already been used by Velleius at I39

47 (Balbus) cumque duae formae praestantissimae sint ex solidis globus (sic enimσφαῖραν interpretari placet) ex planis autem circulus aut orbis qui κύκλος Graecediciturhellip

52ndash3 (Balbus) nam ea quae Saturni stella dicitur Φαίνων que a Graecis nominaturhellipinfra autem hanc propius a terra Iovis stella fertur quae Φαέθων diciturhellip

53 huic autem proximum inferiorem orbem tenet Πυρόεις quae stella Martis appellaturhellipinfra hanc autem stella Mercuri est (quae Στίλβων appellatur a Graecis)hellip

infima est quinque errantium terraeque proxuma stella Veneris quae Φωσφόρος GraeceLucifer Latine dicitur cum antegreditur solem cum subsequitur autem ῞Ἕσπεροςhellip

58 (Balbus) sic natura mundi omnis motus habet voluntarios conatusque et adpetitionesquas ὁρμὰς Graeci vocanthellip

See Fin III23 IV39 V17

58 talis igitur mens mundi cum sit ob eamque causam vel prudentia vel providentiaappellari recte possit (Graece enim πρόνοια dicitur) haec potissimum providet et in ismaxime est occupata primumhellip

See I18 20 22 II73

64 (Balbus) qui deus [Saturnus] Graece id ipsum nomen habet Κρόνος enim dicitur quiest idem χρόνος id est spatium temporis

66 (Balbus) terrena autem vis omnis atque natura Diti patri dedicata est qui dives etapud Graecos Πλούτων quia et recidunt omnia in terras et oriuntur in terris

daggercui Proserpinam (quod Graecorum nomen est ea enim est quae Περσεφόνη Graecenominatur)hellip

67 (Balbus) mater autem est a gerendis frugibus Ceres tamquam geres casuque primalittera itidem immutata ut a Graecis nam et ab illis quoque Δημήτηρ quasi γῆ μήτηρnominata est

79



67 (Balbus) nam Vestae nomen a Graecis (ea est enim quae ab illis Ἑστία dicitur)hellip

73 velut a te ipso hesterno die dictumst anum fatidicam Pronoean Πρόνοιαν a Stoicisinduci id est Providentiam

See I18 and references there

[91 (Balbus) hellip cui nomen est aer ndash Graecum illud quidem sed perceptum iam tamenusu a nostris tritum est enim pro Latinohellip

hellipimmensus aetherhellip (mutuemur hoc quoque verbum dicaturque tam aether Latinequam dicitur aer etc]

94 (Balbus) isti [Epicurei] autem quem ad modum adseverant ex corpusculis non colorenon qualitate aliqua (quam ποιότητα Graeci vocant) non sensu praeditis hellip

See Acad I 25

108 (Balbus quoting Cicerorsquos Aratea) hellipquam quidem Graeci lsquoEngonasinrsquo vocitantgenibus quia nixa feratur

111 (Balbus quoting Cicerorsquos Aratea) lsquohas Graeci stellas Hyadas vocitare sueruntrsquo apluendo (ὕειν enim est pluere) nostri imperite Suculas quasi a subus essent non abimbribus nominatae

114 Ante Canem Procyon Προκύων Graio qui nomine fertur

[123 (Balbus) pina vero (sic enim Graece dicitur)hellip πίννα

III15 (Cotta) consilium illud imperatorum fuit quod Graeci στρατήγημα appellanthellip

28 (Cotta) illa vero cohaeret et permanet naturae viribus non deorum estque in ea istequasi consensus quam συνπάθειαν Graeci vocanthellip

See Div II34 124 142 ndash and 18 above with no Greek or comment

48 (Cotta) quid deinde Ino dea ducetur et Λευκοθέα a Graecis a nobis Matuta diciturhellipSee Tusc I22But see 39 where she is Leucothea in Latin

50 (Cotta) itemque Leonaticum est delubrum Athenis quod Λεωκόριον nominaturhellip

53 Dioscoroe Διόσκοροι etiam apud Graecos multis modis nominanturhellip

80

JOHN GLUCKER


57 hellip quartus Apollo in Arcadia quem Nomionem Νομίωνα appellant quod ab eo seleges ferunt accepisse

59 (Balbus) quarta [Minerva] Iove nata et Coryphe Oceani filia quam Arcades Κορίανnominant et quadrigarum inventricem ferunt

89 at Diagoras cum Samothracam venisset Atheus ille qui diciturhellipSee I63

De DivinationeI 1 hellip versari quandam inter homines divinationem quam Graeci μαντικὴν appellant idest praesensionem et scientiam rerum futurarum

See 95 ND I55 Legg II32

[1 itaque ut alia nos melius multa quam Graeci sic huic praestantissimae rei nomennostri a divis Graeci ut Plato interpretatur a furore duxerunt]

90 hellipqui et naturae rationem quam φυσιολογίαν Graeci appellant notam sibi esseprofitebatur

See ND 1I20 but also Fin III73

95 namque et Athenienses omnibus semper publicis consiliis divinos quosdamsacerdotes quos μάντεις vocant adhibuerunthellip

See 1 Legg II32

122 Hoc nimirum est illud quod de Socrate accepimus quodque ab ipso in librisSocraticorum saepe dicitur esse divinum quiddam quod δαιμόνιον appellat cui semperipse paruerit numquam impellenti semper revocanti

125 fatum autem id appello quod Graeci εἱμαρμένην id est ordinem seriemque causarumcum causae causa nexa rem ex se gignat etc

See ND I 55

II11 quomodo autem mentientem quem ψευδόμενον vocant dissolvas aut quem admodum soriti resistas (quem si necesse sit Latino verbo liceat lsquoacervalemrsquo appellare sednihil opus est ut enim ipsa philosophia et multa verba Graecorum sic sorites satis Latinosermone tritus est)

See Hort 61 (both) Luc 49 and reff (sorites) Luc 147

81



34 qua ex coniunctione naturae et quasi concentu atque consensu quam συμπάθειανGraeci appellanthellip

See 124 142 ND III28

89 vim quandam esse aiunt signifero in orbe qui Graece ζωδιακός diciturhellip

92 cum enim illi orbes qui caelum quasi medium dividunt et aspectum nostrumdefiniunt qui a Graeci ὁρίζοντες nominantur a nobis finientes rectissume nominaripossunthellip

108 sed demus tibi istas duas sumptiones (ea quae λήμματα appellant dialectici sednos Latine loqui malumus) adsumptio tamen (quam πρόλημψιν iidem vocant) nondabitur

See Luc 22 ND I43ndash5 Top31

111 tum vero ea quae ἀκροστιχὶς dicitur cum deinceps ex primis ltcuiusquegt versuslitteris hellip carmen omne praetexitur

118 Demosthenes quidem qui abhinc annos prope trecentos fuit iam tum φιλιππίζεινPythiam dicebat id est quasi cum Philippo facere

124 hellip ex quadam convenientia et coniunctione naturae quam vocant συμπάθειαν quidcuique rei conveniat et quid quamque rem sequatur intellegunt

See 34 142 ND III28

132 iam vero quo pertinent obscuritates et aenigmata (αἰνίγματα) somniorumCf De Or III167

142 etenimhellip quae est continuatio coniunctioque naturae quam ut dixi vocantσυμπάθειαν eius modi ut thesaurus ex ovo intellegi debeat

See 34 124 ND III28

De Fato1 hellipquia pertinet ad mores quos ἦθος illi vocant nos eam partem philosophiae lsquodemoribusrsquo appellare solemus sed decet augentem linguam Latinam nominaremoralem

See Or 128

explicandaque vis est ratioque enuntiationum quae Graeci ἀξιώματα vocantSee 20 Luc 95 Tusc I14

82

JOHN GLUCKER


quae de re futura quum aliquid dicunt deque eo quod possit fieri aut non possit obscuraquaestio est quam περὶ δυνατῶν philosophi appellant

See 17

totaque est λογική quam rationem disserendi vocoSee Fin I22 De Or II157

11 percepta appello quae dicuntur Graece θεωρήματαSee Janacekrsquos index and Brochard Eacutetudes pp 230ndash31

17 sed ad illam Diodori contentionem quam περὶ δυνατῶν appellant revertamurSee 1

20 si est motus sine causa non omnis enuntiatio quod ἀξίωμα Dialectici appellant autvera aut falsa erit

21 itaque contendit omnes nervos Chrysippus ut persuadeat omne ἀξίωμα aut verumesse aut falsum

See 1 Luc 95 Tusc I 14But at 19 we have lsquoenuntiatumrsquo in this sense At 26 lsquopronuntiatiorsquo but immediately

afterwards at 27 lsquoenuntiatiorsquoSee Gellius NA XVI8

22 itaque tertius quidam [secundum Epicurum] motus oritur extra pondus et plagamquum declinat atomus intervallo minimo id appellant ἐλάχιστον

28 nec nos impediet illa ignava ratio quae dicitur appellatur enim quidam a philosophisἀργὸς λόγος cui si pareamus nihil omnino agamus in vita 29 recte genus hoc interrogatio-nis ignavum atque iners nominatum est quod eadem ratione omnis e vita tollitur actio

De OfficiisI8 hellipnam et medium quoddam officium dicitur et perfectum perfectum officium rectumopinor vocemus quoniam Graeci catorthoma [κατόρθωμα Graecis litteris Atzert] hocautem commune officium ltmesongt vocant

meson supplevit Winterbottom (medium Unger 1867) καθῆκον post edd vulg PearceSee Fin III20 24 45

93 Hoc loco continetur id quod dici Latine decorum potest Graece enim preponπρέπον dicitur [decorum]

83



See Or 70

101 una pars in appetitu posita est quae est horme ὁρμή Graece quae hominem hucet illuc rapithellip

See Fin V17 and references there

104 hellipalterum elegans urbanum ingeniosum facetum quo genere non modo Plautusnoster et Atticorum antiqua comoedia sed etiam philosophorum Socraticorum librireferti sunt multaque multorum facete dicta ut ea quae a sene Catone conlecta suntquae vocantur apophthegmata

108 De Graecis autem dulcem et facetum festivique sermonis atque in omni orationesimulatorem quem irona (εἴρωνα) Graeci nominarunt Socratem accepimushellip

See De Or II270 Brut 298

142 Hac autem scientia continetur ea quam Graeci eutaxian (εὐταξίαν) nominant nonhanc quam interpretamur modestiam quo in verbo modus inest sed illa est eutaxia inqua intellegitur ordinis conservatio etchellip

142 Locum autem actionis opportunitatem temporis essse dicunt tempus autem actionisoportunum Graece eucairia (εὐκαιρία) Latine appellatur occasio

153 Princepsque omnium virtutum illa sapientia quam sophian σοφίαν Graeci vocant(prudentiam enim quam Graeci phronesin φρόνησιν dicunt aliam quandamintellegimus quae est rerum expetendarum fugiendarumque scientia) etchellip

II18 hellip cohibere motus animi turbatos quos Graeci pathe πάθη nominantappetitionesque quas illi hormas ὁρμάς obedientes efficere rationihellip

See Tusc IV10ndash11 and reff

De LegibusII32 divinationem quam Graeci μαντικὴν appellanthellip

See Div I1 95

64 hellip si quis bustum (nam id puto appellari τύμβον) aut monumentumhellip violarithellip

84

JOHN GLUCKER


III46 Graeci hoc diligentius apud quos nomophylaces νομοφύλακες creabantur nec eisolum litteras (nam id quidem etiam apud maiores nostros erat) sed etiam facta hominumobservabant ad legesque revocabant

Paradoxa Stoicorum5 hellip et degustabis genus hoc exercitationum earum quibus uti consuevi cum ea quaedicuntur in scholis θετικά ad nostrum hoc oratorium transfero dicendi genus

b Rhetorical worksDe OratoreI9 neque enim te fugit laudandarum artium omnium procreatricem quandam et quasiparentem eam quam φιλοσοφίαν Graeci vocant hellip

217 eademque ratione dicantur ei quos physicos φυσικοὺς Graeci nominant idempoetae quoniam Empedocles physicus egregius poema fecerit

II157 hellip videsne Diogenem eum fuisse qui diceret artem se tradere bene disserendi et veraac falsa diiudicandi quam verbo Graeco διαλεκτικὴν appellaret

See Fat 1 Top 6 57

256 alterum genus est quod habet parvam verbi immutationem quod in littera positumGraeci vocant παρονομασίαν ut lsquonobiliorem mobilioremrsquo Cato

269ndash70 urbana etiam dissimulatio est cum alia dicuntur ac sentias non illo genere dequo ante dixi cum contraria dicashellip sed cum toto genere orationis severe ludas cum alitersentias ac loquarehellip hoc in genere Fannius in annalibus suis Africanum dicit fuisse et eumGraeco verbo appellat εἴρωνα sed uti ei ferunt qui melius haec norunt Socratem opinorin hac εἰρωνείᾳ dissimulationeque longe lepore et humanitate omnibus praestitisse

See Luc 15 74

III167 etenim hoc fere genere fiunt ea quae dicuntur aenigmata (αἰνίγματα)

Cf Div III132

190 hellip neque sunt haec rythmicorum ῥυθμικῶν aut musicorum acerrima normadirigendahellip

85



Brutus59 πειθὼ quam vocant Graeci cuius effector est orator hanc Suadam appellavit Enniushellip

69 ornari orationem Graeci putant si verborum immutationibus utantur quod appellantτρόπους et sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocant σχήματα

See 141 275 Or 83

127 exstat eius [C Galbae] peroratio qui epilogus ἐπίλογος diciturhellip

141 σχήματα enim quae vocant Graeci ea maxime ornant oratorem eaque non tam inverbis pingendis habent pondus quam in inluminandis sententiis

See 69 275 Or 83

162 hellipquin etiam comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum si sic περίοδον appellari placeterat apud illum contractus et brevis et in membra quaedam quae κῶλα Graeci vocantdispertiebat orationem libenter

On περίοδος see Or 204 On κῶλα see Or 211

275 erant autem et verborum et sententiarum illa lumina quae vocant Graeci σχήματαquibus tamquam insignibus in ornatu distinguebatur omnis oratio

See 69 141 Or 83

292 Ego inquit ironiam (εἰρωνίαν) illam quam in Socrate dicunt fuissehellipSee Luc 15 74 De Or II269ndash70 See also Off I108

298 nam in hoc εἴρωνα me duxeris esse quod eam orationem mihi magistram essedixerimhellip quare εἴρωνα me ne si Africanus quidem fuit ut ait in historia sua C Fanniusexistimari velim

See Luc 15 74 Off I108 De Or II269ndash70

Orator10 has rerum formas appellat ἰδέας ille non intellegendi solum sed etiam dicendigravissimus auctor et magister Plato easque gigni negat et ait semper esse ac ratione etintellegentia continerihellip

See Acad I 30 Tusc I58

36 sed in omni re difficillimum est formam qui χαρακτὴρ Graece dicitur exponereoptimi quod aliud aliis videtur optimum

See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER


37 hellipeiusque totius generis quod Graece ἐπιδεικτικὸν nominatur quia quasi adinspiciendum delectationis causa comparatum est non complectar hoc tempore

See 42 207

42 est in illo epidictico (ἐπιδεικτικῷ) genere quod diximus proprium sophistarumhellipSee 37 207

46 haec igitur quaestio a propriis personis et temporibus ad universi generis rationemtraducta appellatur θέσιςhellip

See 125 Top 79ndash80

61 Quem hoc uno excellere [id est oratione] cetera in eo latere indicat nomen ipsumnon enim inventor aut compositor aut actor qui haec complexus est omnia sed et Graeceab eloquendo ῥήτωρ et latine eloquens dictus esthellip

67 quidquid est enim quod sub aurium mensuram aliquam cadit etiam si abest a versundash nam id quidem orationis est vitium ndash numerus vocatur qui Graece ῥυθμὸς dicitur

See 170 (Cf De Or III190)

70 ut enim in vita sic in oratione nihil est difficilius quam quid deceat videre πρέπονappellant hoc Graeci nos dicamus sane decorum

See Off I93

83 illam autem concinnitatem quae verborum conlocationem inluminat eis luminibusquae Graeci quasi aliquos gestus orationis σχήματα appellant quod idem verbum ab eisetiam in sententiarum ornamenta transferturhellip

See 181 Br 69 141 275

93ndash4 hanc ὑπαλλαγὴν rhetores ῥήτορες quia quasi summutantur verba pro verbisμετωνυμίαν Grammatici vocant quod nomina transferuntur Aristoteles enim translationiet haec ipsa subiungit et abusionem quam κατάχρησιν vocant ut cum minutum dicimusanimum pro parvo et abutimur verbis propinquis si opus est vel quod delectat vel quoddecet iam cum fluxerunt continuo plures translationes alia plane fit oratio itaque genushoc Graeci appellant ἀλληγορίαν nomine recte genere melius ille qui ista omniatranslationes vocat

125 nam cum omnis pars orationis esse debet laudabilis sic ut verbum nullum nisi autgrave aut elegans excidat tum sunt maxime luminosae et quasi actuosae partes duaequarum alteram in universi generis quaestionis pono quam ut supra dixiGraeci appellantθέσιν alteram in augendis amplificandisque rebus quae ab isdem αὔξησις est nominata

87




126 quidquid est enim illud in quo quasi certamen est controversiae quod Graeceκρινόμενον diciturhellip

See Top 95

128 hellip quorum alterum est quod Graeci ἠθικὸν vocant ad naturas et ad mores et adomnem vitae consuetudinem accommodatum alterum quod idem παθητικὸν nominantquo perturbantur animi et concitantur in quo omnis regnat oratio

See Fat 1 See Fin III35 Tusc III7 IV10ndash11

134 Sed iam forma [ipsa] restat et χαρακτὴρ ille qui dicitur qui qualis esse debeat ex hisquae supra dicta sunt intellegi potest

See 36 Top 83

151 hellipne ille quidem haud paulo maior scriptor Plato nec solum in eis sermonibus quiδιάλογοι dicunturhellip

166 Semper haec quae Graeci ἀντίθετα nominant cum contrariis opponunturcontrariahellip

170 sed habet nomen invidiam cum in oratione iudiciali et forensis numerus [LatineGraece ῥυθμός] inesse dicitur

Secl ErnestiSee 67 (Cf De Or III190)

181 hellip et ea quae dicuntur orationis quasi formae et lumina quae ut dixi Graeci vocantσχήματα

See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34

183 Sed in versibus res est apertior quaquam etiam a modis quibusdam cantu remoto soluta esse videtur oratio maximeque id in optimo quoque eorum poetarumqui λυρικοὶ a Graecis nominantur quos cum cantu spoliaveris nuda paene remanetoratio

204 in quo quaesitum est in totone circuitu orationis quem Graeci περίοδον nos tum ambitum tum circuitum tum comprehensionem aut continuationem autcircumscriptionem dicimushellip

See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER


207 ergo in aliis id est in historia et in eo quod appellamus ἐπιδεικτικόνhellipSee 37 42

211 hellip transferenda tota dictio est ad illa quae nescio cur cum Graeci κόμματα et κῶλαnominent nos non recte incisa et membra dicamus neque enim esse possent rebus ignotisnota nomina sed cum verba aut suavitatis aut inopiae causa transferre soleamus inomnibus fit hoc artibus ut cum id appellandum sit quod propter rerum ignorationemipsarum nullum habuerit ante nomen necessitas cogat aut novum ferre verbum aut asimili mutuari

223 prima sunt illa duo quae κόμματα Graeci vocant nos incisa dicimus deinde tertiumκῶλον illi nos membrumhellip

See Br 162

[229 itaque qualis eorum motus quos ἀπαλαίστρους Graeci vocant talis horum mihividetur oratio qui non claudunt numeris sententias]

De Optimo Genere Oratorum14 hellipnec converti ut interpres sed ut orator sententiis isdem et earum formis tamquamfiguris verbis ad nostram consuetudinem aptis in quibus non verbum pro verbo necessehabui reddere sed genus omne verborum vimque servavi non enim ea me adnumerarelectori putavi oportere sed tamquam appendere

Topica6 cum omnis ratio diligens disserendi duas habet partis unam inveniendi alteramiudicandi utriusque princeps ut mihi quidem videtur Aristoteles fuit Stoici autem inaltera elaboraverunt iudicandi enim vias diligenter persecuti sunt ea scientia quamδιαλεκτικὴν appellant inveniendi vero artem quae τοπικὴ dicitur quae ad usum potiorerat et ordine naturae certe prior totam relinquerunt

See 57 Fat 1 De Or II157

12 Haec verborum coniugatio συζυγία dicitur ex qua huius modi est argumentum Sicompascuus ager est ius est compascere

See 38

24 quae autem adsumuntur extrinsecus ea maxime ex auctoritate ducuntur itaqueGraeci talis argumentationes ἀτέχνους vocant id est artis experteshellip

30 in partitione quasi membra sunt ut corporis caput umeri manus latera crura pedeset cetera in divisione formae sunt quas Graeci εἴδη vocant nostri si qui hae forte tractant

89



species appellant non pessime id quidem sed inutiliter ad mutandos casus in dicendonolim enim ne si Latine quidem dici possit lsquospecierumrsquo et lsquospeciebusrsquo dicere et saepe hiscasibus utendum est at lsquoformisrsquo et lsquoformarumrsquo velim cum autem utroque verbo idemsignificetur commoditatem in dicendo non arbitror neglegendam

31 notionem appello quod Graeci tum ἔννοιαν tum πρόληψιν ea est insita et animopraecepta cuiusque formae congnitio enodationis indigens

See Luc 22 Fin III21 Tusc I57 ND I43ndash5 Div II108

34 et cum de ornamentis verborum sententiarumve praecipitur quae vocant σχήματαnon fit idem

See Or 181 and reff

35 multa etiam ex notatione sumuntur ea est autem cum ex vi nominis argumentumelicitur quam Graeci ἐτυμολογίαν appellant id est verbum ex verbo lsquoveriloquiumrsquo nosautem novitatem verbi non satis apti fugientes genus hoc notationem appellamusrsquo quiasunt verba rerum notae itaque hoc quidem Aristoteles σύμβολον appellat quod Latineest lsquonotarsquo sed cum intellegitur quid significetur minus laborandum est de nomine

See Acad I 32

38 cuius est primus locus ex coniugatione quam Graeci συζυγίαν vocant finitimusnotationihellip

See 12

42 haec ex pluribus perveniens quo vult appellatur inductio quae Graece ἐπαγωγὴnominatur qua plurimum est usus in sermonibus Socrates

45 in hoc genere oratoribus concessum est ut muta etiam loquantur ut mortui ab inferisexcitentur ut aliquid quod fieri nullo modo possit augendae rei gratia dicatur quaeὑπερβολὴ ltGraecegt diciturhellip

48 sunt enim alia contraria quae privantia licet appellemus Latine Graeci appellantστερητικά praeposito enim lsquoinrsquo privatur verbum ea vi quam haberet si lsquoinrsquo praepositumnon fuisset ut lsquodignitas indignitasrsquo lsquohumanitas inhumanitasrsquo

49 sunt etiam illa valde contraria quae appellantur negantia ea ἀποφατικὰ Graececontraria aientibus lsquoSi hoc est illud non estrsquo

55 ex hoc illa rhetorum ex contrariis conclusa quae ipsi ἐνθυμήματα appellant non quinomni sententia proprio nomine ἐνθύμημα dicatur sed ut Homerus propter excellentiam

90

JOHN GLUCKER


commune poetarum nomen efficit apud Graecos suum sic cum omnis sententiaἐνθύμημα dicatur quia videtur ea quae ex contrariis conficitur acutissima sola proprienomen commune possedit

57 ex eis modis conclusiones innumerabiles nascuntur in quo est tota fere διαλεκτικήhellipSee 6 Fat 1

79ndash80 quaestionum duo genera alterum infinitum definitum alterum definitum estquod ὑπόθεσιν Graeci nos causam infinitum quod θέσιν illi appellant nos propositumpossumus nominare causa certis personis locis temporibus actionibus negotiis cernituraut in omnibus aut in plerisque eorum propositum autem aut in aliquo aut in pluribusnec tamen in maximis itaque propositum pars est causae

See Or 46125

83 cum autem quid sit quaeriturhellip additur etiam descriptio quem χαρακτῆρα Graecivocanthellip Descriptio qualis sit avarus qualis adsentator

See Or 36134

93 Refutatio autem accusationis in qua est depulsio criminis quoniam Graece στάσιςdicitur appelletur Latine statushellip

95 sed quae ex statu contentio efficitur eam Graeci κρινόμενον vocant mihi placet idquoniam quidem ad te scribo lsquoqua de re agiturrsquo vocari

See Or 126

Appendix B

Index of GreekLatin words appearing more than once in GLRs36

(Entries under nouns include cognates Where only paraphrases are attempted no entryis provided here)

ADPETITIO ΟΡΜΗ ND II58 Off I101 II18 ADPETITIO ANIMI ΟΡΜΗ Luc 24 Fin III23ADPPETITIO NATURALIS See NATURALIS ADPETITIO ADPETITUS ANIMI ΟΡΜΗ Fin V17 ADPROBATIO ΣΥΓΚΑΤΑΘΕΣΙΣ Luc 37ADSENSIO ΣΥΓΚΑΤΑΘΕΣΙΣ Luc 37ADSUMPTIO ΠΡΟΛΗΨΙΣ Div II108

91


36 Words appearing only once are either names of gods or places or rather rare expressions


AESTIMATIO ΑΞΙΑ Fin III20 34AMBITUS ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ COMPREHENSIO ET AMBITUS VERBORUM Br 162

TUM AMBITUS TUM CIRCUITUS TUM COMPREHENSIO TUMCONTINUATIO Or 20437

ANIMI TRANQUILLITAS ΕΥΘΥΜΙΑ (Democritus) FinV23 (ΕΥΘΥΜΙΑ etsaepe ΑΘΑΜΒΙΑ) ANIMUS TERRORE LIBER FinV87

ANTICIPATIO (lsquosine doctrina anticipatiorsquo) ΠΡΟΛΗΨΙΣ ND I43ARGUMENTI (or RATIONIS) CONCLUSIO ΑΠΟΔΕΙΞΙΣ Luc 26ndash7 See note

there for other referencesCIRCUITUS ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ TUM AMBITUS TUM CIRCUITUS TUM

COMPREHENSIO TUM CONTINUATIO Or 204CIVILE ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟΝ Fin IV5 QUASI CIVILE ATQUE POPULARE Fin

V66COGNITIO One rendering of ΚΑΤΑΛΗΨΙΣ Luc 1731 Fin III17COMPREHENSIO Preferred rendering of ΚΑΤΑΛΗΨΙΣ Luc 1718 22 31 145

Acad I 41 Fin III17COMPREHENSIO ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ COMPREHENSIO ET AMBITUS

VERBORUM Br 162 TUM AMBITUS TUM CIRCUITUS TUMCOMPREHENSIO TUM CONTINUATIO Or 204

CONATUS ET ADPETITIO ΟΡΜΗ ND II58CONCENTUS ndash see ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑCONIUNCTIO ndash see ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑCONSENSUS ndash see ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑCONTINUATIO ndash see ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑCONTINUATIO ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ TUM AMBUITUS TUM CIRCUITUS TUM

COMPREHENSIO TUM CONTINUATIO Or 204CONVENIENTIA ndash see ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑCORPORA INDIVIDUA PROPTER SOLIDITATEM INDIVIDUA ET SOLIDA

CORPORA ATOMOI Fin I17ndash18CORPUSCULA ATOMOI Acad I 6 DECORUMΠΡΕΠΟΝOff I93 Or 70DECRETUM ΔΟΓΜΑ Luc 27 29DIVINATIO ΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ ND I55 Div I1 Legg II32EMOLUMENTUM ΩΦΕΛΗΜΑ Fin III369 ENUNTIATIO ΑΞΙΩΜΑ Fat I20 21 EVIDENTIA ΕΝΑΡΓΕΙΑ Luc 34 (2)FATUM ΕΙΜΑΡΜΕΝΗ Div I125 FATALIS NECESSITAS ND I55

92

JOHN GLUCKER

37 This is clearly a case where Cicero cannot make up his mind Ambitus appears to be a near-etymologicaltranslation but he seems to feel that it does not possess the full force of the Greek counterpart and is lsquoin need ofassistancersquo


FINIS ΤΕΛΟΣ Fin III26 Also EXTREMUM ULTIMUM SUMMUMSUMMUM BONUM Fin I42 (see note there) III26

FORMA ΙΔΕΑ Orator 10FORMA ΣΧΗΜΑ Br 69 Cf lsquoQuasi formae et luminaersquo Or 181 (Graece solum 141

Or 83)INDIVIDUUM ΑΤΟΜΟΣ Fin II75LAETITIA ΗΔΟΝΗ (Stoic) Fin II35LUMEN ΣΧΗΜΑ Br 275MEMBRUM ΚΩΛΟΝ Br 162 Or 211MENTIENS See ΨΕΥΔΟΜΕΝΟΝMIRABILIA ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑ Luc 136 Fin IV74 MOTUS ANIMI TURBATUS ΠΑΘΟΣ Off II18 NATURALIS ADPETITIO ΟΡΜΗ Fin IV39NOTATIO See lsquoVERILOQUIUMrsquoNOTITIA ΕΝΝΟΙΑ Luc 22NOTIO ΕΝΝΟΙΑ Fin III21 Tusc I57 Top 31NUMERUS ΡΥΘΜΟΣ Or 67 170OFFICIUM ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝ Fin III20 [Off I8 (supplied by Atzert Winterbottom

supplies lsquomesonrsquo)]PERCEPTIO One rendering of ΚΑΤΑΛΗΨΙΣ Luc 1734 Fin III17PERSPICUITAS ΕΝΑΡΓΕΙΑ Luc 1734 38PERTURBATIO ΠΑΘΟΣ Fin III35 and Tusc III7 where the more literal

alternative lsquomorbusrsquo is rejected (See Tusc III9ndash10 where the Stoic idea is extensivelydiscussed and lsquoadfectiorsquo seems to be a possible alternative) Tusc III23 IV1011 (Seealso Or 128 where παθητικόν is lsquoquo perturbantur animi et concitanturrsquo)

PRAECIPUA ΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin III52 IV72 (preferred with PRAEPOSITA)PRAENOTIO ΠΡΟΛΗΨΙΣ ND I45PRAEPOSITA ΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin III15 52 IV72 (preferred with PRAECIPUA)PRODUCTA ΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin III52 (with etymological explanation verbum e

verbo) IV72PROMOTA ΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin III52 PRONUNTIATUM ΑΞΙΩΜΑ Tusc I14 PROPOSITUM ΘΕΣΙΣ (Definitur Or XLVI 125) Top 79ndash80PROVIDENTIA ΠΡΟΝΟΙΑ ND I18 II73 PRUDENTIA vel PROVIDENTIA

ND II58 QUALITAS ΠΟΙΟΝ Acad I 24 ΠΟΙΟΤΗΣ Acad I 27 ND II94RATIO DISSERENDI ΛΟΓΙΚΗ Fat 1 (see also Tusc IV33) RECTA EFFECTIO ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΣΙΣ Fin III45 RECTE FACTUM ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΜΑ Fin III24 45RECTUM ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΜΑ Fin III24 Fin IV15 Off I8

93



REIECTA ΑΠΟΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin III15 52REIECTANEA ΑΠΟΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ Fin IV72 SORITES SORITA Always used in transliteration Together with ψευδόμενον Hort

61 Luc 49 147 Div II11 Alone Luc 49SPECIES ΙΔΕΑ Acad I 30 Tusc I58 VERBORUM EXPLICATIO ΕΤΥΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ Acad I 32lsquoVERILOQUIUMrsquo NOTATIO ΕΤΥΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ Top 35VISUM ΦΑΝΤΑΣΙΑ Luc 18 Acad I 40ndash41 VITIUM ΚΑΚΙΑ Fin III39 40 (where the rejection of the more literal lsquomalitiarsquo is

explained)VITIOSITAS ΚΑΚΙΑ Tusc IV34 (where the rejection of the more literal lsquomalitiarsquo is

explained) VOLUPTAS ΗΔΟΝΗ (Epicurean) Fin II8 12ndash13 (where the sense in Greek and

Latin is discussed)

ΑΞΙΑ AESTIMATIO Fin III20 34ΑΞΙΩΜΑ QUIDQUID ENUNTIETUR Luc 95 PRONUNTIATUM Tusc I14

ENUNTIATIO Fat I20 21 (See further references to Latin terms there)ΑΠΟΔΕΙΞΙΣ ARGUMENTI (or RATIONIS) CONCLUSIO Luc 26ndash7 See note

there for other referencesΑΠΟΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ REIECTA Fin III15 52 REIECTANEA Fin IV72 ATOMOS CORPUSCULA Acad I 6 CORPORA INDIVIDUA PROPTER

SOLIDITATEMINDIVIDUA ET SOLIDA CORPORA Fin I17ndash18INDIVIDUA Fin II75

ΔΟΓΜΑ DECRETUM Luc 2729ΕΙΜΑΡΜΕΝΗ FATALIS NECESSITAS ND I55 FATUM Div I 125ΕΙΡΩΝΕΙΑ IRONIA Luc 1574 Br 292 De Or II269ndash70 See also Off I108ΕΝΑΡΓΕΙΑ PERSPICUITAS Luc 1734 38 EVIDENTIA Luc 34 (2)ΕΝΝΟΙΑ NOTITIA Luc 2231 (with πρόληψις as synonym) NOTIO Fin III21

Tusc I57 Top 31 (with πρόληψις as synonym) See also ΠΡΟΛΗΨΙΣΕΤΥΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ VERBORUM EXPLICATIO Acad I 32 lsquoVERILOQUIUMrsquo

NOTATIO Top 35ΕΥΘΥΜΙΑ (Democritus) ANIMI TRANQUILLITAS Fin V23 (ΕΥΘΥΜΙΑ et

saepe ΑΘΑΜΒΙΑ) ANIMUS TERRORE LIBER Fin V87 ΗΔΟΝΗ (Epicurean) VOLUPTAS Fin II8 12ndash13 (where the sense in Greek and

Latin is discussed) (Stoic) LAETITIA Fin II35ΘΕΣΙΣ (Definitur Or 46 125) PROPOSITUM Top 79ndash80ΙΔΕΑ SPECIES Acad I 30 Tusc I58 FORMA Or 10ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝ OFFICIUM Fin III20 [Off I8 (supplied by Atzert Winterbottom

supplies lsquomesonrsquo)]

94

JOHN GLUCKER


ΚΑΚΙΑ VITIUM Fin III39 40 (where the rejection of the more literal lsquomalitiarsquo isexplained) VITIOSITAS Tusc IV34 (where the rejection of the more literal lsquomalitiarsquois explained)

ΚΑΤΑΛΗΨΙΣ See COGNITIO PERCEPTIO COMPREHENSIO At Luc 17 and 31 Cic prefers COMPREHENSIO as a verbum e verbo rendering and at 18 heuses a cognate of it alone At Luc 145 and Acad I 41 he explains it through Zenorsquossimile of the hand But at Fin III17 Cato explains comprehensiones vel perceptiones asif this is an entirely new term and even suggests that one could keep the Greek termin Latin

ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΜΑ RECTUM RECTE FACTUM Fin III24 RECTE FACTUMFin III45 RECTUM Fin IV15 Off I8

ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΣΙΣ RECTA EFFECTIO Fin III45 ΚΟΜΜΑ INCISUM Or 211 223 ΚΡΙΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ lsquoillud in quo quasi certamen est controversiaersquo Or 126 lsquohellip mihi placet

id quoniam ad te scribo ldquoqua re agiturrdquo vocarirsquo Top 95ΚΩΛΟΝ MEMBRUM Br 162 Or 211ΛΟΓΙΚΗ Paraphrased as lsquoaltera philosophiae pars quae est quaerendi et disserendirsquo at

Fin I22 RATIO DISSERENDI Fat 1 (See also Tusc IV33)ΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ DIVINATIO ND I55 Div I1 Legg II32ΟΡΜΗ ADPETITIO ANIMI Luc 24 Fin III23 ADPETITUS ANIMI Fin

V17 NATURALIS ADPETITIO Fin IV39 CONATUS ET ADPETITIOND II58

ΠΑΘΟΣ PERTURBATIO Fin III35 and Tusc III7 (where the more literalalternative lsquomorbusrsquo is rejected See Tusc III9ndash10 where the Stoic idea is extensivelydiscussed and lsquoadfectiorsquo seems to be a possible alternative Also Tusc III13) TuscIII23 IV10 11 MOTUS ANIMI TURBATUS Off II18 (See also Or 128 whereπαθητικόν is lsquoquo perturbantur animi et concitanturrsquo) (See also the discussion ofvarious sorts of Stoic lsquoillnessrsquo at Tusc IV23ndash4)

ΠΑΡΑΔΟΞΑ MIRABILIA Luc 136 Fin IV74 ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ COMPREHENSIO ET AMBITUS VERBORUM Br 162 TUM

AMBITUS TUM CIRCUITUS TUM COMPREHENSIO TUMCONTINUATIO Or 204

ΠΟΙΟΝ QUALITAS Acad I 24ΠΟΙΟΤΗΣ QUALITAS Acad I 27 ND II94ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟΝ CIVILE Fin IV5 QUASI CIVILE ATQUE POPULARE Fin V66ΠΡΕΠΟΝ DECORUM Off I93 Or 70ΠΡΟΗΓΜΕΝΑ PRAEPOSITA Fin III15 52 IV72 (preferred with PRAECIPUA)

PRAECIPUA Fin III52 IV72 (preferred with PRAEPOSITA) PRODUCTAFin III52 (with etymological explanation lsquoverbum e verborsquo) IV72 PROMOTAFin III52 Main discussion of these alternatives Fin III52ndash3

95



ΠΡΟΛΗΨΙΣ NOTITIA Luc 22 (with ἔννοια as synonym) SINE DOCTRINAANTICIPATIO PRAENOTIO ND I43ndash5 ADSUMPTIO Div II108 NOTIO(with ἔννοια as synonym) Top 31 See also ΕΝΝΟΙΑ

ΠΡΟΝΟΙΑ PROVIDENTIA ND I18 II73 PRUDENTIA vel PROVIDENTIAND II58

ΡΥΘΜΟΣ NUMERUS Or 67170ΣΥΓΚΑΤΑΘΕΣΙΣ ADSENSIO ADPROBATIO Luc 37ΣΥΜΠΑΘΕΙΑ QUASI CONSENSUS ND III28 CONIUNCTIO NATURAE ET

QUASI CONCENTUS ATQUE CONSENSUS Div II34 QUAEDAMCONVENIENTIA ET CONIUNCTIO NATURAE Div II124CONTINUATIO CONIUNCTIOQUE NATURAE Div II142

ΣΧΗΜΑ FORMA Br 69 QUASI FORMAE ET LUMINA Or 181 (Graece solum141 Or 83) LUMINA Br 275

ΣΩΡΙΤΗΣ See SORITESΤΕΛΟΣ EXTREMUM ULTIMUM SUMMUM SUMMUM BONUM Fin I42

(see note there) All these +FINIS Fin III26 ΦΑΝΤΑΣΙΑ See VISUMΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡ lsquoforma qui χαρακτὴρ Graece diciturrsquo Or 36 lsquoforma et χαρακτὴρ ille qui

diciturrsquo Or 134 lsquodescriptio quem χαρακτῆρα Graeci vocantrsquo Top 83ΨΕΥΔΟΜΕΝΟΝ See SORITES Only at Div II11 is it also translated (as lsquomentiensrsquo)ΩΦΕΛΗΜΑ lsquoilludhellip quod prodessetrsquo Fin III33 EMOLUMENTUM Fin III369

96

JOHN GLUCKER


Greek terms without remarking on the Greek origins But the most useful part of thiswork is the lsquoCiceronianum Lexicon Graeco-Latinumrsquo pp 314ndash78 It is the fullest lexiconof Greek terms translated by Cicero and their Latin renderings both in Cicerorsquos propertranslations and in his theoretical works and it includes both those terms on thetranslation of which Cicero does remark and more importantly those which he translateslsquosilentlyrsquo that is most of the Greek terms which he renders into Latin Clavelrsquos book ishardly mentioned in works dealing with Cicerorsquos Greek or Greek-into-Latin The onlycopy I could find in London is in the British Library3

Another useful aid is a long-forgotten article by H J Rose lsquoThe Greek of Cicerorsquo4

His remarks preceding and following his list of places where Greek appears are asusual with this sober and industrious scholar sane and instructive His list pp 93ndash114 includes also places in the letters where Greek is employed I (and a reader whohad my copy of the offprint before me) have found a very small number of minorerrors and omissions Like Clavelrsquos book Rosersquos article is hardly mentioned in morerecent works

As a result most studies of Cicerorsquos translations of Greek terms have so far beennaturally partial based on a selection of his terms and remarks I shall mention only afew

Hans-Joachim Hartungrsquos doctoral thesis Ciceros Methode bei der Uumlbersetzunggriechisher philosophischer Termini is dedicated to a discussion of translations ofepistemological terms such as κατάληψις φαντασία ἔννοια and ethical terms such as τέλοςοἰκείωσις ἀξία5 It does have a brief discussion of lsquoCiceros eigene Uumlbersetzungstheorienrsquo(pp 17ndash25) but like the rest of Hartungrsquos discussions this part is weighed down by verylong footnotes referring at great length to modern works This Vollstaumlndigkeit is attainedat the expense of a proper discussion of most of Cicerorsquos own remarks ClaudioMoreschinirsquos lsquoOsservazioni sul lessico filosofico di Ciceronersquo is far more of a properdiscussion of what we find in the texts of Cicero6 But again it limits itself to discussionsof the Latin translations of terms in epistemology ethics physics and logic and theirGreek counterparts and hardly touches on those places where Cicero himself explainshis Greek originals and his methods of translating It is detailed and very helpful for thetyro ndash but one gets no general picture of any aspect of Cicerorsquos terminological

38

JOHN GLUCKER

3 One shortcoming of this lexicon is the lack of any method and consistency in references to Cicerorsquos worksSometimes the references are simply to ldquoLucil Cic et aliirdquo sometimes the Greek source is given but one is nottold where Cicerorsquos Latin rendering appears Most of the time when it comes to terms on which Cicero remarksin his philosophical or rhetorical works we have a reference to the Ciceronian text ndash but again sometimes we aregiven the Gruter paragraphs and sometimes the Scott ones This makes it somewhat difficult to use the lexiconbut it still is the fullest of its kind

4 H J Rose lsquoThe Greek of Cicerorsquo Journal of Hellenic Studies 41 1921 pp 91ndash1165 Hans-Joachim Hartung lsquoCiceros Methode bei der Uumlbersetzung griechisher philosophischer Terminirsquo PhD

diss Hamburg University 19706 Claudio Moreschini lsquoOsservazioni sul lessico filosofico di Ciceronersquo Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore

di Pisa Classe di Lettere e Filosofia 2 Pisa 1979 pp 78ndash178







39














40

JOHN GLUCKER













41















42

JOHN GLUCKER








43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER







39














40

JOHN GLUCKER













41















42

JOHN GLUCKER








43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER










40

JOHN GLUCKER













41















42

JOHN GLUCKER








43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











41















42

JOHN GLUCKER








43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER












42

JOHN GLUCKER








43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER







43















11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









11)


44

JOHN GLUCKER













45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER












45











46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









46

JOHN GLUCKER









47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








47










48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








48

JOHN GLUCKER











49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









49















50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











50

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER





51













52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











52

JOHN GLUCKER












53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











53













54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











54

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











55











56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









56

JOHN GLUCKER










57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









57






Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER




Appendix A






58

JOHN GLUCKER










See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








See Acad I 40







59













60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER












60

JOHN GLUCKER














See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER













See Fin IV74


61










62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








62

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER



See Fin III5


See ND II94






See Top 35


See Luc 18



Cf Luc 1731 145


63




See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER



See Acad I 6









See Tusc I7



64

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








See ND I85



See Tusc I7


65







66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER






66

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER


See Acad I 25




See 51 52 IV72








67


35 See n 14 above











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











See 69


See 20


68

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









See above 21 and 24


69










See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









See V66





70

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER


See III15 51 53





See 87


See IV5


See 23



See Fin II1


See Luc 95 Fat I20


71

















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER
















72

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER


Quonam tandem modo



73










74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER









74

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER












75





See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER




See Fin I22 Fat 1





See Fin II24







76

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER













77












See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











See III89


See Fin II20

109 See at 50



78

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











See I18 20 22 II73





79









See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER








See Acad I 25











80

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











See 1 Legg II32



See ND I 55



81












See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER











See 34 142 ND III28



See 34 124 ND III28


See Or 128


82

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER



See 17













83



See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER


See Or 70












See Div I1 95


84

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER







See Fat 1 Top 6 57



See Luc 15 74


Cf Div III132


85





See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER




See 141 275 Or 83



See 69 275 Or 83




See 69 141 Or 83







See 134 Top 83

86

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER



See 42 207








See Off I93


See 181 Br 69 141 275



87





See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER




See Top 95




See 36 Top 83






See 83 Br 69 141 275 Top 34



See Br 162

88

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER





See Br 162






See 38



89







See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER






See Or 181 and reff


See Acad I 32


See 12






90

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER





See Or 46125


See Or 36134



See Or 126

Appendix B




91
















92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER














92

JOHN GLUCKER











93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER










93







Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER






Latin is discussed)











94

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER














95











96

JOHN GLUCKER










96

JOHN GLUCKER


Documents

Cicero's Remarks on Translating Philosophical Terms – Some General Problems