Chapter 27R i i & R liRomanticism & Realism

Europe and America, 1800 to 1870

Industrial Revolution caused Revolution caused a population boom in citiesRailroads spread Railroads spread

across the continent.While the century

opened with Neoclassicism, by 1870 Romanticism and Realism and Realism prevailed. New construction

techniques impacted architecture.Invention of

photography photography revolutionized picture making.

Napoleon was Napoleon was most powerful man in Europe, after serving as a French army commander leading major campaigns in Italy campaigns in Italy and Egypt, in 1799 became 1st

Consul of the F h R bli French Republic (title with clear and intentional links to ancient Roman Republic).

Emperor of France (pope witnessed coronation) and king of Italy in 1804Disastrous invasion of Russia (ended in defeat) & in 1815 devastating ( ) g

defeat by British in Waterloo (present-day Belgium)Forced to abdicate throne in 1815, into exile on Saint Helena, S. Atlantic.

•Pupil of David, Napoleon’s favorite painter.•Paintings contributed to gNapoleon’s growing mythic status. •At Napoleon’s request, painted him visiting mosque at Jaffa in 1799, which was converted to a hospital pduring outbreak of bubonic plague – striking French and Muslim forces, to suppress the growing panic.p

Officers covering noses because of stench; Napoleon is fearless and in control. Removed glove to touch sores of victim – miraculous power to heal, as doubting Thomas touching Christ’s wound. Napoleon as Christ like figure – Rembrandt’s Hundred-Guilder Print. On left Muslim doctors distributing bread and ministering to sickComposition similar to David’s Oath of the Horatii – polarized scheme with arcaded backdropS d fi l f Mi h l l ’ L J d

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Seated figure on left – Michelangelo’s Last JudgmentKneeling nude with extended arm on right – Michelangelo’s late PietaEmphasis on death, suffering, emotional rendering, exoticism of Muslim world – presaged core elements of Romanticism.

Cue Card•After fall of French revolutionary, David barely escaped with his life stood trialescaped with his life, stood trial and went to prison. After his release in 1795, he worked to resurrect his career.•Napoleon approached him in•Napoleon approached him in 1804, offering him – First Painter of the Empire position. •Earlier, David had painted Napoleon crossing the Alps onNapoleon crossing the Alps on horseback.•Coronation was David’s most grandiose work – mostly historical factfact.

Napoleon favored Neoclassism – aspired to rule an empire that might rival ancient Rome’s. Embraced classical past as symbolic sources of authority and aware of power of art for constructing a public iimage.Interior of Paris’ Notre Dame Cathedral decorated by emperor’s architects, Napoleon is crowning wife (underscores his authority after he crowned himself), Pope Pius VII seated behind Napoleon (emperor insisted that his hand be raised in blessing), Napoleon’s mother (who was not there) appears in the b l ll D idbalcony, as well as David.Structured composition similar to Oath of Horatii – as a theater, Catholic Church clergy on right, imperial court on left. Relationship between church and state was one of this period’s most contentious issues.

Napoleon’s favorite sculptor, who somewhat reluctantly left career in

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yItaly to serve in Paris. Napoleon’s sister

demanded to be portrayed as Venus (reflected her self-perception)Holding golden apple –

triumph in judgment of triumph in judgment of Paris (when she promised him Helen, the start of the Trojan War).

Seminude as Hellenistic Venus de Milo; reclining figure from Roman sarcophagus lids sarcophagus lids. Napoleon arranged marriage of sister to heir of noble Roman family. Her behavior was less than dignified, public gossiped about her affairs. H h b d P i C ill B h k t th l t i hi Vill i Her husband, Prince Camillo Borghese kept the sculpture in his Villa in

Rome, where it still is. Relatively few people to saw it, which increased the notoriety of both artist and subject.

Apotheosis of Homer, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

1827 Oil 12’8 X 16’10

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1827, Oil on canvas, 12’8 X 16’10

Compare topRaphael, School of Athens

Inspired by The School of a Athens by Raphael who was his favorite artistswas his favorite artists

The painting presented a single statement about the ideal form

Neoclassical celebration or Homer and other ancient individuals such as Dante,

Present at the Salon of 1827

Homer sits like a god on a throne before an Ionic a throne before an Ionic temple, Winged Victory crowns the epic poet

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer, 1827.

Michelangelo

Nike Plato

Socrates

g

Aristotle

Raphael

Homer

Aesop

Alex. The Great

Aristotle

“Iliad” “Odyssey”

AristotleMozart

Poussin

Shakespeare

Reclining nude –classical antiquity and Renaissance and Renaissance Head similar to

Raphael’s Relaxed pose Relaxed pose,

small head, elongated limbs, cool color scheme –P i i i & Parmigianino & Italian ManneristsRomantic, exotic

theme – Odalisque theme – Odalisque (woman in Turkish harem)Classical form with Romantic themes brought confusion and harsh criticism

when first exhibited in 1814 – Ingres as rebel in both form and contentAttacks cease in mid-1820s when Delacroix, a greater enemy of David’s

Neoclassical style appeared on the scene. Then Ingres’ work was seen as still containing crucial element of

Neoclassicism and he became the leader of academic forces in the battle against “barbarism” of the Romantic movement. Cue Card

Past – longing for pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived) and the medieval past (imagined to include ghoulish, infernal, nightmarish, grotesque, sadistic – the chamber of horrors when reason sleeps).Irrational/ Inner mind / Insanity – Romantic artists depict Irrational/ Inner mind / Insanity Romantic artists depict human psyche and topics that transcend reason. Gericault chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum.Nature – longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationalityrationalityEmotion/ Exotic – Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason/ thinking. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on

lrationality. Rousseau – “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains.” (Social Contract 1762) Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom: political Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom: political, thought, feeling, action worship, speech, and taste. Believed freedom was a right and property of all. Burke (1729 – 1797) wrote about the sublime – awe mixed with t f ld b th illi i i i t t terror; fear could be thrilling, i.e. raging rivers or storms at sea.

Born in Switzerland, settled in England, Royal Academy member and instructor, but largely self-taught.largely self taught.

Known for demonic, macabre, and sadistic horrific night fantasies.

E ti th h l Erotic theme; horse as a male symbol coming through parted red theatrical curtains; woman lying on bed in a tortured

l lsexual sleep

Mara or mare is an evil spirit or goblin in Scandinavian folklore which rides on people's chests, tormenting and suffocating them while they sleep, bringing on bad dreams (or "nightmares").

Not an illustration of a nightmare, but the sensation of terror it produces.The mare is similar to the mythical creature incubus, a demon believed in medieval

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The mare is similar to the mythical creature incubus, a demon believed in medieval times to prey, often sexually on sleeping women, and was likely inspired by sleep paralysis

Romantic artists combined Baroque dynamism with naturalistic detailsInspiration from dreams – rationalist search for

material explanations stifled spirituality. He wrote and illustrated his own work, this is

from a book of his poemsTh fi i U i “ ” The figure is Urizen, a pun on “your reason”-an

evil Enlightenment figure of rational thinking.embodiment of conventional reason and law, depicted as a bearded old man; he sometimes p ;bears architect's tools, to create/constrain the universe; or nets, with which he ensnares people in webs of law and conventional society.In early works, Urizen represents the chains of

reason that are imposed on the mind; like mankind, he is bound by these. Figures covers the sun with is body opens his Figures covers the sun with is body, opens his

fingers in an impossible way to measure the earth with calipers.

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David’s contemporary; Goya

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David s contemporary; Goyathought about Enlightenment and Neoclassical insistence on

ti lit d d rationality and order. Depicted himself asleep, with owls (symbols of folly) and bats o s (sy bo s o o y) a d bats(symbols of ignorance). How to read the etching? What emerges when reason is suppressed when reason is suppressed . . . or Goya’s commitment to creative process and Romantic spirit – the unleashing of imagination, emotions and nightmares? g

FRANCISCO GOYA, Saturn Devouring One of His Children, 1819–1823.

According to Greek/Roman myth –a son of Kronos (Roman Saturn) would overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father. To ,prevent this, Saturn ate his children moments after each was born. Saturn is associated with time – (Greek for time). ( )Goya – deaf after contracting a

fever in 1792Goya’s understanding of

h it Wit d N l ’humanity. Witnessed Napoleon’s restoration of the monarchy destroying country. Despair over passage of time? Cyclical nature

f ti ?In 1786 official artist of Charles IV, family portrait in 1800 (after

Velasquez) was unflattering, not idealized, with spectacular costumes. Reflects enlightenment thinking – critique of monarchy.

of time?

Dissatisfaction with Charles IV’s rule increased, Spanish people began supporting his son, Ferdinand VII, who enlisted aid of Napoleon to overthrow his father and mother. Napoleon sent troops to Spain ousted Charles IV and installed hisNapoleon sent troops to Spain, ousted Charles IV, and installed his

brother, Joseph Bonaparte (r. 1808 – 1813) on the throne.

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On May 2, 1808, Spanish people finally recognized French as ginvaders and violently attacked Napoleon’s soldiers. In retaliation, the

French executed Spanish citizens the next day. next day. Third of May, 1808,

was commissioned in 1814 by Ferdinand VII who reclaimed throne after ouster of the French. Robotic repetitive Robotic repetitive

movements of the faceless French

Central Spanish figure is in Christ like sacrificial pose with Central Spanish figure is in Christ-like sacrificial pose with hand marks of the nailed crucifixionBrutal inhumanity displayed in blood-soaked foreground

Cue Card•Studied with an admirer of David, Pierre-Narcisse Guerin – rigorousPierre Narcisse Guerin rigorous training in classical drawing, didn’t like rigidity or idealism of Neoclassical style. A t t NOT•A contemporary event – NOT a

history painting!•1816 shipwreck off coast of Africa of French frigate Medusa, g ,incompetence of captain (a political appointee) caused ship to run aground on a reef.•150 passengers built a raft from•150 passengers built a raft from ship, drifted for 12 days, 15 survived.

8 th t l t i it d h it l d t i i t i d•8 months to complete – visited hospitals and morgues to examine corpses, interviewed survivors, built a model of the raft in studio. •Composition in an X shape, pile of bodies similar to Gros’ Napoleon at the Plague House . . . Raft on a diagonal/ foreshortening into viewers’ space.g g p•Lighting like Caravaggio, figures like Michelangelo•Commentary on the practice of slavery, member of abolitionist group, placed Jean Charles – black soldier on top.

Parisian uprising against Charles X at end of July 1830.

Allegorical personification of Allegorical personification of Liberty wearing Phrygian cap (symbol of freed slave in antiquity.

St id t tStrong pyramid structure

Parisian types – street boy with pistols (symbolizes the role of students in the revolt) , middle class by man in top hat and carrying rifle; lower class represented by man at extreme left with sword in hand and pistol on belt.

Towers of Notre-Dame –specificity of locale and event balances contemporary p yhistorical fact with poetic allegory.

Acquired by the French state in 1831 but not state in 1831, but not exhibited publically for 25 years because of subversive message

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Abbey in the Oak Forest, Caspar David Friedrich, 1810, Oil on canvas

“Why, it has often occurred to me to ask myself do I so frequently

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to ask myself, do I so frequently choose death, transience, and the grave as subjects for my paintings. One must submit oneself many times to death in order some day to attain life everlasting.”

A Walk at Dusk

A master of Romantic transcendental landscape, his landscapes were temples and his paintings were altarpieces

This winter scene with a ruined Gothic church and cemetery demands the silence appropriate to sacred places

A funeral procession bears a coffin into the ruins of a Gothic church, death are everywhere-season’s desolation

Snow

, y

His work balances an inner and outer experience – deep emotion pervades his paintings

•Landscape became an independent and respected genre (in this case – style/category of art, notrealistic painting of everyday scenes) in Germany, England, and the United States.p g y y ) y, g ,•Increased tourism – expanding railways contributed to popularity.•Painted nature as allegory –the “living garment of God,” (Goethe). •Romantic theme of soul unified with natural world – interpreted the signs and symbols of universal spirit’s transcendent meanings.

I E l d J h C bl i d l i

p g•Oneness with nature; man is an active participant but does not disturb, cottage is one with the countryside, grows in among the trees•Everything and everyone in harmony with nature, an ideal state.

•In England, John Constable painted nostalgic memories of disappearing rural pastoralism – due to the Industrial Revolution, prices for agrarian products were lowered and farmers no longer

ld ff d f ll l f l dcould afford to farm small plots of land. •However, Constable’s father was a wealthy rural landowner and many of his paintings were of his family’s property. Th H i (l f t) i i ifi t f•The Haywain (large farm cart) is significant for

what it does not show – civil unrest of agrarian working class with outbreaks of violence and arson. M t l i t b ti t t th t li t

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•Meteorologist by avocation, texture that climate and weather – a delicate veil over landscape. Tiny dabs of color, stippled with white creates shimmer of light suggesting movement and process.

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JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) , 1840. Oil on canvas, 3’ x 4’.

•Burke’s concept of the sublime – awe mixed with terror•Responded to encroaching industrialism, The Slave Ship from 1783industrialism, The Slave Ship from 1783 incident in widely read book by Clarkson, reprinted in 1839.•When captain of ship realized insurance company would reimburseinsurance company would reimburse him for only for slaves lost at sea, not for those who died in route; ordered the sick and dying slaves thrown overboard. Relative scale of human forms compared

•On close inspection – iron shackles and manacles around wrists and ankles of drowning slaves.

e at ve sca e o u a o s co pa edwith vast sea and sky – immense power of nature over humans.

p g•Haziness of forms, indistinctness of compositions intensify the colors and energetic brushstrokes –expresses forces of nature and painter’s emotional response to them. •Turner’s emotive power of pure color and the subject of the work almost becoming paint itself were important steps toward 20th century abstract art, which dispensed with shape and form altogether. p p y , p p g

Founder of the Hudson River School leader

Painted undeveloped river valley and scenes from

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Identified qualities that made America unique,

l ti f h moral question of where our civilization was going.

Oxbow shaped turning of Connecticut river, actual view of Massachusetts

Storm on wilderness side, more developed civilization on right. g

Tiny artist bottom center wearing top hat, looks to viewer for country’s future coursecourseCole’s division of landscape into two clearly contrasting areas; the Romantic on the

left and the Claude-like landscape on the right .

Advances in industrial technology reinforced Enlightenment faith in gy gconnection between science and progress –Both intellectuals and the general public increasingly embraced empiricism and positivism. Empiricist, the basic of knowledge is b ti d di t i P iti i t b li d i tifi l observation and direct experience. Positivists believed scientific laws

govern environment and human activity revealed through careful recording and analysis of observable data. Science as mind’s highest achievement.aRealism developed mid-century and believed only contemporary world – what people can see, was “real.” Disapproved of historical and fictional subjects since they were not visible nor present, h f ltherefore not real.

Courbet, leading figure in movement, used the term Realism. Subjects traditionally deemed unworthy of depiction – the mundane, working class laborer, peasants . . . sought to establish equality between contemporary subject equality between contemporary subject matter and traditional themes of “high art.”

Gustave Courbet, The Desperate Man, self portrait, 1843, oil on canvas,

A young and an old man (suggesting those born in poverty remain there) breaking stones there) breaking stones –lowest members of French society. Direct and accurate, Direct and accurate,

not romanticized or idealized. In 1948 laborers

rebelled against bourgeois leaders of new Second Republic and rest of nation and rest of nation demanding better working condition and redistribution of

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property.

Using a palette of dirty browns and grays, he conveyed the dreary and dismal nature of menial labor.Army suppressed uprising in 3 days, but trauma was long lasting and many

lives were lost. The 1848 revolution raised issue of labor as national concern, Courbet was a pacifist and did not fight.

1871 joined Paris Commune a short-lived socialist revolutionary socialist revolutionary government. After demise of the

Commune, Courbet ,arrested, sentenced to 6 months prison for involvement in destruction of the destruction of the Vendôme Column, a symbol of Napoleonic authority.

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Funeral of Courbet’s grand-uncle with actual townspeople – friends and family members not actor/ models. Ordinariness and starkly antiheroic composition horrified critics. Presented viewer with mundane realities of daily life and death. Used a palette knife to quickly place and unify paint – rough surface.In 1855 Salon rejected 2 of Courbet’s paintings – too coarse and

“socialistic.” Withdrew all his works and set up own exhibit, the Pavilion of Realism – 1st artist to ever stage a private exhibit of his own work. “I have never seen and angel, Show me an angel and I will paint one.”

Lived in Barbizon with other artists, 30 miles southeast of Paris, painted en pleine air, in the open air.

B f t t k id tifi d ith Born of peasant stock, identified with hard lot of rural poor.

Sentimentality absent from Corbet’swork, but was attacked at Salon exhibit by critics that accused Millet of being a Socialist after 1848 revolution.

Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was also published in 1848. Socialism also published in 1848. Socialism growing movement, bourgeoisie was threatened by views on property, call for social justice, economic equality.

Peasants depicted as noble painting Peasants depicted as noble – painting dignified their work.

Middle class linked poor with dangerous, newly defined working class.

Lowest level of peasants – collected wheat scraps in field after harvest.After 1848 revolution, middle-class landowners resisted granting gleaning , g g g g

rights, depiction of gleaning antagonized them.

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Uprising of silk workers in Lyon, couldn’t live on wages. 4 days of fighting led to Paris uprising, single shot from single shot from workers’ housing killed a civil guard.Remaining guards g g

stormed building and killed all the inhabitants. T ibl i t Terrible, quiet

aftermath – baby under man.

Daumier – defender of urban working classes, contronted authority with social criticism and political protest. For biting depictions of Emperor Louis-Philippe in La Caricature in 1832,

Daumier spent 6 months in prison where he began paintingDaumier spent 6 months in prison where he began painting.Lithograph, Greek stone writing (1798), draw with grease pencil, water on

stone, oil-based ink adheres to drawing but repelled by water.

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Poor huddled in the third-class compartment of a railroad car; lower-class section isolated from middle-class passengers middle class passengers emotional and physicallyAnonymous people going

about their way

3rd class hard benches across the carriage. Anonymous insignificant dumbly patient with a lot they could not Anonymous, insignificant, dumbly patient with a lot they could not

change. Ordinary appearance – vague, impersonal, blank faces. Figures in front represent a modern take on the Holy Family theme;

Grandmother sits serenely, mother breastfeeds, grandchild sleepsy, , g p

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Most celebrated woman artist of 19th century, training from fatherBelieved as a woman artist – role to create new and perfect society. Depicted annual Parisian horse sale. Painted animals of French countryside.

Parisian horse fair and the slaughterhouses to study anatomy. l b ’ lPanoramic composition similar to Courbet’s Burial at Ornans.

Inspired, Parthenon frieze, Greece, ca 447 – 438 BCELoose brushwork like GericaultOne of the most popular artworks of century, viewers eagerly bought

engraved reproductions.

Cue CardÉDOUARD MANET, Olympia, 1863. Oil on canvas, 4’ 3” x 6’ 2”.

Inclusion of a black maid an a prostitute evoked moral depravity, inferiority, and animalistic sexualityanimalistic sexuality. Also conjured racial

divisions.

TitianTitianVenus of Urbino

•How has Manet appropriated Titian’s painting to comment on social issues and to challenge artistic traditions?•Olympia, common professional name for prostitutes

Direct Painting – Alla Prima (It li t fi t tt t)Glazing

Brushstrokes are much rougher and shifts in tonality more abrupt than in Renaissance and traditional academic painting of the time.

(Italian, at first attempt)Glazing

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favorite model, brother (with cane) and probably the

l t L h f sculptor Leehof. Woman is unidealized, at

ease, gazes at viewer without shame or flirtation shame or flirtation. Outraged French public.

Manet’s intent – synthesis and critique of history of painting: history i ti t it t l d li i painting, portraiture, pastoral scenes, nudes, religious scenes.

Main figures in one or two lights or darks – flattens forms, setting them off sharply from setting. Acknowledged painting’s property of flatness.

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Winslow Homer joined the Union campaign of the Civil War as an artist-reporter for Harper’s Weekly. Veteran in a New Field comments on the effects and aftermath of Civil War and reinforced perception of country’s greatness. Uniform and canteen thrown on ground – cast aside role as soldier. Postwar transition to work and fate of disbanded soldiers were national concerns. Echoing Houdon’s portrayal of Washington as the new Cincinnatus, the New York Weekly Tribune commented: “Rome took her man from the

By 1860s cradled scythes were used, Homer painted single-bladed scythe as a symbol of Death

plow, and made him a dictator – we must now take our soldiers from the camp and make them farmers.”

– the Grim Reaper. Painting is also an elegy to thousands of soldiers who died and might also be a lamentation on the recent assassination of Lincoln.

Dr. Samuel Gross, lecturing, while performing an operation on a patient

Studied painting and medical anatomy t th P l i A d f th

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at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

The Gross Clinic was rejected from Philadelphia exhibit celebrating American independence centennial of 1876 for its too-brutal realism.

Public’s increasing faith that scientific and medical advances could enhance and medical advances could enhance and preserve lives.

Takes place in glass-domed amphitheater, with students gathered around taking notesaround taking notes

Dominance of empiricism with careful observation and scientific knowledge

Patients' mother at extreme left covering her face

Gross, patient, and the operation form a triangle

Celebrates the advances in medicineCelebrates the advances in medicine

Camera to record movement.

Rembrandt-like use of light

•Expatriate, born in Florence, Italy, younger contemporary younger contemporary of Eakins – looser more dashing Realist portrait style. •Studied in Paris before moving to London –cosmopolitan gentleman gentleman. •Velazquez’ Las Meninas may have influenced this painting influenced this painting – children of Sargent’sclose friends•Casual positioning, random choice of setting – sense of spontaneity. •Realist record •Realist – record modern people in modern contexts.

Portrayed dignity of working people around him.S bj t i t d t il thi

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Subjects in great detail, everything else dissolves in loose stokes of color and light. Expressive lighting reinforcesExpressive lighting reinforces

painting’s reverent spirit. After this, Tanner painted Biblical

subjects grounded in direct study from nature. At the age of 13, after observing an

artist at work at a neighborhood park, T d id d t b ti tTurner decided to become an artist. His father, a bishop of the African

Methodist Episcopal Church, discouraged his art hoping he would Influenced by Rembrandtdiscouraged his art, hoping he would enter the ministry. At 21, he enrolled in the Pennsylvania

Academy of Fine Arts where his

Influenced by RembrandtPortraying an elder teaching a boy how to play the

banjo, showed a positive, dignified image of African Americans.

teacher, Thomas Eakins encouraged him to paint scenes from everyday life.

In 1895, believing he could not fulfill his artistic aspirations in America, Tanner settled in Paris.

Realism did not appeal to all artists; the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, organized in 1848 in England - wished to create fresh, sincere art, free from the tired artificial academic manner by the successors of Raphael. Appreciated spirituality and idealism art and artisanship of the Middle Ages Appreciated spirituality and idealism, art and artisanship of the Middle Ages and Early Italian and Northern Renaissance. They relied on literary text for inspiration – both paintings and poetry can be characterized by strong attachment to symbolism

f fInfluenced by John Ruskin and shared his distaste for materialism and the ugliness of the industrialized world. He believed the job of the artist is to observe the reality of nature and not to invent it in a studio—to render what he has seen and understood imaginatively on canvas, free of any rules of composition.The effect of the critical comments was to make the Pre-Raphaelite movement famous and to create a debate about the relationship between modernity, realism and medievalism in the arts.

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Millais entered Royal Academy at age 11Millais entered Royal Academy at age 11

Founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, whose members refused to be limited to the contemporary scenes of the realists

Wished to create fresh and sincere art, free from academic art and influence by Raphael

Praised in Paris’ Exposition Universelle, 1855 (Courbet, Pavilion of Realism)

Based on Shakespeare’s Hamlet – who kills her father, and she goes mad.

P i t d b k d it i S Eli b th Sidd l hi f i d d if f Painted background on site in Surrey; Elizabeth Siddal, his friend and wife of Rossetti modeled in a bathtub

19th century architecture most stylistically diverse in history. European history documented in encyclopedias, each nation came to

value its past as evidence/validity of ambitions and claims to greatness.When old Houses of Parliament burned in 1834, the neo-classical style,

was popular. However, the design was associated with revolution and republicanism while the Gothic style was felt to embody conservative values the commission announced style be Gothic or Elizabethanvalues, the commission announced style be Gothic or Elizabethan.Pugin revered medieval artisans who built great cathedrals with moral

purity and spiritual authenticity. Industrial revolution flooding market with ill-designed commodities – return to old craftsmanship. gNot genuinely Gothic – formal axial plan and Palladian regularity beneath

Neo-Gothic façade. Pugn – “Tudo [English Late Gothic} details on a classical body.” Cue Card

Great Britain’s colonial conquests, q ,particularly India, had exposed English culture to broad range of broad range of non-Western artistic styles.Prince regent, Prince regent,

later King George IV asked Nash to design royal l l i pleasure palace in

seaside Brighton.

Islamic domes, minarets, and screens – “Indian Gothic.”Cast-iron skeleton underlies exotic façade – early, if hidden

use in noncommercial construction. Lif i l t i t i t kit h ili Life-size palm trees in cast iron support kitchen ceiling. Prototype for countless playful architectural exaggerations

in European and American resorts. Cue Card

Neo-Baroque –grandeur during era of conspicuous pwealth during age of expansion. Mirrored opulent

lives of privileged.Resembles

Baroque domed central plan central-plan churches. Beaux-Arts – style

flourished, based ,on ideas taught at school of same name in Paris. Classical principles (symmetry, interior

spaces extend radially from central core. Style was so attractive to moneyed

classes that supported arts and theaters classes that supported arts and theaters that it continued until WWI transformed society. Cue Card

Earliest processes were the daguerreotype and the calotype. Daguerre an architect theatrical set designer/painter and a partner Daguerre, an architect, theatrical set designer/painter and a partner created – Diorama. Performances of “living paintings” on painted backdrops and translucent front curtains using a camera obscura. Met Niepce, who in 1826 made a permanent picture of cityscape p , p p y poutside his window by exposing, in a camera obscura, a metal plate covered with light-sensitive coating. The exposure required 8 hours. After Niepce died in 1833, Daguerre made 2 discoveries: latent d l t b i i t i th h h i l l ti development – bringing out image through chemical solutions, considerably shortened exposure time and “fixing” the image –chemically stopping the action of light on the photographic plate.In 1839 less than 3 weeks after Daguerre unveiled his method in In 1839, less than 3 weeks after Daguerre unveiled his method in Paris, Talbot presented “photogenic drawings,” calotypes in London. He made “negative” images by placing objects on sensitized paper and exposed – light-colored silhouettes where objects blocked light.

f bl /Texture of paper blurry/grainy image. Nadar improved calotypes, used glass negatives and albumen (prepared with egg white) printing paper. Wet-plate technology – plate was exposed developed and fixed when wet Finer detail and was exposed, developed and fixed when wet. Finer detail and gradation than calotypes. Had to be prepared and processed on the spot – portable darkroom (wagon, tent, box with light-tight sleeves).

Photography (from Greek photos – light and graphos –writing) suited the age of g) gRealism and shift of patronage away from elite to a broader base of support. Comprehensible images and

lower costs. Challenged place of traditional

modes of painting modes of painting. Delacroix, Ingres, Courbet,

Eakins, and Degas used photography as helpful aid. p g p y pOthers feared it would replace

painstaking work of painters.

Some photographers looked to painting to imbue images with qualities

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Some photographers looked to painting to imbue images with qualities beyond simple reproduction. Each daguerreotype is a unique work; 1st subjects were traditional painting

themes – establish artistic medium.17th century Dutch vanitas still life (like Pieter Claesz), symbolic meanings

of objects – sculptural/architectural fragments, framed print of embrace suggest even art is vanitas and will not endure forever.

Nadar was a French novelist, journalist, enthusiastic balloonist, and caricaturist. Photographic studies for caricatures led Photographic studies for caricatures led

him to open a portrait studio.Captured essence of subject, pose best

suited to personality. p yPhotographed

Delacroix, Daumier, Courbet, and Manet.Daumier made print

after 1862 court case acknowledging photography as an photography as an art form, entitled to copyright protection. Nadar was an

advocate of balloon transportation, produced 1st aerial photographs of Paris photographs of Paris in 1858 from his balloon.

Photographs were objective records of combat deaths of combat deaths. Impresses on

people the high price of war. pUnion soldiers in

foreground with boots stolen and

k i k d pockets picked, indistinct corpses in distance, suggests suggests innumerable other dead soldiers. Years before

photolithography could reproduce photographs in newspapers. newspapers.

War photographs were exhibited publicly and made an impression newsprint engravings never could. Cue Card

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Photography now advanced enough that it g p y gcan capture moments that human eye cannot

Cameras snap photos at evenly spaced points along a track, giving the effect of things happening in sequence

From England moved to San Francisco; Governor of California – settle a bet if all 4

things happening in sequence

This bridges the gap between photography and movies

From England, moved to San Francisco; Governor of California – settle a bet if all 4 feet of a horse galloping at top speed are off the ground.

Sequential photography – beginning of human and animal motion studies.

Culminated in 1885 at University of Pennsylvania – multiple camera motion studies; published Animal Locomotion in 1887.

Influenced Eakins, Degas, Duchamp.

Presented work with zoopraxiscope project series of images on glass plates onto screen “Persistence of vision” retains what eye sees for a fraction of a second screen. Persistence of vision retains what eye sees for a fraction of a second afterward, merges images – produces illusion of continuous movement.