Appendix 1 General Uprising Order by Vo Nguyen Giap, 12 August 1945

Unit chiefs, political cadres and members of Liberation Army units! Self-defense units, peoples committees and the entire people!

On August 11, 1945, the Japanese invaders completely disintegrated and asked to surrender to Allied Forces. The Soviet, British, and American conference meeting in Moscow has accepted the surrender of Japan. Thus the Pacific war is about to end.

The hour and minute of the general uprising has arrived, the general struggle has come to a decisive time; you, comrades, must calmly and determinedly carry out the orders which follow:

1. Mobilize troops to strike into the cities where there are sufficient conditions for victory.

2. Deploy to attack and cut off withdrawing troops of the enemy. 3. Before acting, send an ultimatum to the Japanese army and security troops

[Vietnamese troops under Japanese command, ed.]. If they do not surrender, they must be annihilated.

4. With regard to Japanese forces who have surrendered, they must be treated with all kindness, a large part of them must be put into concentration camps, and one part should be propagandized, then returned to the Japanese troops in various places to exert influence.

As for Vietnamese soldiers, let them go after propagandizing them. 5. When you have fought a battle, immediately reinforce your troops with

weapons captured. Unless you receive special orders, one third of the troops should stay in the locality, while two thirds should prepare to move on to another place to fight.

6. After occupying the cities, all military provisions and foodstuffs which cannot be used right away should be taken immediately to our base for storage.

7. At this present moment, liaison must be tight, troops must always stay in touch with headquarters, and must immediately notify headquarters if there is a change in the situation.

8. Peoples committees and the whole people must with all their heart do their best to coordinate with the troops. The entire army and people must be prepared for all eventualities in order to continue the struggle for complete independence for the country.

9. With regard to the French of De Gaulle, continue to follow the previous announcement, and with regard to other foreigners, there will be a separate order.

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Appendix I 343

10. This is a time of military action, so discipline must be very strict.

Dear comrades!

In order to insure the success of the general uprising, you should carry out these orders quickly, determinedly, heroically, and carefully.

Annihilate the Japanese fascists! - Long live completely independent Vietnam!

Long live the Vietnam Liberation Army!

Appendix 2 Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 2 September 1945

We hold truths that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

This immortal statement is extracted from the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. Understood in the broader sense, this means: 'All peoples on the earth are born equal; every person has the right to live to be happy and free.'

The Declaration of Human and Civic Rights proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1791 likewise propounds: 'Every man is born equal and enjoys free and equal rights.'

These are undeniable truths. Yet, during and throughout the last eighty years, the French imperialists,

abusing the principles of 'Freedom, equality and fraternity,' have violated the integrity of our ancestral land and oppressed our countrymen. Their deeds run counter to the ideals of humanity and justice.

In the political field, they have denied us every freedom. They have enforced upon us inhuman laws. They have set up three different political regimes in Northern, Central and Southern Viet Nam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina) in an attempt to disrupt our national, historical and ethnical unity.

They have built more prisons than schools. They have callously ill-treated our fellow-compatriots. They have drowned our revolutions in blood.

They have sought to stifle public opinion and pursued a policy of obscurantism on the largest scale; they have forced upon us alcohol and opium in order to weaken our race.

In the economic field, they have shamelessly exploited our people, driven them into the worst misery and mercilessly plundered our country.

They have ruthlessly appropriated our rice fields, mines, forests and raw materi­als. They have arrogated to themselves the privilege of issuing banknotes, and monopolised all our external commerce. They have imposed hundreds of unjustifiable taxes, and reduced our countrymen, especially the peasants and petty tradesmen, to extreme poverty.

They have prevented the development of native capital enterprises; they have exploited our workers in the most barbarous manner.

In the autumn of 1940, when the Japanese fascists, in order to fight the Allies, invaded Indochina and set up new bases of war, the French imperialists surren­dered on bended knees and handed over our country to the invaders.

Subsequently, under the joint French and Japanese yoke, our people were liter­ally bled white. The consequences were dire in the extreme. From Quang Tri up to

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Appendix 2 345

the North, two millions of our countrymen died from starvation during the first months of this year.

On March 9th, 1945, the Japanese disarmed the French troops. Again the French either fled or surrendered unconditionally. Thus, in no way have they proved capable of 'protecting' us; on the contrary, within five years they have twice sold our country to the Japanese.

Before March 9th, many a time did the Viet Minh League invite the French to join in the fight against the Japanese. Instead of accepting this offer, the French, on the contrary, let loose a wild reign of terror with rigour worse than ever before against Viet Minh's partisans. They even slaughtered a great number of our 'con-damnes politiques' imprisoned at Yen Bay and Cao Bang.

Despite all that, our countrymen went on maintaining, vis-a-vis the French, a humane and even indulgent attitude. After the events of March 9th, the Viet Minh League helped many French to cross the borders, rescued others from Japanese prisons and, in general, protected the lives and properties of all the French in their territory.

In fact, since the autumn of 1940, our country ceased to be a French colony and became a Japanese possession.

After the Japanese surrender, our people, as a whole, rose up and proclaimed their sovereignty and founded the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam.

The truth is that we have wrung back our independence from Japanese hands and not from the French.

The French fled, the Japanese surrendered. Emperor Bao Dai abdicated, our people smashed the yoke which pressed hard upon us for nearly one hundred years, and finally made our Viet Nam an independent country. Our people at the same time overthrew the monarchical regime established tens of centuries ago, and founded the Republic.

For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government representing the entire people of Viet Nam, declare that we shall from now on have no more connections with imperialist France; we consider null and void all the treaties France has signed concerning Viet Nam, and we hereby cancel all the privileges that the French arrogated to themselves on our territory.

The Vietnamese people, animated by the same common resolve, are determined to fight to the death against all attempts at aggression by the French imperialists.

We are convinced that the Allies who have recognized the principles of equality of peoples at the Conferences of Teheran and San Francisco cannot but recognize the Independence of Viet Nam.

A people which has so stubbornly opposed the French domination for more than 80 years, a people who, during these last years, so doggedly ranged itself and fought on the Allied side against Fascism, such a people has the right to be free, such a people must be independent.

For these reasons, we, the members of the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, solemnly declare to the world:

'Viet Nam has the right to be free and independent and, in fact, has become free and independent. The people of Viet Nam decide to mobilise all their spiritual and material forces and to sacrifice their lives and property in order to safeguard their right of Liberty and Independence.'

Appendix 3 Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference on the Problem of Restoring Peace in Indo-China (Geneva, 21 July 1954)

1. The Conference takes note of the Agreements ending hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam and organising international control and the super­vision of the execution of the provisions of these Agreements.

2. The Conference expresses satisfaction at the ending of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam; the Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the Agreements on the cessation of hostilities will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam henceforth to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful community of nations.

3. The Conference takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia and of Laos of their intention to adopt measures permitting all citizens to take their place in the national community, in particular by participating in the next general elections, which, in conformity with the constitution of each of these countries, shall take place in the course of the year 1955, by secret ballot and in conditions of respect for fundamental freedoms.

4. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet Nam prohibiting the introduction into Viet Nam of foreign troops and military personnel as well as of all kinds of arms and munitions. The Conference also takes note of the declarations made by the Governments of Cambodia and Laos of their resolution not to request foreign aid, whether in war material, in personnel or in instructors except for the purpose of the effective defence of their territory and, in the case of Laos, to the extent defined by the agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Laos.

5. The Conference takes note of the clauses in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Viet Nam to the effect that no military base under the control of a foreign state may be established in the regrouping zones of the two parties, the latter having the obligation to see that the zones allotted to them shall not consti­tute part of any military alliance and shall not be utilised for the resumption of hos­tilities or in the service of an aggressive policy. The Conference also takes note of the declarations of the Governments of Cambodia and Laos to the effect that they will not join in any agreement with other states if this agreement includes the obligation to participate in a military alliance not in conformity with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations or, in the case of Laos, with the principles of the Agreement of the cessation of hostilities in Laos or, so long as their security is not threatened, the obligation to establish bases on Cambodian or Laotian territory for the military forces of foreign Powers.

6. The Conference recognises that the essential purpose of the Agreement relating to Viet Nam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities

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Appendix 3 347

and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary. The Conference expresses its conviction that the execution of the provisions set out in the present declaration and in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities creates the neces­sary basis for the achievement in the near future of a political settlement in Viet Nam.

7. The Conference declares that, so far as Viet Nam is concerned, the settle­ment of political problems, effected on the basis of respect for the principles of independence, unity and territorial integrity, shall permit the Vietnamese people to enjoy the fundamental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic institutions established as a result of free general elections by secret ballot. In order to ensure that sufficient progress in the restoration of peace has been made, and that all the nec­essary conditions obtain for free expression of the national will, general elections shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of an international commission composed of representatives of the member states of the International Supervisory Commission, referred to in the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities. Consultations will be held on this subject between the competent representative authorities of the two zones from 20th July, 1955, onwards.

8. The provisions of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities intended to ensure the protection of individuals and of property must be most strictly applied and must, in particular, allow everyone in Viet Nam to decide freely in which zone he wishes to live.

9. The competent representative authorities of the Northern and Southern zones of Viet Nam, as well as the authorities of Laos and Cambodia, must not permit any individual or collective reprisals against persons who have collaborated in any way with one of the parties during the war, or against members of such persons' families.

10. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the Government of the French Republic to the effect that it is ready to withdraw its troops from the terri­tory of Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, at the request of the governments con­cerned and within periods which shall be fixed by agreement between the parties except in the cases where, by agreement between the two parties, a certain number of French troops shall remain at specified points and for a specified time.

11. The Conference takes note of the declaration of the French Government to the effect that for the settlement of all the problems connected with the re-establishment and consolidation of peace in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, the French Government will proceed from the principle of respect for the indepen­dence and sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam.

12. In their relations with Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam, each member of the Geneva Conference undertakes to respect the sovereignty, the independence, the unity and the territorial integrity of the above-mentioned states, and to refrain from any interference in their internal affairs.

13. The members of the Conference agree to consult one another on any ques­tion which may be referred to them by the International Supervisory Commission, in order to study such measures as may prove necessary to ensure that the Agreements on the cessation of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam are respected.

Appendix 4 United States Declaration on Indochina: Statement made by Under Secretary of State Walter B. Smith at the concluding Indochina plenary session, 21 July 1954

As I stated on 18 July, my Government is not prepared to join in a declaration by the Conference such as is submitted. However, the United States makes this uni­lateral declaration of its position in these matters:

Declaration

The Government of the United States being resolved to devote its effort to the strengthening of peace in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations takes note of the agreements concluded at Geneva on 20 and 21 July 1954 between (a) the Franco-Laotian Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; (b) the Royal Khmer Army Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam; (e) Franco-Vietnamese Command and the Command of the Peoples Army of Viet-Nam and of paragraphs 1 to 12 inclusive of the declaration presented to the Geneva Conference on 21 July, 1954 declares with regard to the aforesaid agreements and paragraphs that (i) it will refrain from the threat or the use of force to disturb them, in accordance with Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations dealing with the obligation of members to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force; and (ii) it would view any renewal of the aggression in violation of the aforesaid agreements with grave concern and as seriously threatening international peace and security.

In connection with the statement in the declaration concerning free elections in Viet-Nam my Government wishes to make clear its position which it has expressed in a declaration made in Washington on 29 June, 1954, as follows:

In the case of nations now divided against their will, we shall continue to seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly.

With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Viet-Nam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in an arrangement which would hinder this. Nothing in its declaration just made is intended to or does indicate any departure from this traditional position.

We share the hope that the agreements will permit Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam to play their part, in full independence and sovereignty, in the peaceful com­munity of nations, and will enable the peoples of that area to determine their own future.

348

Appendix 5 The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 (extracts)

The Congress makes the following findings:

(8) The United States cooperated with its European and other allies to assist the difficult transitions from Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Therefore, it is appropriate for those allies to cooperate with the United States policy to promote a peaceful transition in Cuba.

(a) CUBAN TRADING PARTNERS - The President should encourage the governments of countries that conduct trade with Cuba to restrict their trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of this title.

(b) SANCTIONS AGAINST COUNTRIES ASSISTING CUBA -(1) SANCTIONS - The President may apply the following sanctions to any

country that provides assistance to Cuba: (A) The government of such country shall not be eligible for assistance

under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 or assistance or sales under the Arms Export Control Act.

(B) Such country shall not be eligible, under any program, for forgive­ness or reduction of debt owed to the United States Government.

(2) DEFINITION OF ASSISTANCE - For purposes of paragraph (1), the term 'assistance to Cuba' -

(A) means assistance to or for the benefit of the Government of Cuba that is provided by grant, concessional sale, guaranty, or insurance, or by any other means on terms more favorable than that generally available in the applicable market, whether in the form of a loan, lease, credit, or otherwise, and such term includes subsidies for exports to Cuba and favorable tariff treatment of articles that are the growth, product, or manufacture of Cuba;

(b) PROHIBITIONS ON VESSELS -

(1) VESSELS ENGAGING IN TRADE - Beginning on the 61 st day after the date of the enactment of this Act, a vessel which enters a port or place in Cuba to engage in the trade of goods or services may not, within 180 days after departure from such port or place in Cuba, load or unload any freight at any place in the United States, except pursuant to a license issued by the Secretary of the Treasury.

(2) VESSELS CARRYING GOODS OR PASSENGERS TO OR FROM CUBA -Except as specifically authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, a vessel carry­ing goods or passengers to or from Cuba or carrying goods in which Cuba or a Cuban national has any interest may not enter a United States port.

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Appendix 6 Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (extracts)

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS

(a) Short Title - This Act may be cited as the 'Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996'.

(b) Table of Contents. - The table of contents of this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2. Findings. Sec. 3. Purposes. Sec. 4. Definitions. Sec. 5. Severability.

TITLE I - STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AGAINST THE CASTRO GOVERNMENT

Sec. 101. Statement of policy. Sec. 102. Enforcement of the economic embargo of Cuba. Sec. 103. Prohibition against indirect financing of Cuba. Sec. 104. United States opposition to Cuban membership in international

financial institutions. Sec. 105. United States opposition to termination of the suspension of the

Cuban Government from participation in the Organization of American States.

Sec. 106. Assistance by the independent states of the former Soviet Union for the Cuban Government.

Television broadcasting to Cuba. Reports on commerce with, and assistance to, Cuba from other

foreign countries. Authorization of support for democratic and human rights groups

and international observers. Importation safeguard against certain Cuban products. Withholding of foreign assistance from countries supporting Juragua

nuclear plant in Cuba. Reinstitution of family remittances and travel to Cuba. Expulsion of criminals from Cuba. News bureaus in Cuba. Effect of Act on lawful United States Government activities. Condemnation of Cuban attack on American aircraft.

Sec. Sec.

Sec.

Sec. Sec.

Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec.

107. 108.

109.

110. 111.

112. 113. 114. 115. 116.

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Appendix 6 351

SEC. 102 ENFORCEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EMBARGO OF CUBA

(a) Policy (1) Restrictions by other countries. - The Congress hereby reaffirms section

1704(a) of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, which states that the President should encourage foreign countries to restrict trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of that Act.

(2) Sanctions on other countries - The Congress further urges the President to take immediate steps to apply the sanctions described in section 1704(b)(1) of that Act against countries assisting Cuba.

(b) Diplomatic Efforts. - The Secretary of State should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel abroad understand and, in their contacts with foreign officials, are communicating the reasons for the United States economic embargo of Cuba, and are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effec­tively with the embargo.

SEC. 103 PROHIBITION AGAINST INDIRECT FINANCING OF CUBA

(a) Prohibition. - Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no loan, credit, or other financing may be extended knowingly by a United States national, a per­manent resident alien, or a United States agency to any person for the purpose of financing transactions involving any confiscated property the claim to which is owned by a United States national as of the date of the enactment of this Act, except for financing by the United States national owning such claim for a transac­tion permitted under United States law.

SEC. 104 UNITED STATES OPPOSITION TO CUBAN MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

(a) Continued Opposition to Cuban Membership in International Financial Institutions. -

(1) In General - Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director of each international financial institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose the admission of Cuba as a member of such institution until the President submits a determination under section 203(c)(3) that a democratically elected government in Cuba is in power.

(b) Reduction in United States Payments to International Financial Institutions. - If any international financial institution approves a loan or other assistance to the Cuban Government over the opposition of the United States, then

352 Appendix 6

the Secretary of the Treasury shall withhold from payment to such institution an amount equal to the amount of the loan or other assistance, with respect to either of the following types of payment:

(1) The paid-in portion of the increase in capital stock of the institution. (2) The callable portion of the increase in capital stock of the institution.

(c) Definition. - For purposes of this section, the term 'international financial institution' means the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency, and the Inter-American Development Bank.

SEC. 105 UNITED STATES OPPOSITION TO TERMINATION OF THE SUSPENSION OF THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT FROM PARTICIPATION IN THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

The President should instruct the United States Permanent Representative to the Organization of American States to oppose and vote against any termination of the suspension of the Cuban Government from participation in the Organization until the President determines under section 203(c)(3) that a democratically elected government in Cuba is in power.

SEC. 106 ASSISTANCE BY THE INDEPENDENT STATES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION FOR THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT

(a) Reporting Requirement - Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing progress toward the withdrawal of personnel of any independent state of the former Soviet Union (within the meaning of section 3 of the FREEDOM Support Act (22 U.S.C. 5801), including advisers, technicians, and military personnel, from the Cienfuegos nuclear facility in Cuba.

SEC. 401 EXCLUSION FROM THE UNITED STATES OF ALIENS WHO HAVE CONFISCATED PROPERTY OF UNITED STATES NATIONALS OR WHO TRAFFIC IN SUCH PROPERTY

(a) Grounds For Exclusion. - The Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Attorney General shall exclude from the United States, any alien who the Secretary of State determines is a person who, after the date of the enactment of this Ac t -

(1) has confiscated, or has directed or overseen the confiscation of, property a claim to which is owned by a United States national, or converts or has converted for personal gain confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national;

Appendix 6 353

(2) traffics in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national;

(3) is a corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a controlling interest of an entity which has been involved in the confiscation of property or trafficking in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national; or

(4) is a spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable under paragraph ( l ) , ( 2 ) , o r ( 3 ) .

Note (by Geoff Simons): This Act, a massive and multifaceted attempt to interfere in the affairs not only of Cuba but of many other sovereign trading nations with the aim of securing a pro-Washington regime in Cuba, includes the words (Section 201(2)): "The policy of the United States is ... to recognise that the self-determination of the Cuban people is a sover­eign and national right of the citizens of Cuba which must be exercised free of interference by the government of any other country.' This risible self-contradiction may be judged an apt metaphor on all US claims to ethical commitment while pursuing untrammelled self-interest. The effects of sanctions on Cuba are now well documented. For example, the American Association for World Health recently issued a report on the consequences for health. A profile of the report {The Guardian, London, 7 March 1997) under the heading 'Children die in agony as US trade ban stifles Cuba', included various details:

Child cancer sufferers are some of the most distressing victims of the embargo, which bans Cuba from buying nearly half of the new world-class drugs in a market dominated by US manufacturers.

The team visited a paediatric ward which had been without the nausea-preventing drug, metclopramide HC1, for 22 days. It found that 35 children undergoing chemotherapy were vomiting on average 28 to 30 times a day.

Another girl, aged five, in a cancer ward lacking Implantofix for chemotherapy, was being treated through her jugular vein because all her other veins had collapsed. She was in excruciating pain.

Appendix 7 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 23 September 1971) {extracts)

Article I

1. Any person commits an offence if he unlawfully and intentionally;

(a) performs an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft in flight if that act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; or

(b) destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or

(c) places or causes to be placed on an aircraft in service, by any means what­soever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to it which renders it incapable of flight, or to cause damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety in flight;

Article 6

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition pro­ceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representa­tive of the State of which he is a national.

4. When a State, pursuant to this Article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the States mentioned in Article 5, paragraph 1, the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry con­templated in paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

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Appendix 7 355

Article 7

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its compe­tent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

Article 8

1. The offences shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States under­take to include the offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the exist­ence of a treaty shall recognize the offences as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

Author's comment: Note (Article 8(2)), with the wording 'at its option\ protects Libya's right not to extradite the two Lockerbie suspects to any country with which Libya does not have an extradition treaty. Libya, unlike the United States, has observed the relevant interna­tional law in this matter.

Appendix 8 Letter from Archbishop Romero to President Carter (17 February 1980)

'Dear Mr President:

A recent news item in the press has concerned me very much. According to the article, your administration is studying the possibility of backing the present government junta and giving it economic and military aid.

Because you are a Christian and have said that you want to defend human rights, I take the liberty of expressing my pastoral point of view on this matter and of making a specific request.

I am deeply disturbed over the news that the United States government is study­ing a way to accelerate El Salvador's arms race by sending military teams and advisors to 'instruct three of El Salvador's batallions in logistics, communications and intelligence techniques'. If this information is true, the contribution of your administration, instead of favoring greater justice and peace in El Salvador will almost surely intensify the injustice and repression of the common people who are organized to struggle for respect of their most basic human rights.

Unfortunately the present government junta, and especially the armed forces and security forces have not demonstrated any ability to solve structurally or in politi­cal practice our serious national problems. In general, they have only resorted to repressive violence and this has resulted in a much greater toll of dead and wounded than in previous military regimes whose systematic violation of human rights was denounced by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

The brutal way in which security forces recently evicted and assassinated persons who occupied the Christian Democratic Party headquarters, in spite of the fact that the government junta and the Party - it seems - did not authorize said operation, is evidence that the junta and the Christian Democrats do not govern the country. Rather, political power is in the hands of unscrupulous military personnel who only know how to repress the people and favor the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy.

There is a report that last November 'a team of six North Americans was in El Salvador. ... They also gave out some $200,000 worth of gas masks and bullet­proof vests. They also gave instructions on how to use them in riot control.' You should be informed that there is evidence to show that beginning then the security forces, with greater personal protection and efficiency, have repressed the people even more violently, using deadly weapons.

Therefore, since I as a Salvadorean and archbishop of the San Salvador archdio­cese have the obligation to work for the reign of faith and justice in my country, I urge you, if you really want to defend human rights • To prohibit the giving of military assistance to the Salvadoran government. • To guarantee that your government will not intervene directly or indirectly

with military, economic, diplomatic or other pressure to determine the fate of the Salvadoran people.

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Appendix 8 357

We are going through a serious economic and political crisis in our country, but without doubt the people are more conscientized and organized and thereby are becoming agents responsible for the future of El Salvador and are the only ones capable of ending the crisis.

It would be deplorable and unjust if by the intervention of foreign powers the Salvadoran people should be frustrated, repressed and hindered from deciding autonomously the economic and political course our country should follow.

It would mean violating a right that we Latin American bishops meeting in Puebla publicly acknowledged - 'Legitimate self-determination for our peoples. This will permit them to organize their lives in accordance with their own genius and history and to cooperate in a new international order' (Puebla, 505).

I hope your religious sentiments and your sensitivity for the defense of human rights will move you to accept my request and thereby avoid greater bloodshed in this long-suffering country.

Sincerely, Oscar A. Romero, archbishop, February 17, 1980.

Translated by Latinamerica Press, 6 March 1980.

Notes

Notes to the Introduction

1. Robert Hughes, 'Art of anxiety', The Guardian (London), 18 October 1996. 2. Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau, American Leadership in World

Affairs: Vietnam and the Breakdown of Consensus (London: Allen and Unwin, 1984) p. 114.

3. Ibid. Holsti and Rosenau, examining 'continuity and change in American leadership beliefs', consider whether this process constitutes an end to the Vietnam Syndrome (pp. 180-215).

4. Ibid., p. 199. 5. Ibid., pp. 238-40. 6. Ibid., p. 240. 7. See Geoff Simons, The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural

Justice (London: Macmillan, 1996). 8. Frederick Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry

Holt, 1920). 9. Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy,

1945-75 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1982) p. 287. 10. Ibid. 11. James Adams, 'Chill breeze of scandal for Clinton', The Sunday Times

(London), 27 October 1996. 12. Quoted in Ibid. 13. See, for example, Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein, Washington

Babylon (London: Verso, 1996). 14. Christine Toomey, 'Blowtorch Bob casts dark shadow over Salvador poll',

The Sunday Times (London), 20 March 1994. 15. Julian Borger, 'West "covering up mass fraud in Bosnia polls'", The

Guardian (London), 24 September 1996. 16. Phil Gunson, 'Nicaragua's right hails poll victory', The Guardian (London),

22 October 1996. 17. David Hearst, 'How the East was won - and lost', The Guardian (London),

19 October 1996; James Meek, 'The Yeltsin trail of broken promises', The Guardian (London), 9 August 1996.

18. Chris McGreal, 'US paid Burundi coup leader', The Guardian (London), 28 July 1996.

19. Mark Milner, 'Master of the Universe', The Guardian (London), 7 August 1996.

20. Ibid. 21. Quoted in ibid. 22. See, for example, Kattenburg, op. cit, pp. 287-303. Broadly, in this view,

the US was acting morally in Vietnam until the 1970s: '... the tag of immorality cannot validly attach to the US effort in Vietnam before 1968' (p. 297), but see Figure 4.1 in the present book.

358

Notes 359

23. See Jay W. Baird (ed.), From Nuremberg to My Lai (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1972).

24. 'Vietnam Veterans against the War', The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972) p. 2.

25. Ramsey Clark et ai, War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq (Washington, D.C: Maisonneuve, Press, 1992).

Notes to Chapter 1: The Shaping of a Syndrome

1. Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh (eds), in their Preface to Low Intensity Warfare: How the US Fights Wars without Declaring Them (London: Methuen, 1988), comment on how the 'Vietnam debacle' and other events show that other Western states 'cannot escape the domestic and interna­tional repercussions of Washington's ill-conceived approach to the complex issue of Third World diversity and challenge'.

2. Ibid. 3. Barbara W. Tuchman, The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam (London:

Michael Joseph, 1984), p. 374. 4. Quoted in ibid., p. 375. 5. J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power (London: Penguin Books,

1966) pp. 27-9. 6. Frank Snepp, Decent Interval: The American Debacle in Vietnam and the

Fall of Saigon (London: Penguin Books, 1988) p. 469. 7. Ibid., p. 47'1. 8. Ibid., pp. 471-3. 9. Ibid., p. 473.

10. Ibid., p. 474. 11. David W. Levy, The Debate Over Vietnam (London: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1991), p. 177. 12. Snepp, op. cit., p. 489. 13. Levy, op. cit., p. 174. 14. Quoted in Stanley Kamow, Vietnam: A History (London: Pimlico, imprint

of Random House, 1984) p. 16. 15. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, It Doesn't Take a Hero (London: Bantam, 1992)

pp. 181, 182. 16. Richard Nixon, Memoirs (London: Arrow Books, 1978) pp. 399-400, 402. 17. Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam

(New York: Times Books, a division of Random House, 1995) p. xvi. 18. Ibid. 19. Guy J. Pauker, 'An Essay on Vietnamization', Rand Corporation,

R604-ARPA, March 1971. 20. Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (London: Cassell, 1973) pp. 203-7. 21. Quoted in Tuchman, op. cit., p. 377. 22. Quoted in Kamow, op. cit., p. 29. 23. Scott Shepard, 'US tries to exorcise the ghosts of My Lai', The Guardian

(London), 5 December 1994.

360 Notes

24. Martin Walker, 'Through a war darkly', The Guardian (London), 19 April 1995.

25. Ibid. 26. Quoted in Karnow, op. cit., p. 612. 27. James S. Olson and Randy Roberts, Where the Domino Fell: America and

Vietnam, 1945 to 1990 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1991), p. 283. 28. Richard Nixon, No More Vietnams (London: W. H. Allen, 1986) pp. 12-13. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid. 31. Levy, op. cit., p. xiii. 32. Snepp, op. cit., p. 419. 33. Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy,

1945-75 (New York: Transaction Books, 1982) pp. 69ff. 34. Snepp, op. cit., p. 479. 35. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-1990 (London: HarperPerennial,

1991) pp. 328-9. 36. Ibid. 37. Quoted in Ibid. 38. 'The Decline of US Power', Business Week, 12 March 1979, p. 88. 39. Michael T. Klare, 'The Assault on the "Vietnam Syndrome"' (originally

'Curing the Vietnam Syndrome', The Nation, 13 October 1979), in Beyond the 'Vietnam Syndrome': US Interventionism in the 1980s (Washington, D.C: Institute for Policy Studies, 1982) p. 4.

40. James Schlesinger, 'A Testing Time for America', Fortune, February 1976, p. 6.

41. Ibid., pp. 74-7; and 'The Decline of US Power', Fortune, February 1976, p. 88.

42. Edwin P. Hoyt, Pacific Destiny (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981) pp. 280-1.

43. Nixon (1986), op. cit., p. 13. 44. Ibid. 45. Washington Post, 1 November 1969. 46. Prensa Libre, 4 October 1969. 47. Thomas and Marjorie Melville, Guatemala - Another Vietnam? (London:

Penguin Books, 1971) p. 23. 48. Richard J. Barnet, Foreword, in Klare, op. cit., pp. viii-ix. 49. Karl Grossman, Nicaragua: America's New Vietnam (Sag Harbor, New

York: The Permanent Press, 1984) p. 1. 50. Ibid., pp. 1-2. 51. Marlene Dixon (ed.), On Trial: Reagan's War Against Nicaragua,

Testimony of the Permanent People's Tribunal (London: Zed Books, 1985); Alison Rooper, Fragile Victory: Nicaraguan Community at War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987).

52. 'The Crisis in Grenada', issued by The Press Department, Embassy of the Republic of Cuba, London; in The Guardian (London), 19 November 1983.

53. Noam Chomsky, 'El Salvador' (1982), in James Peck (ed.), The Chomsky Reader (London: Serpent's Tail, 1988), p. 349.

54. Quoted in Bob Woodward, The Commanders (London: Simon and Schuster, 1991) p. 307.

Notes 361

55. Ibid., p. 324. 56. Ibid., p. 339. 57. Richard Dowden, 'Somalia clash puts US tactics under fire', The

Independent (London), 14 December 1992. 58. Richard Dowden, 'Today's reluctant imperialists', The Independent

(London), 9 March 1993. 59. Ibid. 60. Martin Walker, 'Mission impossible', The Guardian (London), 31 August

1993. 61. Rupert Cornwell, 'Clinton faces Somalia storm', The Independent

(London), 6 October 1993. 62. Ibid. 63. Peter Pringle, 'Horror comes home', The Independent (London), 13 October

1993; Patrick Cockburn, 'Rattled by foreign fiascos, Clinton turns on allies', The Independent (London), 19 October 1993; Simon Tisdall, 'Spectre of long conflict starts to rattle US', The Guardian (London), 11 September 1993.

64. James Adams, 'World's policeman gets ready to go home and shut up shop', The Sunday Times (London), 10 October 1993.

65. Massimo Alberizzi, 'US helicopters strafe Somalis', The Independent (London), 10 September 1993.

66. Martha Gellhorn, The Invasion of Panama, Granta 32 - History (London: Penguin Books, 1990); see also John Weeks and Phil Gunson, Panama: Made in the USA (London: Latin American Bureau, 1991).

67. Peter Pringle, 'Americans scupper Rwanda rescue', The Independent (London), 17 May 1994; Peter Pringle, 'America hampers dispatch of UN troops for Rwanda', The Independent (London), 18 May 1994; Richard Dowden, 'Don't blame the UN for an American mess', The Independent (London), 18 May 1994; Alec Russell, 'Memory of Somalia clouds visit by Perry', The Daily Telegraph (London), 1 August 1994.

68. 'Haiti at risk from the Somalia effect', The Independent (London), 13 October 1993; Larry Birns and John Nagel, 'Clinton hits a hard rock', The Guardian (London), 22 October 1993; Martin Walker, 'US tussles over Haiti', The Guardian (London), 11 October 1993; Mark Tran, 'Haitian mob keep US peacekeepers at sea', The Guardian (London), 12 October 1993; Michael Gordon, 'Americans asked to buy death-free war', The Guardian (London), 7 October 1994.

69. Ed Vulliamy, 'America's big strategic lie', The Guardian (London), 20 May 1996; James Adams and Marie Colvin, 'Threats unravel as West scrambles to save face', The Sunday Times (London), 23 July 1995.

70. Levy, op. cit., p. 172. 71. McNamara, op. cit., pp. 320-3. 72. Ibid., p. 324. 73. Bryan Appleyard, 'Defeated in war; victorious in therapy', The Independent

(London), 12 April 1995. 74. Nixon (1986), op. cit., p. 225. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid., p. 226. 77. Ibid., pp. 226-7.

362 Notes

78. Klare, op. cit., p. 2. 79. Quoted in The Defense Monitor, vol. iv, no. 7 (September 1975) p. 5. 80. Michael T. Klare, 'The Brown Doctrine: have RDF, will travel', The

Nation, 8 March 1980; in Klare (1982), op. cit., p. 24. 81. Quoted in The New York Times, 26 February 1979. 82. John Cassidy, 'Hawks and doves seek a window of opportunity', The

Sunday Times (London), 26 August 1990. 83. Colin Hughes, 'Why Bush may have to go for a quick strike', The

Independent (London), 21 August 1990. 84. Sara Helm, 'Bush invokes God's will in allied crusade', The Independent

(London), 29 January 1991. 85. John Lichfield, 'Saddam's mistreatment of prisoners builds support for

Bush', The Independent (London), 23 January 1991. 86. Simon Jones, 'Demonstrators in world-wide protests against allied attack',

The Independent (London), 19 January 1991; Sam Kiley, 'Deserters swell anti-war chorus across the US', The Sunday Times (London), 28 October 1990.

Notes to Chapter 2: Vietnam - The Turbulent Past

1. Dang Noghiem Van, Chu Thai Son and Luu Hung, Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam (Hanoi: the G101 Publishers, 1993).

2. Nguyen Khac Vien, Vietnam: A Long History (Hanoi: the G101 Publishers, 1993) pp. 7-8.

3. Ibid.,p.\0. 4. Ibid., p. 12. 5. Ibid.,p. 19. 6. Helen B. Lamb, Vietnam's Will to Live: Resistance to Foreign Aggression

from Early Times Through the Nineteenth Century (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1972) p. 12.

7. Joseph Buttinger, The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1958) p. 88.

8. Ibid., p. 89. 9. Ibid.

10. Rene Grousset, The Rise and Splendour of the Chinese Empire (Berkeley, Cal., 1953) p. 60.

11. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 77. 12. Quoted by Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit, p. 26; elsewhere (Stanley Karnow,

Vietnam: A History (London: Century Publishing, 1983), p. 100) a different translation is quoted: 'I want to rail against the wind and the tide, kill the whales in the sea, sweep the whole country to save the people from slavery, and I refuse to be abused.'

13. Jean Chesneaux, Contribution a I'histoire de la nation Vietnamienne (Paris, 1955) p. 9.

14. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 141. 15. Walter J. Sheldon, Tigers in the Rice: The Story of Vietnam from Ancient

Past to Uncertain Future (London: Crowell-Collier Press, 1969) pp. 21-2.

Notes 363

16. Le Than Khoi, Le Viet-Nam, Histoire et Civilisation (Paris, 1955) p. 162. 17. Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit, p. 43. 18. Quoted in ibid., p. 46. 19. Quoted in ibid., p. 49. 20. G. Maspero, Le Royaume de Champa (Paris, 1931) pp. 199-218. 21. Quoted in David Marr, 'Vietnam's anti-colonial movements, the early years

1885-1925', (Ph.D. thesis, Berkeley, Cal. 1969), p. 32. 22. Quoted in Truong Buu Lam, Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign

Intervention, 1858-1900 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968) p. 57.

23. Ibid. 24. Nguyen Khanh and Nguyen Nghe, 'La pensee philosophique et soci-

ologique depuis 1917', La Nouvelle Critique, 1962, p. 64. 25. Lamb, op. cit., pp. 29-31. 26. Nguyen Khac Vien, op. cit., p. 87. 27. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 161. 28. Ibid., p. 162. 29. D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (London: Macmillan, 1958)

p. 175. 30. Chesneaux, op. cit., p. 59. 31. Alexander Barton Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A

Comparative Study of Nguyen and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Harvard, Mass., 1971) p. 3.

32. Buttinger, op. cit., pp. 208-9. 33. Ibid., p. 219 (cites subsidiary sources). 34. George Taboulet, La Geste francaise en Indochine (Paris, 1955) p. 153. 35. Report to Governor-General of French Pondichery, 1778, cited in ibid.,

p. 159. 36. Quoted in Sheldon, op. cit., p. 42. 37. Taboulet, op. cit., p. 405. 38. Ibid., p. 438. 39. Ibid., p. 448. 40. Leopold Pallu de la Barriere, History of the 1861 Cochinchina Expedition,

quoted in Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), A Century of National Struggles (1847-1945) (Hanoi, 1970) p. 12.

41. F. Vial, in ibid., p. 13. 42. Lamb, op. cit., p. 98. 43. Hoang Van Chi, From Colonialism to Communism: A Case History of

North Vietnam (London: Pall Mall Press, 1964) pp. 14-26. 44. Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), A Century of National Struggle (1847-1945)

(Hanoi, 1970), pp. 98-102. 45. Ibid., pp. 103-4. 46. Experience in My Thuy Phuong, described in James Walker Trullinger,

Village at War: An Account of Revolution in Vietnam (London: Longman, 1980) pp. 40-3.

47. Ibid. 48. Nguyen Khac Vien (ed.), op. cit., p. 131. 49. Instructions issued on 12 March 1945, from Breaking Our Chains,

Documents of the Vietnamese Revolution of August 1945 (Hanoi, 1960).

364 Notes

50. Ho Chi Minh, Selected Works (Hanoi, 1960-2) volume m, pp. 17-21. 51. F. S. V. Donnison, British Military Administration in the Far East, 1943-46

(London: HMSO) p. 406. 52. Robert Shaplen, The Lost Revolution, Vietnam 1945-1965 (London: Andre

Deutsch, 1966) p. 7. 53. George Rosie, The British in Vietnam: How the Twenty-Five-Year War

Began (London: Panther, 1970) p. 11. 54. Gareth Porter, Vietnam: A History of Documents, Telegraph from Acting

Secretary of State Dean Acheson to Charge Walter Robertson in China, 5 October 1945, p. 38.

55. Rosie, op. cit., p. 54. 56. Ellen Hammer, The Struggle for Indo-China (Stanford University Press,

1954). 57. Ho Chi Minh, On Revolution: Selected Writings, 1920-66, speech delivered

in the First Days of the Resistance War in South Vietnam (November 1945) (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967) pp. 158-9.

58. Quoted in Hammer, op. cit., p. 183. 59. Buttinger, op. cit., p. 454. 60. George McT. Kahin, Intervention, How America Became Involved in

Vietnam (New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1987) p. 8. 61. See Michael Gillen, 'Sailing into war: the American troopship movement to

Vietnam in 1945', paper read at the Mid-South Sociological Association Convention, Birmingham, Alabama, 28 October 1983; cited with other sources in Kahin, op. cit., p. 435.

62. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (HarperPerennial, 1991) pp. 33-5.

Notes to Chapter 3: United States - The Road to Hegemony

1. W. E. Washburn, Red Man's Land, White Man's Law (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971) p. 33.

2. Benjamin B. Ringer, 'We the People' and Others: Duality and America's Treatment of Its Racial Minorities (New York: Tavistock Publications, 1983) p. 121.

3. Washburn, op. cit., p. 36. 4. Ibid., p. 31. 5. Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World, American Culture: The

Formative Years (London: Chatto and Windus, 1965) p. 59; cites subsidiary sources.

6. Maud W. Goodwin, Dutch and English on the Hudson (Chronicles of America) (New Haven, Conn., 1919).

7. Washburn, op. cit., p. 55. 8. Ibid., p. 54. 9. Murray L. Wax, Indian-Americans: Unity and Diversity (Englewood Cliffs,

NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971) pp. 46-7. 10. Steve Talbot, Roots of Oppression: The American Indian Question

(New York International Publishers, 1981) p. 40.

Notes 365

11. Clark Wissler, Indians of the United States (New York: Doubleday, 1966) p. 286.

12. Richard Erdoes, The Sun Dance People (New York: Random House, 1972) p. 125.

13. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (London: Pan Books, 1975) p. 6.

14. Quoted in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (London: Longman, 1980) p. 15.

15. Gloria Jahoda, The Trail of Tears: The American Indian Removals 1813-1855 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976).

16. Edward S. Ellis, The History of Our Country (Indianapolis, 1900) vol. 6, p. 1483.

17. Clarence Cramer, American Enterprise: The Rise of US Commerce (London: Paul Elek, 1972) p. 49.

18. A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero and Stanley Leathes (eds), The Cambridge Modem History, vol. vn: The United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904) p. 19.

19. Hugh Brogan, History of the United States of America (London: Longman, 1985) p. 55.

20. Ringer, op. cit., p. 119. 21. F. J. Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt,

1920). 22. J. R. Pole, The Pursuit of Equality in American History (Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1978) pp. 160, 296. 23. Ibid., p. 291. 24. W. R. Jacobs, Dispossessing the American Indian (New York: Charles

Scribner's Sons, 1972) p. 110. 25. Jones, op. cit., p. 55. 26. Ibid., p. 57. 27. Michael Kraus, Immigration: The American Mosaic, From Pilgrim to

Modern Refugees (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1966) p. 38. 28. Beth Day, Sexual Life Between Blacks and Whites (London: Collins, 1972)

pp. 36-7. 29. H. Von Hoist, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States

(Chicago, 1876) vol. ii, p. 230. 30. F. W. Newman, Anglo-Saxon Abolition of Negro Slavers (London, 1889)

p. 54. 31. The Society expelled fewer than 4,000 blacks out of a population of around

300,000 free negroes in the United States. In 1830 there were 2 million slaves in the US, with the number increasing by half a million every 10 years.

32. There were significant slave revolts in the United States, though they were less frequent than those in the Caribbean or in South America. In 1811 some 400 to 500 slaves gathered near New Orleans to march in protest. The US Army and militia killed 66 on the spot, with 16 later tried and then shot by firing squad.

33. See, for example, Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987).

34. Quoted in ibid., p. 11.

366 Notes

35. Quoted in ibid., pp. 11-12. 36. Ho Chi Minh, 'Lynching', La Correspondence Internationale (Paris),

no. 59, 1924; reprinted in Bernard B. Fall (ed.), Ho Chi Minh: On Revolution (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967) pp. 43-7.

37. Ibid., pp. 44-5. 38. Examples given in John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the

Pacific War (London: Faber and Faber, 1986) chapter 4, pp. 77-93. 39. M. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation

(Chicago, 111.: The University of Chicago Press, 1949) p. 65. 40. US Army, Western Defense Command and Fourth Army (1943), Final

Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942, p. 34. 41. Ibid. 42. Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor: The Story of the Overseas Chinese

(London: Seeker and Warburg, 1990) p. 49. 43. Robert Louis Stevenson, The Amateur Emigrant (London: Chatto and

Windus, 1895) pp. 130, 131. 44. Pan, op. cit., p. 93. 45. Shih-shan Henry Tsai, The Chinese Experience in America (Indianapolis:

Indiana University Press, 1986) p. 68. 46. Pan, op. cit., p. 95. 47. Ibid. 48. Michael C Sandusky, America's Parallel (Alexandria, Va: Old Dominion

Press, 1983) p. 333. 49. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit., pp. 291-2. 50. Quoted by Dower, op. cit., p. 151. 51. Brian McAllister Linn, The US Army and Counterinsurgency in the

Philippine War, 1899-1902 (The University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp. 57-8, 83; cites subsidiary sources.

52. Ibid., p. 145. 53. Ibid., cites subsidiary sources. 54. Richard J. Welch, 'American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Challenge

and the Response', Pacific Historical Review, no. 4 (May 1974) pp. 233-53.

55. Linn, op. cit., p. 145; cites subsidiary source. 56. Ibid., p. 155; cites subsidiary source. 57. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit., p. 308. 58. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (Sphere

Books, London, 1991) pp. 163-93; D. F. Fleming, The Cold War and Its Origins 1917-1960, vol. 1: 1917-1950 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1961) pp. 20-31.

59. Edward S. Miller, War Plan Orange: The US Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897-1945 (Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute 1991).

60. Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (Boston: South End Press, 1985) p. 157.

61. Edward Westermarck, Christianity and Morals (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, 1939) p. 273.

62. H. Latimer, Works (Cambridge, 1844) vol. I, p. 478. 63. R. Baxter, A Christian Dictionary: A Sumni of Practical Theologie and

Cases of Conscience (London, 1677), vol. iv, p. 225.

Notes 367

64. E. Barker, National Character and the Factors in its Formation (London, 1927) p. 209.

65. G. Berkeley, Works (Oxford, 1871) vol. m, p. 387. 66. Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode,

1962) p. 321. 67. Jahoda, op. cit., p. 75. 68. See Gustavus Myers, History of the Great American Fortunes (New York:

Random House, 1937) for a wealth of detail in this area. 69. Talbot, op. cit., p. 107. 70. Cramer, op. cit., p. 646. 71. Harvey Wasserman, History of the United States (New York: Four Walls

Eight Windows 1988) p. 64. 72. Quoted by Myers, op. cit., p. 81. 73. Quoted by Wasserman, op. cit., p. 73. 74. Quoted by Zinn, op. cit. p. 221. 75. Quoted in ibid., p. 243. 76. Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American

Money Plot 1933-1949 (London: Robert Hale, 1983). 77. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Hutchinson) p. 583. 78. US Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, October 1969. 79. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins (New York: Harper, 1948)

p. 303. 80. New York Times, 24 July 1941. 81. Sherwood, op. cit., p. 301. 82. Foster Rhea Dulles, The Road to Teheran (Princeton, 1944) p. 232. 83. Western Daily Press, 22 February 1943; quoted in Angus Calder, The

People's War (London: Panther, 1971) p. 401. 84. Calder, ibid., p. 402. 85. Herbert Mitgang, Dangerous Dossiers (New York: Donald I. Fine, 1988). 86. Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its

Effects on the Cold War (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988); David Cesarani, Justice Delayed: How Britain Became a Refuge for Nazi War Criminals (London: Heinemann, 1992).

87. Herbert Feiss, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin (London: Oxford University Press, 1957) p. 596.

88. Fleming, op. cit., p. 270. 89. Howard K. Smith, The State of Europe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949)

pp. 242-4. 90. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1954) p. 98. 91. Fleming, op. cit., p. 436. 92. James P. Warburg, Put Yourself in Marshall's Place (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1948) pp. 12,46. 93. Fleming, op. cit., p. 437. 94. Ibid., p. 441. 95. Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since

1938 (London: Penguin Books, 1988) p. 93. 96. Sallie Pisani, The CIA and the Marshall Plan (Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press, 1991) p. 81. 97. Ibid., p. 82.

368 Notes

98. Frank Wisner, correspondence, reproduced by John Loftus, The Balarus Secret (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982) pp. 102-3.

99. Simpson, op. cit., p. 245.

Notes to Chapter 4: Vietnam - A War at Home

1. There are many histories of the Vietnam War. See, for example, Michael Maclear, Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War (London: Thames Methuen, 1981); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: The Full Story of the US Involvement in Vietnam from Roosevelt to Nixon (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1971); Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London: HarperPerennial, 1991); Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (London: Century Publishing, 1983).

2. Quoted in Michael D. Shafer, Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of US Counter-insurgency Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) p. 217.

3. Cited in George McT. Kahin, Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1987) p. 78.

4. There are suggestions that Washington doubted that Diem was up to the task (see Chester L. Cooper, op. cit., p. 129).

5. Quoted in Young, op. cit., p. 45. 6. Ibid., p. 46. 7. I am indebted to the useful legal analysis in American Policy vis-a-vis

Vietnam, produced by the Lawyers Committee on American Policy Towards Vietnam, New York; inserted into the Congressional Record by Senators Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening on 23 September 1965.

8. Ibid., p. 23. 9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: The White House Years,

1953-1956 (London, 1963) p. 372. 10. L. Fletcher Prouty, JFK: The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John

F. Kennedy (New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992) p. 79. 11. Quoted in Young, op. cit., pp. 60-1. 12. Quoted in Jeffrey Race, War Comes to Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in a

Vietnamese Province (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1973) pp. 25, 26.

13. Ibid., p. 67. 14. Young, op. cit., p. 53. 15. Ibid., p. 54. 16. 'Viet Cong Motivation and Morale in 1964: A Preliminary Report', RAND

RM450713, March 1965, pp. 27, 29. 17. See, for example, Noam Chomsky, Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam

War, and US Political Culture (London: Verso, 1993); Neil Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E. W. Kenworthy and Fox Butterfield, The Pentagon Papers (New York: Bantam, 1971), chapter 3 (The Kennedy Years: 1961-1963' -Smith), pp. 79-157; Prouty, op. cit., chapter 17 ('JFK's plan to end the Vietnam warfare'), pp. 246-65.

18. Prouty, op. cit., pp. 145-51.

Notes 369

19. Draft Memorandum for the President from the Office of Secretary of Defense McNamara, 19 May 1967, headed 'Future Actions in Vietnam'; in The Pentagon Papers, op. cit., pp. 577-85.

20. Wilfred Burchett, Vietnam: Inside Story of the Guerrilla War (New York: International Publishers, 1965).

21. Maclear, op. cit., p. 246. 22. Cited in ibid., p. 247. 23. Ibid. 24. Harrison E. Salisbury, Behind the Lines - Hanoi (New York: Bantam, 1967)

pp. 74-5. 25. Gerard Chaliand, The Peasants of North Vietnam (London: Penguin, 1969)

pp. 66-7. 26. Ibid., p. 61. 27. Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organisation and Techniques of the National

Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass.; MIT Press, 1966) p. 210.

28. Ibid., p. 213. 29. Michael Lee and Dan Cragg, Inside the VC and the NVA: The Real Story of

North Vietnam's Armed Forces (New York: Ballantine Books, Random House, 1992) pp. 1-15.

30. Joint United States Public Affairs Office, Saigon, 'Out of Rice, Ammunition and Bandages: Notes of a VC Veteran', Vietnam Documents and Research Notes, Document no. 13 (January 1968) pp. 1-7; cited in ibid., pp. 5-8.

31. Cited in ibid., pp. 10-11. 32. See, for example, David Chanoff and Doan Van Toai, Portrait of the

Enemy: The Other Side of the War in Vietnam (London: Tauris, 1986); Truong Nhu Tang, Journal of a Vietcong (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986).

33. Michael C Sandusky, America's Parallel (Alexandria, Va.; Old Dominion Press, 1983) p. 333.

34. The US Imperialists Started the Korean War (Pyongyang, Korea: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1977) pp. 230-1.

35. Kathleen Gough, Ten Times More Beautiful: The Rebuilding of Vietnam (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1978) pp. 39-55.

36. Ibid., p. 50. 37. Quoted in Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the

Haunted Generation (London: Sceptre, Hodder and Stoughton, 1988) p. 567.

38. Ibid., p. 570. 39. Ibid., pp. 595-6. 40. Ibid., pp. 597-602. 41. Seymour M. Hersh exposed the My Lai cover-up - which won him a Pulitzer

Prize; see Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and its Aftermath (1970), and Cover-Up: The Army's Secret Investigation of the Massacre at My Lai 4 (1972) (both Random House, New York); see also Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim, Four Hours in My Lai (London: Viking, 1972).

42. Ibid., pp. 109-40. 43. Quoted by Hersh (1970), op. cit. 44. Martha Gellhorn, The View from the Crowd (London: Granta Books, 1990)

pp. 311-12.

370 Notes

45. Ibid., p. 312. 46. Martha Hess (ed.), Then the Americans Came: Voices from Vietnam (New

York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993) p. 19. 47. Ibid., pp. 84-5. 48. Ibid., pp. 133-4: one of the several testimonies from Son My (My Lai). 49. Ibid., p. 140. 50. Ibid., p. 142. 51. Michael McClintock, 'American doctrine and counterinsurgent state terror',

in Alexander George (ed.), Western State Terror (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991) p. 138; cites subsidiary sources.

52. Army Concept Team, Vietnam, 'Employment of a Special Forces Group', pp. F-12, F-13, Annex F, 'Counterguerrilla Operations in Border Surveillance', to LOI 1 (1 January 1965); cited in ibid., p. 139.

53. Young, op. cit., p. 213. 54. 'Military intelligence and the Phoenix Program', statement of K. Barton

Osborne, Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, 92nd Congress, 1st Session, 15 July-2 August 1971.

55. Karnow, op. cit., p. 602. 56. Quoted in ibid. 57. Bilton and Sim, op. cit., p. 89. 58. Peter Macdonald, Giap: The Victor in Vietnam (London: Fourth Estate,

1993) p. 305. 59. Ibid., p. 306. 60. 'The Slaughter of Dail Lai', in Chaliand, op. cit., pp. 180-98. 61. Ibid., pp. 183-5. 62. 'Incendiary Weapons', a SITPRO (Stockholm International Peace

Research Institute) Monograph (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1975) pp. 153-4.

63. Frank Harvey, Air War - Vietnam (New York: Bantam, 1967) pp. 56-7. 64. John Cookson and Judith Nottingham, A Survey of Chemical and Biological

Warfare (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969) p. 17. 65. Quoted in ibid., p. 25. 66. Quoted in ibid., p. 29. 67. Quoted in ibid., pp. 32-3. 68. 'Assessment of Ecological Effects of Extensive Use of Herbicides',

Pentagon, United States, February 1968. 69. Young, op. cit., pp. 325-6. 70. MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 691^4. 71. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 697. 72. Kahin, op. cit., p. 404. 73. Ibid., p. 405. 74. See discussion in Cookson and Nottingham, op. cit., pp. 308-12. 75. For example, the International War Crimes Tribunal established by Bertrand

Russell, see Russell, War Crimes in Vietnam (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1967); The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972); US War Crimes in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1968).

Notes 371

Notes to Chapter 5: United States - A War Abroad

1. Gloria Emerson, Winners and Losers: Battles, Retreats, Gains, Losses and Ruins from the Vietnam War (New York: Penguin Books, 1985) pp. 58-9.

2. Ibid., p. 58. 3. Ibid., p. 59. 4. Richard Severo and Lewis Milford, The Wages of Fear: When America's

Soldiers Came Home -from Valley Forge to Vietnam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989) p. 350.

5. Robert Jay Lifton, Home from the War, Vietnam Veterans: Neither Victims Nor Executioners (London: Wildwood House, 1974) p. 42.

6. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972) p. 5.

7. Ibid., p. 6. 8. William J. Lederer, The Anguished American (London: Victor Gollancz,

1969) pp. 20-7. 9. Ibid., p. 29.

10. Ibid., p. 26. 11. Ibid., p. 95. 12. Ibid., pp. 111-12. 13. Quotations given in Lifton, op. cit., pp. 36-7,40. 14. Cited in Emerson, op. cit., pp. 65-6. 15. Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted

Generation (London: Sceptre, Hodder and Stoughton, 1988) p. 393. 16. M. Baskir and William A. Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft,

the War, and the Vietnam Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978). 17. Ibid. 18. David Surrey, Chance of Conscience: Vietnam Era Military and Draft

Resistors in Canada (South Hadley, Mass.: J. F. Bergen, Praeger Special Studies, 1982).

19. Baskir and Strauss, op. cit. 20. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 397. 21. Life, 10 October 1969. 22. See, for example, MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 415-45. 23. Quoted in Emerson, op. cit., pp. 99-101. 24. See, for example, testimonies in Michael Lee Lanning and Dan Cragg,

Inside the VC and the NVA: The Real Story of North Vietnam's Armed Forces (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992) pp. 253-78.

25. Murray Polner, No Victory Parades: The Return of the Vietnam Veteran (London: Orbach and Chambers, 1972).

26. Lifton, op. cit., p. 36. 27. Martin Gershen, Destroy or Die: The True Story of Mylai (New Rochelle,

NY: Arlington House, 1971) p. 43. 28. Lifton, op. cit., p. 55. 29. Ibid., p. 56. 30. As, for example, those collated in The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit.,

where 79 men with direct personal knowledge of the war related their experiences.

372 Notes

31. All quotations from The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit., 32. Ibid. 33. Stanley Goff, Robert Sanders and Clark Smith, Brothers: Black Soldiers in

the NAM (Novato, Cal., Presidio Press, 1982) p. ix. 34. The Winter Soldier Investigation, op. cit., p. 17. 35. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 654. 36. Wallace Terry, 'Bringing the War Home', in Clyde Taylor (ed.), Vietnam

and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1973).

37. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 664. 38. Wallace Terry, op. cit. 39. Quoted in MacPherson, op. cit., p. 673. 40. Quoted in Gerald Gill, 'Black soldiers' perspective on the war', Indochina

Newsletter, January/February 1984, No. 25; reprinted in Walter Capps (ed.), The Vietnam Reader (London: Routledge, 1990) pp. 173-85.

41. Ibid., pp. \14-15. 42. Wallace Terry, op. cit., pp. 200-19. 43. Quoted, with subsidiary sources, by Gill, op. cit., p. 180. 44. Douglas Martinez and Manuel Gomez, 'Chicanos and Vietnam', in Capps

(ed.), op. cit., pp. 186-90; first appeared as 'Hispanics on the Battlefield' (Martinez, The Nation, September/October 1978) and 'I am my brother' (Gomez, La Raza Magazine, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 16).

45. Discussed in Thomas M. Holm, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 12, no. 2 (Winter 1986) pp. 237-51; also in Capps (ed.), op. cit., pp. 191-204.

46. Capps (ed.), op. cit., p. 192. 47. Ibid., p. 194. 48. Ibid., p. 195. 49. See Caroline Page, US Official Propaganda during the Vietnam War,

1965-1973 (London: Leicester University Press, 1996); George C. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994) chapter 5, 'Management of Public Opinion', pp. 121-50.

50. Herring, op. cit., pp. 125-6. 51. Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation

of the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 54. 52. Kathleen J. Turner, Lyndon Johnson's Dual War: Vietnam and the Press

(Chicago, 111.: University of Chicago Press,) pp. 61-2, 106, 138-39. 53. Herring, op. cit., pp. 132-3. 54. Ibid., p.\31. 55. Ibid., p. 142. 56. Paul Dean, 'The Role of the Press', in Capps (ed.), op. cit., p. 231. 57. Tom Hayden, Reunion (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989) p. 198. 58. Quoted in Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London:

HarperPerennial, 1991) p. 192. 59. See, for example, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State

Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: New York University Press, 1993).

60. Jack Langguth, The New York Times, 5 June 1965. 61. Charles Mohr, The New York Times, 5 September 1965. 62. Quoted by Young, op. cit., p. 201.

Notes 373

63. Thomas Powers, Vietnam: The War at Home (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984) p. 171.

64. Rights in Conflict, The Walker Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (New York: Bantam Books, 1968). The report is based on 3,437 statements of eyewitnesses (including 2,017 made available by the FBI), 180 hours of motion picture film, more than 12,000 still photographs and thousands of news accounts.

65. Ibid., pp. 129-285. 66. Hay den, op. cit., pp. 338-411. 67. Richard Nixon, Memoirs (London: Arrow, 1978) pp. 398-401. 68. Quoted in ibid., p. 401. 69. Ibid., p. 403. 70. Ibid., pp. 412-13. 71. James A. Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why (London: Seeker

and Warburg, 1971). 72. Ibid., p. vii. 73. Nixon, op. cit., pp. 492-3. 74. Ibid., p. 491. 75. Emerson, op. cit., p. 42. 76. MacPherson, op. cit., p. 116. 77. Ibid., pp. 415-71. 78. Quoted by Severo and Milford, op. cit., p. 357. 79. Ibid., pp. 360-417. 80. Paul Sgroi, 'To Vietnam and Back', in Capps (ed.), op. cit., pp. 26-32; an

essay written as 'an open letter to myself, to those who know me, and to the students' of the Santa Barbara class at the University of California where he was an auditor. In 1985 he visited the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington. In 1987 he killed himself.

81. Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative Adjustment of Veterans and their Peers: A Study, conducted for the Veterans Administration, 5 volumes (Centre for Policy Research, New York, March 1981); see also MacPherson, op. cit., pp. 331-46.

Notes to Chapter 6: Options and Issues

1. Bruce W. Nelan, 'Lessons from the lost war', Time, 24 April 1995, p. 50. 2. The Military Balance 1996-97 (London: International Institute for Strategic

Studies, 1996). 3. Lewis H. Lapham, Money and Class in America: Notes on the Civil

Religion (London: Pan Books, 1989) p. 37. 4. Ibid., p. 46. 5. John Carlin, 'Dole or Clinton, the dollar will win', Independent on Sunday

(London), 11 August 1996. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Quoted in Alexander Cockburn and Ken Silverstein, Washington Babylon

(London: Verso, 1996) p. 67.

374 Notes

9. Carlin, op. cit. 10. Quoted in The Independent (London), 13 October 1990. 11. Andrew Sullivan, 'Life, liberty, no happiness', The Sunday Times (London),

4 February 1996. 12. Cockburn and Silverstein, op. cit., p. 251. 13. Martin Walker, 'Clinton soft on Asian hard cash', The Observer (London),

13 October 1996; Stephen Robinson, 'Fresh allegations of illegal funding threaten Clinton', The Daily Telegraph (London), 22 October 1996. Here it is alleged that wealthy Indonesians have been allowed to sit in on US trade discussions and to glean information on US attitudes to human-rights viola­tions in East Timor.

14. Such contributions include (according to the Centre for Public Integrity):

$459,273 from Lew Wasserman, former MCA Chairman; $437,240 from Steven Grossman, President of the American Israel Public

Affairs Committee; $389,000 from David Geffen, co-founder of DreamWorks; $236,000 from Steven Spielberg, Hollywood director.

15. Daniel Robinson and Tom Stevenson, 'Markets set for fresh turmoil over US job figures', The Independent (London), 6 April 1996; Rupert Cornwell and Diane Coyle, 'US jobs surge sparks fear of rate rise', The Independent (London), 8 June 1996; Mark Tran and Sarah Ryle, 'Rate fears rattle US traders', The Guardian (London), 6 July 1996; Mark Tran, 'Shares surge as US unemployment jumps up', The Guardian (London), 4 February 1995. These reports all signal the dismay in the financial markets at any sugges­tion of a serious drop in the unemployment figures.

16. John Kenneth Galbraith, 'The war against the poor', The Observer (London), 29 September 1996.

17. John Carlin, 'How to profit from the poor', Independent on Sunday (London), 29 September 1996.

18. Quoted in Jonathan Freedland, 'Child victims of the American Dream', The Guardian (London), 4 June 1996.

19. Leonard Doyle, 'Homeless create a stink in New York', The Independent (London), 7 November 1990.

20. John Lichfield, 'Silencing the poor of America', The Independent (London), 1 October 1993.

21. Ibid. 22. Edward Helmore, 'Children of Bronx await Clinton cut', The Observer

(London), 4 August 1996. 23. Charles Murray, 'An American caste system', The Independent (London),

22 July 1991. 24. 'A world apart', The Economist (London), 30 March 1991, pp. 21-3. 25. In late 1994 a film, The Excludables, by the independent film-maker Estela

Bravo, revealed how some of the Cuban refugees had been treated by the US authorities. Many were held at the Atlanta federal penitentiary, and were beaten and used in drug experiments. One Cuban was tied to a bed for 72 hours while drugs were administered. The prison doctor, Bolivar Martineau, interviewed in the film, commented: 'The whole prison was a ... social lab-

Notes 375

oratory. It was just fabulous.' (See Ana Berbeo, 'Film depicts plight of Cubans held in US jails', Militant (New York), 24 November 1994, p. 13.)

26. United States of America: Human rights violations: a summary of Amnesty International's concerns, March 1995, AMR 51/25/95; United States of America: Allegations of Police Torture in Chicago, Illinois, December 1990, AMR/51/42/90; United States of America: Torture, ill-treatment and excessive force by police in Los Angeles, California, June 1992, AMR 51/76/92.

27. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology has published articles on positional asphyxia in recent years. See also USA: Human Rights Violations, op. cit., pp. 10-11.

28. Martha Gellhorn, 'Open arms for the Vietcong', in The Face of War (London: Sphere Books, 1967) pp. 233-6.

29. Martha Gellhorn, 'Real war and the war of words', in ibid., pp. 243-9. 30. Ibid., p. 244. 31. Ibid., p. 248. 32. Quoted in Sandy Gall, Don't Worry about the Money Now (London:

Hamish Hamilton, 1982) pp. 168-9. 33. David Halberstam, The Powers that Be (London: Chatto and Windus, 1979)

pp. 39^0 . 34. Ibid., pp. 429-30. 35. Ibid., pp. 452-3. 36. Ibid., p. 412. 37. Ibid., pp. 488-9. 38. Quoted in ibid., p. 490. 39. Ibid., pp. 490-1. 40. Quoted in New York Times, 30 October 1985. 41. Jimmy Carter, news conference, transcript in New York Times, 25 March

1977. 42. Christian Science Monitor, 24 August 1988. 43. Terry Anderson, 'The light at the end of the tunnel', Diplomatic History,

Fall, 1988. 44. Ibid. 45. Noam Chomsky, Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic

Societies (Pluto Press, 1989) p. 37. 46. Cockburn and Silverstein, op. cit., p. 8. 47. Quoted in ibid. 48. Clare Hollingworth, The Sunday Telegraph (London), 30 April 1995. 49. Anthony Lewis, 'Paper tigers are tame no more', The Guardian (London),

11 June 1990. 50. Frederick Kempe, 'The Noriega Files', Newsweek, 15 January 1990, p. 25. 51. Simon Tisdall, 'Noriega defence to call Reagan man', The Guardian

(London), 16 December 1991; David Adams, 'CIA agent tells court Noriega was US asset', The Independent (London), 4 March 1992.

52. Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, 'Diplomacy preferred to armed force', The Guardian (London), 6 December 1992.

53. Mark Huband, 'Operation Disaster born out of lie', The Observer (London), 12 December 1993.

376 Notes

54. Duncan Campbell and Richard Norton-Taylor, ' "US involved" in death of WPC at Libyan embassy', The Guardian (London), 9 April 1996; Paul Foot, 'Official bluster and a load of ballistics', The Guardian (London), 20 May 1996.

55. 'The United States has made the world believe that the report condemns Cuba and that the ICAO has assumed that position', press conference given by Ricardo Alarcon, president of the Cuba parliament and head of the delegation to the ICAO (24 June 1996), Granma International (Havana), 10 July 1996, pp. 4-8; Javier Rodriguez, 'United States conceals from UN the real results of the ICAO meeting', Granma International (Havana), 17 July 1996.

56. Julian Borger, ' "Corners cut" in race to stage Bosnia polls', The Guardian (London), 6 September 1996; Julian Borger, 'West "covering up mass fraud in Bosnia polls'", The Guardian (London), 24 September 1996.

57. Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh (eds), Low Intensity Warfare: How the USA Fights Wars without Declaring Them (London: Methuen, 1989).

58. Ibid., p. vii. 59. Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control (London: Bloomsbury, 1988) p. 26. 60. Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York:

Simon and Schuster, 1987) pp. 396-7. 61. Stansfield Turner, testimony before House Subcommittee on Western

Hemispheric Affairs, Washington, 16 April 1985. 62. Geoff Simons, Cuba: From Conquistador to Castro (London: Macmillan,

1996) pp. 298-303. 63. Penny Lernoux, Cry of the People (London: Penguin Books, 1980) p. xxiii. 64. Ibid., p. 151. 65. The Nation, 31 March 1995; The Guardian (London), 1 April 1995; Rupert

Cornwell, 'CIA to act in Guatemala abuses', The Independent (London), 30 September 1995.

66. James Adams, 'CIA admits its agents trained secret Honduran death squad', The Sunday Times (London), 8 October 1995.

67. Patrick Cockburn, 'CIA "funded Haitian drugs operations'", The Independent (London), 15 November 1993; Tim Weiner, 'Haiti military "worked as CIA agents'", The Guardian (London), 2 November 1993.

68. Quoted in Patrick Cockburn, 'Clinton backed Baghdad bombers', The Independent (London), 26 March 1996.

69. Quoted in ibid. 70. Quoted in ibid. 71. Victoria Brittain, 'West leaves Afghan women to fate', The Guardian

(London), 12 October 1996. 72. Quoted in New York Times, 21 September 1996. 73. The Clinton administration has continued to develop the decades-long prac­

tice, first employed by the CIA in late-1940s Europe, of using espionage organisations to gather business and political data. For example, see James Risen, 'Clinton aims CIA against foreign trade rivals', The Guardian (London), 25 July 1995.

74. Woodrow Wilson's Case for the League of Nations, compiled with his approval by Hamilton Foley (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1932) pp. 67,71,72.

Notes 311

75. Evans Clark (ed.), Boycotts and Peace, a report by the Committee of Economic Sanctions (New York: Harper and Row, 1923) p. 21.

76. See Simons, op. cit., pp. 4-47, for a description of the impact of economic sanctions on Cuba.

77. See Geoff Simons, Libya: The Struggle for Survival (2nd ed, London: Macmillan, 1996) pp. 30-88; Geoff Simons, The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice (London: Macmillan, 1996). Marc Weller, Research Fellow in International Law at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, discussing the passing of Security Council resolutions against Libya, notes that the claimant states (principally Washington) 'had to extend considerable political capital and goodwill in the Security Council, bullying fellow members to obtain the necessary votes, and enraging many non members who keenly observed this spectacle' (see Weller, 'The Lockerbie case: a premature end to the "New World Order"?', African Journal of International and Comparative Law, no. 4, 1992, pp. 1-15). He added that it may be necessary to refer the matter to the World Court 'if the constitu­tional system of the UN Charter is to recover from the blow it has suffered in this episode' (ibid.).

78. See Simons, Libya, op. cit., pp. 77-88. 79. Quoted in John Palmer and Mark Tran, 'West heads for trade war', The

Guardian (London), 25 July 1996. 80. Mark Tran, 'Vitriol eats at UN heart', The Observer (London), 22 September

1996; Ian Black, 'Battle for UN crown begins', The Guardian (London), 26 September 1996.

81. Marc Weller, 'Surely this man is a prisoner of war?', The Independent (London), 2 February 1990; Marc Weller, 'The return of the body snatch-ers', The Independent (London), 13 March 1992.

82. See William E. Burroughs and Robert Windrem, Critical Mass (Simon and Schuster, London, 1994); Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option (London: Faber and Faber, 1991); Zdenek Cervenka and Barbara Rogers, The Nuclear Axis (London: Julian Freedman Books, 1978).

83. See Geoff Simons, Scourging of Iraq, op. cit., pp. 200-5. 84. Tony Barber, 'Bosnia poll fails to add up', The Independent (London),

25 September 1996; Emma Daly, 'Observers critical of intimidation at polls', The Independent (London), 16 September 1996; Julian Borger, 'West quick to hail peaceful election', The Guardian (London), 16 September 1996.

85. Martin Walker, 'Thin line between might and right', The Guardian (London), 19 June 1993.

86. Teresa Hayter, Aid as Imperialism (London: Penguin Books, 1971) p. 45. 87. Bailey Morris, 'World shaker emerges at IMF', Independent on Sunday

(London), 2 May 1993. 88. Diane Coyle, 'World Bank backs trade unions', The Independent (London),

30 June 1995. 89. Mark Huband, 'Kenya devalues again to appease creditors', The Guardian

(London), 21 April 1993; Mark Huband, 'Penitence wins Kenya return of World Bank aid', The Guardian (London), 22 April 1993.

90. Sarah Ryle, 'IMF calls for painful cuts in public services', The Guardian (London), 18 April 1996.

378 Notes

91. Kevin Watkins, 'IMF holds a gold key for Third World' ('The fund must stop grinding the faces of the poor)', The Guardian (London), 10 June 1996; Sarah Ryle, 'World Bank to admit flaws in policies for poor nations' {'Countries like Uganda may be meeting the Structural Adjustment Programme Conditioning but its poorest people are getting poorer'), The Guardian (London), 23 September 1996.

92. This bald assertion cannot be explored here. Consider, for example, any comprehensive Mafia biography detailing how gangsters such as Charles ('Lucky') Luciano, James ('Big Jim') Colosimo and AI ('Scarface') Capone hired police chiefs, judges, politicians and others; and how the prac­tice has continued up to the present day, even involving the White House. See, for example, the discussion of Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and political Mafia involvement (with copious documentation) in David E. Scheim, The Mafia Killed President Kennedy (London: W. H. Allen, 1988) pp. 297-402.

93. The importance of the frontier in the development of American institutions and society and the character of the American people is stressed by, among others, Frederick Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920).

94. Frank Church, 'Covert action: swampland of American foreign policy', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, February 1976, p. 11.

95. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York: Doubleday, 1963) p. 352.

96. David M. Abshire, Lessons of Vietnam: Proportionality and Credibility, in Anthony Lake (ed.), The Vietnam Legacy: The War, American Society and the Future of American Foreign Policy (New York: New York University Press, 1976) pp. 393-6.

97. Ibid., pp. 397-9. 98. Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau, American Leadership in World

Affairs: Vietnam and the Breakdown of Consensus (London: Allen and Unwin, 1984) pp. 16-19.

99. Philip E. Converse, 'The nature of belief systems in mass publics', in David E. Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964) p. 207; quoted in ibid., p. 18.

100. See, for example, Paul M. Kattenburg, The Vietnam Trauma in American Foreign Policy, 1945-75 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982) chapter 8, pp. 287-327.

101. See, for example, Vietnam: Long-term Political Prisoners, June 1991, ASA 41/04/91; Vietnam: Arrests of Political Prisoners, 1990-1991, June 1992, ASA 41/01/92; Vietnam: Doan Viet Hoat and Seven Others Sentenced to Long Jail Terms, April 1993, ASA 41/06/93; Socialist Republic of Vietnam: The Death Penalty, February 1996, ASA 41/02/96. All these reports are published by Amnesty International, London.

102. Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990 (London: Harper Perennial, 1991) pp. 309-10.

103. Ibid., p. 312. 104. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing

House, 1990) pp. 88-9, 90-2.

Notes 379

105. Vo Van Kiet, Report at 2nd Session of 9th National Assembly, Vietnam Business, 1-15 January 1993, p. 14.

106. Quoted in Sara Helm, 'Amnesty adds food for thought to UK-Vietnam talks', The Independent (London), 21 February 1990.

107. Peter Pringle, 'A nation learning the final lesson of Vietnam', The Independent (London), 19 July 1990.

108. William Branigin, 'US-based exiles "tried to topple Hanoi's rulers'", The Guardian (London), 12 October 1990.

109. Caroline Lees, 'Vietnam courts West in bamboo brothels', The Sunday Times (London), 21 June 1992.

110. Raymond Whitaker, 'West leaps to fund Vietnam's march to market economy', The Independent (London), 8 October 1993.

111. Leslie Plummer, 'Vietnam faces cola war', The Guardian (London), 5 February 1994.

112. Philip Shenon, 'Poorest suffer in new Vietnam', The Guardian (London), 22 November 1994.

113. Allen Nairn, 'Behind the death squads', Progressive, May 1984, p. 21. 114. Quoted in Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: US Policy and El

Salvador (New York: Times Books, 1982) p. 208. 115. Nairn, op. cit., p. 24. 116. Socorro Juridico: El Salvador: Del Genocidio de la Junta Militar a la

Esperanza de la Lucha Insurreccional, English translation by Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, 1981; quoted in Jenny Pearce, Under the Eagle: US Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (London: Latin American Bureau, 1982), pp. 228-9.

117. Quoted in Pearce, ibid., p. 236. 118. Quoted in ibid., p. 241. 119. Holsti and Rosenau, op. cit., p. 14 (sources cited, pp. 26-7). 120. Cited in ibid., pp. 14-15 (sources cited, p. 27). 121. Ibid.,p.\5. 122. Quoted in 'Why death squads still spread terror', US News and World

Report, 27 February 1984, p. 30. 123. As Bad as Ever: A Report on Human Rights in El Salvador, Americas

Watch/American Civil Liberties Union, 31 January 1984, pp. 8-9; Joachin Villalobos, 'The Current State of the War in El Salvador and Outlook for the Future', Estudios Centroamericanos, May 1986.

124. Representative Gerry E. Studds, Central America 1981, Report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives (Washington: Government Printing Office, March 1981).

125. Ibid. 126. Noam Chomsky, El Salvador, 1982', in The Chomsky Reader (London:

Serpent's Tail, 1987) pp. 342-3. 127. Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, United Nations,

New York, March 1993, S/25500. 128. Harold Pinter, 'Archbishop Romero's ghost can be avenged', The Observer

(London), 28 March 1993. 129. Douglas Farah, 'Salvador army challenges civilian rule', The Guardian

(London), 27 March 1993.

380 Notes

130. Mike Reid, 'FMLN murders "prove the return" of death squads', The Guardian (London), 5 November 1993; Phil Davison, 'Death squads in El Salvador on prowl again', The Independent (London), 11 November 1993.

131. Christine Toomey, 'Blowtorch Bob casts dark shadow over Salvador poll', The Sunday Times (London), 20 March 1994.

132. Jonathan Steel, 'Salvadorean lesson on peace in our time', The Guardian (London), 21 September 1996.

133. See, for example, such publications as The Link, published by Americans for Middle East Understanding (AMEU), New York; and ADC News Release, published by the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), Washington.

134. ADC News Release, American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, Washington, 24 September 1990.

135. The ADC reports are supplemented by various other press reports: in, for example, The Wall Street Journal, 21 January 1990; The New York Times, 1 February 1991 and 20 February 1991; USA Today, 23 January 1991; and The Los Angeles Times, 23 December 1990.

136. Philip M. Taylor, War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992) p. 48.

137. Herb Greer, Sunday Telegraph (London), 3 February 1991. 138. Taylor, op. cit., pp. 185-6, 187. 139. Norman H. Schwarzkopf, // Doesn't Take a Hero (London: Bantam Press,

1992) p. 498. This 'legitimacy' is questionable (see Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, 2nd edn (Macmillan, London, 1996) pp. 353-9).

140. Quoted in John R. MacArthur, Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992) p. 113.

141. Arthur A. Humphries, Naval War College Review, May-June 1983; quoted in ibid., p. 139.

142. See MacArthur, op. cit., pp. 172-4. 143. See Maggie O'Kane, The Guardian Weekend (London), 16 December 1995. 144. See, for example, Simons, The Scourging of Iraq, op. cit., pp. 11-15. 145. Dana Priest, 'Baby massacre never happened', The Guardian (London), 8

February 1992. 146. Steve Coleman, 'The day war broke out', Socialist Standard, February

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Washburn, W. E., Red Man's Land, White Man's Law (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971).

Wasserman, Harvey, History of the United States (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1988).

Wax, Murray L., Indian-Americans: Unity and Diversity (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1971).

Weeks, John and Gunson, Phil, Panama: Made in the USA (London: Latin American Bureau, 1991).

Westermarck, Edward, Christianity and Morals (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company, 1939).

Wissler, Clark, Indians of the United States (New York: Doubleday, 1966). Woodward, Bob, The Commanders (London: Simon and Schuster, 1991).

Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (London: Simon and Schuster, 1987).

Wright, Ronald, Stolen Continents: The Indian Story (London: John Murray, 1992).

Wyden, Peter, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (London: Jonathan Cape, 1979). Zacher, Mark W., Dag Hammarskjold's United Nations (New York and London:

Columbia University Press, 1970). Zinn, Howard, A People's History of the United States (London: Longman, 1980).

Index

1877: A Year of Violence, 148 Abrams, Creighton W., 188, 193 Abrams, Elliott, 19,331 Absent-Without-Leave (AWOL) cases, 229,

235, 236-7 see also deserters, US

Acheson, Dean, 94 Adams, Henry, 270 Adams, James, xxi Adams, John, 270 ADC Hate Crimes Annual Report, 334

see also American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

Addlestone, David F., 244 Adverte, Diego, 65-6 Agency for International Development,

248 Afghanistan, xvii, xix, 16, 288, 291, 295 Africa, 131

see also individual countries Agent Blue, 224

see also defoliation Agent Orange, 224,226, 228, 261, 262, 323

see also defoliation Agent White, 224

see also defoliation Agnew, Spiro, 235 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 132 Ahtisaari, Martti, 338 Aideed, Mohammed Farah, 287 see also Somalia Aid for Families with Dependent Children,

276 aid to Vietnam, 314, 315, 319, 321 Ailes, Roger, 337 Air India flight (1985), 289 Alabama, 123-125 Albright, Madeleine, 293, 294, 297 Alcmene (ship), 70 Alcoa, 153 Alexander of Rhodes, 66, 67 Algeria, 77, 291 Alice Brown, (ship), 169 Allende, Salvador, 304 Alliance for Progress, 324 Alvarez, Everett, 190 Alvaro de Soto, 330 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination

Committee, 334

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 260

American Civil War, xvii, 121, 259, 278 American Colonization Society, 120 American Constitution, 270 American Declaration of Independence, 93 American Friends of Vietnam (AFV), 164,

247 American Friends Services Committee, 220 American Legion, 320 American Revolution, 67, 143

see also American War of Independence American War of Independence, 112 Americas Watch, 330 amnesia, as Vietnam War consequence, xix,

9, 11 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry

of Anderson, Terry, 284 An Duong, 258 Angkor (ship), 170 Angola, 12, 26, 132, 138, 288, 330 Anh Tong, 54 animism, 44 An Khe, 249 Annam, 62, 72, 75, 89 Anti-Rent Movement (1830s/40s) 146 Apache tribes, xx, 117 apartheid, 124, 277 Arawak tribes, 115 Arbenz, Jacobo, 137 archaeology, 35-8, 109

see also Museum of Archaeology and History

Archangel, 135 Arena Party, 332 Argentina, 132, 153,295 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 290

see also Haiti Armed Forces Council (AFC), 179 'armed propaganda' units, 89 arms sales, US, 269 Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN),

202,211 Artefacts, ancient, 36, 38,41 Asia, 64, 69, 85, 131, 136, 158

see also individual countries; Southeast Asia

Asian Development Bank, 316, 319

392

Index 393

assassinations, xxii, 159, 168,203, 208, 219, 220, 286, 290, 314, 325, 328, 329-30,331,332

see also executions; massacres; Phoenix; terrorism, American

Association of Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 176

Astor, John Jacob, 144, 146 AT&T, 272, 318 Atlantic Charter, 96 Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statute, 301

see also nuclear weapons atrocities, 17, 133, 180, 213-27, 238,

239-40,280-81,285 see also assassinations; executions;

genocide; massacre; terrorism; torture; war crimes

al-Attar, Leila, 339 Attlee, Clement, 95,137 Au Co, 34 'August Revolution of 1945', 93, 94 Au Lac, 35, 37-9 Austin, Hudson, 18 Australia, 14, 126, 138, 165, 182, 184,230 Aztecs, 115

Bach Dang River, 45, 53 Bach Mai Hospital, 258 Bach Viet people ('The Hundred Yues'), 37 Bacon, A. O., 134 Ba Dinh fortress, 77, 78 Baeck, Pieter, 65 Baghdad, 290, 291, 298, 335, 339

see also Iraq Bai Xay, 79 Baker, James, 28, 317, 333 Bandar bin Sultan, Prince, 21 Bangert, Joe, 231 Bank of America, 318 Banmethuot, 195 Bao Dai (Vinh Thuy), 83, 90, 91, 92, 164,

168 Barletta, General, 19 BaruchPlan, 157

see also nuclear weapons Barzani Massoud, 340 Battle of the Little Bighorn, 114 Baylor University, 157 BeDanh, 213 Beijing, 56 Beirut, 289

see also Lebanon Bell, David, 6 Bell, J. Franklin, 133 Benghazi, 298

Benn, Tony, 335 Berkeley, Bishop, 139 Berlin, 105 Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal, 224,

245 see also International War Crimes

Tribunal; war crimes; Winter Soldier Investigation

Bevin, Ernest, 97-8 Bidault, Georges, 105 Bill of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629),

140 Binh Dinh Province, 63 Binh Xuyen, 166 biological warfare, 221, 227 Bishop, Maurice, 18 Bissell, Richard M., 102 Bitter Cry of the Children (Spargo), 147 Black, Eugene, 247 Black Elk, 117 Black Hawk, 114 Blarney, Thomas, 126 Blix, Hans, 312 Blum, Robert, 101 Blundy, David, 328-9 boat people, Vietnamese, 312, 316 Boeing, 272, 318,320 Bohlen, Charles, 156 Boland Amendment (1982), 26 Bolivia, 295 Bolshevik Revolution, 152, 154 bombing, 26, 79, 80, 88-9, 91-2, 103, 104,

176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 204, 205-7, 208, 213-15, 218, 220-2, 226-7, 247, 251-2, 258, 289, 298, 300, 302, 311, 329, 335, 337, 339, 340

see also defoliation; nuclear weapons Bonesteel, Charles H., 163 'Bonus Army', 152 Born on the Fourth of July (film), 29 Bosch, Juan, 138 Bosnia, xxii, xxv, 9, 30, 267, 269, 287, 301,

302, 339 see also Serbs; Yugoslavia

Boston, 143 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, xxii, 297, 331 Bradford, William, 116 Bradley, Omar, 249 Branco, General, 138 Brazil, 138, 153,295 Bretton Woods conference (1944), 303-4 bribery, 145,235,290,322

see also corruption; sleaze

394 Index

Briggs, Jeremiah, 69 Britain,

see England; United Kingdom British East India Co., 65 British Petroleum, 272 Brittain, Victoria, 338 Bronx, 276-7 Bronze Age, 36, 38 Brook,Stephen, 216 Brookings Institute, 151 brothels, 103,249,322

see also prostitution Brown, Clyde, 243 Brown, Dee, 115 Brown, Ron, 319 Brown, University, 277 Bruce, Robert, 148 Brucker, Wilber, 172 Brummett, Richard, 239-40 brutalisation, 2?>1-A\

see also atrocities Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 315 Buchanan, Pat, 273 Buddhism, Buddhists, 44, 46, 49, 54, 56,

63,74, 106, 176, 177, 179, 184 Buffett, Warren, 274 Bui Thi Tinh, 221 Bundy, McGeorge, 248 Bundy, William, 179 Bunker, Ambassador, 196 Bunker Hill (ship), 143 Burchett, Wildfred, 205, 224 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

(ATF), 278 Bureau of Pest Control, 276 Burke, Edmund, 276 Burlington Railroad, 150 Burma, 126, 137 Burns, Nicholas, 269 Bush, George, xxv, 8, 9, 19, 20-1, 24, 28,

267, 286, 287, 307, 316, 331, 333, 337, 339-41

see also Bush administration Bush administration, xxiii, 286, 288, 289,

321 Butler, Colonel, 172 BuuHoi, 164 Buyoya, Pierre, xxii

Cabot, George, 143 Cabrera, Jorge, xxi, Calley, William, 195, 215, 216, 217

see also My Lai (Son My) massacre Caloocan, 134-5 Calusa tribes, 109

Calvin, John, 139 see also Calvinism; Christianity

Calvinism, 140 see also Calvin, John

Cam Ba Thuoc, 78 Cam Binh ('Precious Peace'), 207 Cambodia, xviii, xix, 16, 26, 73, 74, 86,

105, 138, 182, 184, 189, 190, 191, 194, 195, 213, 221, 237, 251, 257, 288, 311, 313,314,315,317,318,322

see also Kampuchea; Khmer people; Khmer Rouge

Camdessus, Michel, 305 Camil, Scott, 240 camouflage, 207 Camper, Frank, 289 Camp Pendleton, 236 Cam Ranh, 180,181,243 Canada, 112,235 Canh, Prince, 68 Canh Thinh, 64 Canton, 64, 79, 80 Can Vuong (Monarchist Movement), 78, 79,

80 Can Vuong (struggle), 77

see also dau tranh (struggle) Cao Dai, 90 Cao Thang, 78 capitalism, xx, xxi, xxiii-xxiv, 13, 122,

139-53, 154, 155, 156, 157-8, 199, 270, 305-6, 322, 323, 333

see also G7 nations; hegemony, US; market economy; plutocracy

Capital, 256 Caravelle (bulletin), 103 Carey, Matthew, 144 Caribbean, 123

see also Cuba; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua

Carmichael, Stokely, 242 Carnegie, Andrew, 146 Carnegie Corp. 276 Carolina, 120, 121, 123, 125 Carter, Jimmy, 236, 284, 315, 325, 331

see also Carter administration Carter administration, 27-8, 262, 286, 324,

328 see also Carter, Jimmy

Carwarden, Walter, 65 Casey, William, 16, 19 'caste system', 277

see also racism Castro, Fidel, 13,296

see also Castro regime Castro regime, 294

Index 395

see also Castro, Fidel casualties

American, xvii, 6, 21, 23, 198, 203, 229-30

Cambodian, xviii, xxv, 229 Chinese, 40, 57-8 French, 98-9, 102, 104 Guatemalan, 13 Iraqi, 21, 29, 337-8, 339 Korean, 106 Laotian, xviii, xxv Mongol, 53 Nicaraguan, 16, 17 Panamanian, 23 Filipino, 126, 132-3, 134 Roman Catholic, 66-7, 70, 73 Salvadorean, 324 Somali, 22-3 Vietnamese, 23, 42-3, 65, 87, 95, 98,

198, 204-5, 214-27, 229, 230, 282, 313

Catawba tribes, 115 Cato Institute, 285 Catroux, Governor-General, 85 Cayuga, tribes, 112 Cecile, Admiral, 70 Cedile, H. J., 94 Censorship, 336, 337, 338

see also propaganda Census Bureau, US, 274 Central America, 15

see also individual countries Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xxii,

xxiv, 5-6, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 27,137, 138, 159, 160, 164, 166, 168, 177, 182, 200, 219, 250, 282, 286, 289, 290, 291-2, 299, 304, 314, 317, 324, 331, 340

Central Intelligence Group, 159 Central Military Committee, 195 Centre for Policy Research, 263 Centre for Public Integrity, 271 Chaliand, Gerard, 221 Chamorro, Violeta, 17, 293 Chamoun, President, 138 Champa (South Vietnam), 44-5, 46, 50, 52,

54, 55, 59, 60 Cham people, 46, 54-5, 60, 63, 74

see also Champa (South Vietnam) 'Charlie'

see National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF)

Charlie Company see My Lai (Son My) massacre

Charner, Admiral, 72

Charter, UN, 154, 157, 289, 293, 298, 299, 300,301,302

Charter of Organisation of American States (OAS), 300

Chattanooga Times (newspaper), 122-3 Che Bong Nga, 55 'cheer syndrome', 280, 281 chemical warfare, 175, 176, 181, 182, 184,

203, 204, 221, 222-6, 313, 337 see also defoliation; gas warfare

Che Nang, 55 Cheney, Richard, 21 Chen Nong, 34 Cheraw tribes, 115 Cherokee tribes, 109, 112, 116, 118 Chesapeake tribes, 115 Chevalier, Commander, 67 Chevron, 272 Chiang Kai-shek, 89, 97, 136, 137 Chiao Chi (Vietnam), 40, 42, 44, 53 Chicago, 29, 124,253-4,255 'Chicago Eight', 255 Chicago Peace Council, 254 Chicago Times (newspaper), 150 Chickahominy tribes, 115 Chickasaw tribes, 109, 118 Chief Cobb, 117 Chief Joseph, 117 Chieu-Hoi ('Open Arms') programme, 232,

280 Chi Hoa Line, 73 child labour, 147, 148, 151 Children's Defence Fund, 274 Chile, 138,304 China, xxi, xxiii, 3, 26, 33, 34, 35, 37,

39-46, 49, 50, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 84, 85-6, 87, 89, 90, 97, 99, 105, 132, 136,137, 175, 179, 184, 187, 213, 292-3, 297, 304, 305, 312,313,315

see also individual dynasties; Mongols Chin Dynasty, 39-40 Chinese Communist Party, 80 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 128 Chirac, President, 24 Chiu Chen (Thanh Hoa) province, 42 Choang people, 37 Choctaw tribes, 117, 118, 140 cholera, 72 Chomsky, Noam, 20, 137, 284 Chou Dynasty, 39 Christianity, 66, 70, 71, 73, 108, 111, 116,

118, 119, 120, 125, 139-40, 143, 165, 177, 183,200,254,258-9,268, 278

396 Index

Christianity {Cont.) see also Calvinism; Roman Catholic

Church 'Christmas bombing' (1972), 215, 258 Christopher, Warren, 298, 301, 321 Church, Frank, 307 Churchill, Winston, 104, 105, 156, 160 Cichon family, 152 Citicorp, 273 Civic Action teams, 200 Civic Guard, Vietnamese, 200 Civilian Irregular Defence Group (CIDG),

219 Civilian Operations and Revolutionary

Development Support (CORDS), 219 Clapp, Asa, 143 Clark, Ramsey, 260, 293 Clark Amendment (1976), 26 Clemency Board, 260 Cleveland Area Peace Action Committee,

254 Clifford, Clark, 187, 188 Clinton, Bill, xxi, xxiii, 9, 23, 259, 273,

275, 276, 279, 291, 296, 297, 318, 319, 320,321,339-40

see also Clinton administration Clinton administration, xxiii, 271,287, 288,

289,290,291,318-19,321 see also Clinton, Bill

Club Med, 317 cluster bombs (CBUs), 214, 222 'Coal and Iron Policy', 150 Coca-Cola, 320 Cochinchina (4Ke Chiem'), 66, 68, 69, 70,

72, 74, 75, 82, 87, 89, 94 Cochise, 117 Cocks, Richard, 65 Code of Louisiana, 120 Colby, William, 12,219 Colden, Cadwallader, 143, 144 Cold War, 108, 135, 152, 153, 154-60, 199,

288-9,304,315,341 Cole, William, 243 College for Ethnic Studies, 255 Collins, J. Lawton, 249-50 Co Loa, 37, 45 Colson, Charles, 235 Columbia, 153 Columbia Eagle (ship), 190 Columbus, Christopher, 115 Comanche tribes, 117 Combat Army Training Organ (CATO), 169 combat zone, 197 'Commander-in-Chief Syndrome, 10 Commission on the Truth, UN, 331

Committee for Refugees, 284 communism, communists, 78, 79, 80, 81,

84, 85, 98, 99, 135,136, 137, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164, 165, 178, 187, 191, 195, 196, 200, 201-2, 203,208, 255, 261, 318, 322, 323, 325

see also Chinese Communist Party; French Communist Party; Indochina Communist Party; US Communist Party; Vietnamese Communist Party

Comte D'Estaing, 67 concentration camps,

American, 126-7, 134,311 Cambodian, 190 South Vietnamese, 170, 171, 174, 183,

214,218,311 Confederation generate du travail unitaire

(CGTU), 83 Confucianism, 40-1, 44, 47, 58, 60, 66, 70 Congo, 138, 180 Congress (US), 26, 27, 28-9, 128, 131,147,

170, 178, 183, 194, 196, 247, 257, 258, 271,273,291,332,333

Contadora plan, 19 containment of communism, 158-9, 292

see also roll-back of communism Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful

Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971), 298, 301, 302, 354-5

Coolidge, Calvin, 151 'coolie' labour, 127-8

see also slavery Cooper-Church Amendment, 191 Corley, Jake, 276 Cornell University, 256 corporations, transnational, 268, 272 corruption, 145-6, 233, 271, 319, 322

see also bribery; gangsters; sleaze Cortes, Fernando, 115 counterinsurgency

see low-intensity warfare (LIW); terror­ism, American

counter-revolutionaries ('contras'), 16, 17, 19,26

'counter-terror teams' (CTs), 219 Cranston, Alan, 27 Creek tribes, 109 Cristiani, President, 330, 331 Cronkite, Walter, 327 Cuba, Cubans, xxii, xxiii, 13, 14, 15, 16,17,

26, 123, 131, 134, 138, 289, 293-5, 296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 325, 353

Cuba Libre, 134

Index 397

see also Cuba, Cubans Cuban Democracy Act (1992), 294, 301,

349 Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity

(Libertad) Act (1996), 294-5, 301, 350-3

Cu Bo (Hai Hung province), 45 cultivation, agrarian, 35, 38,41, 48, 55, 58-9 Custer, General, 115 Cyprus, 180

Dah Vit, 322 Dai Co Viet, 45-6, 50, 53, 54 Dai Ly, (Yunnan), 49 Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, 60 Da Nang, 67, 69, 70, 71, 179, 180, 184,

189, 191, 193, 194, 196,243,244 Dang Tat, 57 Daniel, Nick, 322 Daponte, Beth Osborne, 338 d'Argenlieu, Admiral, 96, 97, 98 Da River, 102 Da Trach (Hai Hung province), 44 d'Aubisson, Roberto, 328 dau tranh (struggle), 206, 213

see also Can Vuong (struggle) Davies, Joseph E., 155 Davis, Rennie, 255 Day, Beth, 119 Dayton peace plan, 302

see also Bosnia; Serbs; Yugoslavia Dean, Paul, 251 death squads, xxiv, 290, 324, 328, 332

see also assassinations; d'Aubisson, Roberto; terrorism, American; torture

de Castries, General, 104 Declaration of Independence from the War

in Vietnam, 252 de Courcy, General, 77 Decoux, Governor-General, 87 Defense Attache's Office (DAO), 5 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 289 defoliation, 184, 185,204,214,218,223-7,

311,314,323 see also Operation Ranch Hand

deformities, 323 de Gaulle, Charles, 27, 178 de Lattre de Tassigny, 101, 102 Delaware tribes, 118 Dellinger, David, 254, 255 Delta Airlines, 317 De Minh, 34, 35 democracy, xxi, 95, 119-20, 121, 137, 153,

268, 270, 272, 275, 284-5, 286, 296

see also elections; plutocracy Democratic Kampuchea, 313 Democratic National Convention (1968),

253, 254, 255 Democratic Party, xxi, 272 Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 87, 96,

97,344-5 see also North Vietnam; Vietnam

demonstrations, 15, 29, 79, 81-3, 84, 89-90,94, 128, 152, 167, 177, 182, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 250, 252-61,262,263,274,327

see also draft, military; srtrikes demoralisation

US, 233-7, 245 Vietnamese, 237

Department of 'Transitional Assistance' (Welfare), 276

depleted uranium ordinance, 301 DePuy, William E. ,21 de Saussure, General, 185 deserters, US, 229, 234-5, 236, 237

see also Absent-Without-Leave (AWOL) cases

Desert Land Act (1877), 141 De Tham, 79 Devillers, Philippe, 73 Dewey, George, 131-2 Diego de Jumilla, Father, 63 Diem administration, 167, 168, 169, 170-1,

172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 199,200,201, 202,214,218

Dien, Raymonde, 101 'Dien Bien Gorazde', 24 Dien Bien Phu, 24, 95, 103-5, 165, 308,

309 Dinh Bo Linh, 45-6 Dinh Cong Trang, 77 Dinh Kien, 45 dioxin (in Agent Orange), 226, 323 discrimination, racial, 243-4, 245, 246,

255-6, 277-8 see also racism

disease, 21, 72, 102, 116, 126, 127, 132, 134, 224-6, 230, 234, 261, 262, 263, 269,323, 338, 353

see also cholera; defoliation; deformities; dysentery; starvation; typhus

Divine Right of Kings, xxi, xxiv, 130, 131 'Dixiecrats'

see States Rights Party ('Dixiecrats') Dodd, T, 178 doi moi ('renovation'), 315 Dole, Robert, xxi, 272, 273, 279 Dominican Republic, 138

398 Index

Donehogawa, 117 Dong Dau culture, 36 Dong Du (Trip to the East') Movement, 79 Dong Hoi, 63 Dong Khanh, 77 Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc ('Private Schools')

Movement, 78-9 Dong Minh Hoi (DMH), 89 Dong Nai River, 35, 36 Dong Son culture, 36 Dorr, Thomas, 146-7 'double veterans', 217

see also rape; veterans, Vietnam Douglas, William O., 164 Doumer, Paul, 78 Dow Chemicals, 153 draft, military, 13, 194, 234-5, 237, 250,

253, 259-260 Drexel Burnham, 273 Drug Enforcement Adminstration (DEA),

19,286 see also drug trafficking

drug experiments, 278 drug trafficking, xxii, 19, 290 Duarte, Jose Napoleon, 324, 326 Duke University, 255-6 Dulles, Allen, 137, 163-4, 247 Dulles, John Foster, 102, 104, 137, 163-4,

165, 166, 167, 168,293 Duong Dien Nghe, 43, 45 Duong Hieu Nghia, 179 Duong Thanh, 45 Duong Van Due, 179 Duong Van Minh, 177, 179, 192, 196 Duong Vuong, 34 Dutch East India Co., 64-5 Dutch forces, 64-5

see also Holland Dutch West India Co., 140, 141 Duvalier, Jean-Claude ('Baby Doc'), 319 dysentery, 78

Eagleburger, Lawrence, xxiii, 15, 318 Earlier Le Dynasty, 46-7 East Germany, 325 East Timor, xxi, 138, 292, 300 Eckert, Ted, 341 economic blockade

see sanctions Economic Cooperation Administration

(EC A), 102 Edelman, Marian Wright, 274 Egypt, 290, 291, 304 Ehrlichman, John, 256 Eichmann, Adolf, 160

Eisenhower, Dwight D. , 104, 152, 167, 172,308-9, 332

Eisenhower administration, 202 elections, xxii 16-17, 19, 83, 138, 166, 167,

168, 169, 170, 173, 184, 186, 189, 192, 199, 270-1, 272, 273, 275, 284-5, 286, 287,297,302,321,330,332

see also democracy; plutocracy Eliot, Samuel, 115 Ellender, Allen, 217 El Salvador, xxii, xxiv, 14, 15, 138, 279,

288, 295, 296, 297, 304, 308, 311, 324-32

Ely, General, 104 embargo, economic

see sanctions encomienda system, 109-10 Endara, Guillermo, 20 England, 67, 115,120

see also United Kingdom Enterprise (ship), 187 Eries, 115 Eriksson, Leif, 109 Eritrea, 12 Esperanee (ship), 74 espionage, 174, 176 ethics, xviii, xxii, xxiv, xxv, 25-6, 66, 270,

282,283, 284, 287, 302-3, 309, 320 Ethics and Public Policy Center, 285 Ethiopia, 12, 15,295,304,325 eugenics, 124 euphoria, as Vietnam consequence, 9, 10

see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of

Europe, xxiii, 15, 154, 158, 159, 160, 269, 284, 297

see also individual countries Evans, Kathy, 338 executions, 54, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82,

95, 97, 120-1, 122, 172, 201, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 226, 278-9, 290, 291, 330,331

see also assassinations; death squads; massacres

exploitation, xxiii see also capitalism; imperialism; plutoc­

racy extra-territoriality, 294, 296, 297, 301, 302 Faas, Horst, 222 Fadlallah, Sheikh, 289 Faifo, 67 Falklands, 295 Fame (ship), 69 Farabundo Martf National Liberation Front

(FMLN), 15,328,329,330-1

Index 399

farms, 145 see also cultivation, agrarian

fascism, 81, 85, 154, 155, 157, 172 see also plutocracy

Fawzi, Mary C , 338 'fear syndrome', 280-1 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 250,

263, 289 see also Hoover, Edgar J.

Federal Election Commission, 273 Federal Reserve, US, 276 Felt, Harry, 172, 176 Female Anti-Slavery Society, 121

see also slavery Ferguson, Colin, 277 Fertel, Randy, 9 feudalism, 81, 140-1 Fifth Avenue Peace Anti-Vietnam Parade

Committee, 254 Filipinos

see Philippines, Filipinos finance, international, 308, 311, 315, 316,

318,319,333,340,341 see also International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development (World Bank); International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Finland, 154 'Fish Hook' area (Cambodia), 190, 191 Fittzwater, Marlin, 318 'Five O'clock Follies', 248, 335

see also 'Saigon Follies' flag

American, 256, 283 Confederate, 243 French, 95 Vietcong, 256, 259 Vietminh, 92, 95

Fletcher, Governor, 142 Fletcher, Yvonne, 287 flight from Saigon (1975), 4-6, 9, 196, 307,

312 Florida, 109, 124-5 Fonda, Jane 252 Fontainbleau Conference (1946), 97 Forbes, Malcolm, 273 Ford, Congressman, 126-7 Ford, Gerald, 4, 195, 196,260 Ford, Henry, 151, 152 Ford administration, 262 Fordice, Kirk, 277 Foreign Assistance Appropriation Act

(1976), 314 Foreign Assistance Bill (1973), 26, 194, 326 Fort Benning, 217

Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 115 Fort Wayne, 258 Founding Fathers, 119 Fournier, Bill, 8 Fourteenth Amendment, 125 Fox tribes, 114 'fragging', 228, 243,244 France, 3, 4, 24, 64, 65, 67-9, 70, 71, 72,

75, 78, 81, 85, 87, 90, 93, 94, 96-7, 101, 102, 105, 130, 163, 164, 165, 168, 199, 201, 218, 284, 292, 308, 309, 318

see also invasions of Vietnam, by French; Vichy France

Franklin, Keith, 237 Franklin (ship), 69 French Committee of Action for the

Amnesty of Political Prisoners, 83 French Communist Party, 80, 81, 83 French East India Co., 66 French Expeditionary Corps, 101, 102 French Foreign Legion, 82 French Guiana, 83 French National Assembly, 78, 81 French Popular Relief, 83 French Revolution, 67 Fried, Joe, 281 Froines, John, 255 fuel-air explosives (FAEs), 300-1, 339 Fulbright, J. William, 4, 183, 249, 250 Fulton, Missouri, 156, 160

G7 nations, 269, 305 Gaddafi, Muammar, 286, 295 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 274 Gandhi, 254 gangsters, 233, 307

see also bribery; corruption; sleaze Gao Pian, 45 Gamier, Francis, 75 Garrison, William Lloyd, 121 gas warfare, 222-3, 226

see also defoliation; chemical warfare Gay, Bill, 8 Gehlen, Reinhard, 159 Gellhorn, Martha, 218, 280 General Accounting Office, 276 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

(GATT), xxii, 303 see also World Trade Organisation (WTO)

General Assembly, UN, 292, 313 General Assembly resolutions

47/19, 48/16, 49/24, 50/10, 51/17, 293-4, 298, 303,

32/84,301, 57/22, 302

400 Index

General Electric, 318 General Foods, 153 General Motors, 153 Geneva Accords (1954), 105-6, 163, 164,

165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 199, 200, 218, 299, 308, 346-7

Geneva Agreement (1954), see Geneva Accords (1954)

Geneva Conference (1954), 165, 166, 167, 169, 171

see also Geneva Accords (1954) Geneva Convention, xxii, 232, 299, 300,

301,303 see also international law, US violations

of; war crimes Genghis Khan, 49 genocide, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxv, 21,

72, 106, 108, 109-18, 119, 126, 129, 130, 137, 153, 160, 214, 220-1, 245, 304, 311, 324, 325, 328-9, 330, 335, 337-8

see also massacres George, Lloyd, 337 Georgia, 125 Germany, 81, 85, 124, 152, 154, 158

see also East Germany Geronimo

see Goyathlay (Geronimo) Gestapo, 160 Geymann, John, 240 Gia Long

see Nguyen Anh (Gia Long) Gian Dinh, 56-7 Gilligan, John, 236 Gingrich, Newt, 272, 273 Glasman, John D., 325 Global Engagement, 269

see also hegemony, US Goa, 64 Goldman, Robert, 303 Goldman Sachs & Co., 273 Go Mun culture, 36 Gougelmann, Tucker, 5 Goulart, Joao, 138 Gould, Jay, 146 Goyathlay, (Geronimo), 117 Gracey, Douglas D., 93, 94, 95 Grant, Ulysses, S., 70 Graves, William S., 135 Great Depression, 151, 154 Great Society Programme, 242 Great War (First World War), xvii, 85, 148,

152,242,337 Greece, 156-7

Greek Civil War, 156-7 Greek National Guard, 157 Greek Royal Army, 157 Green Berets, 324 Greer, Herb, 335 Gregory, Dick, 256 Grenada, 16, 138, 267, 286, 300 Grenadian People's Revolutionary Army, 18 Griffin, R. Allen, 102 Griswold, Whitney, 136 gross domestic product (GDP),

Mozambique, 271 Grosse Island, 147 Grossman, Karl, 15 gross national product (GNP), US, 268 Gruening, Ernest, 199 Gruenther, General, 308-9 Guam, 134, 181, 185 Guantanamo naval base, 299 Guatemala, 13, 137, 138, 153, 290, 295,

324, 332 Guernica, 213 guerrilla war

see rebellion, Vietnamese Guevara, Ernesto 'Che', xvii, 13 Guggenheim, Simon, 146 guilt transference 238, 239 Gulf of Thailand, 33 Gulf of Tonkin incidents, 187 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 29, 178, 244,

257,260 Gulf War (1991), 6, 9, 21, 24-5, 29, 251,

267, 305, 308, 312, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340

see also Hussein, Saddam Gulf War Syndrome, 262

see also Agent Orange Guzman, Ralph, 245

Hahpiua Luta (Red Cloud), 114, 117 Haig, Alexander, 14, 327, 331 Hainan Island, 84 Haines, Harry, 11 Haiphong, 26, 84, 86, 98, 178,182, 184,

186, 192, 193,208 Haiti, 24, 30, 153, 267, 290, 296 Ha Long Bay, 45 Halsey, William, 126 Hamas, 290 'Hamburger Hill', 189 Ham Nghi, 77, 79 Handal, Shafik, 329 Han Dynasty, 35, 39,40-1, 42 Hanoi, 26, 42, 62, 65, 68, 75, 86, 92, 97, 98,

101, 164, 183, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192,

Index 401

193, 201, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214, 215, 258, 284, 313, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322-3

see also Kecho (Hanoi); Thang Long (Hanoi); Tong Binh (Hanoi); Tonkin (Hanoi)

Han Wu Ti, 40 haragei ('stomach talk'), 231 Harivarman II, 54 Harkins, Paul D., 175 Harris, Hunter, 171 Harrison, Lieutenant, 214 Hart, Gary, 272 Harvard University, 284 Harvey, Frank, 222 Hatfield, Mark, 29 Hatfield-McGovern Amendment, 191 Ha Thuc Can, 283 Ha Tinh, 206-7 Hawaii, 123, 131, 134 Ha Xuan Dai, 212 Hayden, Tom, 252, 255 Hayes, President, 148 Hayter, Teresa, 304 hegemony, US, xxi, xxii-xxiii, 24, 25-6, 108,

138,159, 160, 213, 264, 267-8,269, 279, 287, 289,292, 302-3, 306-7, 333

see also Cold War; containment of com­munism; imperialism; rollback of communism

Helms, Jesse, 294, 296 Helms, Richard, 299 Helms-Burton Act

see Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act (1996)

Henderson, Oran, 217 Heng Samrin, 313 Hernando de Soto, 109, 111 Heroine (ship), 70 Herrington, Stuart, 220 Hertz, Helga Alice, 180 Hirado, 65 Hirohito, Emperor, 86, 92 Hirohima, 91-2, 214 Hitler, Adolf, 124, 152, 154, 155, 332, 335 Hoa Lu, 46 Hoang Hoa Tham, 88 Hoa people, 33 Ho Chi Minh ('The Enlightened One'),

79-80, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 122, 163, 164, 167, 189, 199, 208, 259

see also Nguyen Ai Quoc ('Nguyen the Patriot'); Nguyen Tat Thanh (Ho Chi Minh)

Ho Chi Minh Campaign, 196 Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), 317, 320, 321,

322, 323 see also Saigon

Ho Chi Minh Trail (Laos), 192, 194 Hoffman, Abbie, 255 Ho Hue (Quang Trung), 63, 64 Holbrooke, Richard, 302 Holland, 64-5, 110, 111-12, 140 Holocaust, 160 Holsti, Ole R., xviii-xix, 326 Holtzman, John, 291 Ho Lu, 63, 64 Homestead Act (1862), 141, 173 Honan province, 39 Honduras, 15, 17, 138, 290, 324, 332 Hong Due Code, 59 Hong Kong, 233, 312, 316 Hong Kong Transport (ship), 170 Ho Nhac, 63, 64 Honolulu, 261 Hoover, Edgear J., 152, 263 'Hoovervilles', 152 Ho Qui Ly, 55 hospitals, bombing of, 180, 181, 193,

206-7, 258 Ho Ting, 233 House Banking Committee, 271 House Defense Appropriations

Subcommittee, 178 House Un-American Activities Committee

(HUAC), 152 Hue, Father, 71 Hue, 40, 42, 63, 65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77,

79,83,91, 176, 177, 179, 184, 187, 189,196

Hughes, Robert, xvii-xviii Huk guerrillas, 164 human rights, xxi, xxiii, 268, 279, 291, 295,

296, 318, 321, 325, 329-30, 331, 332 see also assassinations; executions; geno­

cide; massacres; starvation; terror­ism; torture; women's rights

Humphrey, Hubert, 183 Humphries, Arthur A., 336 Humphries, Hulond, 278 Hung Dynasty, 34, 37 Huntington, Samuel, 284 Huron tribes, 115, 118 Hussein, Saddam, xxiv, 8, 20-1, 28, 138,

332, 334, 335, 339, 340 Huu Ngon, 320 HuynhPhuoc Tinh, 219 HuynhVanTon, 179 Hwang Chao, 45

402 Index

Ignatio, 65 Illinois Anti-Slavery Society, 121

see also slavery Imperial Advisor, office of, 60 imperialism, xix, xx, xxiii, 3, 13, 46, 54, 74,

81,85, 108, 123, 129-38,269 see also hegemony, US; invasions of

Vietnam Imperial Japanese Greater East Asia

Manifesto, 90 imprisonment of debtors, 143-4 Incas, 115 independent dynasties (Vietnam), 46-64 India, 64, 67, 96, 168, 295 'Indian frontiers', 114 Indian General Allotment Act (1887), 114,

115 Indian Removal Act (1830), 114 Indians, American, 72, 109-19, 126, 140,

141,245-6,283 see also individual tribes

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, 114 Indian wars, 113 Indochina, 76, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96,

101, 105, 163, 164, 166, 195,251,252, 284,309,318-19,326

see also individual countries Indochina Communist Party, 80-1, 82, 85,

91,98,315 see also Vietnamese Communist Party

Indochinese Democratic Front, 85 Indochinese Federation, 90, 97 Indonesia, xxi, 138, 252, 292, 300, 312

see also East Timor Indrapura (Champa capital), 46 Indravarman III, 54 Indravarman IV, 54 Industrial Workers of the World

('Wobblies'), 151 Institute of Economic Affairs, 268 Inter-Church World Movement, 151 International Bank for Reconstruction and

Devolopment (World Bank), 154, 269, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 316, 318, 319,321,333

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), 287, 301

International Committee of Conscience on Vietnam, 183

International Control Commission, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 176

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 279

International Court of Justice at The Hague (World Court), 17, 289, 293, 300

International Institute for Strategic Studies, 269

international law, US violations of, xxii, xxiii, 18, 105-6, 202, 287-8, 289, 293, 294, 298-303, 306, 308, 340, 341

see also Geneva Accords; Geneva Convention; genocide; war crimes

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 154, 269, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 316, 317,318,319,333

International Press Institute, 338 International Red Cross, 207, 222, 338 International War Crimes Tribunal, 182

see also Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal; war crimes; Winter Soldier Investigation

invasions of Vietnam, 44, 55, 214 by Britain, 93 by China, 40, 44-5, 46, 48, 55-6 by France, 71-3, 74 by Japan, 79, 84, 86-7 by Mongols, 49-50, 74, 88 by Spain, 72 by United States, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175 see also rebellions, Vietnamese; Vietnam

War Iran, xvii, xix, xxii, 16, 27, 138, 157, 291,

295,296,297, 302, 304-5 see also Persia

Iranian Revolution, 27 Iraq, xix, xxiii, xxiv, 22, 28, 29, 138, 267,

269, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 298,302, 303, 304, 308, 311, 332-41

Iraqi National Accord, 290-1, 292 Iron Age, 36 'iron curtain', 156 'Iron Triangle', 186 Iroquois Confederacy, 112 Isaacs, Harold, 91 Islamic Society (San Diego), 334 Israel, Israelis, xvii, 27, 292, 294, 297, 299,

300,301

Jackson, Andrew ('Sharp Knife'), 70, 114, 125,145

Jackson, Jesse, 272 Jackson,M., 174 Jackson News (newspaper), 122 Jackson State University, 257 Jacobson, George, 5 Jamaica, 138 James, Lew, 5 Jankowski, Celene, 182 Japan, 14, 64, 65, 81, 85-6, 87-8, 90, 91-2,

93-4, 95, 96, 101, 106, 126, 132, 136,

Index 403

137, 184, 201, 203, 206, 213-14, 284, 297,317,318,320,338

Java, 44-5 Jay,John, 270 Jaya Indravarman I, 54 Jaya Sinhavarman II, 54 Jaya Sinhavarman IV, 55 Jefferson, Thomas, 130, 270 Jennings, Francis, 116 Jerusalem, 300, 337 Johns Hopkins University, 247 Johnson, Edward, 111 Johnson, Lady Bird, 250 Johnson, Lyndon, 8, 9, 10, 23, 25, 28, 173,

177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 197, 199, 237, 243, 247, 248, 249-50, 260, 281, 282, 283, 299

see also Johnson administration Johnson, R. W., 272 Johnson, Samuel, 119-20 Johnson administration, 7, 29, 247, 249,

250, 263, 285, 309 see also Johnson, Lyndon

Johnston, Robert, 22 Joint Military Commission (JMC), 195 Jones, Governor, 123-4 Josephson, Matthew, 140 Juan de Onate, Don, 109-10 Judaism, 183 Ju-Ju club, 243 Junior Chamber of Commerce, 248 Justice Department, US, 277

Kahn, Robert, 276 Kampuchea

see Cambodia; Democratic Kampuchea; People's Republic of Kampuchea

Kattenburg, Paul, 11 Kecho (Hanoi), 64 Kennedy, Edward, 27, 236 Kennedy, John F., 25, 164, 169, 173, 174,

175, 176, 177,203,299 see also Kennedy administration

Kennedy, Joseph (Jnr), 292 Kennedy, Joseph (Snr), 164 Kennedy administration, 7, 309

see also Kennedy, John. F. Kent State University, 191, 257 Kenya, 305 Kerry, John, 320 al-Khadami, Abu Amneh, 290-1 Kham, Captain, 233 Kham Thien Street, 258 Khe Sanh, 186, 187, 188 Khmer people, 33, 54-5, 73, 74

Khmer Rouge, 313 Khuc Hao, 45 Khuc Thua Du, 43, 45 Kieft, Willem, 111 Kim II-sung, 163 Kim Quy (Golden Sea Turtle), 35, 38 King, Martin Luther, 242, 243, 244, 252 King, Rodney, 278 King Philip's War (1976), 111 King Sport Victory (ship), 170 Kipling, Rudyard, 126 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 331 Kissinger, Henry, 4, 5, 8, 10, 193, 194, 196,

256 Knights of the White Camelia, 121 Knox, Henry, 112 Kolchak forces, 135 Komer, Robert, 219 Kontum, 193, 195 Korea, xix, 40, 104, 105, 106, 126, 136,

137,213,214 see also Korean War; North Korea; South

Korea Korean Flight 007, 295 Korean War, xvii, 128-9, 163, 175, 214,

235, 282, 284, 299 Kosygin, Alexei, 186 Kovic, Ron, 29 Kubilai, 50, 53 Kublai Khan, 49 KuKluxKlan, 121, 151,277 Kuomintang, 89, 136, 137 Kurdistan, 292, 339, 340 Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), 339,

340 Kuwait, xxiv, 8, 20-1, 28, 332, 333, 334,

337, 338, 339, 340 Kwangju, 56, 190, 226 Kwantung Army, 92

Lac Long Quan, 34, 37 Lac Viet people, 37 Laird, Melvin, 178, 189, 194, 239 LamVanPhat, 179 language, in Vietnam, 33-4, 41, 55, 66, 232 Lansdale, Edward Geary, 164, 165, 200 Laos, xviii, xix, 16, 26, 86, 103, 105, 137,

178, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 213,221,251,311,313,314

Laotian Provisional National Union, 314 Lapham, Lewis H., 270 Later Le Dynasty, 58-64 Latin America, 14, 15, 131, 290

see also individual countries Latin American Studies Association, 16-17

404 Index

Lavelle, John, 192 Law 10/59, 172, 173,200 Lawless, Judge, 121 Lawn, John C, 19 Law on Foreign Investment, 316 Lawrence mills, 151 Lawrence Poor Farm, 151 Lawson, J. J., 95 League of Nations, 154 Lease, Mary, 145 Leatherneck (magazine), 126 Lebanon, Lebanese, xvii, xxiii, 138, 292,

297,301 see also Beirut

Le Bao Phung, 75 Leclerc, General, 95, 97 Le Duan, 201 LeDucTho, 194 Lefevre, Monsignor, 70 Legal Defence Committee, 254 legend, Vietnamese, 34-5, 38, 56, 60 Legro, William, 5 Le Hien Tong, 61 Le Hoan, 46-7, 54 Le Hong De Huan, 61-2 Le Hong Phong, 83 Le Loi (Le Thai To), 56, 57, 58, 59, 74,

79 LeMay, Curtis, 129, 182,214 Lemnitzer, L., 173, 174 Lempa River, 329 Le Populaire (journal), 80 Lernoux, Penny, 290 'Les Jaunes', 95,99 LeTham, 167 Le Thanh Tong, 58, 59, 60, 61 Letter of Instructions (LOI), 219 Le Van Duyet, 70 LeVanTy, 169 Leveque, Captain, 70 Lewis, Charles, 271 Lewis, Jake, 271 Liberia, 120 Libya, xxii, xxiii, 16, 138, 288, 289, 295,

296,297,298,301,302 see also Gaddafi, Muammar

Libyan Embassy, London, 287 Lieu Thang, 57 Lincoln Memorial, 274 Linh Nam Chich Quai, 60 Linton, Benjamin F., 145 Lippo Group, xxi Liuzzo, Viola, 125 Livingstone, R., 130 Lockerbie case, 301

see also Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971)

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 131, 179, 181 see also Cabot, George

Lond, Clarence, 326 Lon Nol, 190, 191 Lo River, 98 Los Angeles, 29 Lo Tuan, 43 Louis XVIII, 69 Louis-Adolphe Bonard, 72, 73 Louisiana, 120 Lousiana Purchase, 130 Lovejoy, Elijah P., 121 Lovett, Robert, 247 Lowell system, 148 low-intensity warfare (LIW), xxii, 27,

288-92, 306, 308, 324-9, 332, 340 see also terrorism, American

Loyang, 39 Lumumba, Patrice, 138 Luong Ngoc Quyen, 88 Lutheran Action Committee, 254 Luu Ky Tong, 54 Ly Bi, 43,44 Ly Dynasty, 47-9 Lynch, Judge, 122 lynchings, 122-3 Lynd, Staughton, 252 Ly Nhan Ton, 49 Ly Phat Tu, 43 Ly Thai To (Ly Cong Uan), 47 Ly Thuong Kiet, 48 Ly Tu Tien, 45 Ly Xuan, 43

Macao, 64, 65, 66 MacArthur, Arthur, 126, 135 MacArthur, Douglas, 126,152 MacArthur, John R., 336 MacCormick Commission, 236 Mac Dang Doanh, 61 Mac Dang Dung, 61 Machapunga tribes, 115 MacNeice, Louis, 155 Madagascar, 85 Maddox (ship), 178 Magna Carta, 47 Magsaysay, President, 164 Mahan,A.T. ,131 Mai Thuc Loan, 43, 45 Mai Xuan Thuong, 77 Major Crimes Act (1885), 114 Malacca, 64

Index 405

Malaya, 44-5, 174 see also Malaysia

Malaysia, 312 see also Malaya

management science, 153 Manchu Dynasty, 62, 64 mandarin class, 47-8, 49, 61, 62, 63, 68,

73-4, 75, 77, 79,80 Manhattan Institute, 285 Manhattan Island, 110, 140 Manhattes tribe, 110 'man-holes', defensive, 204, 205 Manifest Destiny, 129-30, 131 Manila, 69, 131, 171, 178 Mansfield, Mike, 164, 176 Mao Tse-tung, 137 Mariana Islands, 134 Marit Maersk (ship), 169 Ma River, 35, 36 market economy, 315-16, 317, 320-1, 323

see also capitalism; plutocracy Marmion (ship), 69 Marshall, George C., 158 Marshall Plan, 98, 101, 158-9, 160 Marti, Agustin Farabundo, 324 Martin, Graham Anderson, 4-5 Martin, Henri, 101 Marx, Karl, 80 Mason, John, 116 Massachusetts, 110, 111, 115, 116, 139,

143, 151 massacres, 110-11, 112, 115, 118, 134-5,

138, 167, 168, 171, 173, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 190,214,216-19,226, 238-40, 249, 258, 267, 324, 325, 327-8, 329, 331, 332, 337, 338

see also atrocities; casualties; genocide; matanza massacre; My Lai (Son Ly) massacre; Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program

'master race' concepts, 278 matanza massacre, 324 Mather, Cotton, 116, 118 Matsumoto, Gary, 336 Matsuoka Yosuke, 86 Mau-Mau club, 243 Maxwell House, 153 Ma Yuan (Tamer of Waters'), 42 McCain, John, 23 McCarthy, Joseph, 152, 155 McCIoy, John, 247 McConnel, John P., 184 McCulloch, Frank, 282 McCusker, Michael, 240 McGovern, George, 317

McNamara, Robert, 7, 9, 25-6, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 204, 222, 247

Medical Committee for Human Rights, 254, 255

Medrano, Jose, 324 Meese, Ed, 19 megalomia, 11 Mekong River, 33, 75, 96, 103, 188, 243 Me Linh people, 37 Mellon, Andrew W., 146 Melville, Marjorie, 13, 14 Melville, Thomas, 13, 14 memorials to veterans, 263 Memphis Press (newspaper), 123 Merino, Francisco, 331 Merrill Lynch, 273 Metcalf, Joseph, 18 Mexican-American War (1848), 130 Mexico, 13, 115 Miami tribes, 114, 115 Michener, James, 257 Michigan State University, 252 Mikhail Frunze (ship), 186 Military Assistance Advisory Group

(MAAG), 172, 173, 174, 175 Military Assistance Command, Vietnam

(MACV), 175,281 military colonies, Chinese, 41 military expenditure, US, xxii-xxiii Military Professional Resources (MPR)

Inc., 301 Military Staff Committee, UN, 157 Miller {ship), 170 mines, mining, 186, 193 Ming Dynasty, 55^6, 57, 58, 61, 62, 74, 106 Ming Mang, 68-9, 70 Minh Long, 213 Minuit, Peter, 111 miscegenation laws, 124-5 mismanagement, US, 4-6, 13, 25 missiles, 339

cruise, 339, 340 Patriot, 337 Scud,337 see also rockets

Missing-in-Action (MIA) personnel, 230, 284,311,317,318,319,320

see also prisoners of war (POWs) Mississippi, 123, 124 Mississippi River, 130 Mitterrand, Francois, 318 Mobile tribes, 109 Moc Thanh, 57 Mogadishu, 22, 23

406 Index

Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, xvii Mohawk tribes, 112, 115 Mohican tribes, 111, 115, 117 Mohr, Charles, 252-3 'mole people', New York, 274 Molly Maguires, 148 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 156 Mondale, Walter, 272 Mongols, 49-50, 52-3, 54, 74 Mon-Khmer people, 33 Monroe, James, 131 Monroe, Doctrine, 131 Montauk tribes, 115 Montreal Convention (1971)

see Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 1971)

morality see ethics

Morgan, John Pierpont, 146 Morgan, Stanley, 273 Morrow, Michael, 317 Morse, Wayne, 187 Moscow, 80 Mossadeq, Mohammed, 138 Mountbatten, Louis, 93, 94 Moutet, Marius, 97-8 Moynihan, Patrick, 242 Mozambique, 138, 271 Muller, Bobby, 262 Muong people, 33, 74, 77 Murmansk, 135 Museum of Archaeology and History, 214

see also archaeology; National Museum, Hanoi

mutilations, 215-16, 217, 218, 219, 226, 238,240

My Lai 4 (Tu Cung) see My Lai (Son My) massacre

My Lai (Son My) massacre, 9, 188, 190, 195, 216-18, 220, 233-4, 238-9, 283

see also Calley, William My Nuong, 34 Myrdal, Gunnar, 125 My Thuy Phuong, 89

Nabisco, 272 Nader, Ralph, 272 Nagasaki, 92, 214 Nam Dinh, 206 Nam Viet ('Nan Yueh'), 35, 38-9, 40 Nan Chiao (Yunnan), 44-5 Nanticoke tribes, 115 napalm, xx, 180, 182, 184, 203, 204, 214,

218,221-22,246,252-3,328

see also chemical warfare; phosphorus bombs

Napoleon III, 71, 73 Napoleonic Wars, 67 Narrangansett tribes, 117 National Association of Broadcasters,

281-2 National Association of Travel Agents, 272 National Commission on the Causes and

Prevention of Violence, 253 National Day of Prayer, 256 National Defense Ribbon, 236 National Grange of the Patrons of

Husbandry, 146 National Guard, 148, 150 National Lawyers Guild, 254 National Liberation Committee, 92 National Liberation Front of South Vietnam

(NLF), 173, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 190, 208-12, 216, 218, 219-20, 222, 223, 232, 233, 245, 250, 251, 252, 259,280-1,282,285

see also Vietcong Code of Discipline National Mobilisation Against the War,

253, 254, 255 National Museum, Hanoi, 214-15 National Opposition Union (UNO), 286 national security, US, 3-4 National Security Agency (ANSESAL), 324 National Security Council (NSC), 159, 318 National Security Council (NSC) 10/2

memorandum, 159 National Security Council (NSC) memoran­

dum 58, 159-60 National Security Council (NSC) memoran­

dum 68, 159 National United Front for the Liberation of

Vietnam, 317 Navarre, General, 102-3 Nay Luette, 5 Nehru, Pandit, 96 Nelson, David, 121 Nelson, Margaret, 220 Nemesis (ship), 71 Neolithic Age, 35 'New Deal', 152, 154 New Netherlands, 140, 142 New Orleans States (newspaper), 122 Newsweek (journal), 178, 184 New World Group, 317 New York, 29, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146,

147, 148,270,274 New York Central Railroad, 146 New York Times (newspaper), 151 New Zealand, 14, 165,182

Index 407

Nez Perces, 117 Nghe An, 78, 88 Nghe province, 57 Nghe Tinh Soviets, 82 Ngo Dien Liem, 316 Ngo Dinh Diem, 42, 83, 164, 166, 167, 168,

169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177,200, 201,203,214

see also Diem administration Ngo Dinh Diem, Madame, 42 Ngo Quyen, 43, 45, 53 Ngo Si Lien, 60 Ngo Trong Hieu, 174 Nguyen, Doctor, 224 Nguyen Ai Quoc ('Nguyen the Patriot'), 80,

89 see also Ho Chi Minh ('The Enlightened

One') Nguyen An, 56 Nguyen Anh (Gia Long), 64, 65, 67, 68, 69,

70,75 Nguyen An Ninh, 83 Nguyen Binh Khiem, 60-1 Nguyen Canh Chan, 57 Nguyen Cao Ky, 180, 183, 184, 186, 191,

192 Nguyen Du, 60 Nguyen Duy Khiem, 184, 191, 192 Nguyen Dynasty, 68 Nguyen faction, 62-3 Nguyen Hoang, 62, 65 Nguyen Huu Co, 233 Nguyen Khanh, 177, 178-9, 180 Nguyen Kim, 62 Nguyen Luong, 167 Nguyen Ngoc Tho, 177 Nguyen Phuc Anh, 63 Nguyen Phuoc Tan, 65 Nguyen Quang Bich, 77-8 Nguyen Sinh Huy, 80 Nguyen Tat Thanh (Ho Chi Minh), 79

see also Ho Chi Minh (The Enlightened One')

Nguyen Thai Hoc, 79 Nguyen Thanh Mai, 218 Nguyen Thi Binh, 218 Nguyen Thi Dieu, 168 Nguyen Thien Thuat, 77 Nguyen Trai, 57 Nguyen Trung True, 74 Nguyen Van Tao, 83 Nguyen Van Thieu, 180, 184, 188, 189,

191,192,194, 195, 196 Nguyen Xuan Oanh, 179 Nhan Tong, 50

Nho Dinh Nhu, 177 Nicaragua, xxii, 15-17, 19,26, 132, 138,

279, 286, 288, 289, 293, 295, 300, 304, 324,332

'nigger-hunting licences', mock, 278 Nikken, Pedro, 331 Ninh Binh, 206 Nixon, Richard, 7, 10, 13, 26, 27, 102, 189,

190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 203, 217, 255, 256, 257-8, 260, 262, 314, 315

Nixon administration, 14, 26, 250, 256, 258, 263,285

see also Nixon, Richard 'no-fly zones', Iraq, 298, 302, 339 'No More Vietnams', 12-24, 306 Nordstrom, Charles, 118 Noriega, Manuel, 18-20, 286, 295, 298

see also Panama Norodom Sihanouk, 190 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO), 14, 165, 178, 269, 309 Northern Cheyenne tribes, 115, 117 North Korea, 287-8, 301

see also Pyongyang North Vietnam, 26, 35, 37, 166, 168, 169,

170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208, 220-1, 230,247,250,314,326

see also Haiphong; Hanoi; Vietnam North Vietnam Army (NVA), 209, 211-13,

250 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 112 nuclear weapons, 91-2, 104, 157, 165, 187,

204, 213-14, 221, 252, 269, 287-8, 295, 300-1

Nung people, 37 Nuremburg Code (drug experimentation),

302

Oakes, John, 16 Oakley, Robert, 22 Occam's Razor, 25 O'Daniel, General, 168 O du people, 33 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 91 Ogaden, 12 Ohio State University, 256 oil, oil companies, 27, 138, 151, 318, 333 Oksenberg, Michel, 315 Olivier, Lawrence, 155 Olson, Harry, 124 O Ma Nhi (Omar), 52, 53 Oneida tribes, 112

408 Index

Onondaga tribes, 112 Operation Attleboro, 185 Operation Birmingham, 183 Operation Cedar Falls, 186 Operation Complete Victory, 188 Operation Delaware, 188 Operation Dewey Canyon II, 191 'Operation Disaster', 287 Operation Double Eagle, 183 Operation Geronimo, 185 Operation Grimp, 182 Operation Hastings, 184 Operation Homecoming, 261 Operation Iowa, 185 Operation Junction City, 186 Operation Just Cause, 20, 23 Operation Lam Son 719, 192 Operation Marauder, 182 Operation Masher - White Wing, 183, 249 Operation Mongoose, 17, 299 Operation Pegasus, 188 Operation Ranch Hand, 225

see also defoliation Operation Rolling Thunder, 206, 226

see also bombing Operation Sea Lords, 188 Operation Somalia, 287

see also Somalia Operation Star-light, 181 Operation Sunrise, 175 Operation Texas, 183 Operation Urgent Fury, 18 Operation Van Buren, 183 Operation White Wing, 249

see also Operation Masher - White Wing Organisation of American States (OAS),

300, 330 Ortega, Daniel, 17 Osborne, K. Barton, 220 Osdorne, William N, 175 Ottawa tribes, 114, 118 Overseas Development Institute, 304

Pacific, 123, 131, 134 Pacific Mail Steamship, 128 Pacific Stock Exchange, San Francisco, 29 Page, Admiral, 72 Pakistan, 165,291,295 Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age, 35, 38 paleolithic culture

see Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age Palestinians, 301 Pallu, Francois, 66 Pallu de la Barriere, 72, 74 Pan, Lynn, 127

Panama, 18-20, 23, 138, 267, 286, 290, 295, 298, 300

see also Noriega, Manual Panama Canal Treaties (1977-8), 300 Pan-Asian Movement, 79 Pdnfilo de N£rva6z, 109 Paramesvaravarman, 54 paranoia, as Vietnam consequence, 9, 10

see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of Paraguay, 295 Parkman, Francis, 119 Parr Wa Samen (Ten Bears), 117 'Parrot's Beak' area (Cambodia), 190,191 PathetLao, 103,314 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), 339,

340 Patton, George C, 152 Pauker, Guy J., 7-8 Pauling, Linus, 175 Peabody, Governor, 150 Peabody, Joseph, 143 Peace Agreement (1973), 315, 319 Peace Conference (Paris, 1946), 157 peace talks (Paris, 1969-73), 188, 189, 191,

194,315 Peckarsky, J. C, 262 Peers, William, 216 Pellerin, Monsignor, 71 Pendleton, Senator, 115 Pennsylvania, 147, 148 Pentagon, 6, 15, 24, 27, 102, 106, 187, 191,

202, 203, 225, 253, 254, 291 People's Republic of Kampuchea, 313 Pepsi-Cola, 320 Pequot tribes, xx, 115, 116, 117, 118 Perez de Cuellar, Xavier, 329, 330 Peri, Gabriel, 83 permanent Indian frontier, 129 Perot, Ross, 273 Perry, William, 288 Persia, 66

see also Iran Peru, 115 Pham Dong, 219 Pham Quynh, 83 Pham Van Dong, 180, 193, 194, 206, 207,

314 Phan Boi Chau, 58, 79 Phan Dinh Phung, 78, 79, 88 Phan Thanh Gian, 72, 74 Philadelphia, 29 Philadelphia Ledger (newspaper), 135 Philip Morris Tobacco, 272 Philippines, Filipinos, 123, 125-6, 131-5,

164, 165, 184, 213, 230, 233, 288, 310

Index 409

Phnom Penh, 313, 315 Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program, 5,

219-20,226 Pho Hien, 65 phosphorus bombs, 182, 204, 214, 222, 240,

321 see also napalm

Phuc Quoc, 90 Phu Ly, 206 Phung Hung, 43, 45 Phung Tri Chinh, 42 'Phuong Hoang' Program

see Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program Pierce (ship), 169 Pigneau de Behaine, Bishop of Adran, 65,

67-8, 70 Pilgrim (ship), 143 Pinckney, Charles, 270 Pine Ridge Agency, 115 Pinkerton guards, 150 'Pinkville'

see My Lai (Son My) massacre Pinochet, General, 304 Pinter, Harold, 331 piracy, 143 plane cemeteries, 206 Plane of Jars (Laos), 221 Pleiku, 103, 179, 195 Pleistocene Age, 35 Pleistocene culture

see Pleistocene Age; Post-Pleistocene Age

plutocracy, xxi, xxii, 139, 268-77, 279, 307 see also capitalism; democracy; elec­

tions; hegemony, US pluto-democracy, xxi

see also plutocracy Pocahontas, 117 Podhoretz, Norman, 283 Poivre, Pierre, 67 Pokanoket tribes, 117 Poland, 156,295 Policy Planning Staff, US, 158 political action committees (PACs), 271,

272 political prisoners, 82-3 polls, US, 190, 191, 248, 250, 271, 277,

278, 327 Pol Pot, xviii, 313, 315 Ponca tribes, 117 Ponce de Leon, Juan, 109 Pontiac, 114 Popular Front, French, 84 Portland, Oregon, 29 Portugal, 62, 64, 65

Post-Pleistocene Age, 35 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 261 Potomac tribes, 115 Poulo Condor, 83 poverty, 268, 270, 273-7, 322, 323, 332

see also capitalism; market economy; plutocracy

Powell, Colin, 8, 20, 21 Powhatan tribes, 115, 116, 117 Prison Discipline Society, 143^4 prisoners of war (POWs), 191, 192, 194,

232,261,311,317,318 see also Missing in Action (MIA) person­

nel; veterans, Vietnam Progressive Labor Party, 255 Project 100,000 (Great Society

Programme), 242-3 propaganda, xxii, 8, 11-12, 16, 43, 65, 71,

124, 134, 149, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164-5, 200, 202, 209-10, 211, 228, 232, 246-51,279, 280-8, 306, 308, 309,311,325-6,333-7,340

see also 'armed propaganda' units property requirements

see voting qualifications prostitution, prostitutes, 103, 314, 321, 322,

323 see also brothels

Protectorate of Annam (Pacified South), 44 Provisional Revolutionary Government of

South Vietnam, 191, 192, 193, 195 Prudential Bache, 273 psychiatry

see Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of psychic numbing, 238, 239 Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War,

17 Pueblo tribes, 109-10 Puerto Rico, 109, 134 Pullman Palace Car Co., 150 Puritanism, 139

see also Calvinism; Christianity Pyongyang, 214

see also North Korea

Qana compound, 297 Quang Binh, 77 Quang Tri province, 77, 193 Quang Trung

see Ho Hue (Qhang Trung) Qui Nhon, 63 Quoc Toan, 50 Quy Khoang, 57

'rabbit lesson', 231

410 Index

racism, xix, xx, xxi, xxiii, 95, 99, 108, 109, 110, 118-30, 131, 132-3, 134, 135, 151, 152, 228, 231, 240, 241-6, 255-6, 261,277-9,333-5

Radford, A., 172 Radio Saigon, 168, 169 RAND Corp., 7 Randolph, A. Philip, 242 Rangel, Charles, 277 Rangoon, 93

see also Burma Rankin, John, 126 rape, 181, 182, 217, 218, 219, 226, 238-9,

240,328,331 Reagan, Ronald, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20,

257, 272, 285, 286, 307, 325, 331 Reagan administration, xix, 15, 16, 19, 274,

276, 288, 289, 315, 325, 326, 327, 329 see also Reagan, Ronald

Reagan Doctrine, 288 rebellions, Vietnamese, 214

against Chinese, 56-8 against French, 71-5, 76-9, 80, 81-5, 87,

96-105 against Japanese, 87, 89, 91-2 against Mongols, 52-4 see also demonstrations; strikes; Tay Son

Rebellion; Vietnam War Red Army, 155 Red Cloud

see Hahpiua Luta (Red Cloud) Red Jacket, 117 Red River, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 52, 57,

65,80,89,91,98 Reedy, George, 259-60 religion, folk, 44

see also animism; Buddhism; Christianity; Confucianism; Taoism

repression by US/Diem forces, 167-8, 169, 170,

171, 176,201,202 see also Diem administration by US police/military, 253-4, 255, 256,

257,262 industrial: see demonstrations; strikes

Republican Party, 272 Republic of Vietnam, 168, 170, 189

see also South Vietnam; Vietnam reservations, Indian, 112, 116, 118 resident superieur, 75 resistance movements, 78-9

see also rebellions, Vietnamese resolutions, UN

see General Assembly resolutions; Security Council resolutions

Revolutionary Contingent, 255 Rhade people, 60 Rhodes, James, 256 Riady, Mochtar, xxi Richardson, Ralph, 155 Ridgway, Matthew, 4 Riegle, Donald, 8 Rigault de Genouilly, 71, 72 Rio Treaty (1947), 300 Rivers, Mendell, 185 'roaring armies' {quan o), Tay Son, 63-4

see also Tay Son Rebellion Robb, Charles S., 319 'robber barons', 130, 140, 141-2, 144-6,

307 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, 259 Roberts, Edmund, 70 Robertson, Walter, 94 Rockefeller, John D., 140, 149 rockets, 222, 251, 337

see also missiles Rocky Mountains, 130 Rodgers, Marques, 278 Rogers, William, 191 roll-back of communism, 158,292

see also containment of communism Ro mam people, 33 Roman Catholic Church, 66-7, 68, 71, 95,

165,200,258-9,290 see also Christianity

Romero, Carlos Humberto, 324 Romero, Oscar A., Archbishop, 325, 328,

356-7 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 156 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 152, 154, 156 Roosevelt, Theodore, 125 Rosenau, James N., xviii-xix, 326 Rosenwald, Julius, 146 Rostow, Walt, 178 Rubin, Jerry, 255 Rudravarman III, 54 Ruggles, John F., 172 Rusk, Dean, 131, 163, 173, 178, 187, 247 Russell, Bertrand, 182 Russia, xvii, xxii, 130

see also Russian Federation; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Russian Federation, 154, 293, 301, 305 see also Russia

Rutgers University, 278 Rwanda, 24

Sachs, Ernie, 240 Sacramento, 263 Saddam Hussein

Index 411

see Hussein, Saddam Safer, Morley, 283 Sage, Russell, 146 Saigon, 4, 5, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 83, 87, 88,

93-4, 95, 96, 101, 164, 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 195, 196,215,218,231,267,316

see also Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon); South Vietnam

'Saigon Follies', 281, 282 see also 'Five O'clock Follies'; propa­

ganda Saigon Military Mission, 164 Saigon Municipal Council, 83 Sainteny, Jean, 97 Salisbury, Harrison, 185, 250 Sallahadine, 340 Samoa, 131 sanctions, xxii, 16, 288, 293-7, 306, 308,

311, 314, 316, 318, 319, 320, 321, 338, 340,341,353

Sandinista regime, 16-17, 19, 293, 295 Sandino, Augusto, 16 San Francisco, 15,29, 128 San Francisco Charter, 96 San Jose" Municipal Auditorium, 257 Saudi Arabia, xxiv, 28-9, 289, 333, 337 Sauk tribes, 114 Schaade, Carl, 175 Schlesinger, James, 12, 27 School of Police Administration, 200

see also University of Michigan School of the Americas, 290 Schuylkill River, 147 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 6, 12, 336 Scott, C. P., 337 Seale, Bobby, 255 Second World War, xvii, xviii, 28, 85, 89,

90,96, 126-7, 128, 136, 137, 152, 155, 160, 206, 235, 249, 251, 282, 284, 285

Scott Bill (1888), 128 Secretariat, UN, 155,297 Secretary-General, UN

see Boutros-Ghali, Boutros; Perez de Cuellar, Xavier; U Thant

Security Council, Permanent Members of, 157,292-3

Security Council, UN, xxii, 154, 183, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 307, 340

Security Council resolutions, 298, 300 on Bosnia (775), 301 on Iraq {661, 678, 687), 294, 300, 305 on Israel {242, 338, 465, 476, 478, 799),

299,300, 301

on Libya {748, 883), 294 Seminole tribes, 118 Senate Armed Services Committee, 182 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 4,

183,187,249,294 Seneca trines, 112, 115, 117 Serbs, 24

see also Bosnia; Yugoslavia Seven Years' War, 67 sexual imagery, 238, 251

see also brothels; prostitution; rape sexism, 242 Sgroi, Paul, 262 Shah of Iran, 27, 138 Shang Dynasty, 39 Sharp, Daniel, 143 Shawnee tribes, 114, 117, 118 Sheridan, Philip, 118 Sherman Services Incorporated, 151 shock

see trauma, as Vietnam consequence Shultz, George, 19 Siam, 63, 66

see also Thailand Siberia, 135 Sibert, Edwin, 159 Simpson, Christopher, 160 Simpson, O. J., 278 Sinanthropus anthropoids, 35 Singapore, 95 Sinte Galeshka (Spotted Tail), 117 Sioux tribes, xx, 115, 117 Skrellings, 109 slavery, 37, 38, 64, 73, 109-10, 111,

119-20,121-2,125,126 see also 'coolie' labour

sleaze, xxi-xxii, 69-70, 130 see also bribery; corruption; gangsters

Slim, General, 126 Smith, Lewis M., 133 Smith, Walter B., 105 Snepp, Frank, 6 'social evils', 322 Solomon, Richard, 317 Somalia, xxiii, 21-4, 30, 138, 267, 287, 303

see also Somalia Effect Somalia Effect, xvii, 24, 267, 287

see also Somalia Somoza, Anastasio, 16, 295, 304 Son My village

see My Lai (Son My) massacre Sontay, 42 Son Tinh, 34 South Africa, 124,294,304 South China Sea, 33

412 Index

Southeast Asia, 3, 33, 44, 51, 60, 69, 70, 71 see also individual countries

South-East Asia Command (Allied Forces), 93

South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO), 165, 168, 171, 173, 178, 299

Southern Han Dynasty, 45 South Korea, 27, 136, 163, 179, 183, 230,

233 see also Korea

South Vietnam, 4-5, 22, 64, 65, 91, 94, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 230, 232, 233, 238, 280, 281, 323, 326

Soweto uprising (1976), 304 Spain, 14, 65-6, 71, 109, 130, 132 Spanish-American War (1898), 131-5 Spargo, John, 147 Special Assistant for Field Operations

(SAFFO), 5 Special Forces, US, 219

see also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Green Berets

Spellman, Francis, 164 SS Section Amt IVB4, 160

see also Holocaust Staley, Eugene, 174 Staley Plan, 174 Stalin, Joseph, 155, 156 Standard Oil, 151 'Stand for Children' demonstration, 274 Standing Bear, 117 Stanton, Frank, 283 Stanton, Henry B., 121 starvation, 21, 116, 126, 132, 134, 152,214,

220, 286, 303, 328, 338 Stassen, Senator, 167 State Department, US, 15, 114, 153, 174,

175, 177, 185,248,291,315,324, 325

State Department Planning Committee, 178

State Rights Party ('Dixiecrats'), 124 St Clair, Arthur, 112 Steel Age (ship), 170 Stephens, Charles, 240 Stevenson, Adlai, 180 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 127 Stieng people, 74 Stockwell, David, 23 Stome, Olivier, 29

Stone Age cultures see Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age;

Pleistocene Age; Post-Pleistocene Age

'Stop the Draft Week', 253 see draft, military

strategic hamlets see concentration camps, South

Vietnamese strikes, 81-2, 84, 89-90, 94, 148-50, 151

see also demonstrations 'structural adjustment', 268-9, 305 Stuart, Charles, 120 Student Health Organisation (SHO), 254 student protests, 255-8, 259

see also demonstrations Students for a Democratic Society (SDS),

254 Sudan, 296, 297 Sui Dynasty, 44 Sukarno, President, 138 Sulzberger, C. L., 7 Sung Dynasty, 46, 48, 54 Supreme Allied Command Sout-East Asia

(SACSEA), 93 Supreme Court, 125 Suttler, David, 260 Swartwout, Samuel, 144 Sweden, 235 Sylvester, Arthur, 283 Syria, 295

Taft, Robert A., 155 Taft, William Howard, 130 Taiwan, 137, 177, 196, 269, 295 Taliban forces, 291 Tamexco, 322 Tang Dynasty, 44, 45 Tao Dan academy, 60 Taoism, 44, 56, 60, 63 Tappan, Lewis, 121 Tay Au {Au Viet) people, 33, 37 Taylor, Maxwell, 174, 179, 181 Taylor, Philip M., 336 Tay Son Rebellion, 63, 64, 67, 68, 75 Tecumseh, 114, 117 tenements (New York inter alia), 147 terrorism

American, xxii, 16,17,137,159-60,171, 176, 177, 183, 186, 219, 286, 289, 290-2,293, 300, 306, 308, 311,317, 324, 332, 340, 341

French, 72 South Vietnamese, 167-8, 169, 171, 174,

176, 177, 183

Index 413

see also assassinations; genocide; low-intensity warfare (LIW); Operation Mongoose; Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program; repression; torture

Tet offensive, 187, 192, 250, 336 Texaco, 278 Texas, 130 Texas and Pacific Railroad, 150 Thai Binh province, 44 Thailand, 80, 137, 165, 190, 311, 312, 313

see also Siam; Thai people Thai people, 33 Thang Long (Hanoi), 47, 48, 49, 52, 55 Thanh Hoa, 77, 78, 206 Thanit Tung, 233 Than Van Kinh, 176 Thatcher, Margaret, 17, 316 The Nation (newspaper), 123, 152 therapy for Vietnam Syndrome, 12 The Robber Barons, 140

see also 'robber barons' The Times of Vietnam (newspaper), 177 Thich Quang Due, 177 Thiesen, Bruce, 320 Thieu Tri, 70 Third Reich, 154

see also Hitler, Adolf Thoat Hoan, 52-3 Thompson, R. G. K, 174 Thorwald, 109 Thuc Phan (An Duong), 37 Thuy Tinh, 34 Ticonderoga (ship), 178 'tiger cages', 214, 219, 226 Timber and Stone Act (1878), 141 Timber Culture Act (1873), 141 Time (magazine), 153 Timour, 53 Toa Do (Gogetu), 50, 52 Todd, Olivier, 221 Tominaga Kyoji, 86 Tong Binh (Hanoi), 44, 45 Tong Duy Tan, 78 Tonkin, 62, 72, 75, 89 Tonkin Gulf Resolution

see Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Tonkin (Hanoi), 75 Ton That Thuyet, 77 Torricelli, Robert, 294 torture, xx, xxiv, 17, 80, 83, 95, 109, 111,

116, 122, 125, 133, 137, 167, 168, 170, 173, 200, 201, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226, 232, 236, 239, 240, 269, 279, 290, 308, 322, 328-9, 331, 339

see also Phoenix ('Phuong Hoang') Program

Tracey, Nathaniel, 143 trade, 69-70, 81, 268, 304, 318, 320

see also market economy Tran Binh Trong, 49 Tran Cao, 58 Tran Di Ai, 50 Tran Dynasty, 49-58, 88 Tran Hoan, 322 Tran Hung Dao, 49, 50, 52, 53-4, 74 Tran Khanh Du, 53 Tran Ninh (Truong Due), 63 Tran Phu, 83 Tran Quang Khai, 52 Tran Thien Khiem, 179 Tran Trong Kim, 91,92 Tran Van Chuong, 91 Tran Van Don, 177 Tran Van Huu, 164 Tran Xuan Soan, 77 trauma, as Vietnam consequence, xviii, xix,

xxiv, 9, 10-11,12,26,228 see also Vietnam Syndrome, psychiatry of

Treaty of Grenville, 112 Trien Da, 34-5 Trieu Au, Lady, 42-3 Trieu Dinh, 165 Trieu Quang Phuc, 43, 44 Trinh faction, 62-3 Trinh Kiem, 62 Trinh Tong, 62 Tripoli (Libya), 298 Truman, Harry S., 124, 154-5, 156, 157-8,

160 Truman Doctrine, 157-8, 159, 160 Trung Lap (Neutrality) journal, 83 Trung Nhi, 42, 43 Trung True, 42, 43 Truong Buu Lam, 74 Truong Cong Dinh, 74 Truong My Hoa, 218 Truong Quyen, 74 Truyen Ky Man Luc, 60 Tu Due, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 Tuland University, 9 Turkestan, 40 Turkey, 304 Turner, Stansfield, 289 Turner Joy (ship), 178 Tuscarora tribes, 112 Tweed ring, 146 typhus, 147

Ukraine, 160

414 Index

UN Charter see Charter, UN

Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (UNITA), 330

Union Carbide, 153 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, xix,

xxiii, 13, 15, 21, 26, 92, 105, 135, 136, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159-60, 169, 175, 186, 288, 291, 294, 295, 298, 304,310,325,341

see also Russia United Fruit Co., 137, 153 United Kingdom, 18, 64, 70, 85, 93-4, 96,

105, 106, 130, 155, 156, 159, 165, 168, 169, 186,312,316,340

see also England United Nations, xxii, 156-7, 292-4, 296-7,

298, 305, 306, 308, 313, 329, 330-1, 332-3, 340

see also General Assembly, UN; Military Staff Committee, UN; resolutions, UN; Secretariat, UN; Secretary-General, UN; Security Council, UN

United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM), 330

United Nations Economic and Social Council, 330, 331

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 312

United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL), 330

United Nations World Food Programme, 338

United States, xvii, xviii, xix-xx, xxi, xxii-xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 3-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,22,23,24, 27, 69-70, 86, 91, 94, 99-101, 102, 104, 105, 106-7, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 176, 200, 202, 227, 214, 228-64, 267-8, 269, 272, 273, 274, 277, 279, 284, 288-9, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298-304, 305, 306-7, 309-11, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340-1,348

history of, 108-60 see also hegemony, US; invasions of

Vietnam, by US; Vietnam War, chronology

University of Kansas, 256 University of Leeds (England), 336 University of Michigan, 168, 200 University of Pennsylvania, 256 UN Secretariat

see Secretariat, UN UN Security Council

see Security Council, UN Uruguay, 132,153,295 US Air Force, 164, 175, 178, 184

see also bombing; nuclear weapons US Commission on Industrial Relations,

151 US Communist Party, 255 US Information Agency (USIA), 248 US Information Service (USIS), 179 US Steel, 153 U Thant, 180 Utter, L. N , 222

VA Compensation and Pension Service, 262 see also veterans, Vietnam

Valluy, General, 98 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 15, 146 Van Lang, 37 Van Liesvelt, 65 Van Rennsselaer, Kiliaen, 141 Van Xuan, 44 Vasco da Gama, 64 Vasquez de Ayllon, Lucas, 109 Vasquez de Coronado, Francisco, 109 Vessey, John, 318 veterans, Vietnam, 228, 237-8, 257, 261-4,

320,321 see also 'double veterans'

Veterans Administration (VA), 262 Veuillot, Louis, 71 Vial, F., 72-3 Vichy France, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95 Vicksburg Evening Post (newspaper), 123 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,

299 Vietcong

see National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF)

Vietcong Code of Discipline, 209, 211 Vietminh

see Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh (Vietminh)

Vietnam, xvii, xxiv, xxv, 3,4, 6, 8, 15, 23, 24,28,33, 105,108, 136, 137,138, 160,163,167,228,251,290,304, 308-23, 325

history of, 33-107, 163, 226 see also Democratic Republic of

Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam; Vietnam Syndrome; Vietnam War

Vietnam as symbol, xvii, 3, 267, 308, 326-7

see also Vietnam Syndrome

Index 415

Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh (Vietminh), 87, 89, 90-1, 92-3, 94, 95, 96, 97, 103-5, 163, 164, 165,200,201

Vietnamese Communist Party, 84, 85, 87, 322

see also Indochina Communist Party Vietnamese National Assembly, 318 Vietnamese people, 5, 25, 30, 33-7, 213

see also boat people, Vietnamese; Vietnam; Viet people; Vietnam War

Vietnam Heroico (ship), 18 'Vietnamisation', 7-8, 26, 189 Vietnam Memorial, 11

see also memorials to veterans Vietnam Moratorium (1969), 189, 256 Vietnam Perspectives (journal), 249 Vietnam Public Affairs Policy Committee

(AFV), 248, 249 Viet-Nam Quang-Phuc Hoi (Association for

the Restoration of Vietnam), 79 Viet-Nam Quoc-Dan Dang (Nationalist

Movement), 79, 81 Vietnam Syndrome, xvii-xix, xx, xxiv, xxv,

3,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23-24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29-30, 108, 138, 204, 228, 230, 251, 262, 264, 267, 279, 280, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 293, 297, 306, 307, 308, 310, 312, 324, 326-7, 332, 333, 335, 336, 340-1

psychiatry of, xviii, xix, 3, 9-12, 30, 228, 267,310

see also Vietnam War, lessons of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 29 Vietnam War, xvii, xx, xxiv, 6-7, 9, 10, 21,

22,28,29, 109, 128, 129, 138, 152-3, 163-264, 285, 298, 299, 317, 323, 333, 335-6, 339, 341

as 'folly', 3, 4 as tragedy, 6, 7 chronology, 163, 167-96 damage to US, 6-9, 12 lessons of, xvii-xix, xxv, 3, 12, 24-30,

251, 267, 308-11, 327, 333, 337-8, 340

price of, 229-30, 251, 326-7 see also invasions of Vietnam, by United

States; Vietnam; Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Workers' Party, 172, 173 'Vietniks', 252 Viet people, 33

see also Vietnamese people Viking sites, 109 Villalobus, 328 Vinh, 206

Vinh Linh, 204, 205-6, 218 Vinh Thuy

see Bao Dai (Vinh Thuy) Virginia, 111, 115, 116, 120, 125, 147,

150-1 Virginia Company, 111 Vladivostok, 135, 136 Vo Luong, 167 von Clausewitz, Karl, 25, 208 Vo Nguyen Giap, 54, 80, 89, 92, 98, 104-5,

171,208,342-3 voting qualifications, 123-4,275

see also democracy; elections; poverty VoVanKiet,316 'Vulture' plan, 104 Vung Tau Bay, 69 Vuong Thong, 58

Wallace, Henry, 156 Wall Street, 145,151,273

see also capitalism; plutocarcy Wall Street crash (1929), 151, 154

see also Great Depression Walpole, Horace, 120 Walters, Vernon, 15 Wampanoag tribes, 115 war crimes, xxiv-xxv, 227

see also assassinations; Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal; genocide; International War Crimes Tribunal; massacres; torture; Winter Soldier Investigation

war criminals, Nazi, 157, 159, 160 see also war crimes

War of Intervention, 154 War Powers Act (1973), 4, 26, 27 Warring States (China), 39 Warsaw, 185 Washington, D.C, 203, 256 Washington Monument, 256, 259, 262 Wasserman, Harvey, 142 Watergate, 195, 235, 260, 262, 271 wealth, personal, 268, 270, 274, 276

see also plutocracy; poverty Weiner, Lee, 255 Welch, Richard J., 133 Weld, William, 276 'welfare reform', US, 275-6 Welfare Reform Bill (1995), 276 Westermarck, Edward, 139 Western Civil War of Incorporation, 148-9 Western Sahara, 288 Westmoreland, William, 14, 185, 187, 188,

215,229 Weyand, Frederick C, 5, 193

416 Index

Weyler, Valerio 'Butcher', 134 Wheelan, Robert, 268 Wheeler, Burton K., 155 Wheeler, E., 176 White, John, 69-70 White, Robert, 328 White House, 256, 262, 270-1, 273 Why Vietnam?, 248 Williams, Samuel T., 171 Wilson, Harold, 186 Wilson, Woodrow, 124, 270, 293 Winter, Roger, 284 Winter Soldier Investigation, 239-41

see also Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal; International War Crimes Tribunal; war crimes

Wisner, Frank, 160 'Wobblies'

see Industrial Workers of the World ('Wobblies')

Woods, Brian, 261 women rebels, 42-3, 81, 253 women's rights, 59

see also human rights Women Strike for Peace, 252, 254 Workers' Association for National

Salvation, 89 Workingmen's Party, 150 World Bank

see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)

World Court see International Court of Justice at the

Hague (World Court) World Health Organisation (WHO), 230,

338 World Trade Organisation (WTO), xxiii,

269, 303, 307 see also General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade (GATT)

Yangtze River, 37 Yeltsin, Boris, xxii, 154 Yemen, 305 Yen Bai garrison, 80 'Yippies', 255 Young, Stephen M., 182 Young Democrats, 247, 248 Young Socialist Party, 255 Youth Against the War and Fascism, 255 Youth International Party ('Yippies'), 255 Yugoslavia, 24

see also Bosnia; Serbs

Zaidi, Sarah, 338 Zaire, 304 Zimbabwe, 295, 305 Zyuganov, Gennady, 154