Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-13: (a) Private elite tombs (Theban rock-cut chapels; burial chambers), mortuary beliefs (Book of the Dead) & furnishings; (b) Royal memorial temples & tombs

ANTH 310:

Imperial & Post-Imperial Egypt: 1550 – 332 BCE

(Dyn.18 royal & private tombs & mortuary-temples)

Lect-13: Private chapels & tombs© Gregory Mumford 2021

Contents:

(1). Private tomb chapels & burial chambers: Primarily Theban 4

Tomb design (T-shape); rock-cut features; genres of decoration;

(2). Private funerary furnishings: personal to funeral-specific 27

From T. Smith’s study on intact & virtually intact Dyns.17-18 tombs:

Looting; coffins; face masks; embalming; shabtis; ka-statues; papyri;

fertility symbols; funerary jewelry; game boxes; bouquets; furniture;

baskets; toiletries; non-funerary jewelry; professional equipment;

clothing; containers (stone; metal; pottery); provisions; etc.

New Kingdom inspection of Deir el-Medineh tomb, listing its contents

(3). Book of the Dead: Summarizing its contents … 55

Various afterlife destinations & concepts; Several types of clients

Judgement of the Dead (Spell 30B) on scarabs and within papyrus

The negative confession (i.e., Declaration of innocence)

Corpus of 189 spells for preventing certain things in afterlife: Selection

(4). Royal mortuary temples & tombs 70

Thutmose IV’s mortuary (memorial) temple

New Kingdom royal tombs, and featuring Thutmose IV’s tomb design

Thutmose IV’s royal tomb furnishings: Extensive fragments, etc.

Summary of typical features in royal tomb furnishings

(5). Royal Mortuary texts, plus featuring a summary of the Amduat 120

(6). Selected sources for private and royal tombs, furnishing, and texts 127

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https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

Early-mid Dyn.18:

(1550-1350+ BC):

1.a. Private tomb chapels

(and burial chambers)

Primarily Theban

DYNASTY 18: Theban Tombs.

Theban elite tomb designs in Dyn.18:

Dynasty 18 T-shaped tomb

= most common for elite at

THEBES.

T-shaped tomb is fairly consistent:

1. Forecourt – partly rock-cut

-- some mud brick walls

a. Entryway (often funerary cones

above door)

b. Sometimes a small pyramid

above the tomb chapel.

2. Rock-cut complex:

a. Transverse hall

b. Elongated passage

c. Inner chamber with

- a statue niche

- rock-cut statues

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/menna69/e_menna_01.htm

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/menna69/e_menna_01.htm





THEBES.





above door)




a. Transverse hall



- a statue niche

- rock-cut statues

TT.99

https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/tt99/architecture/schematic.html

E.g., TT.99:

Senneferi

https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/tt99/architecture/schematic.html

DYNASTY 18:

• Funerary cones

• Placed in tomb

chapel facade

above doorway.





THEBES.





above door)




a. Transverse hall



- a statue niche

- rock-cut statues

E.g., The “Long Hall”

or “corridor”





THEBES.





above door)




a. Transverse hall



- a statue niche

- rock-cut statues

For ka-spirits of the deceased

i.e., statue owners

To receive food offerings, etc.


Painted decoration at Thebes:

• Virtually ALL painted tombs

from New Kingdom appear

at Thebes

• Elsewhere tombs have carved

decoration.

• This is odd since pre- & post-

New Kingdom tombs are

painted throughout Egypt.

Memphite tomb carved relief (below)


Nature/purpose of decoration:

• Superficial interpretation of daily life

scenes as being ‘simply placed in the

tomb in an eternal setting’ = too

simple an explanation for specialists

who have studied the scenes, etc.

• Some scenes do commemorate

events that occurred in the tomb

owner’s lifetime.

• However, most scenes have aspects

and details emphasizing a focus

ensuring that the tomb owner (and

family) continue their existence in

the afterlife.

Note: Many Theban elite tombs had a

scene with the king (rare elsewhere).

Usually if the tomb owner had an

Official association: Vizier, priest, officer


Transverse hall / Near entry:

• Scenes include the tomb owner’s

office / post

E.g., If linked to the king, the tomb

has a prominent scene of the king

near the door from the Transverse

Hall.

• Scenes associated with office/post:

- Tribute scenes

- Supervising workshops

- Military scenes

- Granaries

- Tomb owner offering to gods

(who are not shown, but are noted)

Mid-Dyn.18: tomb-owner’s wife

(& sometimes mother) also offering

to Amun-Re, Re-Harakhte,

& Osiris-Wen-nufer.




office / post




Hall.


- Tribute scenes


- Military scenes

- Granaries






& Osiris-Wen-nufer.




office / post




Hall.


- Tribute scenes


- Military scenes

- Granaries






& Osiris-Wen-nufer.




office / post




Hall.


- Tribute scenes


- Military scenes

- Granaries






& Osiris-Wen-nufer.


Transverse hall / Passage:

Other scenes:

- Fishing & fowling

Note: Tilapia = symbol of re-birth

(mother places young in mouth

for safety during danger)

Duck = erotic symbol

- Hunting scene

- Agricultural scene

- Grain & granaries

- Wine production (supply in afterlife)

Note: It appears frequently, being a

conventional scene (i.e., only

a few = assoc. with wine prod.)



Other scenes:

- Fishing & fowling





- Hunting scene


- Grain & granaries







Other scenes:

- Fishing & fowling





- Hunting scene


- Grain & granaries





Dyn.18: now grid = only for major figures



Other scenes:

- Fishing & fowling





- Hunting scene


- Grain & granaries





https://www.musee-virtuel-vin.fr/en-quelques-mots?lang=en

https://www.musee-virtuel-vin.fr/en-quelques-mots?lang=en


Left side of passage leading into tomb:

• Funeral procession almost always on

the left side of the tomb.

• It is never omitted from elite tombs

• Many copy MK illustrations, which in-turn

are based on OK forms.

a. Procession to embalming house

b. Dragging the coffin to the tomb

c. Mourners & widow

[never see a mourning husband]

Voyage to Abydos:

• Some reflect actual events

• Most portray wishes

• Boat with deceased couple (always both)

• Boat with coffin sailing downstream to

Abydos (with sail furled i.e., with current)

• Boat returning upstream to Thebes (with

sail open, i.e., using wind against current)


Left side of passage leading into tomb:

• Funeral procession almost always on

the left side of the tomb.

• It is never omitted from elite tombs

• Many copy MK illustrations, which in-turn

are based on OK forms.

a. Procession to embalming house

b. Dragging the coffin to the tomb

c. Mourners & widow

[never see a mourning husband]

Voyage to Abydos:

• Some reflect actual events

• Most portray wishes

• Boat with deceased couple (always both)

• Boat with coffin sailing downstream to

Abydos (with sail furled i.e., with current)

• Boat returning upstream to Thebes (with

sail open, i.e., using wind against current)

Note:

The boat below is being towed

by a vessel with a sail.

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/horemheb78/e_horemheb78_03.htm

Another

example

of the

voyage

to Abydos

(actually

From

Memphis)

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/horemheb78/e_horemheb78_03.htm


Opening of the mouth:

• Enables the deceased to speak &

eat again –i.e., activating for ka-spirit …

• It usually is an abbreviated scene

of the full ritual, and tends to be

more detailed in early Dyn.18.

Banquet scene:

• Husband & wife preside, embracing

• Contemporary clothing fashions, etc.,

tend to prevail here (i.e., more freedom

of expression by artist).

• A preliminary scene to the rebirth of

the deceased.

Note: Lotus flower = symbol of rebirth

• Providing beer & wine at banquet

(no food); verb “to pour” = sexual act

i.e., various sexual connotations in the

imagery in the tomb → “rebirth”http://www.mariarosavaldesogo.com/the-opening-of-the-mouth-ceremony-on-a-living-image/

http://www.mariarosavaldesogo.com/the-opening-of-the-mouth-ceremony-on-a-living-image/


Opening of the mouth:

• Enables the deceased to speak &

eat again

• It usually is an abbreviated scene

of the full ritual, and tends to be

more detailed in early Dyn.18.

Banquet scene:

• Husband & wife preside, embracing

• Contemporary clothing fashions, etc.,

tend to prevail here (i.e., more freedom

of expression by artist).

• A preliminary scene to the rebirth of

the deceased.

Note: Lotus flower = symbol of rebirth

• Providing beer & wine at banquet

(no food); verb “to pour” = sexual act

i.e., various sexual connotations in the

imagery in the tomb → “rebirth”

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/amenemhat82/e_amenemhat82_01.htm

https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/nobles/amenemhat82/e_amenemhat82_01.htm


Feast of the Valley scene:

• Appears nearby the banquet scene

• Entails the procession of cult-statue

of Amun to the West Bank necropolis

• The tomb owner is shown offering to

the gods (as they pass by the tomb)

Other scenes:

• Some scenes of offering occur in

Dynasty 18 and they are essentially

ensuring the food supply.

Focal point: Statue niche.

• ka-spirit statue placed or cut in rock-

face, representing the tomb owner,

often his wife, and sometimes others

TT.161: Bouquet of Amun brought to

the tomb owner and wife on the

occasion of the Feast of the Valley

Private tombs at Thebes (& elsewhere):

Tomb shaft/passage to burial chamber

New Kingdom

Egyptian portrayal

of the tomb chapel,

passage/shaft and

burial chamber:

Showing multiple

activities:

Opening of mouth

on the mummy

of the deceased;

the Ba descending

to the burial room;

the deceased as

an Osiris in the

burial chamber with

various items.

Burial chamber: Deceased couple depicted in netherworld scenes, field of reeds

(Iaru): harvesting grain → for food and harvesting flax → for linen clothing.

New Kingdom:

(1550-1350+ BC):

1.b. Private funerary items

Personal possessions

to

specific funerary items

Dyns.17-18 virtually intact tombs:

Burial possessions:

• S. T. Smith’s 1992 study:

“Intact tombs of the seventeenth and

eighteenth dynasties from Thebes and

the New Kingdom burial system,”

MDIAK 48: 193-230.

• Focusing on 36 mid-elite tombs with

110 burials; prelim. look at royal burials

Ancient looting:

• Looters mostly concentrated on taking

portable and marketable items and

materials:

(a). Metals → could be melted down

(b). Oils & perfumes (soon after burial)

(c). Linens (esp. plain/non-descript.)

Elite tomb of Tuya and Yuya


Items designed for the burial:

Wooden coffins:

- Burials had at least 1 wooden coffin

a. Poorest: several persons in a coffin.

b. Wealthiest had several coffins.

c. Husband normally had 1 more coffin

than the wife’s set of coffins.

- Three main types of coffin:

a. Anthropomorphic coffin (common)

b. Simple rectilinear coffin (domed lid)

c. Similar chest-shrine type for multiple

burials (more like a “sarcophagus”)

- Decoration varied greatly in quality:

a. Inlay & gilding for wealthy persons

b. Painted decoration for poorer folk.

c. Poorly made undecorated/white

coffin for “poorest” coffins.

- Variance in coffin style & design = not

by gender, but by choice and means.



Face masks (for the deceased):

• The wealthiest persons had a face

mask: often gilded with inlaid eyes.

• However, some elite burials lacked a

face mask, suggesting this feature

was optional.

Other high status burials adopted

a few special features:

• a gilded & inscribed cartonnage case

encasing the mummy.

• Gold finger stalls.

• Electrum sandals.



Embalming techniques:

• The removal of internal organs and

their placement in canopic jars and

chests is often assoc. with elite burials.

• A range of variance occurs, from some

burials having canopic jars, but leaving

the organs inside to full embalmment.

(an initial purchase of a canopic kit,

but unable later to afford embalming?)

• At least two types of embalming occur

a. the full “delux” treatment,

b. an abbreviated, cheaper version

• There are hints of an even cheaper

3rd form of embalmment: a cursory

mummification.

i.e., Similar to Herodotus’ later (450 BC)

accounts of 3 types of mummification.

Three of typical set of four canopic jars:

Stomach, lungs, liver, and intestines.

Canopic jars in chest



Shabtis / ushabtis / shawabtis:

• Shabti figures are less common than

expected, but do appear in all but the

poorest burials.

• The wealthiest burials tend to have at

least one shabti figure.

• Shabtis appear in or near coffins,

sometimes in another box, and

in other cases with their own coffins.

• The so-called ideal set of 401 does

not appear during this period.→ LP

• Crude shabtis and coffins also appear

in the tomb chapel and its courtyard.

• The absence of shabtis from a few

elite tombs reveals their inclusion is

a preference versus a “requirement”

for the elite: (substitute workers in afterlife).



Ka/spirit-statue:

• Very few elite tombs produced a stone

statue, but the great popularity of

similar ex-situ statues suggests that

they were more common than the

study sample implied.

• The absence of stone statues from the

wealthiest tombs might be explained

by the inclusion of a metal statue that

was subsequently looted:

E.g., Statuette of Amenemhab.

Other votive statuary is rare:

• E.g., Wooden statue of deceased as a

Ba-bird

• E.g., Osiris figure on a bier

- These figures are quite rare, and may

represent special favours from the king

- 1 appears in Horemheb chapel scene.



Funerary papyri:

• Funerary papyri appear in the richest

of burials in this period.

• Often only a single papyrus is known,

but some burials have multiple papyri.

• Papyri from tombs containing married

couples often portray both in the text.

• If a single papyrus is present, it tends

to be placed in the husband’s coffin.

• Some wealthy females have their own

papyri: E.g., Hatnofer had two papyri

and a leather roll.



Fertility symbols:

Grain-bearing items:

• Fertility symbols vary and include:

Mud shapes and figures bearing

grain/other seeds that would sprout.

• E.g., Osiris beds in the Valley of the

Kings: symbolizing resurrection.

• E.g., Mud lumps bearing grain in the

tombs at Deir el-Medineh.

Other fertility figures:

• Terra cotta female figure on a bed

E.g., Tomb of Setau.



Funerary jewelry:

• Funerary jewellery tends to be

relatively rare during this period

(versus non-funerary jewellery,

which is quite common in most tombs)

• Amulets & heart scarabs tend to be

found in the wealthiest burials,

but are not gender-specific.

• However, heart scarabs often have

a green stone set in gold, and may

thereby have been subject to much

greater robbery.



Funerary jewelry – rings:

• Rings appear commonly throughout

most burials, including poorer ones.

• Virtually all rings appear on the third

finger on the left hand –symbolism?

Finger ring types:

a. Scarab bezel = most common

-In a band or tied with string on finger

- Many scarabs are placed loosely

- Some are scarab beads on string

(may accompany other amulets)

b. Other types.

Funerary rings in general:

• In general, wealthy burials had costly

jewellery in materials and form.

• But, some poorer burials also have

yielded expensive jewellery.



Game boxes: Senet-board game.

• Aside from being played during life,

Senet board games appear to have

had important applications during the

afterlife.

• Board games often appear with

wealthier burials and more often with’

males versus females.

• Their inclusion in funerary papyri,

tomb wall decoration, and elsewhere,

suggests a funerary function (as well

as recreation).

• In its funerary role, the game may

have enabled one to bypass hazards,

etc., in a more cosmic version of the

game (allegorical passage through underworld).

• Debate occurs regarding spec. role!



Funerary bouquets and garlands:

• Funerary bouquets and garlands are

found commonly, but are also not a

requirement.

• In some cases they accompany food

offerings.

• They appear in small numbers usually,

but may be numerous in specific

tombs: e.g., Kha, Sennofer.

• They often include Persea.

• They sometimes include Sycamore.

• They might include vines.

TT.161: Bouquet of Amun brought to

the tomb owner and wife on the

occasion of the Feast of the Valley


Daily life items placed in burials:

Furniture:

• Furniture appears in many tombs,

reflecting an important funerary item.

• The wealthiest burials included items

of furniture.

• Poor burials sometimes included a

simple headrest.

• The main items consisted of furniture

for sleeping on and sitting on:

i.e., 1+ chairs/seats, a bed, headrest

• The individual pieces of furniture

varied in form, materials, & decoration

depending upon the burial owner’s

wealth/status.

E.g., Ornate gilded and inlaid furniture

E.g., Simple stools.

Daily life furniture from a NK tomb/burial



Boxes + baskets with personal items:

• Poor to elite tombs yielded varying

quantities & qualities of boxes and

baskets, which acted as containers:

a. Toiletries

b. Professional items

c. Jewellery

d. Linen

e. Foodstuffs

f. Other items

• The toiletries usually lay in boxes

and baskets positioned near the coffin.

• Poorer burials contain baskets more

commonly (boxes = more costly).

• Other strange items include:

Wood pieces, dried fruits, seeds,

small pebbles, faience fruit, rock salt.



Toilet sets:

• Toiletry kits usually occur in either

a box, or basket, & may be elaborate.

• Toiletry kits appear in most tombs,

except for the poorest of burials:

a. Mirrors (usually assoc. with females)

b. Hairpins (always assoc. with females)

c. Combs (usually assoc. with females)

The materials used include:

a. Bronze

b. Alabaster

c. Hard stone

d. Ebony (African blackwood)

e. Ivory

f. Glass vessels (limited to wealthiest)

→ Even poorer tombs might use such

materials.



Non-funerary jewelry:

- The inclusion of Jewellery appears

to form an important component in

New Kingdom (Dyn.18) burials in most

rock-cut tombs.

- Only the “poorest” of rock-cut tombs

appear to have lacked jewellery.

- However, since jewellery formed a

prime objective of looters, it is difficult

to assess the precise importance

placed on including jewellery in burials

- Most jewellery, such as in the tomb of

Hatnofer and Neferkhewet, appears

to be pieces from the owner’s life.

- Specific funerary jewellery is rather

uncommon/rare in the study sample

(see above).



Professional equipment:

• Boxes & baskets often held

professional equipment from a

person’s career: E.g., Kha had a box

labelled “workbox.”

Examples of equipment/career types:

Military: chariot, whipstock, mail coat,

bow- & arrows, swords, axes, daggers,

throw-stick, shield braces, etc.

Scribe: colour palettes, ink tubes, pens,

writing boards, signet ring, knife, etc.

Musician: Sistra, castanets, lyre, oboe,

lute, musical reeds, drum (rare),

stringed instrument, etc.

Trader?: Balance scales/pans, weights.

Ritual?: The inclusion of model yokes

(with shabtis) in some affluent tombs

Chariot from the tomb of Tuya & Yuya

Part of a scribal kit: black & red pigment



Other personal items:

• Various personal items occur in tombs.

• Staves and sandals tend to indicate

mid-high status, but are quite common.

Staves/staff:

- In or on male and female coffins

- Reflect social status; role in afterlife?

- Usually have a forked or lotiform head

Sandals:

- Very common.

- Rare in poorest tombs (middle class)

Clothes/linen:

- Mainly tunics, dresses, loin-cloths.

- Only appears in a few tombs from

various social backgrounds.

- Possibly much linen had been robbed.

- Some tombs had large quantities.



Metal & stone containers:

• Wealthier tombs have yielded large

containers in metal and stone.

• Many appear to have been looted.

Stone containers:

- Alabaster/calcite jars hold fats & oils

(cosmetics, etc.) always in elite tombs.

Metal containers:

- The metals include copper, silver,

and electrum (in Smith’s survey).

- A copper basin, ewer, & strainer set.

- Some metal bowls containing food.



Provisions & their containers:

• The tombs each contained provisions

for sustenance, albeit diff. individually:

Bread –various types & shapes

Wine -in amphorae (for wealthy)

Oil -in calcite jars & painted pottery

Grain -in amphorae

Meats -Preserved meats in amphorae

Paste -Vegetable paste in bowls

Veggies-Chopped/seasoned in bowls

Salt -wooden box

Garlic -in bundles

Onions -in bundles

Fruit -Dates & grapes in bowls

Fruit -bowl (Mumusops Kummel)

Juniper -bowl (various types of this fruit)

Cumin -baskets

Nuts -bundles (Dom nuts)

Jam -bowls/platters (tamarin fruit)

Dung -Fuel for cooking fire



Amphorae:

They occur frequently in elite tombs:

- Wine, prepared meat, grain, & other

items are popular in affluent burials.

- Beer is more commonly associated

with lower-ranking tombs/burials.

- The amphorae found in both elite and

less affluent tombs often yield the

royal stamp seals of the state.

- This indicates that many elite tombs

received amphorae from state stores.

- Of note, most of the study area’s

tombs had a link with the state,

especially the elite tombs and burials:

i.e., state officials receiving state

supplies. E.g., Sealed wine amphorae from

Tutankhamun’s tomb



Painted storage containers:

• These types of containers only

appeared in more affluent tombs.

• In some cases, the painted surface

designs imitate calcite & hard stones,

while others had polychrome floral

motifs (representing garlands).

• Tuya & Yuya’s tomb yielded wooden

dummies of stone vessels.



Ceramic storage vessels:

• Most tombs received several pottery

containers for storage: i.e., closed rim

vessels for long-term storage.

• Such pottery containers often held

beer and fats.

• There are also traces of fruits, seeds,

natron, and other things.

• Of note, the refuse from embalming

appears to have been placed only in

tombs associated with the Valley of

the Kings:

i.e., Royal and special privileged

individuals: e.g., Tuya and Yuya.New Kingdom “beer” jar

(from fort at Tell Borg in Northwest Sinai)



“Flowerpots,” bowls & platters:

- These represent “open”-rim vessels,

in essence short-term containers.

- They appear in most tombs from mid-

level to elite status.

- They often appear to hold food stuffs:

a. Meats (beef; duck; etc.)

b. Breads (many types)

c. Fruits

d. Nuts

e. Etc.

- Small drinking bowls (“cups”) are often

left empty.

- Other containers held food as well:

E.g., Boxes, baskets, bags, etc.

A New Kingdom written account (O. Wien AEG. 1) of the examination of

a middle class tomb of a bureaucrat at Deir el-Medineh, provides supporting data:

“[Year 25, first month of summer, day] 9. Account of all things found in the

ruined tomb opposite the burial place of Amennakht, son of Ipuy.

- One coffin of god’s stone (= sarcophagus)

- One sarcophagus with a linen(?) pall,

- One coffin with a linen(?) pall,

- One ebony folding stool with duck’s heads, repaired.

- Two couches,

- One foot-stool of papyrus,

- Three head-rests,

- One irks-basket filled with old cloth,

- Two pairs of sandals

- One palette,

- One g3…

- One water bag,

- One dbw(?)-basket, content: 1 knife; 1 pin; 1 bowl; 1 libation vase;

1 razor-case, 1 rotating razor; 1 scraping razor;

- Granite vessels,

- Five mnt-vessels,

- One bowl,

A New Kingdom written account (O. Wien AEG. 1) of the examination of

a middle class tomb of a bureaucrat at Deir el-Medineh, provides supporting data:

List continued:

- One t3b-vessel,

- One staff,

- One food basket with bread,

- One wooden krn,

- One alabster k(3)b-vessel,

- Two wooden nsi-containers for medicine,

- One dbw(?)-basket, contents: 1 faience amulet, 1 k(3)b-vessel, 1 hnw-vessel

for unguent.

- Ten …

- One dbw-basket, contents: 1 alabaster (k3)b-vessel, 1 comb, 1 eye-tweezer,

1 [alabaster] nmst-vessel, 1 h‘r., two pieces of

scenting material

The only category left unlisted is that of pottery containers:

- The tomb inspectors appear not to be concerned with this category, which is

found in most graves and tombs in Ancient Egypt, whether in a broken state,

or intact.

- This would indicate that this particular category would either be too common

to mention, or that for one reason or another, pottery was actually absent.

The distribution of certain artifact categories in ‘poorer’ to rich tombs

New Kingdom:

(1550-1350+ BC):

1.c. Private mortuary texts

Book of the Dead

and associated elements

Book of the Dead (“Going Forth by Day”):• Spells 1-189: some new spells and others drawing on

earlier traditions (e.g., Pyramid Texts; Coffin Texts).

• Different ideas:

(1) Bypass Underworld dangers → “Field of Reeds”

Ba/deceased carried out agricultural tasks (CT)

(2) Astral afterlife among circumpolar stars (PT)

Akh spending afterlife with sun-god & associated

deities who reign supreme.

(3) Judgement → afterlife in Underworld with Osiris (BD)

(4) Ka restricted to burial chamber and offering chapel,

receiving offerings.

(5) Ba visiting the land of the living

(6) Ba travelling across the sky with the sun-god.

Book of Dead Papyri = tailor-made & custom-made:

• Wealthy persons purchased more complete and

personally selected chapters from almost 200

known chapters and vignettes: E.g., Book of Ani.

• Less affluent persons purchased custom-made

texts with spaces left to insert owner’s name.

• Some instances in which a papyrus is prepared

with the identification “so-and-so” for the owner.

New Kingdom+ Book of the Dead:

“Going Forth by Day”

The judgement of the Dead

Spell 30B:

Plea of the deceased:

“O my heart which I had from my mother!

O my heart which I had from my mother!

O my heart of different ages!

Do not stand up as a witness against me,

do not be opposed to me in the tribunal,

do not be hostile to me in the presence of

the Keeper of the Balance,

for you are my ka which was in my body,

the protector who made my members hale.

Go forth to the happy place whereto we speed;

do not make my name stink to the Entourage

who make men.

Do not tell lies about me

in the presence of the god;

it is indeed well that you should hear!”

(Continued next image …)

Heart scarab has abbreviated

spell protecting deceased from

his heart witnessing against him.

Additional insurance:


Spell 30B (continued …):“Thus says Thoth, judge of truth,

to the Great Ennead which is in the

presence of Osiris:

‘Hear this word of very truth.

I have judged the heart of the deceased,

and his soul stands as a witness for him.

His deeds are righteous in the great balance,

and no sin has been found in him.

he did not diminish the offerings in the temples,

he did not destroy what has been made,

he did not go about with deceitful speech

while he was on earth.’”

Thus says the Great Ennead to Thoth

who is in Hermopolis (Ashmunein):

‘This utterance of yours is true. The vindicated

Osiris [N] is straightforward, and he has no sin,

there is no accusation against him before us,

Ammit shall not be permitted to have power over him.

Let there be given to him the offerings which are

issued in the presence of Osiris, and may a grant

of land be established in the Field of Offerings

as for the Followers of Horus.’” (continued next image)


Spell 30B (continued …):

Thus says Horus son of Isis:

‘I have come to you, O Wennefer (= August mummy),

And I bring [N] to you.

His heart is true, having gone forth from the balance,

And he has not sinned against any god or goddess.

Thoth has judged him in writing which has been told

To the Ennead, and Maat the great has witnessed.

Let there be given to him bread and beer

Which have been issued in the presence of Osiris,

And he will be for ever like the Followers of Horus.’

Thus says [N]:

‘Here I am in your presence, O Lord of the West.

There is no wrong-doing in my body,

I have not wittingly told lies,

there has been no second fault.

Grant that I may be like the favoured ones

Who are in your suite, O Osiris,

one greatly favoured by the good god,

One loved of the Lord of the Two Lands,

[N], vindicated before Osiris.’”

“The Negative Confession” better titled

Declaration of innocence (Spell 125):

What should be said when arriving at this Hall of

Justice, purging of [N] of all the evil he has done,

and beholding the faces of the gods:

“Hail to you, great god, Lord of Justice!

I have come to you, my lord, that you may bring me

so that I may see your beauty, for I know you and I

know your name, and I know the names of the forty-

two gods of those who are with you in this Hall of

Justice, who live on those who cherish evil and who

gulp down their blood on that day of reckoning of

characters in the presence of Wennefer.

Behold, I have come to you, I have brought you truth,

I have repelled falsehood for you.

I have not done falsehood against men,

I have not impoverished my associates,

I have done no wrong in the Place of Truth,

I have not learnt that which is not,

I have done no evil,

I have not daily made labour in excess of what was

due to be done for me,

My name has not reached the offices of those who

control slaves, (continued next image …)


Declaration of innocence (Spell 125): cont.’

“I have not deprived the orphan of his property,

I have not done what the gods detest,

I have not calumniated a servant to his master,

I have not caused pain,

I have not made hungry,

I have not made to weep,

I have not killed,

I have not commanded to kill,

I have not made suffering for anyone,

I have not lessened the food-offerings in the temples,

I have not destroyed the loaves of the gods,

I have not taken away the food of the spirits,

I have not copulated,

I have not misbehaved,

I have not lessened food-supplies,

I have not diminished the aroura (a grain-measure)

I have not encroached upon fields,

I have not laid anything upon the weights of the hand balance,

I have not taken anything from the plummet of the standing scales,

I have not taken milk from the mouths of children,

I have not deprived the herds of their pastures,

I have not trapped the birds from the preserves of the gods,



“I have not caught the fish of their marshlands,

I have not diverted water at its season,

I have not built a dam on flowing water,

I have not quenched the fire when it is burning,

I have not neglected the dates for offering choice meats,

I have not withheld cattle from the god’s-offerings,

I have not opposed a god in his procession.’

I am pure, pure, pure, pure!

My purity is the purity of that great phoenix

which is in Heracleopolis,

because I am indeed the nose of the Lord of Wind

who made all men live on that day

of completing the Sacred Eye in Heliopolis,

in the 2nd month of winter last day,

in the presence of the lord of this land.

I am he who saw the completion of the Sacred Eye

in Heliopolis, and nothing evil shall come into being

against me in this land in this Hall of Justice,

because I know the names of these gods who are in it:”

The deceased names each of the 42 divine judges,

accompanied by the denial of 42 specific sins.



After denying a different sin before each judge,

the deceased addresses all the divine judges:

“Thus says [N]:

Hail to you, you gods who are in this Hall of Justice!

I know you and I know your names, I will not fall to your knives;

you shall not bring the evil in me to this god in whose suite you are,

No fault of mine concerning you shall come out,

You shall tell the truth about me in the presence of the Lord of All,

Because I have done what was right in Egypt,

I have not reviled God,

And no fault of mine has come out regarding the reigning kings.

Hail to you, O you who are in the Hall of Justice,

who have no lies in your bodies,

who live on truth and gulp down truth

in the presence of Horus who is in his disc.

Save me from Babai, who lives on the entrails

of the old ones on that day of the great reckoning.

Behold, I have come to you without falsehood of mine,

without crime of mine, without evil of mine,

and there is no one who testifies against me, for I have done

nothing against him.”



Balances denial of sin by listing good deeds:

“I live on truth, I gulp down truth,

I have done what men say and with which the gods are pleased.

I have propitiated God with what he desires;

I have given bread to the hungry,

water to the thirsty, clothes to the naked,

and a boat to him who was boatless,

I have given god’s-offerings to the gods

and invocation-offerings to the spirits.

Save me, protect me, without your making report

against me in the Presence,

for I am pure of mouth and pure of hands,

one to whom is said ‘Twice welcome!’ by those who see him,

because I have heard that great word which the noble dead spoke

with the Cat in the House of Him whose mouth gapes.

He who testifies of me is he whose face is behind him,

and he gives the cry.

I have seen the dividing of the ished-tree in Rosetjau,

I am he who succours the gods,

who knows the affairs of their bodies.

I have come to bear witness to truth and

to set the balance in its proper place within the Silent Land.”



“O You who are uplifted on your standard,

Lord of the Atef-crown,

who made your name as Lord of the Wind,

save me from your messengers

who shoot forth harm

and create punishments

and show no indulgence,

because I have done what is right for the Lord of Right.

I am pure,

my brow is clean,

my hinder-parts are cleansed,

and my middle is in the Pool of Truth,

there is no member in me devoid of truth.

I have bathed in the Southern Pool,

I have rested in the Northern City,

in the pure Field of Grasshoppers,

in which is the crew of Re,

in this second hour of the night

and the third hour of the day,

and the gods are calmed

when they pass by it by night or by day.”

“The Negative Confession” (Spell 125): cont.’Deceased responds to a series of questions: E.g.,

[Q] “You have caused him to come,’ they say about me.

‘Who are you?’ They say to me.

‘What is your name?’ they say to me.

[R] “I am the lower part of the papyrus-plant;

‘He who is on his moringa-tree’ is my name.”

[Q] “What have you passed by? They say to me.

[R] “I have passed by the city north of the moringa-tree.”

[Q] “What did you see there?”

[R] “They were the calf and the thigh.” etc.

→ “Come and enter by this door of the Hall of Justice,

for you know us.”

[Q] “We will not let you enter by us,” say the door-posts of

this door, “unless you tell our name.”

[R] “Plummet of Truth” is your name.” etc.

→ “You know us; pass us by.”

“I will not let you tread on me,” says the floor of this

Hall of Justice.”

“Why not? I am pure.”

“Because I do not know the names of your feet with

which you would tread on me. Tell them to me.” etc.

→“Proceed; behold, you are announced.

Your bread is the Sacred Eye, your beer is the Sacred Eye;

what goes forth at the voice for you upon earth is the Sacred Eye.”

Two of the

42 judges

in the Hall

of Justice



Rubric to the preceding spell:

“The correct procedure in this Hall of Justice.

One shall utter this spell pure and clean

and clad in white garments and sandals,

painted with black eye-paint and anointed with myrrh.

There shall be offered to him meat and poultry,

incense, bread, beer, and herbs when you have put

this written procedure on a clean floor of ochre

overlaid with earth upon which no swine

or small cattle have trodden.

As for him who makes this writing,

he shall flourish and his children shall flourish,

he shall not be in need,

he shall be in the confidence of the king and his entourage,

and there shall be given to him a shens-cake, a jug of beer,

a persen-cake and a portion of meat from upon the altar of

the great god;

he shall not be turned back from any gateway of the West,

but shall be ushered in with the kings of Upper Egypt

and the kings of Lower Egypt,

and he shall be in the suite of Osiris.

A matter a million times true.”

Book of the Dead/“Going forth by Day”: Corpus of 189 spells for . . .

• Allowing spirit to go out into the Day

• Not doing work in the Afterlife

• Giving a mouth, a heart, etc. to the deceased

• Retaining one’s heart in the Afterlife

• Driving off a crocodile, a snake, a beetle, etc. in the realm of the dead

• Not being eaten, bitten by a snake, etc.

• Donning a pure garment,

• Living by air, breathing air among the waters in the realm of the dead

• Preventing a slaughter, a decapitation in the realm of the dead

• Not dying again in the realm of the dead

• Not putrefying in the realm of the dead, not letting the corpse perish, etc.

• Not being eaten alive in the realm of the dead

• Not eating faeces, not drinking urine, etc. in the realm of the dead

• Drinking water, making provision, etc. for a spirit,

• Being transformed into any shape one may wish to take

• Being transformed into a falcon, a heron, a phoenix, a swallow, a snake,

a crocodile, a god, Ptah, a lotus, an elder of a tribunal, a living soul, etc.

• Removing foolish speech,

• Fetching a ferry-boat in the sky,

• Protecting the bark of Re, going aboard Re’s bark, etc.

• Knowing the souls of Pe, Nekhen, Hermopolis, etc.

ANT 310:

Imperial & Post-Imperial Egypt: 1550 – 332 BCE

(Dyn.18 royal & private tombs & mortuary-temples)

Lect-9b: Royal chapels & tombs

NEW KINGDOM

Early-mid Dyn.18

(1550-1350 BC):

2.a. Royal Mortuary Temple:

E.g., Thutmose IV

Thutmose IV mortuary temple.

Most royal mortuary temples resemble cult temples in plan

Separate from the tomb(!)

Thutmose IV mortuary temple:

• This royal mortuary temple, & others,

replicate the standard Theban cult

temple plan with a sanctuary, hallway,

colonnaded court, forecourts, & pylons

• Royal cult temples = designated as

“Mansions of Millions of Years,” and

var. kings had several in Egypt-Nubia.

Ex-situ wall blocks:

• Depictions of Thutmose IV, offering

bearers, 3 figures before Amun, Amun

Statuary:

• Fragments: Heads of Thutmose IV,

Queen Mutemwia, and captives.

Stelae:

• T-IV offering to Amun; notes victories

in Kush; mentions Syrian fort; T-IV

before Astarte-standing-on-a-horse;

• An official adoring T-IV; etc.

Finds:

• Jar of T3/4, jar frags., & wine-jar seal. 1896 excavation by W. M. F. Petrie

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/thebes/thutmosisiv/index.html

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/thebes/thutmosisiv/index.html












Statuary:



Stelae:





Finds:

• Jar of T3/4, jar frags., & wine-jar seal.

Solar

cultOsiris

cult?

Amun & deceased

Our designation

“mortuary” temple

is actually incorrect(!)

“The mansion of millions of years”

is really a royal cult temple.

Some kings have several of them,

while the ones on the West Bank

are simply located closest to

the Valley of the Kings

(i.e., royal burial place).












Statuary:



Stelae:





Finds:

• Jar of T3/4, jar frags., & wine-jar seal. Statue head of Queen Mutemwiahttps://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/thebes/archive/uc14465.jpg

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/thebes/archive/uc14465.jpg












Statuary:



Stelae:





Finds:


Thutmose IV

offering to Amun;

He notes campaign

& a fort-‘Thutmose.’

Thutmose IV

offering bread to

Amun-Re in thanks.

Stela frag. of

Thutmose IV

adoring a

goddess

(= Astarte)

standing on

a horse.



Stela fragment of the

good god, Thutmose IV

adoring a goddess:

Astarte standing on a

horse, with a spear+shield

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/thebes/archive/uc14374.gif

https://www.crystalinks.com/astarte.html

T.IV

temple


https://www.crystalinks.com/astarte.html












Statuary:



Stelae:





Finds:


Temple equipment: frag. of a bronze sistrum

found in the mortuary temple of Thutmose IV

Limestone jar-seal

found in the mortuary

temple of Thutmose IV:

i.e., used for impressing

clay caps placed over the

mouths of wine amphorae

Irp n itrw …

“Wine of the measure …

“Wine of the …”



NEW KINGDOM

Early-mid Dyn.18

(1550-1350 BC):

2.b. Royal tombs:

E.g., Thutmose IV

Valley of the Kings

NK royal tombs:

1. Early Dyn.18 high

in cliffs

2. Mid-Dyn.18 (A.III+)

talus slope (flooding)

3. Dyn.20:

At edge of rock-spurs

Thutmose IV KV.43 burial:

• Excavation of Thutmose IV’s tomb

in 1903 by Theodore M. Davis (aided

by H. Carter, G. E. Smith, & others).

Excavated in 1903; Published in 1904

Thutmose IV

Amenhotep II

Thutmose I

Hatshepsut

Thutmose III

Thutmose II

Hatshepsut

Thutmose IV KV.43 burial:

• Foundation deposits flanking

the entryway.

Thutmose IV.

Royal Burial:

- Tomb restored in year 8 of Horemheb

(officials caught thieves in act)

- After further/later robbery, T-IV’s body

= placed in new coffin & transferred to

cache in Amenhotep II’s tomb.

- T-IV maintained right-angle turn &

well-shaft in tomb.

- New: placement of magical (brick) niches

(rectangular outline on pillar & entry wall).

- Well-shaft & burial chamber = decorated.

- Ceilings: yellow stars on dark blue.

- Wall tops: khekher frieze.

- Scenes & texts: name deities & T-IV.

Thutmose IV.

Royal Burial:

- Tomb restored in yr 8 of Horemheb

(officials caught thieves in act)

- After further robbery, T-IV’s body =

placed in new coffin & transferred to

cache in Amenhotep II’s tomb.

- T-IV maintained right-angle turn &

well-shaft in tomb.

- New: placement of magical niches

(rectangular outline on pillar & entry wall).

-

Well-shaft & burial chamber = decorated.

- Ceilings: yellow stars on dark blue.

- Wall tops: khekher frieze.

- Scenes & texts: name deities & T-IV.

Well shaft:

- Deter thieves

- Flood water

protection.

https://www.etltravel.com/luxor/thutmose-iv-tomb-egypt/

https://www.etltravel.com/luxor/thutmose-iv-tomb-egypt/

Thutmose IV:

Remains of burial possessions

from KV.43

A series of nested gilded shrines are attested in

- Tutankhamun’s tomb: i.e., physical remains.

- Ramesses IV’s tomb: i.e., papyrus plan.

- Thutmose IV and other NK rulers likely had them.

Plan layout of

4 nested shrines

and a frame canopy

Tut

T.IV’s sealed burial chamber

as left by priests ca.1000 BC

Several Dyn.21 High Priests of Amun:

• Commanded the re-burial of the

NK rulers & family in secret caches:

KV57, KV17, KV35, AN-B, WN-A? DB320

• Thutmose IV’s body = taken later

to KV35 (A-II’s tomb) for re-burial,

(type-1) along with 16 other bodies.

• T-IV’s and other bodies placed in

side-chamber Jb apparently came

from several earlier caches:

E.g., A-II’s mummy = re-wrapped.

• Transfer post-dated the renewal of

Amenhotep III’s burial –dated to

year-12/13 of Smendes (early D21)

“Year 12/13 of Smendes, 4th(?) month

of peret-season, day 6(?). On this day

renewing the burial? of King Nebmaatre

LPH, by the high priest of Amon-Re,

king of the gods, Pinudjem I, son of the

high priest of Amon-Re, ing of the gods,

Piankh …[by?] … Wennufer(?).”

Reburial in KV35

http://www.narmer.pl/kv/kv35en.htm

http://www.narmer.pl/kv/kv35en.htm

https://fineartamerica.com/featured/ancient-egyptian-royal-tomb-jose-antonio-penasscience-photo-library.html?product=canvas-print

Early Dynasty 18,

royal tomb KV 35?

or “similar”

reconstruction

https://fineartamerica.com/featured/ancient-egyptian-royal-tomb-jose-antonio-penasscience-photo-library.html?product=canvas-print

Several Dyn.21 High Priests of Amun:

• Commanded the re-burial of the

NK rulers & family in secret caches:

KV57, KV17, KV35, AN-B, WN-A? DB320

• Thutmose IV’s body = taken later

to KV35 (A-II’s tomb) for re-burial,

(type-1) along with 16 other bodies.

• T-IV and other bodies placed in

side-chamber Jb apparently came

from several earlier caches:

E.g., A-II’s mummy = re-wrapped.

• Transfer post-dated the renewal of

Amenhotep III’s burial –dated to

year-12/13 of Smendes (early D21)

“Year 12/13 of Smendes, 4th(?) month

of peret-season, day 6(?). On this day

renewing the burial? of King Nebmaatre

LPH, by the high priest of Amon-Re,

king of the gods, Pinudjem I, son of the

high priest of Amon-Re,king of the gods,

Piankh …[by?] … Wennufer(?).”

KV.35

A-II cache

Papyrus BM 10052:

‘Examination. The incense-roaster Nesamun

called Tjaybay of the temple of Amun was

brought. There was given to him the oath by

the ruler saying, “If I speak falsehood may I be

mutilated and sent to Ethiopia (= Kush).”

They said to him, “Tell us the story of your going

with your confederates to attack the Great

Tombs, when you brought out this silver from

there and appropriated it.”

He said, “We went to a tomb and we brought

some vessels of silver from it, and we divided

them up between the five of us.”

He was examined with the stick. He said,

“I saw nothing else; what I have said is what

I saw.”

He was again examined with the stick. He said,

“Stop, I will tell …”

Ca.1000 BC priests

removed T-IV’s body

& bulk of valuables

KV.35 A-II’s tomb re-used as a royal cache

Thutmose IV.

Fragmentary burial goods:

a. Canopic chest and canopic jars

b. Statuettes of king & deities

c. Fragmentary wooden shrines

d. Shabtis with small coffins & tools

e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats

h. Part of chariot & its equipment

i. Throw sticks & mace heads

j. Scabbards

k. Textiles (gloves; armlets)

l. Vessels: stone, glass, faience, pottery

m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal

p. Foundation deposits: model vessels +

3 subsidiary burials:

a. 4 canopic jars of Prince Amenemhet

b. Canopic frags. of Princess Tentamun.

c. Corpse of child (name lost).

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






https://collections.mfa.org/objects/130277

Prince Amenemhet’s canopic jar (from T.IV tomb)

https://collections.mfa.org/objects/130277

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Most coated with bitumen

(except cow)

Note: bitumen coating …

is black in colour (i.e., like Osiris);

Black is considered regenerative

(i.e., in colour & material);

It is thereby an aid in re-birth,

and other ritual functions

and symbolism …

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Ritual cow-figure:

42 cm high

From chamber 4

Wood painted yellow (“gold”?)

Metal horns removed in antiquity

Eyes removed to obtain metal inlayIntact example from Tutankhamun’s tomb

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Substitute workersfor corvee work in the afterlife

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search

/544841

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544841


Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal





c. Corpse of child (name lost).https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/548475



Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal







Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks: Human-fig. & Anubis

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Text from Book of Dead chp.151-d

Text from Book of Dead chp.151-ghttps://kennethgarrett.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/Tutankhamun/G0000EO9faqRbpnU/I0000XOA.g4sZa_Y

Four “magic bricks” placed in niches

at the cardinal points in burial chamber

https://kennethgarrett.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/Tutankhamun/G0000EO9faqRbpnU/I0000XOA.g4sZa_Y

Thutmose IV.

Book of the Dead spell 151-d:

Spell for one of the four magic bricks:

“To be written in secret in the netherworld.

Thou who comest (to) tousle,

I will not let thee tousle.

Thou who comest to attack,

I will not let thee attack.

I will tousle thee, I will attack thee.

I am the magical protection of Osiris N.”

“This spell is to be said over an unbaked

clay brick on which this spell has been

incised.

Make for it a niche in the walls of the

netherworld (i.e., burial chamber) and

set an image of im3-wood 7 digits high,

whose mouth has been (ceremonially)

opened, firmly on this brick on the

north wall, its face towards the south,

and cover its (i.e., the niche’s) face.”

See T. G. Allen 1974, The Book of the Dead.


Text from Book of Dead chp.151-g

North

East

Thutmose IV.

Book of the Dead spell 151-g:

Spell for another of four magic bricks:

“Another spell.

To be said:

To be said by Anubis presiding over the

god’s pavilion, him who is on his mountain,

lord of the sacred land:

‘<Watch out, wake up>, Thou Who Art on

the Mountain, for thy power is broken.

I have broken (thy) power, (O) rager.

I am the magical protection of Osiris N.’”

“This spell is to be said over an Anubis

(of) unbaked clay mixed with incense,

set firmly on a brick of (unbaked) clay,

with this spell incised on it (i.e., the

Anubis-figure).

Make for it (i.e., the brick) a niche in the

east wall, its face toward the west,

and cover its (i.e., the niche’s) face.”l

See T. G. Allen 1974, The Book of the Dead.


Text from Book of Dead chp.151-g

East

North

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture: labels from boxes

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/world-cultures/ancient-egyptian-collection/

ancient-egyptian-collection/box-of-amenhotep-ii

https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/world-cultures/ancient-egyptian-collection/ancient-egyptian-collection/box-of-amenhotep-ii

https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/world-cultures/ancient-egyptian-collection/ancient-egyptian-collection/box-of-amenhotep-ii

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture: throne side-panels

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Example of a Dynasty 18

wooden chair with panels,

from tomb of Yuya & Tuya


Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture: throne side-panels

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Example of a Dynasty 18

wooden chair with panels,

from tomb of Yuya & Tuya


Thutmose IV: detail view of carved wooden chair side-panel.



Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






E.g., Tutankhamun chariot

Recent books on Egyptian chariots …

T IV leather chariot panel

Thutmose IV: Chariot body

with decorative panels

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal





c. Corpse of child (name lost).E.g., Tutankhamun chariot

https://www.world-archaeology.com/features/egypt-fit-for-a-pharaoh-3/

Thutmose IV leather panel for a chariot

https://www.world-archaeology.com/features/egypt-fit-for-a-pharaoh-3/

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






https://kennethgarrett.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/G0000eOLZppqWt00/I0000BUm6BGOt6fQ/48

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hes_Vase_MET_LC-30_8_37a_b_EGDP025679.jpg

https://kennethgarrett.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/G0000eOLZppqWt00/I0000BUm6BGOt6fQ/48

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hes_Vase_MET_LC-30_8_37a_b_EGDP025679.jpg

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal





c. Corpse of child (name lost).https://dornsife.usc.edu/what-is-a-king-to-do/historical-context/

Sety I

smiting

scene

(early

Dyn.19)

with a

mace

Karnak Temple

https://dornsife.usc.edu/what-is-a-king-to-do/historical-context/

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Modern leather,

archery wrist bracer

https://armstreet.com/store/armoury/functional-archer-shooting-glove-with-wrist-bracer

https://armstreet.com/store/armoury/functional-archer-shooting-glove-with-wrist-bracer

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards

k. Textiles (e.g., A-II tapestry)


m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






KV 43: “A-2”

oldest known

examples of

tapestry work

https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/tapestry-art-wall-weavings-artists

Petrie Museum tapestry

https://www.scribd.com/document/273398241/Textiles-in-the-Petrie-Museum

Example = from elsewhere

https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/tapestry-art-wall-weavings-artists

https://www.scribd.com/document/273398241/Textiles-in-the-Petrie-Museum

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal






Thutmose III example

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Harrow-

chalice-HE121-H-60_fig3_27649602

https://www.randafricanart.com/The_Quest_for_Immortality_Treasures_of_Ancient_Egypt.html

Examples

of glass

vessels

from

elsewhere

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Harrow-chalice-HE121-H-60_fig3_27649602

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Harrow-chalice-HE121-H-60_fig3_27649602

https://www.randafricanart.com/The_Quest_for_Immortality_Treasures_of_Ancient_Egypt.html

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal





c. Corpse of child (name lost).https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57975703#/media/File:Libation_vase_E17356_mp3h9197-gradient.jpg

Thutmose IV

libation

vase

Thutmose IV faience items

https://the-ancient-pharaohs.blogspot.com/2017/03/kv43-tomb-of-tuthmosis-iv-part-23.html

https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57975703#/media/File:Libation_vase_E17356_mp3h9197-gradient.jpg

https://the-ancient-pharaohs.blogspot.com/2017/03/kv43-tomb-of-tuthmosis-iv-part-23.html

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle, etc.

o. Seal






https://ludii.games/details.php?keyword=Senet

Senet board

temp. Kings

Thutmose IV to

Amenhotep III

“Generic” mirror

https://ludii.games/details.php?keyword=Senet

Thutmose IV.






e. Magic bricks

f. Wooden furniture

g. Model boats



j. Scabbards



m. Game board

n. Mirror handle

o. Seal: amulets as well






https://www.ancient.eu/image/1217/objects-from-tomb-of-thutmose-iv/

Generic scarab

seal of King

Thutmose IV

Israel Museum

https://www.ancient.eu/image/1217/objects-from-tomb-of-thutmose-iv/

Items apparently particular to Dynasty 18 royal burials:

1. Distinct plans and decoration (excepting Tutankhamun’s abbreviated tomb)

Royal burial furnishings survive in the tombs of:

Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV, Horemheb, and Tutankhamun,

revealing broad similarities in the types of royal funerary items in Dyn.18.

2. Royal tomb burials assemblages display:

a. Greater quantities & variance in gold jewelry (but this really reflects means)

b. Using a stone sarcophagus (versus private elite wooden sarcophagus)

c. Retaining feathered rishi-patterning on anthropoid coffin (abandoned by elite)

d. Series of nested shrines surrounding sarcophagus & interior nested coffins

(some private funeral procession scenes display a similar outermost shrine)

e. Alabaster canopic chest (versus private elite wooden canopic chest)

f. Coffin placed on a lion-bed in sarcophagus (some private ones on plain bed)

g. Animal headed & legged embalming beds (embalmers kept private ones)

h. Much greater numbers of shabtis (present in private tombs in small numbers)

i. Ritual statuary of king and deities (minimal appearance in private elite burials)

j. The application of four magic bricks (also noted in burial of 1st Prophet of Amun)

Items apparently particular to Dynasty 18 royal burials:

Royal tombs display (continued):

k. Probable papyri hidden in royal statuary (otherwise private elite tombs have papyri)

l. Osiris beds appear in royal tombs (but are poorly attested in private tombs)

m. More elaborate furniture (also attested in private elite tombs, but lower quality)

n. Metal & stone containers abound (but are less well-attested in private tombs)

o. Greater quantities of food offerings (but also attested in private tombs)

p. Mummified meats in special cases (virtually restricted to NK royal tombs)

q. Many model boats (virtually unattested in New Kingdom private tombs)

BUT boats do appear in pictorial fashion in tomb chapels: Abydos pilgrimage

r. Numerous faience amulets (minimal appearance in private NK tombs)

Hence, the few royal tombs & burial assemblages stand apart mostly via:

- Tomb plan & decoration, religious texts, and the quality, quantity, and specific

appearance of certain items (e.g., ritual statuary, var. amulets, preserved meat).

BUT in other ways, NK royal tomb furnishings are simply more elaborate

examples of Dynasty 18 elite tomb assemblages.

NEW KINGDOM

(1550-1350 BC):

2c. Royal mortuary texts:

E.g., The Amduat:“That which is in the Underworld”

Royal mortuary texts, including decorative illustrations on tomb walls:

1. Amduat: (discussed here)

- Placed in tombs of 15 rulers, from Thutmose I to Ramesses IX.

2. Litany of Re:

- Placed at entry of tombs of 10 rulers, from Thutmose III to Ramesses IX.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Book of Gates:

- Placed in the inner chambers of 11 rulers from Horemheb to Ramesses VII.

4. Book of the Dead: (non-royal text)

- Private text adopted by 5 Ramesside kings (Merenptah to Ramesses V/VI)

5. Book of Caverns:

- Placed in the upper parts of 4 Ramesside kings (Ramesses IV to IX)

6. Book of the Heavens:

- Placed in the burial chamber and passages of 3 Ramesside kings (R.IV-IX)

7. Book of the Earth:

- Placed in the burial chambers of 3 Ramesside kings (Ramesses V/VI-IX)

_______________________________________________________________

Note: Tutankhamun’s series of shrines contained various different compositions,

which are thereby otherwise lost from the remaining New Kingdom royal

tombs. A papyrus plan of R.IV’s tomb indicated similar nested shrines.

Amenhotep II: Amduat: Hour-2 fleet → fields

Hour

1:

Book of Amduat (Underworld):

• Sun-god’s journey through

12 hours of night sunset→rise

• King accompanies sun-god

• Osiris = passive role

• King’s corpse united with Ba

(“soul”) of sun-god in hour-6/7

HOUR-1:

• Sun-god (Ram-headed Ba

soul) enters Underworld in hr.1

• Solar baboons & goddesses

welcome solar bark

• This stage initiates an ordering

& revealing of the unknown

HOUR-2:

• Start of actual Underworld

• Land of plenty & watery realm

(Wernes)

Sety I: Amduat: Hour-3 mid.-reg. solar boat

Thutmose III:

Amduat

Hour-4:

Zigzag sand

road blocks

water way

Solar bark

→ snake

Book of Amduat (Underworld):

HOUR-3:

• The waters of Osiris

• Note: other boats accompany

sun-god’s solar boat in hrs.2-3

• Land is given to Blessed Dead

• Provisioning of these Blessed

Dead = theme of hour-3

• Avenging demons render all

enemies harmless

HOUR-4:

• The desert of Rosetau, the

“land of Sokar, who is on his

sand”

• Many snakes, fire, doors, etc.

• Solar bark needs to be towed

• Horus & Sokar protect and

renew the solar Eye

• Note: this is a dangerous point

in the journey.

Thutmose III: Amduat: Hour-5 cave of Sokar

Amduat: Hour-6: King = resurrected! → midnight = danger point (Apophis!!!)

Book of Amduat:

HOUR-5:

• The registers intersect

• This embodies “The West”

• It has all the main elements

of the land of the dead

(including primeval water).

• Grave of Osiris; Cave of

Sokar; Lake of punishment.

HOUR-6: (important)

• Depth of Netherworld (Nun)

• Re & Osiris unite as Ba &

corpse at climax of journey

• Kings of UE-LE & resurrection

Amenhotep II: Amduat: Hour-7 (punishment)

Sety I:

Amduat:

Hour-8:

Supply of

cloth for

deceased

Book of Amduat:

HOUR-7 (important):

•Sun shines anew at midnight

(→ defeat of Apophis)

• Hour-7 = the punishment of

enemies: snake Apophis is

prevented from stopping the

renewal of light

• Prevented by Seth & Isis

• Osiris triumphs over enemies

(who are bound & beheaded)

• Mehen-snake protects Osiris

• Burial place of sun protected

HOUR-8:

• Subdivided into 5 caves in

upper & lower registers

(represent all crypts in realm).

•Theme = provision of clothes

to deceased

• Ba souls of dead & gods

rejoice at arrival of sun-god.

Amenhotep II: Amduat: Hour-10 (e.g., revival)

Book of Amduat:

HOUR-9:

• Solar bark crew dominate this

hour (oars in hand)

• Continued theme of providing

clothing in upper & lower reg.

• Court of law felling the

enemies of Osiris

• Goddesses caring for Osiris

HOUR-10:

• Water containing those who

have drowned, but who are

saved by Horus.

• These dead are given blessed

existence, despite not having

received a proper burial.

• = regenerative waters

• Goddesses light the darkness

• Rescue & healing of both the

solar Eye & the Eye of Horus.

• Crew armed against dangers

Thutmose III: Amduat: Hour-11 (punishment)

Thutmose III: Amduat: Hour-12 (rebirth→dawn

Book of Amduat:

HOUR-11:

• Preparations for sunrise

• Snake “World-encircler” near

the bark’s prow.

• Enemies being burnt in upper

register, removing any evil

that might prevent rebirth.

HOUR-12:

• Rebirth of sun in 12th hour

• Repetition of the original

creation = primeval deities are

present.

• Large number of figures

emphasize the event’s gravity.

• Backward direction symbolizes

reversal of time

• Old/frail entering snake’s tail

→ emerge as newborn babes

• Shu waiting to lift sun → sky

• Osiris & dead stay behind

• Apophis is repelled 1 last time.

(selected)

SOURCES FOR

PRIVATE &

ROYAL TOMBS

and related topics

Important studies on NK private tombs and funerary customs, items, etc.

20031960

Selected historical & related sources on 3IP Egypt: Dyns. 21-24 …

2003


20001999

Important studies on NK royal tombs and funerary customs, items, etc.

19881987


20091987


19741985

Documentary reenactment: Book of the Dead & Wallis Budge’s acquisition of it

2010

Documentary (“Realm of the Dead”) on Ancient Egyptian mortuary practices …

2003 –Parthenon Entertainment: Realm of the Dead

Documentary (Age of Gold) on Second Intermediate Period to early Dyn.18+

Late 1990s –Ancient Egypt Uncovered:

episode 4: Deities and Demons.

episode 5: Postmortem.


19961964


19822016


19952013


20101981


20162015


20161980


20181999


20102007


20162014

Documents

Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-13: (a) Private elite tombs (Theban rock-cut chapels; burial chambers), mortuary beliefs (Book of the Dead) & furnishings; (b) Royal memorial temples & tombs