and of THE OHIO ACADEMY OF SCIENCE - Forgotten Books

O ffic ial Organ of THE B IOLOG ICAL CLUB of t h e OH IO STATE UN IVERS ITY ,

and of THE OH IO ACADEMY OF SC IENCE .

Volumes X, XI , and XI I , 1909—1912 .

ED ITOR IAL STAFF .

Editor- in-Ch ief JOHN H . SCHAFFNERBusiness M anager JAMES S . HINEAss istant Business M anager GEO . D . HUBBARD

AS SOCIATE ED ITORS :Z oology A rcheology

EM ILY HOLLISTER , Vol . X . W . C . M ILLS .

F . L . LANDACRE , Vol . X I .

WM . M . BARROWS , Vol . X II .

B o lany Orni tho logyR . F . GRIGGS , Vol . X , X II . J . C . HAMBLETON .

F REDA DETMERS , Vol . X I .

Geology GeographyW . C . MORSE . GEO . D . HUBBARD , Vol . X , X I .

P hysiographyT . M . HILLS .

ADVISORY BOARDHERBERT OSBORN D epartment of Zoo logyJOHN H . SCHAFFNER of BotanyCHARLES S . PROSSER D epartment of Geo logy

OH IO STATE UN IVERS ITY ,

COLUMBUS , OHIO.

INDEX TO AUTHORS .

BEMB OWER,WM .

, 378 .

BLA IR,KATE R .

,24 .

BROCKETT,RUTH E .

,14 .

CLAA S S EN,EDo ,

47 1 , 475 ,543 .

COOK ,M EL

,T .

,13 .

DACHNOW SKI,ALFRED

,137 ,

193 , 3 12 .

D AVIES,CLARA , A .

, 6 1 .

D ETMER S,FREDA

, 55 , 73 ,200 , 305 .

D ICKEY , M ALCOLM G .

,17 ,

190 ,347 ,

63,64 152 ,

192 ,

F INK,BRUCE

,267

, 385 .

FOERSTE ,AUG . F .

,429 .

FOX,CHARLE S P .

,146 ,

27 1 , 427 ,469 .

FULTON ,BENTLEY B .

,299 .

FULLMER,E . L .

, 472 ,473 .

GARY,L . B .

,183 .

GLOYER,W . O .

, 334 .

GOETZ ,C . H .

,406 .

GR IGG S , ROBERT F .,44

,232 ,

26 1,287 , 303 ,

HAMBLETON, j . C .

,4 1 .

HENNINGER,W . F

,233 .

HINE , JAME S S ., 65 ,

149 , 30 1 , 307 ,494 .

HOOD , G . W .

,2 14 .

HOPK INS,

179 .

JENNING S, OTTO E .

,13 ,

136 .

LAMB, G . F .

, 89 .

LANT I S , VERNON , 385 .

LAUGHL IN ,EMMA E .

,160 .

L INNELL,M ARY B .

,465

M ACCOUGHEY , VAUGHAN ,420 .

MATHENY, W . A .

,1 .

M ETCALF , C . L .

,137 , 397 ,

477 ,458 ,

459 , 533 549 .

NICHOLS,R . H .

,2 10 .

NI SW ONGER,H . R .

, 374 .

O’

KANE, W .

OSBORN ,HERBERT

,249 ,

26 1 , 263 ,266 .

OSBORN,H . T 15 , 16 .

Index to Authors.

OVERHOLTS L . O .,

PARKER, j . B .

,163

SCHAF FNER , JOHN H .,8 ,9

,39 40

, 6 1 ,184 ,

409 ,457 ,

474 ,490 .

SELBY ,A . D .

,285 .

STAUF ER , C . R .

,27

STERK I , V .,

ST ICKNEY ,M ALCOLM M .

, 6 1 .

STOVER ,“T

ILMER G .,177 ,

247 349, 350 , 35 1 .

VICKERS , EARNEST W .

, 86 .

W' ALTON ,

L . B .,46 1 .

WELLS,BERTRAM W .

,2 17 ,

WILLIAMSON,E . B .

,

Z IMMER, JAMES F .

, 36 .

[v

57)

uq

ul

l

O

PUBL IS HED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Univ ers ity .

Volume X . NOVEMBER . 1909 . No . 1 .

TA B LE O F C O NT ENT S .

MATHENY—Th e Tw ig Gm l lerSCHAFFNER—An Interes t ing Bot rycln um Hab itatSCHA FFNER—Th e Gynm osperms of Oh ioJ ENNINGS—Th e Labrador Tea in OtCoox—Potato Agar .

NEW S AND NOTESOSBORN—Meetmg s of t h e Biolog ical Club

THE TW IG GIRDLER .

*

W . A . MATHENY .

Oncideres cingulatus (Say)Order Coleoptera ; fam ily Cerambycidae .

“

A th ick-bodied long icorn , dark gray beet le abou t . 5 inch long , withit s W ing—covers sprink led over W ith faint tawny y el low dots .

”

I n making a study of t h e gal l s of this community du ring t h efal l of 1907 ,

I cam e across t h e work of t h e“

Twig Gird lers .

”

These singu lar beet les appear in Ohio from t h e m idd le of Augu stunti l t h e middle of September . F igu re 1 represents t h e beet leand t h e inci sion it makes . According t o S l ingerland

,this beet le

always works head downward . This wou ld discredit t h e drawing by Ri ley . Prof . Glenn W . Herrick say s , in hi s paper on Th e

Pecan Pruner (O . texana Horn .)that t h e beet le works headdownward .

Professor Haldeman states that both sexes are rather rare,

particu larly t h e m ale,Which i s rather smal ler than t h e female

,

but With longer antennae . Th e female does all t h e work .

Sh e m akes perforations (F ig . 1,b)in t h e branches in Which sh e

deposits h er eggs (one of Which is represented of t h e natu ral si zeat Fig . 1 ,

e .)Sh e then proceeds t o gnaw a groove,of about a

tenth of an inch Wide and deep,around t h e branch and below

t h e p lace Where t h e eggs are deposited so t h e exterior portion diesand t h e larva feeds upon t h e dead wood .

Mr . Jam es B rodie describes t h e manner of cutting of t h e

O . texana as fol lows :“

In starting w ork , a patch t h e desired W idth of cu t is c leaned andt h e bark eaten . Then t h e powerfu l m andibles are brought t o W ork on

t h e wood . A cu t i s first m ade at t h e t op , then t h e head m oves down t o

Contribu t ion from B io logica l Laboratory , Ohio Un iversity .

The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 1,

t h e bot tom , whe1 e a corresponding cu t i s 1nade ; t h en w 0 1k1ng from t h ebo ttom ou t , t h e wood fib er i s ra ised and as t h e p iece was cu t free t o startwith a t t h e t op , i t i s a lready detached when t h e p iece is torn loose t o t h et op ou t . Then another cu t is m ade a t t h e t op ; then at t h e bottom

, andso on ti l l t h e in sec t reaches in as far as 1 t can conven ien t ly I t thenm oves to e ither s ide o f thi s cu t , eats of f another strip of bark and goes t owork on t h e wood as before .

I n this study rm ob servations are confined t o t h e fo l lowingtrees : Elm

,Hickory

,Linden

,Honey Locu st and Persimmon

b

Manner of Girdl ing : Th e E lm branches were gird led as

shown in F igu re 2 . Th e diameter of t h e girdled branches variesfrom one—fou rth t o one-hal f inch

,and t h e depth of t h e grooves

varies from one—tenth t o one-eighth inch . These measu rem entshold good for t h e Hickory ,

t h e Persimmon,and t h e Honey

Locu st also . In all instances ob served on t h e elm t h e brancheswere comp letely girdled and all in t h e sam e manner . Attackson this tree were not numerou s .

F igu re 3 shows t h e m anner of gird l ing t h e Hickory . Th e

grooves were cu t in t h e same way as on t h e Elm tree branches .

Attacks on this tree were a l itt le more numerou s th an on t h e

Elm . E ight months after they were gird led these branches(Fig . 3)h ad not broken o ff t h e tree . I found a f ew branchesin thei r natural position on t h e tree twenty m onths after theyh ad been gird led .

Th e Linden su ffered m ore than either of t h e above trees .

F igu re 4 shows that these branches are not gi rdled,they are cut

o ff . For a short tim e in t h e fall they can b e seen hanging b y t h esmal l thread of bark which is left (Fig . They soon break off

and fal l t o t h e ground ,alm ost with t h e first wind . Oh a sm al l

tree about twenty-fiv e feet high I counted twenty -four branchescut off as shown in F igure 5 . I n every instance ob served t h eLinden branches were cu t off and not gird led .

Th e Honey Locust was gridled in t h e sam e m anner as t h e

Elm and t h e Hickory ,and su ffered more than all t h e other trees

comb ined . Oh one field trip t h e girdled branches on t h e first

twenty Honey Locu st trees were counted . Th e trees were takenas they were found . No sorting was done . Th e result of t h e

count is given below :

Number o f Number of Number ofTree . branches g ird led . B ranches gi rd led .

18 18

5 24

10 8

10

45

19

10

12

6

3

Nov . ,1909 ] The Twig Girdler . 3

Th e Persimmon tree branches were gi rdled in t h e sam e man

ner as t h e Honey Locu st A grove of Pers immon trees nearNew Pl\ mouth Vinton County ,

was found in which all of t h e

trees had been attacked . F igu re 9 shows t h e m ethod of t h e

workman This branch was one of t h e largest gird led branchesfound . A great m any o f t h e branches were in thei r natu ra l position on t h e tree ,

and from t h e strength requ i red t o break them off

I judge that under ordinary circumstances they wou ld remainth ere a y ear longer .

On this t r ip t o Vinton Coun tx i t was ob served that t h e

Hi ckory and t h e Honey Locu st and t h e Linden were girdledand cu t t o about t h e sam e extent as they were in this community . This wou ld indicate that t h e beet le i s widely dist ri

buted in thi s part of t h e State .

Eggs : Th e eggs were imbedded between t h e bark and

wood . Th e fem ale makes t h e perforations general ly under eachsu ccessive side—shoot

,bu t this i s by no m eans t h e ru le

,for eggs

are found imbedded in all parts of t h e branch . After t h e egg i sdeposited ,

t h e female c loses t h e hole with a gummy secretion .

Th e eggs are about two m i l l im eters in length, (F ig . 1

,e), of a

whitish color ,and long oval in shape . Those under observa

tion were probably lai d in O ctober and hatched abou t December .

I have examined more than a thousand gird led branches,

and in every case a pecu l iar scarring of t h e bark both aboveand below t h e notch extending abou t one inch in each directionw as ob served (F ig . 11 and F ig . 12) These scars were madeby t h e female . After laying h er egg5 sh e digs with h er powerfulmandib les , transverse shal low grooves one- sixteenth t o one

tenth of an inch long in t h e bark . There can b e no doubt as t oh er purpose in doing this . I t i s a precaution taken t o makedoubly sure that t h e gird led branch wi l l die

,and do away with

any possib il ity of t h e bark growing together and heal ing t h e

wound . Ju st as far as these grooves extend up and down t h estem

,t h e bark dies . I t i s interesting t o note that in addition t o

girdl ing t h e branch two inches of t h e bark i s deadened .

On some specimens these transv erse groov es were observ ed both

abov e and below the egg Thi s was especial ly true of t h eHickory . Th e grooves extended along t h e probable coursewhich t h e bu rrowing larva wou ld take . This was not true for alleggs laid in t h e same b ranch . Sev era1 instances were notedwhere these grooves were made above and below t h e eggs whichwere lai d away from buds and branches . I t i s done t o deadent h e bark and prevent growth from crushing t h e egg . Prof .Herrick mentions this in regard t o O . texana

,but h e does not

mention t h e grooves made both above and below t h e incision .

W e conc lude that t h e species differ in this particular .

4 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOL X ,No. 1

,

Larvae : Th e larvae are white in color and from one—hal fto three fourths of an inch long They vary very much in size .

One wou ld judge that those destined t o produ ce females are

larger than t h e others Th e larvae found in t h e deadened Elmb ra

b

nch es were smal ler than those found in t h e gird led HoneyLocu st branches . P robably t h e di fference in t h e kind of nu triment obtained determ ines t h e size of t h e larvae .

W'

hen examined with a lens,t h e body is found t o b e sparsely

covered with short , dark hai rs . These hai rs are more numerou son t h e anterior end than on t h e posterior end . Th e mou th part sare brown . After hatching they burrow in t h e wood and remainthere unti l late in t h e fo l lowing summer . Beginning early int h e spring they excavate gal leries in t h e dead branch ju stbeneath t h e bark . F requent ly they are found bu rrowing in t h esol i d w ,

ood and sti l l m ore frequent ly in t h e pith . Thei r growthis very slow and i t takes very l itt le wood t o satisfy them .

In one instance a larva came t o m at uri t 3 and changed t o a

pupa in a gal lery two inches long . This gal lery was abou t oneei ghth of an inch in diam eter . Two pupae were found side byside in separate gal leries in a branch one -half inch in diam eter .

At present I am unab le t o state definit ely h ow long t h e larvaeex i st in these cu t -off branches . Some at least spend two wintersin t h e wood ,

b u t this can not b e said of all . Thi s point i s nowunder ob servation .

Before t h e larva changes t o a pupa,it cu t s a pinhole in t h e

bark near t h e end of t h e gal lery ,and c loses t h e opening of t h e

burrow with fine shavings . This gives t h e pupal cel l an openingt o t h e ou tside f or air and egress when t h e proper t ime com es .

In a gird led Hickory branch now before m e t h e larvae average one—fif t h inch in length . They are at work in gal leries onefou rth inch in length ,

and none of them have bu rrowed deepinto t h e wood . These larvae were hatched m ore than h y e m onthsago . Thi s shows p lain ly h ow s low thei r growth i s . Owing t o t h escarcity of ful l grown larvae w e can logical ly conc lu de that thesesm al l larvae wi l l b e ou r gird lers thi s coming Fal l . Som e of t h e

smal ler and poorly nouri shed larvae wi l l certain ly pass anotherwinter in t h e b ranches . In every instance observed t h e two

winter larvae were found on ly in t h e Honey Locust branches .

Th e extreme hardness of thi s wood might account for this delay ed development .

Th e number of eggs lai d in gird led b ranches varies from threet o twenty . Below is given a record of t h e number of eggs lai din twenty b ranches . Th e count was made at random

,and

inc ludes b ranches from di fferent t rees .

Nov . ,The Twig Girdler .

No . of

Eggs .

12

5

8

6

1 1 15

9

18

14

5 19

20

Pupae : Th e eggs lai d in October , 1907 ,have not gone into

t h e pupa state y et ,May 30 ,

1908 . Those lai d in October,1906

,

passed into t h e pupa state sometime between March and Mayof this y ear . Th e pupae are white . They vary in length fromfiv e—sixteenths t o h y e-eighths of an inch . They lie in t h e gal

leries which were desc ribed above .

Adu lts : Abou t t h e first of June adult s were found nicelyhidden away in t h e gal leries . On being removed t o t h e open

,

they flew away with perfect ease . Fu rther ob servations are

now being made with t h e hopes that m ore l ight may b e thrownon t h e dai ly activities of t h e adu lt form .

In this work I received many valuable suggestions from Dr .

W . F . Copeland and Dr . W . F . Mercer,t o both of whom I feel

deep ly indebted .

L ITERATU RE .

1 . GLENN W . HERR I CK .,Onc1deres texana Horn . Missi ssipp i

Agricu ltu ra l Experim en t Stat ion Bu l l . 862 . E . E . FAV I LL E and P . J . PARROTT . Elm Twig-G ird ler

,Kan sas

S tate Agricu l tu ra l Co l lege Bu ll . 77 .

3 . A . S . PA CKA RD , JR . Insect s Inju riou s t o Forest and ShadeTrees . U . S . En tomo logica l Com Bu l l . 7 .

EX PLANAT I ON OF F IGURES O F PLATES I AND II .

Oncideres c ingu lat u s . A fter R i ley .

Elm twig .

H ickory twigs .

Showing t h e mann er of cu tt ing 0 11 t h e Linden branches .

Large v iew showing deta i l s o f cu t .

Three Linden branches hanging ready t o drop at t h e first

wind .

Honey—locu st twig .

A Honey—locu st shrub on North H i l l , Athen s , 0 . F orty -fiv e

branches gird led .

F I G . 8 . A Honey—locu st shrub on North H i l l , Athen s , 0 . Thi rteen

branches gird led .

G ird led twig of Persimm on .

G ird led Persimm on branches . Photographed n ear New Plym ou th , V in ton Coun ty , 0 .

G ird led Persimmon branch showing transverse scars .

G ird led Elm branch showing tran sverse scars .

The Ohio Naturali st . [VOL X ,No. 1

OHIO NATURAL I ST .

Plate 1 .

M ATHENY on“ Th e Twig G ird ler .

Nov . ,The Twig Girdler .

OH IO N ATUR A LIST .Plate

M ATHENY on“ Th e Twig G irdler .

8 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 1

AN INTERESTING BOTRYCHIUM HABITAT .

JOHN H . S CHAF FNER .

A common experience for a botanist i s t o go co l lecting in a

wel l-worked local ity and hnd some interesting p lant that wasnot known there before . Su ch an experience came t o m e t h e

past summer on Cedar Point , E rie County ,Ohio . Th e Po int h as

been worked botanical ly for many y ears by various co l lectors,

inc lu ding myself .

One day in t h e last week of June,I visited t h e north bank of

t h e large lagoon in t h e woods north of t h e summer resort . Igathered a number of p lants of no spec ial importance and tookthem t o t h e Laboratory in my v a

‘

csu lum for study . Th e fol

lowing morning whi le throwing ou t t l‘

i’ie material

,I noticed a

b roken spec imen of Botrychium simp lex Hitch . c l inging t o one

of t h e p lants . I was natu ral ly del ighted,for no specimens of this

p lant were known from Ohio although t h e name was on t h e Statel i st . I returned t o t h e p lace and soon found t h e p lants in abundance . A l itt le farther on I found Botry chium neglectum Wood

,

al so in abundance . This was another rare Ohio p lant,being

known only from a few local i ties in t h e north—eastern part of

t h e state . Then I conc luded that there certain ly mu st b e others .

So a l i tt le search brought t o l ight Botry chium obl iquum Spreng .

be sides Botrychium V i rginianum,which was on t h e Cedar Po int

l i st,being qu ite comm on . No more Botry chiums were found

a lthough I thought there shou ld b e others,bu t t h e search

,made

part ly on hands and’

knees,ended with adding Ophioglossum

vu lgatum L . t o t h e col lection . This made six of t h e Oph io

glossaceae growing in an area not over two rods in diameter .

Not on ly were t h e sporophy tes found bu t gam etophytes of

all t h e species were dug up . The se were most ly located by t h etiny juveni le sporophytes proj ecting above t h e su rface o f t he

soi l . Botry chium dissectum h as t h e'

first t iny leaf of t h e ty picalshape . A whole series of j uvenile stages was seen withou t t h es l i ghtest indication of a general i zed ty pe of leaf . I natural lysupposed that t h e first leaf wou ld have som e of t h e characterso f Botry chium obl iquum of which species it i s b y some thoughtt o b e a variety or form . Th e p lants cou ld

,however

,not b e m o re

c learly defined . They show t h e specific character from t h e

beginning . This seemed especial ly interesting since so common lythere i s a very decided sim i larity of j uveni le form s in c loselyrelated species .

Th e p lace i s an open thicket of Rhu s hirta and other smal lt rees and shrubs . Th e so i l i s sandy and rich in humu s

,part ly

dry and part ly swam py . I t is h oped that notwithstanding i t snearness t o t h e summer resor t

,this hab itat wi l l b e undistu rbed for

Nov . ,The Gymnosperms of Ohio. 9

some time t o come . Th e two rare species , Botrychium simp lexand Botrychium neglectum ,

were past thei r prime . They probably begin t o ripen thei r spores about t h e 15t h of June . T ime

prevented making a thorough study of t h e surroundings and

t here m ay b e other surprises in t h e future for t h e careful ob server .

THE GYMNOSPERMS OF OHIO.

J OHN H . S CHA F FNER .

Ohio l ies south of t h e great northern conifer belt of NorthAmerica and since there are no mountains in t h e state

,t h e

Gymnosperms do not constitu te an important part of t h e flora .

There are but 11 speeies ,one of which is p robably acc idental

and h as been reported from but one county . Th e on ly spec iesof general distribution i s t h e Red Juniper

,but spec ies of P inus

,

P icea,Ab ies

,and other genera are qu ite common ly cu ltivated

in all parts of t h e state .

Subkingdom,GYMNOSPERMAE . Gy mnosperms . 500

l iving species .

P lants in which t h e sporophy tes are woody perennial s withopen carpel s (m egasporophy l l s)withou t a stigm a

,and hence

w ith naked ovules and seeds,t h e pol len (male gametophyte)

fal l ing direct ly on t h e m ic ropyle of t h e ovu le (megasporangium)flowers monosporangiat e ,

usual ly developing as cones but some

t imes very simp le ; female gam etophy te with num erous cel lsb u t withou t polar cel l s and thus without true endosperm as int h e Angiosperms ; male cel l s usual ly two

,ei ther nonmoti le sperms

or developed as spiral ly coi led mu ltici l iate spermatozoids .

KEY TO THE NAT IVE AND CU LT IVATED G ENE RA .

1 . Fo l iage leaves n eed le-shaped , narrowly l1near ,subu late , or sca le- l ike ;

con ifers , or in one case a dicoty l with del icate twigs and m inu teleaves .

1 . Fo l iage leaves fan—shaped with dichotomou s v enat lon , a number onth ick , wart- l ike , persisten t dwarf branches Ginkgo .

2 W ithou t dwarf branches .

2 . W1t h typ ica l dwarf branches , persistent for more than 1 y ear 32 . W ith feather—l ike dwarf branches ,

dec iduou s each year , t h e l inearleaves spreading into 2 ranks . . Taxodium .

2 . W ith de l icate spray - l ike twigs dec i duou s each year ; leaves sca lel ike ,

m inu te ; a dicoty l . Tamarix .

3 . Dwarf branches sma l l , sel f-prun ed ,with 2—5 fo l iage leaves . P inus .

3 . Dwarf branches th ick , wart - l ike , persistent , with num erou s dec iduou sleaves Larix.

4 . Leaf bu ds sca ly ; leaves sca ttered .

4 . Lea f bu ds not sca ly , naked ; leaves opposite or whor led 75 . Lea f scar on a . sterigm a ,

t h e twigs covered wit h sca les represen t ingt h e leaf b ases

5 . Leaf scar on t h e bark ; twigs withou t sca les ; leaves fiat Ab ies .

6 . Leaves fia t , those on t h e upper s ide o f t h e twig mu ch shorter thant h e latera l ones ; trees Tsuga .

I O The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . X, No. 1

6 . Leaves fia t all of abou t t h e sam e length ; ou rs a shrub ‘

Taxus .

6 . Leaves more or less 4-sided , spreading in all direct ions . . P icea .

7 . Twigs dec i ded ly flat t ened and fan—l ike , t h e leaves sma l l , scale-l ike ,

and appressed , o f two types , t h e dorsa l and ventra l b roader andmore abrup t at t h e apex ; sca les of t h e carpel late cone not pe ltate .

Thuja .

7 . Twigs l ittle or not at all flat t ened , t h e leaves either sca le-l ike , ap

pressed , and nearly or qu ite sim i lar , or subu late and spreading ;fru i t berry—l ike when ripe or t h e sca les of t h e carpel late cone

peltate8 . Leaves all subu late and spreading ; or part ly sca le—l ike ,

4-ranked and

appressed ; carpel late cone deve lop ing into a b lu ish-b lack berryl ike fru it . (Ret in ispora form s of Thuja m ight b e sought forhere a lso) Jun iperus .

8 . Leaves all sma l l , sca le-l ike , appressed ,near ly or qu ite s im i lar ; fru it a

dry cone

9 . Sca les o f t h e carpe l late cone several—seeded . . Cupressus9 . Scales o f t h e carpel late cone 2-seeded . . Chamaecyparis .

C lass,CONIFERAE . Conifers . 350 species .

Sporophytes developing as shrub s or large trees,mu ch

branched,with or without dwarf branches ; stems with a normal

camb ium,no vessel s in t h e secondary wood ,

resin nearly alwayspresent ; leaves m ost ly smal l

,entire

,l inear

,lanceo late

,subu late

,

or scale- l ike ; flowers monosporangiat e ,monoec iou s or dioecious ;

seeds and female gametophyte rather smal l,ovu les withou t pol

len—chamber,coty ledons 2—15

,always free ; sperm cel l s 2

,not

moti le,no c i l ia being present .

Order,P INALES .

Conifers with both t h e stamens (mic rosporophy l ls)and car

pe l s (megasporophy l ls)in cones , usual ly numerous .

Pinaceae,Pine Fam i ly .

Leaf-buds scaly ; carpel s of t h e cone numerou s,with two

inverted ovules on t h e ovu l i ferous scale ; stamens with two mi c rosporangia .

Pinus L . P ine .

Resinous evergreen trees with sm al l dwarf b ranches bearing2— 5

,narrow fol iage leaves ; dwarf branches and ordinary twigs

covered with scale leaves . Dwarf b ranches self-pruned after a

number of years . Carpel late cones woody,with numerous car

pel s . Important lumber and turpentine trees .

1 . Dwarf b ranches with 5 fo l iage leaves ; ovu l iferou s sca les l ittle t h 1ckenedat t h e t ip P . strobu s .

1 . Dwarf branches with 2 3 fo l iage leaves ; ovu l iferou s sca les mu ch thickened at t h e t ip

2 . Dwarf branches with 3 fo l iage leaves ,rarely 2 or 4 , t h e lea3 es 3 5 in .

long ; carpel late cones ovo id P . rigida2 . Dwarf branches norm a l ly with 2 fo l iage leaves . 3

3 . Twigs glaucou s ; leaves s lender , 2%—5 in long ; buds not 3ery resinou s ;p rick les of t h e ovu l iferou s sca les short and sma l l . .P . ech inata .

3 . Twigs glau cou s ; leaves stou t , 1% - 2% in . long ; bu ds very resinou s ;prick les of t h e ovu l iferou s sca les long and stou t . P . virgin iana .

Nov . , 1909 ] The Gymnosperms of Ohio.1 1

1 . Pinus strobus L . White P ine . A large tree with nearlysmooth bark

,except when old ; b ranches hori zontal , in whorl s .

Often forming dense forest s . Wood soft and straight—grained .

One of t h e most valuable t imber trees in t h e world .

‘

Northeastern part of Ohio t o Erie County .

2 . Pinus Virginiana Mi l l . Scrub P ine . A s lender,usual ly

smal l tree with spreading or drooping branches ; t h e old barkflaky and dark—colored . Wood very resinous , soft and durable ,

but of poor qual ity . In sandy so i l . F rom Fairfield Countysou thward .

3 . Pinus echinata Mi l l . Y e l low P ine . A large tree withspreading branches ; leaves som etimes in 3

’

s . Wood ratherhard and very valuable ; much u sed as lumber . Produces shootsfrom stumps . In sandy soil . Probably accidenta l in Ohio ;Auglaize County .

4 . Pinus rigida Mi l l . P itch P ine . A tree with spreadingbranches , t h e old bark rough and furrowed

,flaky in strip s .

Sprout s readi ly from t h e stump if cut down or bu rned . Woodrather hard and britt le and ful l of resin ; u sed for fuel , charcoaland coarse lumber . A source o f tu rpentine t o a l im ited extent .

In dry sandy or rocky soi l . Sc ioto,Jackson and Fairfield

Counties .

Larix Adans . Larch .

Tal l pyram ida l trees with horizontal or ascending b ranchesand with c lusters of narrowly l inear

,dec iduous leaves on thick

wart—l ike dwarf b ranches . Carpel late cones woody with numerous carpel s

1 . Larix laricina (DuR .)Koch . Tamarack . A s lender t reewith c lose or at length scaly bark . Wood hard ,

du rable and verystrong . Carpel late cones reddish pu rp le when young . In bogs

,

swamps,and about t h e margins of lakes . Northern third of

t h e state .

Tsuga Carr . Hemlock .

Evergreen trees with s lender horizontal or drooping b ranches .

Leaves fiat,narrowly l inear

,spreading more or less into 2 ranks .

Leaf scars on short sterigmata . Carpe l late cones pendulou s .

1 . Tsuga canadensis (L .)Carr . Hemlock . A tal l tree withslender

,horizontal or drooping b ranches

,t h e old bark flaky in

scales . Wood very coarse . Self—prunes twigs . Eastern half ofOhio ,

and occasional toward t h e west .

Juniperaceae . Juniper Fami ly .

Leaf—buds naked ; carpels of t h e cone f ew ,opposite ; stamens

Wi th 3—8 mi c rosporangia .

Th u ja L . A rborvitae .

Evergreen trees or shrub s with flat t ened fan -l ike twigs . Car

pel late cones ovoi d or oblong with dry coriaceous scales , not

peltate .

1 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X ,No. 1 ,

1 . Th u ja occidental is L . Arborvitae . U sual ly a smal l,

conical tree with fan—l ike branches . Se lf-prunes twigs . Woodl ight and durable . U sual ly in wet soi l and along t h e banks ofstreams . Champaign

,F rankl in

,Greene

,High land and Adams

Counties .

Juniperus L . Juniper .

Evergreen trees or shrub s with smal l globose,berry—l ike

blu i sh or blacki sh cones .

1 . Leaves all subu late , prickly po in ted ,vert ic i l late ; cones ax i l lary . 2

1 . Leaves of 2 k inds , sca le- l ike and subu late , opposite or vert ic i l late ;cones term ina l . .J . virgin iana .

2 . Erect trees or shrubs ; leaves slender,m ost ly stra ight commun is .

2 . Low depressed shrubs ; leaves stou ter , mostly cu rved . . J . nana .

1 . Juniperus commun is L . Common Juniper . A low treewith spreading or drooping branches and shreddy bark . Goat sare po i soned from eating t h e leaves . On dry hi l l s . I n t h e

northern part of Ohio,as far sou th as Fairfield County .

2 . Juniperus nana Wi l ld . Low Juniper . A depressedrigid shrub usual ly with creeping radiating branches

,t h e ends

erect or ascending,thu s forming circu lar patches . In dry open

p laces . Cedar Po int,E rie County .

3 . Juniperus virginiana L . Red Juniper . A tree withspreading

,ofter i rregu lar branches

,when old

,bu t conic in shape

when young . Self-prunes twigs . Wood very valuable,l ight

,

straight—grained,du rable and fragrant ; u sed almost exc lu sively

in t h e manu factu re of lead penci l s . Often infested with t h e“ cedar-app le ” fungu s . Po i sonous t o goats . Common on hi l l sand blu ffs ; general in Ohio .

O rder,TAXALES .

Conifers with t h e stam ens (m i crosporophy l ls)in cones , bu tt h e carpel s (megasporophy l ls)most ly sing le ; ou rs with a red

flesh y disk su rrounding t h e ripe seed .

Taxaceae,Yew Fam i ly .

Staminate (mic rosporangiate)cone with 3— 5 stamens carpel ssol itary with one or two erect ovu les .

Taxus L . Yew .

Evergreen trees or shrub s withou t resin ,with spiral ly ar

ranged,short petioled

,l inear

,fiat leaves spreading into 2 ranks .

F ruit with a bony seed su rrounded by a fleshy red disk .

1 . Taxus canadensis Marsh . American Y ew . A low ,usual

ly straggl ing shrub with l inear leaves green on both sides . Th e

leaves are supposed t o b e poi sonou s t o stock . On rocky banksand in woods . Northern Ohio

,as far sou th as Fairfield and

Greene Counties .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

1 4 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOL X, No. 1

B .

— Peel and s l i ce very thin , 500 grams of potatoes and add

500 c c . of disti l led water . Heat at about 60 degrees C . for one

hour . Strain through c loth .

Mix A . and B . Add t h e white of two eggs which have beenm ixed in 100 cc . of disti l led water . Pu t in autoc lave and heatu nti l c lear

,u sual ly abou t two hou rs . I f t h e total volum e i s now

less than 1000 cc . enough h ot disti l led water shou ld b e addedt o equal that amount . F i lter through cotton

,titrate i f desi red

,

tube and steri l i ze .

Agri . Exp . Stat ion ,Newark

,D el .

NEW S AND NOTES .

Th e annual meeting of t h e Ohio Academy of Science wi l l b ehe ld at De laware , Ohio ,

on t h e 26t h and 27t h of November .

THE MOCK ING B IR D IN GALLIA COUNTY .

Four years ago , t h e first Mocking B i rd ,Mimu s polyglot t us .

was seen at R io Grande . I ts nest was not found . This year atleast h y e nests were found wi thin t h e V i l lage and t h e b i rds seemqu ite numerou s through t h e country . Heavy winds overturnedthree nests and t h e young ones per ished in sp ite of human effortst o rep lace and strengthen t h e nests .

RUTH E . B ROCKETT .

MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB .

ORT ON HA LL , Apri l 12 , 1909 .

Th e C lub being cal led t o order by t h e President , t h e m inu tesof t h e two previou s meetings were read and approved . Letterswere read from t h e fo l lowing m en acknowledging invitationst o t h e Darwin Centenary meeting .

— Robert A . Dudingt on , of

Oberl in Co l lege ; President Dabney , of t h e University of Cincinnati , and Maynard M . Metca lf , of Oberl in Co l lege .

Th e resignation of Arth u r H . McCray ,as secretary of t h e

C lub was accepted .

Th e program for t h e evening was a discussion of t h e P laceo f B io logy in t h e High Schoo l and University Cou rse . Th e

first paper was p resented by Mi s s Maud Flynn , on t h e P laceof Bio logy in t h e High Schoo l . An ou t l ine of t h e present cou rsein t h e Columbus High School s was given together with suggestionsf or improvement . Th e independent treatment o f t h e subj ect sBotany

,Zoology and Physio logy was favored . Th e second paper

of t h e evening was by Prof . Landacre on t h e P lace of B io logy int h e University .

”He stated that there seemed t o b e no p lace

at present for a department of B io logy in t h e State Un iv ersi t it esgiv ing technica l courses since t h e foundation for advanced worke ither in Physio logy ,

Botany or Zoology cou ld best b e givenby those departments independent ly . I n t h e smal ler co l lege s acourse in general B io logy can b e given profit ab ly . Profs . O s

born,Griggs . Hambleton , Schaffner , Du rant . Boyd and O stend

and Mi ss B lai r took part in t h e di scussion which fol lowed . Th e

C lub then ad jou rned .

ORT ON HA LL,May 2 , 1909 .

Th e meeting was cal led t o order by t h e President , Mi s sF reda Detmers . Th e m inutes of t h e p reviou s meeting wereread and corrected .

Th e paper for t h e evening was p resented by Prof . McCampb ell ,t h e subj ect for t h e evening being Tumours in Animals .

”Tu

mours were classified as harm less and harmfu l . Th e harmfu ltumou rs or mal ignant tumou rs are di fficu lt t o eradicate and pro

du ce toxins . Tumours were further divided in regard t o organsaffected . Th e subject was further di scussed largely from a studyo f domesti c animals

,espec ial ly t h e gu inea p ig . As t o t h e cause

of tumours nothing h as as yet been determ ined definit ely thoughthere are a large number of theories t o account for these growths .

In'

t h e'

discussion which fo l lowed Prof . Dac

S chaffner , Mi ss Detmers and Mi ss W i lson took par

1 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 1,

Mi ss Detmers reported on a Fungus p robab ly due t o an Ascomycet e fo l lowing t h e work of Sapsuckers on I ronwood . Prof .Hamb leton recal led seeing stump s of t h e I ronwood covered witht h e fungu s .

W . C . Morse ,Mi ss Hol l i ster and Prof . Hamb leton were

appointed as a comm i ttee t o nom inate a staff for t h e OH IO

NATURA L I S T .

ORT ON HA LL , June 7 , 1909 .

Th e last meeting of t h e year was cal led t o order by t h e President . M i ss Freda Detmers . W . C . O

’

Kane was unab le t o presenthi s paper on t h e Cocc idae . J F . Z imm er p resented an interesting paper on Map le Tree I nsects . Th e discu ssion was

large ly confined t o t h e commoner form s of econom i c importance .

Prof . J . C . Hamb leton and Mi ss Stel la S . “Ti lson took part in t h ediscussion which fo l lowed . Chalmers De Pue then presentedan out l ine of his year ’ s work on t h e Viab i li ty o f Forest TreeSeeds .

Th e Nom inat ingr Comm ittee reported t h e fol lowing nomina

tions for t h e staff of “THE OH I O NATURA L I ST

Editor- in -Ch ief JOHN H . SCHA F FN ERBu siness Manager JAM E S S . H INEAssi stan t Bu siness Manager . . G . D . HU B B A RD

AS S OC IAT E ED I TOR S .

Em i ly Ho l l isterR . F . GriggsW . C . MorseW . C . M i l l sJ . C . Hambleton .

G . D . Hubbard .

ADV I S ORY BOARD .

Herbert O sborn Charles S . Prosser John H . Scha ffner

Th e report was accepted and t h e staff e lected .

Mi s s Ru th A . VVardall and Marie F . McLellan were electedt o membership .

H . T . O S B ORN , S ecretary .

PUBLIS HED BY


Volume X . DECEM BER , 1909 . No . 2 .

TA B LE o r C O NT ENT S .

DICKEY—Ev aporation in a Bog Hab i tatBLA IR— 1 h e Orch i ds of 0 11 10

Z IMMER— Li st of Insect s Aff ecting t h e Map le .

SCHAFFNER—New and Rare Oh io PlantsA New Laborat ory Gu 1de for H igh School B

'

otan y .

EVAPORATION IN A BOG

MA LCOLM G . D I CKEY .

Within t h e past two years,invest i gat ions have been carried

on at a bog i sland in t h e Licking Reservoi r near Columbu s,Ohio

,

disc losing t h e tox ic ity o f b og water , and bog soi ls . Th e physio logical aridity o f this bog hab i tat h as been di scussed in two

papers , ( 1 and In connect ion with experimen t s,which are t o

b e made upon t h e t ranspi ration of bog p lants , i t was thoughtdesi rable t o obtain direct evidence concerning t h e evaporatingpower of t h e air of thi s region . W i th thi s obj ect in view

,t h e

data given below were co l lected du ring t h e past summer .

Th e problem o f evaporation though manifest ly an im portantone

,h as received relatively l it t le attention Recent invest iga

t ions at Salton Sea in Southern Cal i fornia ,have brought t o t h e

attention of meteoro logist s,t h e vital importance of evaporation

in t h e storage o f water in reservo i rs,for i rrigation purposes in t h e

arid. regions o f t h e west . Sa lton Sea,which is cu t o ff from t h e

Colorado River,mu st

,in t h e cou rse o f t en or twelve years

,i t i s

estim ated,b e reduced by evaporat ion

,and it i s p lanned

,there

fore,t o make a com plet e study o f t h e phenomenon in that

region . Readings are taken from float ing tanks and pans uponwater su rfaces at di ff erent po int s on t h e sea

,and l ikewise at

aux i l iary stations in di fferent c l im ates and under di fferentcondit ions .

Considered purely from a physical standpoint,evaporation

depends upon humidity,temperatu re

,and wind veloc ity . Th e

sun ’ s rays influence i t on ly as they increase t h e temperatu re of

t h e air and of t h e evaporating surface . Secondary factors influencing evaporation are

,however

,so numerous

,and di fficu lt t o

separate , since they all may operate at t h e same time,that it i s

* Contribu t ion s from t h e Botan ica l Laboratory o f Oh io State Un iversit y ,

L .

1 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLX,No. 2 ,

not an easy task t o find a uniform and constant relationship foreach one of t h e prim ary factors . I t must b e rem embered

,th ere

fore,that t h e fo l lowing statem ents from a summary of t h e sub

ject in t h e“

Month ly Weather Review ”of 1907 and 1908 , (8)

ho ld true on ly when all other things are considered equal .I f t h e ra infal l i s uniformly distributed throughou t t h e year

,

t h e evaporation wi l l increase proport ionately .

A heavy winter,and a l ight summer rainfal l wi l l

,together

show a smal l annual evaporat ion,and conversely .

Evaporation varies nearly inverse ly as t h e atmospheri cpressu re

,or nearly direct ly as t h e altitude .

Th e rate of evaporat ion i s nearly proportionate t o t h e di fference of temperature as indicated by t h e wet

,and dry bu lb

thermometers .

A s t o temperatu re ,i t i s found that t h e capacity of atmos

ph eric air for moi stu re i s approx imately doubled with everyincrease in atm ospheric temperatu re o f 20

0F .

W ind veloc ity h as marked influence upon evaporat ionbeing nearly in a direct ratio with i t .

In t h e l ight o f these ob se rvations , m eteorologist s haveattempted t o find t h e re lationship ex i sting between t h e variou smodifying factors and evaporation ,

and have succeeded inworking

r ou t formu las by m eans of which t h e evaporation fromwatersheds and water su rfaces can b e approx imated .

I t shou ld b e stated that there are m any obstac les t o contendwith in devising proper methods for m easu r ing evaporation . I ti s a lmost impossible ,

in held work,t o p lace t h e instrum ent under

normal standard condit ions,and al so t o el im inate t h e error

cau sed by ra infal l . I t h as been pointed ou t,moreover

,that t h e

evaporation from a large water su rface cannot b e calcu latedcorrect ly from t h e evaporation of a smal l tank for t h e reason thatair

,moving over a water su rface

,ab sorb s moi stu re

,and i t s

capacity t o hold water becomes gradual ly less .

Thi s d ifficu lty m ay b e part ial ly overcom e by m easu ring t h eevaporat ion a t num erou s po ints on t h e water su rface

,p lotting t h e

resu lt s and drawing isot h ymes . By a summ at ion of t h e ev apo

rat ion over t h e areas between t h e isot h ymes,t h e evaporat ion

o f t h e who le area can b e calcu lated with comparat ive accuracy .

New and mo re improved inst rum ents have been devised,and

are now be ing emp loyed by t h e Weather Bureau ( 10)in connect ion with t h e work upon evaporat ion from lakes and reservo i rs .

In phy siological work ,i t h as been considered preferable t o

obtain t h e evaporation readings direct ly by such instrum ents asare avai lab le

,rather than t o depend upon formu las

,which are

necessari ly som ewhat inaccurate,Th e German Forest Service

(9)h as used a sm a l l zinc receptac le with a wooden roof,which

al lows t h e free access of air,bu t exc ludes rainfal l . W ithin

recent years t h e porou s cup atmometer,which wi l l b e described

later,h as come into u se .

Dec.,

Ev aporation in a Bog Habi tat. 1 9

Livingston ’ s experiments (3)with t h e atmometer at Tucsonhave shown that t h e evaporating power of t h e air

,aside from it s

indirect effect u pon soi l moi stu re,i s an im portant factor in p lant

developm ent . Several species of p lants were grown in soi l whichwas kept as nearly as possible at it s optimum mo i stu re content

,

and thei r behavior in re lat ion t o t h e rate of evaporation was

studied . Two spec ies which were able t o transm it water t o t h eleaves faster than it was lo st by transpiration

,grew v igorou sly ,

even during a period of drou ght . Several other varieties wereunable t o prov ide t h e excess water for growth du ring t h e periodof drought

,but remained qu iescent

,and resumed thei r growth

upon t h e retu rn of t h e season of lower evaporation . Otherp lants not on ly fai led t o provide t h e excess water for growthduring t h e drought

,bu t did not respond even on t h e coming of

t h e season of lower evaporation and soon died . I t i s conc luded,

from these experiments,that t h e evaporating power of t h e air

controls desert vegetat ion t o a great extent,for it inhib it s t h e

growt h of p lants which are not able t o adju st themselves t o t h elow evaporat ion rate

,and thu s p lay s an im portant part in t h e

determ ination of centers of p lant distribut ion .

Further work (4 ,h as brought ou t t h e va lue o f t h e atmom

eter in t h e di ff erentiation of hab itat s . Wh i le t h e amount of

rain fal l,through its effect upon soi l m oi stu re

,i s effective upon

vegetation over large areas,t h e evaporating power of t h e air

may vary great ly within these areas,and within neighboring

hab itat s . Data taken in t h e Mi ssou ri Botanical Garden showedthat t h e average ra t io of t h e evapora t ing power of th e air in th e

open h eld,and in t h e shade o f a coppice was approx imate ly as

t o 1 . About t h e same rat io was apparent in an open st rawberry pat ch

,and benea th a shade ten t .

A tmometer readings taken at Tuc son , and a t di fferent alt i~tudes in t h e Santa Catal ina Mountains indicate a gradual dec reasein th e ra te of evaporation wi th alt i tude . Considering as uni tyth e s t andard Tu c son atm ome ter at 2412 feet

,th e relat ive loss of

t h e instrum ents at 6000, 7500 ,

and 8000 feet , was .8 ,. 5 and .4

respect ively . These conc lu sions with reference t o t h e decreasingrate of evaporation at higher altitudes have been corroborated bysimi lar experim ents conducted b y Shaw in t h e Selki rks

Transeau (7)continued t h e study of t h e re lat ion o f plantsocieties t o evaporat ion . He p laced instrum ents in differentp lant hab itat s about Cold Springs Harbor

,Long I sland

,com

paring all readings with that of a standard instrument in t h e

Carnegie Garden . He reported an evaporation of 100% on an

open gravel s l ide ,and showed that t h e part ial invasion of t h e

s l ide by vegetation produced a decrease of 40% in evaporation .

Th e rate in a forest hab itat varied from 50% in t h e open wood t o10% in t h e swamp forest . I n t h e l ight of these data

,it i s easy t o

see why p lants , accustom ed t o t h e swamp environment,cannot

succeed in an open woods with a rate of evaporation h y e times as

2 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X,No. 2 ,

great . Th e importance of pioneer shade p lants as reducers of

transpiration is a lso po inted ou t .

Th e instrum ents u sed at Bu ckey e Lake were a s l ight mod

ificat ion of those u sed by t h e writers j ust mentioned . Th e

evaporation takes p lace from t h e su rface of an exposed porou sc lay cup ,

abou t thirteen centimeters in length,two and one—ha l f

cm . in diam eter,and with a wa l l of fou r m i l l im eters thickness .

Th e upper end i s c losed,and rounded

,t h e lower end i s c losed

tight ly b y a perforated rubber stopper,through which passes a

glass tube . Thi s tube extends down t o t h e bott le below,which

serves as t h e reservoi r of water . S ince t h e inst ruments were t ob e left for rather long periods of t im e

,a larger and m ore stab le

form of reservo i r was requ i red . In p lace of t h e Mason ”

jar andcork stopper , a bott le o f 5000 cc . capaci ty was used

,with a neck

of su fficien t slope so that t h e water level cou ld readi ly b e seenfrom above . At t h e mou th of t h e bott le

, t h e glass tube passedthrough two rubber stoppers , t h e one a two—holed stopperinserted in t h e bott le ,

and t h e other with its large end down,coy

ering t h e hole,and preventing t h e entrance of water

, bu t al lowing free access of air . A file mark near t h e t op of t h e bott leindicated t h e point t o which t h e water leve l was ra i sed on refilling .

Throughou t t h e experim ent on ly disti l led water,containing a

smal l per cent of formaldehy de ,was used .

Th e interior of t h e cup remains free from air becau se o f t h e

su rface tension of t h e water h lm s c losing t h e pores . Th e cupthu s remains filled with water

,and as evaporation takes p lace at

t h e su rface,more water i s fo rced up from below into t h e vacuum

by t h e air pressu re upon t h e water su rface in t h e reservoi r .

Th e porou s cups u sed in this wo rk were obtained throughD r . Dach now ski from t h e Carnegie Institute and were standardized at t h e Desert Laboratory at Tu cson .

When used du ring t h e g rowing period of p lants, t h e principal

defect of this instrument is that rain may enter t h e reservoi rthrough t h e porous cup ,

and thu s cau se an error in t h e resu lts .

I f dai ly readings are taken,t h e length of t ime of precipitation

can b e recorded ,and corrections made for t h e error . Bu t in

taking readings at interval s longer than a day ,this error must b e

neglected .

One instrument was p laced in a stat ion of t h e Map le-A lderzone near t h e bo rder o f t h e i sland and was shaded by Acerrub rum

,A lnu s rugosa

,and Rhu s vernix . Osmunda cinna

momia,O . rega l i s , and D ryopteri s cristata were growing nearby .

Th e other station was in t h e central zone,where t h e principal

p lants were Sphagnum ,Oxy coccu s oxycoccu s

,D rosera rot undi

fo l ia,E riophorum v irginicum

,and Dulich ium arundinaceum .

Readings were begun May 14 ,and taken weekly unti l June 1 1

No data were taken then unti l Ju ly 17,when t h e evaporation for

h y e weeks was recorded . Weekly readings were then resumedand taken unti l Augu st 2 1

,when after another break of three


TABLE I .

May 28

June 4

June 26

Ju ly 10

Ju ly 17

Ju ly 24

Jub7 3 1

Au d. 2 1

Aug . 28

Sept . 1 1Sept . 18Sept . 25

CLIMATOLOG ICAL AND EVAPORAT ION DATA FOR THE

BOG I SLAND AT BUCKEYE LAKE, OH IO .

Prec ip .

[O

b-P

M

OU

CJ‘I

OO

M

VP

[0

[0

03

[0

[0

N)

[O

6 1

59

67

70

6 6

70

77

6 6

74

67

7 1

7 1

7 1

69

63

64

68

6 6

$3 82

5 7 5

5 84

£3 84

80

5 87

90

(3 85

87

87

5 88

1 85

5 9 0

85

5 89

86

79

5 86

5 88

7 1

7 4 2

82’

4 1 5 59

5 45 5 69

5 50 5 73

52 5 7 7

47

5 43

59

5 46 5

60 76

46

5 1

55 82

53 80

50 72

46 5

37 5

5 42 77

46 73

46 6 7

33 6 3 .

Tem peratu re in F .

60

8 69

4 78

78

80

4 75

1 68

CJW

hB

tO

rP

[O

[

0

01

14—00

[0

Sun shine Evaporat ion

80 8 98 9 18 .

78 1 9 7 18 .

60 5 9 2 1 8 1 .

27 5 58 8 2 5 .

90 4 3 49 2 58 .

7 7 1 20 2 43 .

50 6 69 8 19 .

36 3 69 8 33 .

70 4 82 4

82 5

OO

GD

CD

Dec. ,Ev aporation in a Bog Habi tat .

An inspection of this table shows that rainfal l h as h ad t h e

most marked effect upon t h e evaporation rate in t h e Map leA lder zone

,but it i s very evident also that this was not t h e on ly

factor . Th e influence of temperatu re in either station is not so

apparent for so l imited a number of readings . I t is qu ite probable that t h e mi ssing data for wind velocity wou ld account forsome of t h e resu lt s which do not seem t o agree with t h e data at

hand .

Th e effect of t h e growth of t h e leaves in t h e early part of t h eseason

,and thei r fal l at t h e end of t h e period of ob servation i s

qu ite apparent in t h e readings of t h e Map le—A lder zone . Th e

readings of t h e first and last two weeks in this zone are relativelyhigh . I f we consider t h e t ime from May t o Augu st as t h e crit i calperiod for growth and reprodu ction in p lants

,then t h e greatest

evaporation ob served is that of May 2 1 in t h e Map le—A lder zone,

whi le t h e greatest loss in t h e Central zone occu rred during t h eweek ending Ju ly 24 . However

,t h e bearing of these data t o

p lant growth in bogs wi l l b e discu ssed e lsewhere .

To Prof . A . Dachnowski,under whose direct ion this work

was p lanned and carried ou t,I wish t o express here

,my sincere

appreciation for many helpfu l suggestions . I also wi sh t o

acknowledge t h e aid of a grant from t h e McMi llin ResearchFund

,t o cover t h e expenses of t h e he ld work .

L ITERATURE

1 . DACHNOW SK I , A . ,Th e Tox ic Property o f Bog “f ater and Bog So i l .

Bot . Gazet te 46 130 . 1908 .

Bog Toxin s and Their Effect Upon So i ls . Bo t . Gazet te4 7 1 3 89 . 1909 .

3 . L IV INGSTO N ,B . E . ,

Evaporat ion and P lan t Developm ent . P lan tWor ld 10 269 . 1907 .

Evaporat ion and P lant Hab itat s . P lan t World 1 1 : 1 .

1908 .

Ev apora t 1on and Cen ters o f P lant D istribu t ion . P lan tXVorld 1 1 106 . 19 08 .

6 . SHAW,C . H . , Vegetat ion and A lt itu de . P lan t Wor ld 13 6 3 . 1909 .

7 . TRAN SEAU ,E . N .

,Th e R elat ion

_of P lant Soc iet ies t o Evaporat ion .

Bot . Gazette 4 5 : 2 17 . 1908 .

8 . Th e Monthly Weather R eview 3 5 1 14 , 3 1 1 . 1907 .

9 . Forest Influ ences . Bu ll . No . 7 39 . F orestry D iv .

, U . 8 . Dept . Ag .

10 . MARV I N ,C. F . , Methods and Apparatu s for t h e Ob servat ion and Study

of Evaporat ion . Mont hly Weat her R ev iew 3 7 : 14 1 , 182 . 1909 .

2 4 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X , No. 2

THE ORCHIDS OF OHIO .

KA TE R . B LA I R .

Peop le in general know l i tt le of orchids becau se they do not

come in one’

s way as p lants ordinari ly do bu t must b e sought for .

They are most widely distribu ted in t h e dam p and woodedregions of t h e world ,

reaching thei r greatest developm ent in t h etropics where many of them are bril l iant ly flowered epiphytes .

In temperate regions they are terrest rial p lants drawing thei rnou ri shm ent direct ly or indirect ly from t h e soi l . They are

perennial herbs,many with root mycorrhizas

,and on thi s

account some of them are withou t green fol iage leaves,depending

entirely for thei r food supp ly on t h e fungu s growing on thei rroots . Most of them are rare p lants and grow on ly in specialhab itats

,and becau se of thei r mutual i sti c hab it s they can not

easi ly be rai sed in gardens since it i s di fficult t o produce a

suitable sub stratum in which t h e fungu s can develop .

Twenty—one genera and thirty-seven species of orchids are

reported from Ohio with two or three others that are doubt ful .Th e species most widely distributed are : Galeorchis spect a

b il i s,Ap lectrum spicatum

,B lephariglottis psycodes ,

Gyrost achy s cernua ,

Limodorum tuberosum,Peru laria fiav a

, Pogoniaoph ioglossoides ,

Triphora t rian t h ophora ,and B lephari glotti s

lacera .

O rchids are valued ch iefly becau se they are beautifu l thougha few are a lso u seful . Vani l la i s extracted from t h e fru it of a

c l imbing orchid in Mex ico ; and t h e leaves of some species inMadagascar are u sed for making t ea . Thei r flowers are amongt h e most unique in t h e p lant kingdom ,

and t h e parts are high lyspecial i zed

,with pecu l iar adaptations for insect pol l ination .

Among t h e Ohio genera having some species with showy flowers

t h e fo l lowing deserve mention : Cypripedium, Galeorchis , Ble

ph ariglot t is ,Arethusa

,Pogonia and Leptorchis . Some of t h e

Cypriped iums are known t o b e poi sonous t o t h e touch . C .

reginae i s poi sonous t o t h e skin mu ch l ike poi son ivy . At leastfif ty per cent of peop le are susceptible . C . parv iflorum i s alsopoi sonou s but less so than t h e form er

,whi le t h e variety

,hir

su tum ,i s said t o b e as poi sonous as C . reginae .

ORCH IDACEA E . Orchid Fam i ly .

Perennial p lants,common ly su ccu lent

,ari s1ng from bu lb s or

corms,or from fib rou s or tuberous root s

,with entire

,often

grass—l ike or bract—l ike leaves .

Flowers perfect,sol itary

,or in spikes or racemes

,ep igynou s ,

zygomorphic, pent acy lic ,

of a modified trimerou s type,with a

uni locu lar ovu lary,special i zed pol len masses

,and numerou s

ovu les on th ree parietal p lacentae ; one of t h e petals usual ly

Dec. ,The Orchids of Ohio.

2 5

larger and o f different form than t h e others,often spurred

,and

cal led t h e l ip ; ferti le stamens one or two ,various ly united with

t h e sty le into an unsymmetrical column ; seeds numerous and

minute .

KEY TO THE OHIO GENERA .

l . An thers 2 , one on each side o f t h e sty le , with a trowe l—shaped bodyon t h e upper s ide ; lip a large inflat ed sac Cypripedium

l . An thers lip not a large inflat ed sac

Leaves 5 ,whor led ,

on a long sta lk ,flow ers termina l ; l ip spur less ;

po l len m ass powdery—granu lar . . IsotriaLeaves not whorled thou gh they m ay b e oppositeLeaves broad in a basa l rosette wh ite ret icu lated , t h e flowering stem s

with brac ts , t h e flow ers in bracted sp ikes . . Peramium3 . F low ermg stem with one wel l developed leaf (no t grass-l ike)a t abou t

t h e m i dd le .

3 . Stem s with severa l leaves , or leafless ; if with basal leaves , then not

in a rosetteF lowers large

,1 or 2 . Pogonia

F lowers sma l l , num erou s , in a term ina l raceme AchroanthesF lowers single , rose-pu rp le , t h e lip crested wi th hairs ; leaves l in ear

or reduced t o bracts . ArethusaF lowers S8 V era l or num erou s . 6

W ith 1 or 2 prom in en t basal leaves , t h e stem leaves redu ced t o

brac ts , or with all t h e leaves bract l ike 7

W ith norm a l leaves on t h e stem ” . 12

W ith 1 or 2 basa l fol1age leaves 8

Leaves a ll reduced t o bract s . 1 1

W ith 2 basa l leaves . 9

W ith 1 basa l leaf . 10

F lowers in a short loose sp ike with large leaf-l ike bracts su rpassingthem , Vio let—pu rp le m ixed wi th l ighter pu rp le and wh i te ; lipent ire , produced below in to a spu r . Galeorch is

9 F lowers in a long loo se sp ike , green i sh or white ,bract s large ,

near lyequa l l ing t h e flow er ; lip linear , or n ear ly so , spu r long and s lender

Lysias9 . F lowers 1n term ina l racem es

,brown ish-pu rp le or y e l lowish-green ,

t h e

subtending bracts m inu te and sca le- l ike ; lip flat , en tire , not spu rred .

Leptorch isF lowers m a term inal racem e

, t h e pedice ls subtended by smal l bracts ;flow ers not spu rred Aplectrum

F lowers in a long loose racem e , nodding , bractless ; flowers longspu rred . Tipu laria

F lowers in a spike , withou t spu rs ,wh ite , green ish , or y el lowish .

GyrostachysF lowers in a racem e , with short spu rs ,

du l l pu rpl ish , or wh it ish m ottledwith crim son . Cora l lorh iza

F lowering stem with a single large grass—l ike leaf ; flow ers large ,4—10 .

LimodorumF lower ing stem with several p rom inen t leavesLeaves no t m u ch longer than broad ; flowers f ew , axi l lary , pa le pu rp le ,

t h e lip spu r less . .TriphoraLeaves all much longer than broad .

F lowers sp iked , sm a l l , green i sh ,wi thou t a spu r , leaves mostly narrow

or bract - l ike '

.GyrostachysF lowers with a spu r . 15

Lip o f t h e coro l la fringed or parted and cu t toothed ; sp ikewithfo l iaceou s bracts . . B lephariglottis

2 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X,No. 2

,

Lip not fringed nor cu t -toothed ,flowers green ish or wh it ish 16

W ith one large and a much sm a l ler leaf be8 1des smal ler bracts on t h e

stem ; beak o f t h e st igm a W i th 3 oblong or, c lavate appendagesGymnandeniopsisW ith severa l large leaves on t h e stem 17

Spu r slender , stra ight , longer than t h e l ip ; l1p hastate , with a tuberc leat t h e base Peru laria

Spu r much shorter than t h e l ip , blun t , sac—l ike ; lip 3 -toothed at apex

CoeloglossumSpur seldom equal l ing t h e lip , blun t . sl ightly incu rved dec i ded ly

c lavate ; lip lanceolate ,ent ire Limnorch is

Cypripedium L .

Glandular pubescent herb s , with leafy stems or scapes,and

thick tufted root s . Leaves large,broad

,many -nerved . Flowers

large,showy

,sol itary or several . Sepal s spreading

,separate

,or

two of them united . Lip a large inflat ed sac . Column dec l ined,

b ean’

ng a sessi le or stalked anther on each side,and a di lated

steri le stamen above,which covers t h e summit of t h e

“sty le .

Pol len masses granular,without a caudic le or gland . Stigma

terminal,broad

,somewhat 3-lob ed .

1 . P lan t 2-leaved , scape 1 flow ered , lip fissured in fron t C . acau1e

1 . Stem leafy t o t h e t op ,1—severa l flow ered

,l ip not fissu red im f ron t , bu t

with a rounded , open orifice . 2

2 Sepa ls and l inear twisted p '

eta ls acute , longer than t h e lip . . 3

. Sepals and peta ls not twisted ,sh ort e1 than t h e lip or near ly equ a l l ing it

C . reginaeLip white , steri le stam en lanceo late . candidumLip y el low , steri le stam en triangu lar . C . parv iflorum

Cypripedium acaule Ait . Stemless Lady ’ s - sl ipper . Stem 16

in . high ,very pubescent ; leaves 2 ,

basal,10— 20 in

'

. long ,4—8

in . wide ,sparsely pubescent ; sepal s greenish—pu rp le ; peta ls

p ink with darker veins,or sometimes white A low p lant

with 2 large leaves and a showy,fragrant flower

,growing in

sandy or rocky woods . Medina,Portage

,Hocking

,Fairfield

,

Stark and Cuyahoga Counties .

2 . Cypripedium reginae Walt . Showy Lady ’ s—sl ipper . St em 2 f t .

high,very pubescent

,leafy t o t h e top ; leaves el l iptic ,

acute,

5—7 in . long ,2—5 in . wide ; flowers 1—3 ; l ip much inflat ed ,

over 1 in . long,variegated with purp le and white stripes .

A tal l leafy p lant with showy flowers growing in swamps andwoods . Fulton

,Champaign

,Lu cas . Geauga ,

Portage,and

Muskingum Counties .

Cypripedium candidum Wi l ld . Smal l White Lady ’s—s l ipper .

Stem 4—12 in . high ,s l ight ly pubescent

,leafy ; leaves 3 or 4

,

el l iptic or lanceolate,acute or acuminate

, 3—5 ih . long ;

bract s 1—2 in . long ,lanceolate ; flowers sol itary ; lip white ,

st riped with purp le inside,about 1 in . long . A smal l pl ant

with showy flower,growing in bogs and meadows . Wyandot

and E rie Counties .

Dec. ,The Orchi ds of Ohio.

2 7

4 . Cypripedium parv iflorum Sa l isb . Smal l Yel low Lady ’ s—sl ipper .

Stem 1—2 f t . high,pubescent

,leafy ; leaves 5 ,

oval,el l iptic

,

or lanceo late,2—6 in . long ; flower so l itary ; l ip golden yel low ,

34 —1 14 in . long ,purp le spotted . Grows in woods and

thickets . Lorain,Cuyahoga

,Geauga

,Stark

,Montgomery

,

C larke,F rankl in and Gal l ia Counties .

Th e variety known as Cypripedium hirsutum Mi l l . , LargeY ellow Lady ’s - sl ipper

,i s a tal l showy p lant with leafy stem

and larger flower than C . parv iflorum ,with pale yel low l ip

1%—2 in . long . In woods and thicket s . Fulton ,Lucas

,

VVyandot , Medina,Portage ,

Auglaize ,Champaign

,Li cking ,

and Gal l ia Counties .

Galeorchis Rydb .

Rhizome very short with numerous fleshy root s ; stemscape—l ike with 2 large r ound leaves at t h e base ; flowers in a

short loose spike with large leaf-l ike bracts surpassing them ; l ipentire

,wavy

,produced below into a spur .

1 . Galeorchis spectab i l i s (L .)Rydb . Showy Orchis . Stem 4—12

in . high,fleshy , 5—angled ; leaves with 1 or 2 scales below

them,sometimes 8 in . long and 4 ih . wide

,but usual ly

smal ler,c lammy t o t h e touch ; flowers in a short loose spike

with large leaf—l ike bracts surpassing them,violet -purp le

mixed with l ighter purp le an d white ; l ip whiti sh ,divergent

,

entire,about as long as t h e petal s . A p lant with 2 large

leaves surpassing t h e stem and a spike of showy flowers .

Grows in rich woods . Defiance,Sandusky

,Cuyahoga

,

Medina,Portage

,Wyandot

,Stark , Co lumb iana ,

Miami,

C larke,F rankl in

,Li cki ng ,

Greene,Fairfield

,C l inton

,Ross

,

Vinton,Hami lton

,C lermont , and Gal l ia Counties .

Perularia Lind l .P lant leafy—stemmed with a c luster of thick fibrous roots ;

flowers smal l,greenish

,in a long open spike with long b ract s ;

l ip lanceolate with a tooth on each side at t h e base and a centra ltuberc le at t h e midd le of t h e base ; spur slender , straight , - longerthan t h e l ip

,but shorter than t h e ovu lary .

1 . Peru laria flav a (L .)Rydb . Tuberc led Orchis . Stem smooth,

bracted,12—24 in . high ,

stout,leafy ; leaves lanceolate or

el l iptic,acute or obtuse ,

4—12 long ; flowers greenish,in a

long open spike with long b ract s ; l ip lanceolate ,wi th a tooth

on each side at t h e base ,and a central tuberc le at t h e m idd le

of t h e base . A sturdy p lant with a leafy stem and sma l lpale green flowers

,growing in mo ist soi l . E rie

,Cuyahoga

,

Huron,Lake

,Crawford

,Knox ,

F rankl in,and Gal l ia Counties

Coelog lossum Hartman .

Leafy p lants with b iennial_

2—c left tubers ; flowers greenish , ina long , leafy-b racted sp ike ; l ip oblong ,

§job t use ,g2—3 toothed at

t h e apex ; spur much sho rter than t h e l ip . blunt , sac-l ike .

2 8 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 2,

1 . Coeloglossum bracteatum (Wi l ld)Par] . Long-bracted Orchis .

Stem leafy , 6—24 in . high ; leaves lanceolate , ovate or oval , or

t h e lowest sometimes obovate,2—7 in . long ,

t h e upper muchsmal ler ; bracts longer than t h e ov u laries ; flowers green or

greenish ; l ip in . long,2—3 toothed or lobed at t h e apex .

A tal l sturdy p lant with leafy stem and a spike of greenishflowers . Growing in woods and meadows . Lucas

,Lorain

,

Medina ,Portage

,F rankl in

,But ler

,and Auglaize Counties .

Gymnandeniopsis RVdb .

Leafy p lants with fleshy ,fib rous

,or som ewhat tuberou s roots

,

and a short spike o f smal l flowers ; l ip entire or 3—toothed a t t h eapex

,much exceeded by t h e long fili form or c lavate spur .

1 . Gymnandeniopsis clav ellata (Mx)Rydb . Smal l Green WoodOrchis . Stem 8— 20 in . high

,angled

,1 - leaved near t h e base

,

with several smal l bract - l ike leaves above,one of which is

larger ; basal leaf oblanceolate ,4— 6 in . long ; flowers in a spike

—1 in . long ,smal l

,greenish or whit ish ; l ip di lated and

3-toothed at t h e apex . A tal l slender p lant with one leafgrowing in moi st shady p laces . Geauga

,Trumbu l l

,

Portage ,Summit

,Li ck ing

,and Champaign Counties .

Limnorch is Rydb .

Leafy p lants with thick fleshy root s and smal l greenish or

whiti sh flowers in a long spike ; l ip entire ; beak of t h e stigma

without appendages .

1 . Limnorch is h yperborea (L .)Rydb . Tal l Bog—orchis . A

stout stem,8—24 in . high ; lanceolate leaves 2—12 in ,

long ;greenish yel low flowers in a narrow spike ; l ip lanceo lateentire

,obtuse . A tal l p lant with thick fleshy root s , grow

ing in bogs and wet woods . Stark County .

Lysias Sal i sb .

P lants with scapose stems , tuberou s or fleshy root s , and 2

basal leaves ; flowers greenish or white ; l ip entire,l inear or

nearly so ; spur long and s lender,generally longer than t h e

elongated straight ovu lary .

1 . Scape with 1 or m ore brac ts ; flowers in a loose racem e . . L . orb icu lata1 . Scape bract less ; flow ers in a str ict , rather den se racem e .L . hookeriana1 . Lysias orbicu lata (Pu rsh .)Rydb . Large Round—leaf Orchis .

Stems 12—24 in . high ,bracted ; leaves orb icu lar

,spreading

flat on t h e ground ,4- 7 in . long ; flowers in a loosely many

fiowered raceme,greenish white ; l ip in . long . A tal l

slender p lant with a raceme of greenish white flowers on a

scape,much su rpassing t h e leaves . Growing in rich woods .

Cuyahoga and Geauga Counties .


3 0 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . X, No. 2 ,

Bleph ariglottis leucophaea (Nutt .)Rydb . Prairie WhiteF ringed-orchis . Stem stout

,angled

,20—32 in . high ; leaves

lanceo late,4—8 in . long ; flowers large

,white

,fragrant ,

sometimes t inged with green,in a very thick loosely -fiowered

spike, 3

—4% in . long ; l ip 6—7 l ines long , t h e segmentsbroad ly wedge—shaped and copious ly fringed . A tal l p lantwith white fragrant flowers growing on moi st p rai ries .

Auglaize County .

5 . Blephariglottis psycodes (L .)Rydb . Smal ler Purp le F ringedorchis . Stem rather s lender

,12 in . high ; leaves oval

,

e l l iptic,or lanceolate

,2—10 in . long ; flowers l i lac

,rarely

white,fragrant

,in a loosely or densely many -fiowered

raceme ; l ip ,

—4% in . broad ,t h e segments fan—shaped

and copious ly fringed . A tal l showy p lant growing in meadows and wet woods . Medina

,Erie

,Cuyahoga

,Ashtabula

,

Miam i,Columb iana

,R ich land

,Auglaize ,

F rankl in,

and

Hocking Counties .

6 . B lephariglottis peramoena (Gr .)Rydb . Fringeless Purp leOrchis . Stem 12—28 in . high ; leaves el l iptic or lanceolate

,

4—8 ih . long,t h e upper gradual ly smal ler ; flowers large

,

showy,violet—pu rp le

,in a densely or rather loosely many

fiowered spike ; l ip 7—9 l ines long ,t h e segments fan-shaped

,

cu t —toothed,not fringed

,t h e midd le one 2-lob ed . A tal l

showy p lant growing in moi st meadows . Perry,Gal l ia

,

and Clermont Counties .

Pogonia Juss .

Most ly low herb s with slender rh i zomes,fib rous roots

,alter

nate leaves,and sol itary terminal flowers ; l ip erect from t h e

base of t h e co lumn,spurless

,crested .

1 . Pogonia oph ioglossoides (L .)Ker . Rose Pogonia . Stem12—15% in . high

,1—3 leaved ,

not rarely with a long-petioledbasal leaf ; leaves 1—10 in . long

,lanceolate or ovate

,erect

,

blunt ly acute ; flowers pale rose—color,fragrant

,s l ight ly

nodding,sol itary or occasional ly in pai rs

,subtended by a

fol iaceou s bract ; l ip 2—3 l ines wide ,fringed . A striking

looking p lant with rose—co lored flowers,growing in meadows

and swam ps . Lu cas,Cuyahoga

,Geauga

,Ash land

,Portage

,

L icking and Lorain Counties .

Isotria Raf .

Low herb s,with a rhizome

,fib rous root s

,termi nal flowers

,

and 5 leaves in a whorl near t h e t op o f t h e p lant ; l ip erect fromt h e base of t h e column

,c rested

,spurless

,sessi le .

1 . I sotria v ert icellata (W i l ld)Raf . Whorled I sotria . Stem10—12 in . high

,from long flesby roots ; leaves 3M—2 14 in .

long,obovate

,abrupt ly pointed at apex

,sessi le ; flower sol

Dec . ,The Orchids of Ohio. 3 1

it ary ,erect or dec l ined

,pedunc led ; l ip 3-lob ed ,

crested alonga narrow band

,undu late . A tal l p lant with a conspicuous

whorl of leaves near t h e t op ,growing in moi st woods .

Defiance,Cuyahoga

,Geauga

,Medina

,Coshocton

,and Fai r

he ld Counties .

Triph ora Nu tt .

Low herbs with fleshy tubers and ax i llary flowers ; l ip erect,

sl ight ly c lawed,and more or less 3—lobed

,not crested

,spu rless ;

capsu le oval,drooping .

1 . Triphora trianth oph ora (Sw .)Rydb . Nodding Triphora . Stemglabrou s

, 3— 12 in . high

,from a tuberou s root ; leaves 2— 8 ,

alternate,

ovate,3—9 l ines long

,c lasping ; flowers 1—7 ,

ax i l lary,pedunc led

,pale pu rp le

,at first nearly erect

,soon

drooping ; l ip c lawed,som ewhat 3 - lob ed

,crisped above

,

abou t as long as t h e petal s . A s lender,del icate plan t , with

nodding flower,growing in rich woods . Huron

,Cuyahoga

,

Summit,Stark

,L icking

,F rank l in and Ross Counties .

Arethusa L .

Low herb s with smal l bu lb s and most ly sol itary flowers“

on

slender scapes,t h e so l itary leaf l inear

,hidden at first in t h e upper

scale,protruding after flowering ; l ip di lated

,recurved and

spreading at t h e apex,crested on t h e face with straight somewhat

fleshy hai rs,s l ight ly gibbou s at t h e base .

1 . Areth usa bu lbosa L . A rethu sa . St em ,scapose ,

4—12 in . high ,

bearing 1— 3 loose sheathing bracts ; leaf l inear , manynerved

,4— 6 in . long ; flower rose~purple ,

so l itary (rarely—2 in . long ; l ip u sual ly drooping beneath t h e sepals and

petal s,t h e apex b road

,rounded

,variegated with pu rp le

blotches . A low p lant with a conspicuou s flower ,and 1

leaf,growing in bogs . Licking and Po rtage Counties .

Limodorum L .

Scapose herb s with sol id round bu lbs which ari se from t h e

bu lb of t h e previou s year,a leaf appearing t h e first season suc

ceeded in t h e fo l lowing year by t h e scape ; flowers severa l , in a

loose terminal spike or racem e ; l ip spreading ,ra i sed on a narrow

sta lk,di lated at t h e apex ; bearded on t h e upper side with long

c lub—shaped hai rs .

1 . Limodorum tuberosum L . Ca lopogon . Scape slender , naked ,

12— 33% in . high ; leaf l inear—lanceolate , 8— 12 in . long

,3— 12

l ines wide,sheathing

,with several scales below it ; spike

4—16 in . long , 3—15 flowered ; l ip as long as t h e column ,

broad ly triangu lar at t h e apex . A tal l p lant with showy,

pu rp l i sh—pink flowers,and one grass- l ike leaf

,growing in

bogs and meadows . Fu lton,Lu cas

,E rie

,Geauga

,Po rtage ,

Summit,A sh land, Stark ,

C larke,Fairfield and L icking

Counties .

3 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 2,

Gyrostachys Pers .

E rect herb s with flesby fib rous or tuberous root s and s lenderstems or scapes , leafy be low or at t h e base ; flowers smal l

,spu r

less,spiked

,1—3 rowed

,t h e spikes more or less twisted ; t h e lip

sessi le or c lawed,concave

,erect

,embracing t h e column and often

adhering t o it,bearing m inute ca l losities at t h e base .

1 . F lowers appa ren t ly in severa l ranks stem s not twisted, or bu t s l ightly

so

1 . F low e1 s m ei ely a lternate , often secund from t h e spiral twis t ing o f

t h e stem 42 Sepa ls and peta ls m ore or less conn iven t 1nt o a hood ,

leaves l in ear orl in ear lanceo late . . G . strictaLatera l sepa l s sepa i ate , free .

Sp 1ke short , abou t 2 i n . or less ; leaves rather broad, oblong—lanceo late ;callosi t 1es none , or m ere thicken ings of t h e basa l m arg ins o f t h e

l i p . .G plan tag inea

3 Sp ike long , 3 6 in leaves l inear t o l inear oblanceo late ; ca l losit ies o f

t h e h p n ipp le -shaped G . cernua4 . Stem leafy lower leaves elongated, ou ter sepa ls lanceo late . G. praecoxStem W 1t h sca ly b 1 act s lea3 es i f presen t basa l .

5 . Root a s ingle tuber ; sp ike abou t 1—1% in . longRoot u sua l ly a c lu ster o f tubers ; sp ike 1—3 in . long .

1 . Gyrostachys stricta Ry db . Hooded Lady ’ s—tresses . Stem6—14 in . high

,leafy be low

,bracted above ; leaves —8 in .

long ,l inear ; flowers in a spike 2- 4 in . long

,spreading hori

zon t ally ; l i p oblong,c risped at apex

,thin and transparent .

A bare looking p lant,with a loose spike of fragrant flowers ,

growing in bogs . A shtabula County .

2 . Gyrostachys plantaginea (Rat)B ritt . Wide—leaf Lady‘stresses . Stem

'

4—10 in . high,glabrous or pubescent

,

bearing 4 or 5 lanceo late or oblanceo late leaves below ;lea3 es 1—5 111 . long ; fiowers in a thick

,dense spike

,1—2 in .

long,4 6 l ines thick ; flowers spreading

,white ; l ip ,

paleyel low on t h e face

,oblong ,

t h e wavy apex rounded,cri spate

or fringed,t h e base short—c lawed . A smal l p lant with basal

leaves,growing on m oi st banks and in woods

,Medina and

Portage Counties .

3 . Gyrostachys cernua (L .)Kt z . Nodding Lady ’ s -tresses . Stem8— 24 in . high (rare ly higher), usual ly pubescent above

,

bearing 2—6 bract-Iike stem leaves ; basal leaves from l inearoblanceo late t o l inear , —12M in . long ,

t h e blade narrow ;flowers in a thick spike

,4—4% in . long ,

5—6 l ines thick ;flowers white

,nodding or spreading ,

about 5 l ines long ; l ipob long or ovate

,t h e apex rounded and c risped . A tal l

showy p lant with nodding ,fragrant flowers

,growing in

m eadows and swam ps . E rie,Lorain

,Cuyahoga

,Medina

,

Portage,Stark

,Lake

,Lick ing

,Fu lton

,C lermont and

Gal l ia Counties .

4 . Gyrostachys praecox (Wa lt)Kt z . Grass—leaf Lady ’ s-tresses .

Stem,10—24 ih . high

,leafy ; leaves l inear , 4—12 in . long

,with

narrow grass—l ike blades and long sheathing petioles , per

Dec. ,The Orchids of Ohio. 33

sistent through flowering season ,t h e upper smal ler ; flowers

in a twisted spike 2—8 in . long ,4—10 l ines thick ; l ip about

3 l ines long ,c renu late

,short—c lawed

,dark-striped in t h e

midd le . A tal l showy p lant growing in grassy p laces .

Wayne County .

5 . Gyrostachys simplex (Gr)Kt z . Litt le Lady ’s—tresses . Sternvery s lender 5—8 in . high ,

ri sing from a sol itary spind leshaped tuber

,with smal l deciduou s bracts above ; leaves

basa l,oblong

,petiolate

,most ly disappearing at or before

flowering time ; flowers white,in a slender spike

,sl ight ly

twisted, 9

—14 l ines long ; l ip thin ,short c lawed

,c risped at

summit . A bare,del icate p lant

,growing in sandy soi l .

Fairfield County .

6 . Gyrostach ys graci l is (B igel)Kt z . S lender Lady ’ s -tresses .

Stem 8—24 in . high,s lender

,rising from a c lu ster of spind le

shaped,tuberou s roots

,bearing smal l deciduou s bracts ;

leaves basa l,

obovate,

or ovate- lanceolate,di sappearing

most ly before t h e flowering season ; flowers white ,in a sp ike

1—5 in . long,much twisted ; l ip 2 l ines long ,

wavy,thick and

green in t h e midd le . A tal l bare p lant in dry fields and

open woods . E rie,Cuyahoga

,Lake

,L icking

,Muskingum

,

Fairfield,Adams

,Gal l ia

,and Morgan Counties .

Peramium Sal i sb .

Herb s with bracted,

erect scapes ; thick ,fleshy ,

fib rous

root s , and basal tufted leaves often blotched with white ; flowersin bracted spikes ; l ip sessi le ,

entire,roundish ovate

,concave or

saccate,without cal losit ies

,it s apex refiexed .

1 . Peram ium pubescens (Wi l ld)MacM . Downy Ratt lesnakeP lantain . Stem densely glandu lar—pubescent

,bearing 5—10

lanceolate scales,6— 24 in . high ; leaves basal , — 1 in . long

,

strongly white—reticu lated,oval or ovate ; flowers in a dense

spike,not 1 -sided ; l ip strongly saccate with a short broad

recu rved or spreading tip . A stu rdy p lant with conspic

uous flowers and showy leaves,growing in dry woods .

Adams,Hocking

,Lake

,Portage

,Fairfield and High land

Counties .

Ach roanth es Raf .

Low herb s from a sol i d bu lb , our species with 1 leaf and with1-several scales at t h e base of t h e stem ; flowers sm al l

,white or

green,in a term inal raceme ; l ip cordate or eared at t h e base

,

embracing t h e column .

1 . Pedice ls nearly equa l t o t h e ov u laries in length ; lip term inat ing in a

long po in t . (Doubt fu l for t h e state). . . A . monophyl la1 . Pedice ls m uch longer than t h e o v u laries , l ip

-truncate , 3-lob ed at t h e

summ it . A . un i fol ia1 . Ach roanth es unifol ia (MX)Raf . Green Adder ’ s—mou th .

Stem in . high,st r iate ; leaf c lasping t h e stem near t h e

m idd le , oval or near ly orb icu lar ; raceme — 3 in . long of

3 4 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLX,No. 2

,

spreading flowers with slender pedicel s ; l ip broad ,2 - lobed at

t h e apex,with a smal l tooth in t h e sinu s . A s lender p lant

with raceme of del icate flowers growing in woods and

thickets . Fairfield County .

Leptorchi s ThouarsLow herbs with sol id bu lb s , t h e base of t h e stem sheathed by

several scales and 2 broad ,shining leaves

,flowers in a terminal

raceme ; l ip nearly fiat,often bearing 2 tuberc les above t h e base .

1 . Lip brown ish—pu rp le , g in . long ; racem e loose-fiow ered ,1—2 in .

wide L . li li if olia

1 . Lip y el lowish-g reen , 44, —14 in long : racem e com pact , a bou t V2 in . W 1de .

L . loese l i i1 . Leptorchis li li ifolia (L .)Kt z . Large Twayblade . Stem a

scape,striate

,4— 10 in . high ; leaves 2—4% in . long

,oval or

ovate,keeled below ; num erou s showy flowers

,in a raceme

sometim es 6 in long ; lip consp icuous , erect , 5—6 l ines long ,

wedge obovate A del icate showy p lant , growing in moi stwoods and thickets Portage

,F rank l in

,Fai i field and

C larke Counties .

2 . Leptorchi s loesel i i (L)MacM Fen Tway blade Scape 2 8 in .

high,strongly ribbed ; leaves el l iptic or el l iptic -lanceolate

,

2 6 in long ; flowers f ew ,greenish

,sma l ler than t h e preced

ing,in a racem e ; l ip obovate

,pointed

,it s t ip incu rved . A

ta l l p lant,with greenish inconspicuous flowers

,in wet

thicket s and on springy banks . Cham paign,Cuy ahoga ,

Summ it,and Stark Counties .

T ipu laria Nu t t .

S lender scapose herb s with sol id bu lb s , several generationsconnected by offsets ; t h e flowers in a long

,loose

,terminal

racem e ; leaf sol itary,basa l

,unfo lding long after t h e flowering

season,u sual ly after t h e scape h as per i shed ; scape with severa l

thin sheathing scales at t h e base ; flowers green,nodding

,bract

less ; l ip 3 - lobed with a long s lender spu r .

1 . T ipularia unifol ia (Muh l)B . S . P . Crane-fiy Orchis . Scapeglabrou s 16—20 in . high

,from a hard

,often irregu lar corm ;

leaf arising in Au tumn from a fresh lateral corm,ovate

,

2 3/ i n long,dark green ; raceme 5—9 in . long ,

very loose,

flowers green tingedzD

w it h pu rp le ; l ip m ost ly shorter thant h e petals

,t h e m iddle lobes narrow

,prolonged

,di lated at

t h e apex,t h e lateral lobes short , triangu lar ; spur often

twice as long as t h e flower . A tal l s lender p lant with a

loose racem e of nodding flowers ,growing in woods . Lorain

,

and Cuyahoga Countie s (Oberl in Col lege .)Aplectrum Nu tt .

Scapose herb s from a corm, produ ced from t h e one of t h e

p reviou s season by an offset and som etimes with coral loid fib res,

t h e scape c lothed with several sheathing scales ; leaf sol itary ,

,Dee , ,

The Orchids of Ohio. 3 5

basal , broad petio led ,developed in au tumn or late summ er ;

flowers in a term inal raceme,t h e pedicel s subtended by smal l

b racts ; l ip c lawed ,somewhat 3—ridged

,spu r none .

1 . Aplectrum spicatum (Walt )B . S . P . Pu tty-root . Scapeglabrous

,12—24 in . high

,bearing abou t 3 sheathing scales ;

leaf ari sing from t h e corm ,at t h e side of t h e scape ,

4—6% in .

long,1—2% in . wide ,

u sua l ly last ingr over winter ; raceme

2—4 i n . long,loosely several -fiow ered ; l ip shorter than t h e

petals,obtuse ,

somewhat 3—lobed and undu late . A tal lp lant with y e l lowish brown or green flowers

,with 1 b road

leaf that u sua l ly lasts over winter,growing in woods and

swamps . Hami lton,Green

,Montgomery

,Preble

,Stark

,

Adam s,Warren

,Portage

,Auglaize ,

Sandu sky ,F rankl in

,

Lake,C lermont

,Gal l ia

,E rie and C larke Counties .

Corallorhi za R . Br .

Scapose herb s,with mycorrhi za or root parasites

,with large

masses of coral loid branching root s,t h e leaves all redu ced t o

sheathing scales ; flowers in term inal racemes ; l ip 1—3 ridged ;sepal s nearly equal

, t h e lateral ones united at t h e base with t h efoot of t h e colum n forming a short spur or gibbous protuberanceadnate t o t h e summit of t h e ovu lary .

1 . Lip deep ly 3 -lob ed , white , spotted with red . C . mult iflora

1 . Lip 2 toothed or 2 lobed above t h e base,wh ite , not spotted (Noloca l ity known) C . cora l lorh iza

1 . Lip ent ire or m e1 ely dent iculate 2

2 . F lowers abou t 1/ in long , 11p wh it ish . C . odontorh iza2 . F lowers abou t in long7 , l ip white , spotted with red . .C . wi steriana

1 . Coral lorhiza odontorhiza (Wi l ld)Nu tt . Smal l -fiow ered Coralroot . A pu rp l i sh s lender scape 6— 14 in . high

,bearing 3 fi 5

sheathing scales ; racem e 2—4 in . long,of purp l i sh

flowers ; l ip ,broad ly ova l or obovate

,entire or denticu late

,

narrowed at t h e base,not notched . A bare look ing p lant

growing under trees . E rie,Cuyahoga

,Stark and Madison

Counties .

2 . Coral lorhiza wisteriana Conrad . “Tist er’

s Coral - root . Stem8—16 in . high

,bearing several sheathing scales ; racem e 2—4

in . long,loose

,6— 15 flowered ; l ip broad ly oval or obovate

,

4—5 l ines long and wide,abrupt ly c lawed

,white with crim

son spots,crenu late

,notched at t h e apex ,

spu r a som ewhatconspicuou s protuberance adnate t o t h e t op of t h e ovu lary .

A tal l stout p lant with scaly stem growing in shady woods .

Ham i lton County (New York Botanica l Gardens).3 . Coral lorhiza mult iflora Nu t t . Large Coral -root . Stem 8—20

in . high,bearing several appressed scales

,pu rp l i sh ; a

racem e of brownish pu rp le flowers with short pedicels ; l ipoval or ovate

,deep ly 3 - lob ed

,t h e midd le lobe broader

than t h e lateral ones,it s apex cu rved . A tal l bare look ing

plant growing in woods . E rie,Huron ,

F airfield and

Frankl in Counties .

3 6 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . X ,N0 . 2

’

LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING THE MAPLE.

JAM ES F . Z IMMER .

-D IPTERA .

Cecidomyidae . Cecidomy ia erubescens (O . Cecidomy ia

ocellaris (O sten Sacken).HYMENOPTERA .

Oryssia’ae . Oryssu s te rm inal i s (Newm an), Oryssu s Sayi . (West

wood .

S i rici dae . Trem ex co lumba . (Linn ).Ten threa

’

inoidea . Cim t ex americana (Leach ).Urocem

'

dae . X iph idria alb icorn is (Harri s).COLEOPTERA .

Calandm'

dae . St enoscelis b revi sBren thidae . Eupsalis m inuta (D ru ry).Bupres tidae . Dicerca divaricata (Say), Ch rysob ot h ris for

morata (Fab .)Cerambyce

’

dae . Graph isurus f asciat us (De Geer), Glycob inus

speciosus (Say), Bellam ira scalaris (Say), Monoh ammus

marmoratus (Rand), Purpuricenus h umeralis (Fab r), Elaph idion vi l losum (Fab ), Mo lorchus h imacu lat us (Say),Urograph is f asciat us (De Geer), Liopus variegatus (Ha ld),Hyperplat ys macu latus (Hald), Dryob iu s sexfasciat u s (Say),Lept ost y lus ocu lif erus (Say ).

Chrysomelidae . Ch rysom ela b igsbyana (Ki rby)Cleridae . Th aneroclerus sangu ineu s (Say )Coccinelli d

’ae . Anat is oce l lata (Linn).

Cucujidae . S i lvanu s imb ellis Laem Oph loeus b igu t t at us:

(Say )Elatem

’

dae . Elater h um eralis (Lee).H i s teria

'ae . Hi ster lecontei (Say).

Hydrophi lidae . Cery lon caslaneum (Say )Lucanidae . P t alyceru s quercu s (Weber).M elandryi dae . Melandrya Striata (Say), Euch odes sericea.

(Ha ld), Ph loet rya lit urat a (Leo), Synch roa punctata

M ordellidae . Morde l la borea l i s .

N i ti du lia’

ae . Crypt arch a concinna (Melsh), Colast u s t runcat us

(Rand )P tim

’

dae . P t ilinus ru f icornis (Say ), X eslob ium affine (Leo).S coly ti d

’ae . X y lot erus polit us (Say ), Cort h y lus punct at issimus

(Linn)Tenebm

’

on idae . Bolet o t h erus b ifurcus (Fab )


38 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOL X ,No. 2

P yrochm idae . Dendroides canadensi sP sych i dae . Th yridopleryx eph em eraeform is (Haw).P yralidae . Hypena b alt imoralis (Guen)S coly ti dae . Monart h rum mal i . (F itch ).S atm'

ni idae . (Sem ia), Plat y san ia cecropia (Linn), Callosam iapromethea (D ru ry).

Tenebrioni d’

ae . HOploceph ala b icorni s .

Tinei dae . Graci laria alch im iella . (C lem)Tortri cidae . Prot eot eras aescu lanum (Ri ley), Cenopis ret icu

latana (F i tch), Epinot ia claypoleana (Ri ley), Th iodia signatana (C lem), Cacoecia rosaceana (Harris).

ISOPTERA .

Termi tia’ae . Termes fiav ipes

ARACHNIDA .

Erioplyes quadripes (Shim er)A Trich ina parasite .

Dec . ,New and Rare Ohio P lants . 3 9

NEW AND RARE OHIO PLANTS .

*

J OHN H . SCHA F FNER .

Th e fo l lowing new and rare p lants have been added t o t h e

state herbarium du ring t h e past year . Thei r posit ion in t h e

state catalog is indicated by t h e number preceding t h e spec iesname .

2 . Botrychium s implex Hitch . Litt le Grape- fern . Cedar Po int,

E rie Co .

,John H . Schaffner .

6 1 . Lycopodium inundatum L . Bog C lub—m oss . Portage Co .

,

L . S . Hopkins .

234a . Cynosurus cristatus L . Dogtai l Grass . Ell sworth Station,

Mahoning Co .

,E rnest W . Vickers .

254 . Festuca ov ina L . Sheep Fescue-grass . Cedar Po int,E rie

Co . ,John H . Schaffner :

781c . Alsine aquatica (L .)B ritt . Water Chickweed . Eldon,

Guernsey Co . ,Emm a E . Laugh l in .

90 1a . Barbarea praecox (J . E . Sm .)R . Br . Early W inter-cress .

Barnesvi l le,Belmont Co . ,

Emma E . Laugh l in .

939 . Koniga maritima (L .)R . Br . Sweet A lyssum . Cedar Po int ,E rie Co . ,

John H . Schaffner . A waif .

l l 43a . Oxalis bri t toniae Smal l . B ritton ’ s Wood—sorrel . Columbus

,F rankl in Co .

,John H . Schaffner .

l l 43b . Oxalis rufa Smal l . Red Wood—sorrel . Co lumbus,F rankl in

Co . ,John H . Schaffner .

1379 . Ledum groenlandicum Oeder . Labrador Tea . Shalersvi l le ,

Portage Co .,R . J . Webb and A . D . Rob inson .

Presented at t h e m eeting o f t h e Oh io Acad . of Sci .

4 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X , No. 2

A NEW LABORATORY GUIDE FOR HIGH SCHOOL BOTANY .

Under t h e tit le , Laboratory Botany for t h e High Schoo l .P rof .

"

Wi l lard N . C lute h as pub l i shed ,through Ginn Com pany

,

a l itt le vo lum e that wi l l b e an im portant addition t o t h e textbooks intended for secondary schoo ls . Th e au thor is a highschoo l teacher as wel l as a practical botanist and t h e book beforeu s shows that it i s t h e ou tcome of a cou rse adapted t o t h e age

nd capacity o f t h e students for which it is intended .

Th e one essen tial t o a good high schoo l cou rse i s that it shouldnot ape t h e genera l cou rse given t o more matu re students in t h ecol lege . Th e high school h as a field of i t s own .

Laboratory Botany can b e u sed for a half year or a yearcourse . Th e work i s so arranged that a greater or less amount o fan exerci se can be taken withou t di fficu lt y . Th e language i ss im p le

,which makes it easy for t h e student t o concen t rate atten

tion on t h e necessary scien t ific term s . There are review quest ions and suggest ions t o t h e teacher that are very opportune .

Th e defin it ion s at t h e end of each chapter are perhaps one of t h e

best featu res o f t h e book . I t i s ju st su ch convenient li sts that t h ebeginner needs t o consu lt .

Th e work begins with simp le exerci ses on t h e l iving cel l and i sfol lowed in order b y chapters on seeds

,root s

,buds

,stems

,

leaves,flowers ,

and fruit s and seeds . Th e first part ends with a

stud3 of t rees and t h e eco logy of t h e flower . Th e first part wi l lmake a good ha l f y ear cou rse for t h e sp r ing

.

semester,a lthough

t h e author shows that it can easi ly b e g i ven i n t h e fal l i t one h asaccess t o a greenhou se .

Th e seco

b

nd part dea l s with t h e spore p lants,beginning with

t h e b lue -green algae and endingr with t h e angiosperm s . Th e

more important st ru ctu res are considered and emphasis i s lai don t h e relationship and c lassifi cation of t h e variou s groups .

This work can b e given either in t h e fal l or spring bu t t o t h e

m ind of t h e reviewer it wou ld appropriate ly fo l low work in t h espring .

F inal ly t h e book c loses with thirty—six experim ents in ph sy iology . These can b e scattered through t h e general work

,given

su ccessively or u sed for general demonstrations as t h e teachermay desire .

Th e cou rse thu s out l ined is practicable and workable and

fit t ed t o t h e mental capacity of t h e average high school studentand wi l l give a sub stantial botanical training both for practicall i fe and as a stepping stone t o fu rther botanical studies .

JOHN H . SCHAF FNE R .

Dat e of Pub l icat ion , Decem be r 17 , 19 0 9 .

PUBLIS HED BY

The Biolog ical Club'

of the Ohio State Univ ers ity .

Volume X . JANUARY , 19 10 . No .1

.

TA B LE O F C O NTENT S .

HAMBLETON—A L ist o f t h e L ichens o f Oh io . .

GR IGGS—Monoch yt rium a New Genus o f t h e b t ri d iales , It s L i fe H 1story 8 nd

O3 tologyDETMERS Med icmal Plant s of Oh ioSTICKNEX ,

SCHAFF\ ER ,AND DAU Es—Add i t ions to t h e Flora of Cedar Point , II I

Drcxm—Meetings of t h e B iolog ical Cl ub .

A LIST OF THE LICHENS OF OHIO .

J . C . HAM B LETO N .

Th e fol lowing l i st of l ichens is made up princ ipal ly from t h e

co l lection in t h e State Herbarium at t h e Ohio State University .

It,of cou rse ,

i s not comp lete . No serious co l lecting h as beendone for many years

,and undoubted ly a large number wi l l y e t

b e found This l i st h as been approved b y Prof . A Zah lb ruch rier,

of Vienna ,and i s in accord with his classificat ion i n t h e Engler

Prant l Pfianzen fam ilien .

Verrucariaceae .

Verrucar1a rupestris Schrad .

V .

-m ura l is Ach .

V . n igrescens Pers .

Derm atocarpaceae .

Derma tocarpon m inia t um (L .)Mann .

Endocarpon mi ni amm (L .)S chaer).

D . aquaticum (We iss)A . Zah lb r .

(Endocarpon m i nimum,

aqua ti cum S chaer .)D . pu s i l lum (Ach .)A Z ah lb r .

(Endocarpon pu s i llum Hedw .)Pyrenu laceae .

Lep t h oraph is ep iderm id 1s (Ac l1 .)Th . F r .

(S agedt a oxyspma (Nyl . Tuck .

Pyrenula n it ida (We ig)AchP . glabrata (Ach . Mass .

P . gemm ata (Ach .)Naeg .

Trypeth eliaceae .

Trypeth elium V irens Tuck .

Caliciaceae .

Ch aeno th eca ch ry soceph ala (Tu rn)Th . F r .

(Cal7c77m7 ch rysocephalum

( Tum . 4 6 17

S t enoc y b e b y ssaca (F r .)Ny l .

(Cal7e7 7m7 byssaceum F r .

Cyph eliaceae .

C3 ph elium t ig i llare (Pers )Th . F r .

( 4 6 0 1771777 t7g7lla7 e ( 4 eh . D eNot)Arth on iaceae .

Ar t h on i a d ispersa (Sch rad )Ny l .

A . rad iata (Pers)Th . F r .

( 717717 0 77777 as tr0 7a’ea Ach .)

A . punc t iform 1s Ach .

A . py rh u liza Ny l .

A . lec ideella Ny l

A . po lymorpha Tuck .

Ar th o th el i um spec t ab 1le (P l Mass .

(A rtham’

a spectabfl e F l .)Graph idaceae .

Opegrapha varia Pers .

O . vu lgata Ach .

Graph is scripta (L .)Ach .

4 2 The Ohio Naturali st .

Lecanact idaceae .

Lecanac t is prem nea,ch loroconia

Tuck .

Lecidiaceae .

Lec1d 1a coeru lescens (W’

u lt )Schaer .

L . russu la Ach

(B7az‘0 7 a 7

'

775 5 ula (Ach .)L . russe l l i i Tuck .

(B7a tora 7 775 5 77 1177 Tu ck .)L . cm nab ar i na Sm f .

(B7a70 7'

a c77777aba r7 77a (P 7 )L varians Ach .

(B 7a70 7'

a v arians A ch .)Bac 1d ia rube l la (Eh rh )Mass .

(B7atom rubella Rabenh .)B . f u scorub e lla (Ho ffm Arn .

(B 7atom f zt scor'

ubella Tu ck

B . su ffu sa (Fr)A Zah lb r

(B7a tora s ztfiusa F r

B . schw ein i t zu (F r )A . Zah lb r

(B 7a10 7’

a .36/77L'e7n718 77 F r .)B ch lorantha (Tuck A Zah lb r .

(19 711 70 7 71 6 1710 70 777171) Tuck

Ton i n i a granosa (Tuck A . Zah lb r .

(Lcc7dea granosa Tuck .)Lopad i um leucoxan th um (Sprg l .)

A . Zah lb r .

(Heterothcc7u777 lezzcoxanzhmn

Rh izocarpon petraeum (Ny l A .

Zah lb r .

( 8 77011777 petraea (F lat Koerb .)Tuck.)

R . app lana t um (F r .)Th F r .

(Lec7dea colludens Ny l

C ladon iaceae .

Cladon ia cariosa (Ach Spreng .

C . caesp i t ic ia Pers .

C . cocc ifera (L .)VV111d .

(Cladom'

a corn 7tcop70 7de5 (L .)F r

C . cornuta (L .)Schaer .

C . cristate l la Tuck .

C . degenerans F loerk .

C . del1ca t a (Eh rh )F loerk .

C . fimb ria t a (L .)E . F r .

C . fimb r ia t a,adspersa Tuck .

C . fimb ria t a,s imp lex (VVe is )P l .

(C . 7714407761761 , tubaefor777 7sC . f urcat a Huds .)Schrad .

C . f urca t a,racem osa (Ho f fm .)

F loerk .

C . f urca t a,subu lata (Ach .)F loerk .

C . cr i spat a (Ach .)Fw .

(C . 7'

777'

cata,cr7spazfa F loerk.)

C . grac i l is (L .)W i l ld .

C . grac i l is,hy brida Schaer

C . vert ic i l lata Ho ffm(C . grac7l7s v ert7c7llata F r

[V0 ] . X, No. 3

m ac i lenta (Ho ffm )Ny lm i t ru la Tuck .

. papfllarla, m o lar iform is Ho ffm .

p y m da t a (L .)E . F r .

rang if erm a (L .)Ho ffm .

alpes tms ( L R abh .

(C . m ngficri na,alpcs tm

'

s L .)sy lvatica (L .)Ho ffm .

(C . m ngi feri na ,sy lv a ti ca L

squamosa (Scop )Ho ffm .

squam osa,v en t r lcosa

,F r .

symph l carpa ,ep iph ylla (Ach .)

Ny l .

unmalis (L .)\VebGyrophoraceae .

G v roph ora d i llenu (Tuck )Mu l l( Umbi lzcaria Di llem i Tuck .)

Umb l llcar la pu s t u la t a (L .)Ho ffm .

O

(7

0

0

0

0

6

Acarosporaceae .

B l a tore lla s imp lex (Dav )Th . F r .

(Lecanom p'

riv igna (A ch .)X y l .)Acarospora squam u losa (Schrad )

Th P r .

(L ecanora cerv i i za (P ena)Collemaceae .

Co llem a p v cnocarpum Nv l .

C . cy rt aspis Tuck .

C . n igrescens (Leers)VVa imo .

C . ry sso leum Tuck .

C . tenax (Sw .)Ach .

C cr l spum Borr .

C flacc idum Ach .

Lep tog ium lacerum (SW )S . Grav .

L . t rem elloides (L . fil .)VVain io .

L . pu lche l lum (Ach Nv l .

L . ch lorom e lum Ny l .

L . h ildeb randn (Garv og l N v l .

(L . myoch roum ,sa tm'm

’

num

S chacr .)L . sa t u rn inum (D icks)Ny l .

(L . myoch roztm (Eh rh )Tu ck .)Heppiaceae .

Hepp ia v irescens (Desp r)Ny l .

(Hcppia desprea zu i z (Zbl on tag)A

Pannariaceae .

P annaria rub ig inosa (Thumb)D el .

P . leucos t ic t a Tu ck .

Stictaceae .

Lobaria amp lissim a (Scop .)Arn .

(S tzcta ampli sszma (Soap)Jlf ass .)

L . quermzan s Michx .

(S t icta qz/wrcz'

zan s Ti ckr .)Ach)L . pu lm onaria (L .)Ho ffm .

(S tz'

c/a mt lmonaria (L .)A ch .)S t ic t a au rata Ach .

Jam ,A List of the Li chens of Ohio.

Peltigeraceae .

Neph rom ium h e lv e t icum (Ach .)

P e l tigera aphthosa (L .)Ho ffm .

P . h or12 0 n t ah s (L .)Ho ffm .

P . can ina (L .)Ho ffm .

P . spur la (Ach .)DC(P . cani na

,sparz

'

a A ch

P . ru f escens (Sm .)Ho ffmP scu tata (D 1cks)Le1gh t .

Pertu sariaceae .

Pertu saria ve lata (Tu rn)Ny l .P . m u l t ipunc t a (Tu rn)Ny l .

P . comm um s DC .

P . le iop laca (Ach Schaer .

Lecanoraceae .

Lecanora sub f u sca (L .)Ach .

L . m icu lat a Ach .

L . palh da (Schreb .)Schaer .

L h ageni Ach .

L var la Ach

O cro lech ia tartarea (L .)Mass .

(Lecanom tartarea (L .)A ch .

O . pal lescens (L Mass .

(Lecanora pallescen s (L .)S chaer .

O . pa‘

llescens,rose l la (Tuck )

Parmel iaceae .

Candelar l a conco lor (Dick s)VVainio .

( Theloschi s tes ch rysoph thalamu s

(L .)Th . F r .)Parm elia per t u sa (Schrank .)Schaer .

P . furfu racea (L .)Ach .

(Ev cv'

ni a fu r/‘uracea (L .)M ann .)

ol ivacea (L .)Ny l .

t l liacae (Ho ffm Ach .

rudec t a Ach .

(P armeli a bow en'

,rudecta

Tu ck .)saxat i l is (L .)Ach .

ce t ra t a Ach .

c v li sph ora (Ach .)Wam io

(P armeli a capera ta (L .)A ch .)perforata (Wu lf .)Ach .

per lata Ach .

cr im t a Ach .

Anz ia colpodes (Michx .)S t izb g .

(P armeli a colpodes (Ach .)Nyl .)Cetraria a leu rites (Ach .)Th . F r .

C . au rescens Tuck .

Neph romopsis ciliaris (Ach .)Hue .

(Cetram’

a ci li ari s Ach .)

“U

'U

’U

TVTVU

Usneaceae .

R am alina calicar is (L .)E . F r .

R . calicaris,ca

’

nalicu lat a F r .

R . f rax inea Ach .

R . popu l ina (Eh rh .)Wain io .

(Ramalina fas tigi a ta A ch .)

43

R . po llinar ia Ach .

U snea fior ida (L .)Ho ffm .

(U . ba rbata, floria

’

a F r .)( U . barba ta

, flm’ i da

,In

'

rta,F r .)

( U . barbata, fiom

’

da,rubz

'

g inea

fl/[ i chx jU . angu lata Ach .

U cera tm a Ach .

( U . barba ta (L .)F r .)Caloplacaceae .

B lastemia ferruginea (Huds)Arn .

(P lacadi um f ev'rugi neum (Huds .)

Hepp .)B . camp t 1d l a (Tuck )A . Zah lb r .

(P lacodiwm campna'zum Tuck .)

Calop laca aurant iaca (L igh t f .)Th .

F r .

(P lacodi ztm a zw'

anzi acmn

(Lighzf . Afaeg CZ” H ep]?

C . cer ina (Eh rh A . Zah lb r .

(P lacodinm cemnum (Hedw .)Naeg CT

’ H epp .)C c innab arina (Ach .)A . Zah lb r .

(P lacodi zzm ci nnabam‘

nmaz

(A ch .)A n ia.)Th elosch istaceae .

X anth or ia parie t ina (L .)Th . F r .

(Thelosch i s tes pari et in zzs (L .)N orm .)

X . po lycarpa Th . F r

( Thelosch i s tes polycarpus Eh rh .)Buelliaceae .

Buellia parasem a (Ach .)Th . F r .

B . my riocarpa (DO)Mudd .

R inodm a a t roc inerea (D ick s)Korb .

(Rinodz’

f

na sophodcs ,az

’m cinerea

.Vy l .)Physciaceae .

P yxme sored ia t a F r .

Physcia st ellaris (L .)Ny l .

P . obscu ra (Eh rh .)Th . F r .

P . pu lveru len ta (Ho ffm )Nv l .

P . adg lu t ina t a (F 1k .)Ny l .

P . as t roidea (F r .)Ny l .

P . leana Tuck .

P . t rib acea (Ach .)Ny l .

Anap t ych ia hypo leuca (Muh l .)W ainio .

. (P hysci a speci osa ,hypo le’uca

( 1Wuh l .)Tuck .)A . speciosa (Wu lf .)W ainio .

(P hysci a speci osa (W'

u lf )Nyl .)A . com osa (Eschw .)Trevi s .

(P hy scia com osa (S ehm)Nyl .)A . leucornela (L .)(P hysci a leucom ela (L .)AM i chx

44 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLX ,No. 8

MONOCHYTRIUM ,A NEW GENUS OF THE CHYTRIDIALES

,

ITS LIFE HISTORY AND

R O B ERT F . GR IGGS .

In working over section s of l eaves and stem s of the common

Ragweed ,Ambrosia art em i si folia

,in fested w i th Rh odoch y t rium

spilan t h is the cy tology of which h ad in terested the writer inconn ection w i th hi s work on Sa chV

'

t rium,he found that there

was presen t along w ith the Rh odochV’ t rium another parasi te . I twas at first supposed that the new plan t was an eae stage of

Rh odoch y t rium bu t i t was soon found that i t h ad n othing incommon with Rh odochV t rium except i t s host plan t b eing

13

dis

tin ct in all of the detai ls of i t s cVt ologV'

as w el l as in i t s m ethod of

parasitism and i ts li fe history . Whereas Rh odochV t rium i s an

in tercellu lar parasi te in testing the fib rov ascu lar bundl es o f i t s

host in to which i t sends num erou s hau storia t o gather i t s nu trition

,the new plant which I shal l term Monochy trium l eads an

intracel lu lar exi sten ce within the epidermal,hypodermal or

more rarely the ch lorenchVma cel ls of i ts host thu s resembling ini ts m ode of l i fe su ch species of SVnch V t rium as S t arax1c1

,a

resemblan ce which i s further 1nC1 eased by th e absen ce of haust 0 11a . From these p1an t s , h owev er

,Monoct rium di ffers mark

edly in the binu cleate sexual resting spores and in the sol i taryzoosporangia in al lu sion t o which the generi c name h as beenchosen .

After Monoch y’

t rium was d iscovered a con siderable amoun tof the Ragw eed in fested with Rh odochV'

t rium was exam ined inthe hope of detecting the new parasi te in the 1i

'

V'1ng state and of

ob serving i t s grosser characters and i t s zoospores . This searchwas

,how ever

,fru i tl ess , which i s not su rpri sing in View of the

habits of the fungu s . For whil e the parasit e i s extraordinari lyabundant in certain smal l areas of the sections (Fig . suchareas are seldom found . Ou t of

‘200 sl ides Monoct t rium was

observed i n on ly 10 Furt h ermm e the parasite deform s it s hostoa

rv ery slight so that in fested areas wou ld not be easy t o find

un l ess they w ere abundan t . The Rh odochy t rium material fromwhich the slides w e1 e m ade was suppli ed m e by the kindness ofmV good fri end ,

Professor F L . Stevens,and h i s col l eagu e

,Mr .

J . G0

Hal l of the N0 1 t h Carol ina Agricu ltu ral Experim en t St ation . I t was coll ected at Ral eigh on Ju ly 3 ,

1 1,and 18

,1908

,

and was a portion of the m aterial sen t b y Dr . Steven s t o ProfessorAtkinson from which he published h is two notes on Rh od

’

ochyt rium . I t w as kil led in Ch romacet ic acid

,imbedded in paraffine

* Con t r1b u t ions from th e Botan ica l Laboratory o f t h e Oh io StateUniversity No . 5 1 .


46 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X , No. 8 ,

In almost every cel l in which there are several of theseamoebu lae they may be seen t o becom e associated in pai rs

,

(Fig . com ing into closer and closer con tact until the plasma

m embran e b etw een them breaks down and the cytoplasmof the two fuses (Figs . 5

,A l l stages in thi s con j ugation

ex cept the disappearance of the plasma m embran e are veryeasy t o ob serve

,m any doz en of them being found in m y

sl ides The nu clei,how ever

, do not fuse though they may in

the early stages li e close together . Imm ediately after con jugation which seem s t o take p lace soon after the am oebu lae h aV e

entered their host,grow th begins and seem s t o proceed rat h e i

rapid ly judging from the fact that con jugating form s are muchm ore abundant than such stages as are shown in Figs . 8 and 9

,which

imm ediately fol low . Withou t any further change in stru ctu rethe zy gote continu es t o grow un til i t h as completed i t s active li fewhen i t en cy sts and becom es a binucl eate resting spore .

Though there are frequ en tly two or even more than two

zygotes in a singl e cel l all of the am oebu lae do not su cceed inconjugating . Such as fai l b ecom e large coenocytes which u l tim ately segm en t 1n t o zoosporangia . The very early stages in thed ivision of the nu cl ei of these zoosporangia are so m inu te and

di fficu lt t o fol low that one can hard ly b e certain of the correctnessof his conclu sions . Bu t apparently the nu cleus fragm ents b yconstri ction into abou t fou r daughter nu cl ei whil e the parasi te i syet very smal l (Fig . 13 ,

a). These do not further subdivide un ti la con siderable en largem en t both in nuclei and cytoplasm of theparasi te h as taken place . (Fig . 13

,b). Su ch quadrinu cleate

parasit es a i ' c fairly abundan t and from thi s stage on the courseof d evelop ? l en t is easy t o fol low . The parasi te in creases from10—1 5

,11

,u suallV t o abou t and the nuclei m u l tiply until they

becom e e1~ceed1ngly num erou s and very m inu t e (Figs . 14—17)No spind l es w ere observed at any tim e in this process of mu l tiplication

,whil e som e clear cases of am i tosis w ere seen (Fig .

The nuclei are so m inu te how ever,that i t cannot b e stated pos

i t iv ely that am i tosi s i s the sol e m ethod of nuclear division . A t

the end o f thi s vegetative period the cy st segm ents into a zoo

sporangium (Fig . with an imm ense number o f spores so

m inu te that their finer stru cture cannot be m ade ou t .

In the in term ed iate stages of the active cy cle both of theresting spores and the zoosporangia there i s a strong tendency forthe vacuol es of the cy toplasm t o coal esce t o form one large central vacuol e (Figs . 14 traversed on ly by very fine strands ofcy toplasm . This cen tral vacuol e may appear very early (Fig . 14)or i t m ay not appear at all (Figs . 9 During these stages al soref ringem en t deeply stain ing granu l es frequ en tly appear on th estrands of cy toplasm (Figs . 1 1

,These resemble closely the

Jan. ,1910 ] Monoehytrium,

a New Genus. 4 7

sim i lar granu l e s found in the cy t oplasm of many species of

Synchytrium .

R esting spores and zoosporangia are likewise en tirely sim i larin their relations t o the host cel l . As already indicated theparasites in thei r first stages li e imbedded in the cytop lasm of th ehost cell . As they grow o lder they cont inu e t o be su rroundedby a more or l ess defini t e layer of host cytoplasm bu t soon establish defin it e relat ions with the host nu cleu s also which becom es soappressed again st the parasi te as t o be marked ly deform ed

(Figs . 8 ,1 1

,There i s no indi cation

,how ever

,that th e

imm ediate in ju ry t o the nu cleu s i s very great . Though death i sthe u l timate resu l t t o the host cel l th e relation s of parasi te andhost appear t o be t o a certain exten t mu tua listic . The hostnucleu s main tains i t s finer stru ctu re and stain ing reactionun changed t o the end and gives no indi cation of su ch abnorm alb ehavior as Von Gu tenberg

,Ku sano and others have reported in

the nu clei of the host cells su rrounding the gal ls of Sy n chytrium .

The presen ce of the parasi te cau ses som e hy pertrophy of the hostcel l which gradual ly en larges t o d im ension s con siderably in

ex cess of i t s original siz e (Cf . Figs . 8 ,13 ,with Figs .

The en largem en t is how ever very seldom su ffi cien tly great t o cau sgal l s su ch as occu r in Synchytrium . F or the m ost part th ehypertrophied cel l s find room not by swelling ou t from the surfaceof the host bu t by pu shing aside the adj acen t cel ls (Figs . 1

,16)

These compressed cells are however,on ly slightly in jured con

sidering the degree t o which they are d istorted (cf . Fig . 2 whichshows a cel l lying adj acen t t o a large zoosporangium and dis

t ort ed bV i t .)There i s surpri singlV l i ttl e of the d isorgan izationof the tissu es which i s u sual ly m et w i th in su ch cases bu t thenu clei and chloroplasts of the affected cel l s retain their charact eri st ic form and stain ing reaction even when the cel l wal ls areso crowded that the ou tlin es of the individual cel ls are no longerdiscern ib l e as in cases l ike Fig . 16 .

The siz e which i s attained before the active life is completedand en cy stm en t takes place vari es from 30 t o d ependingprobably on the amoun t of nu trim en t avai labl e for the parasi te .

When i t first appears (Fig . 11)th e wal l of the resting spore i s a

thin transparen t m embrane secreted around the periphery of theparasi te . When older i t becom es a thi ck yel low wal l (Fig . 12)which i s hom ogeneou s

,one layered and smooth on the ou ter

surface ex cept for i rregu lar rough enings due apparently t o t h e

adheren t deb ris from the con ten ts of the host cell . The sporewal l i s certain ly not composed of cel lu lose ; at no stage in i t s

formation does i t take the stain as do the wal ls of the host or t h ethree layered cel lu lose wal l s of the resting spores of Rh odoch y trium which are found together with i t in the sam e sl ides It s

The Ohio Naturalist . [VO1. X,No. 8 ,

gen eral appearan ce i s iden ti cal w i th that of the 1 esting spores ofSVnch V t rium which Von Gu tenberg h as recen tly determ ined t o

be chitinous . On accoun t of the scarcity of mat eria1,h oweV er

m ich roch emical tests t o determ in e i t s composi tion were no t

undertaken .

GENERAL CONS IDE RAT IONS .

The relation ships of Monochy t rium are in the present state ofour know l edge regard ing the Ct rids som ewhat ob scu re . It s

m ethod of parasi tism and general stru ctu re are sim i lar t o thoseof SVnchVt rium and

,h ad the presen t p lant b een describ ed w i th

ou t i ef erence t o i t s cy tology,t h e on ly di fferen ce betw een the two

genera that wou ld have been noti ced i s the d i ff e1 ence 1n segm entation which in SVnch V rium resu l ts in the form ation o f

zoosporangia each of. which in turn gives rise t o num erou szoospores while 111 Monoch y t rium th e zoospores are form edd irectly ,

each cy st becom ing a single zoosporangium . Thisd i fferen ce i s how ever o f i tself su fficien t t o remove the plan t fromthe Sy nchy triaceae and plac e i t among the O lpidiaceae Fromall the genei a o f thi s fam i ly MonochV t rium maV be separated at

on ce’

by its habitat A l l the other gene1 a are parasi tes o f

aquati c plants or an im als ex cept Ast erocy st is which infests theroots of the seed plan ts .

So far as th e w ri ter is aware in no other plan t h as a con j ugation of gametes been reported t o occu r after the Voung parasi teshave infected their host Bu t wh en th e cy tology of the lower0 1ganism s especiallV of their early stages i s better known i t may

b e0

found that su ch a conjugation i s not so rare as now appearsI t is qu i te possib le that many form s now supposed t o be nonsexual may con jugate after in fecting their host . The

.

life historyo f m ost speci es of Syn chy trium for example wou ld seem t o

demand som e di fference in con stitu tion betw een the summ ersori and t h e resting spores sim i lar t o this b elated con jugation of

Monoch y t rium ; bu t 11 su ch a sexual act exi sts i t i s obvious thatin these cases the nu clei also must fuse . The continu ed inde

pendence of the nu clei of th e zygote may be more unusual bu twhen i t is recal l ed in h ow f ew of the zy gospores of th e lowerplants are the actual condi tion s of the nu clei known ,

i t is eviden tthat su ch a plasma con jugation may be m ore common than now

suspected . This long con tinuan ce of the apy logam ic phase inMonoch y t rium cannot fai l t o recal l the sim i lar phenom ena in th enuclei of th e higher fungi . Nothing cou ld be of greater in terestthan t o determ ine the fate of these two nu clei in the germ inationo f the resting spore . A ttempts at germ ination mu st how everwai t upon m ore abundan t material than is now avai lable .

I t i s hoped that an Opportun i ty may also b e presen ted t o

observe the zoospores in th e l iving condi tion in order t o deter

Jan. ,1910 ] Monochytrium,

a, New Genus .

m ine their behavior and thei r stru cture,parti cu larly the char

act ers of their organ s of locomotion . For i t w i l l b e recal l ed thatwhi le in many groups the number and posi tion of the flagella are

so constan t as t o be made the basis of d i stin ction s of ordinalor of even higher rank

,in the Chytridial es they are very vari

able for one finds 111 gen era undoubted ly closely related greatdiversi ty in thi s regard . The zoospores of Syn chytrium for

example have one flagellum while those of Woron inella havetwo . The behavior of the zoospores of som e of the Chytridsgoes t o show that the flagella of thi s group m ay be of veryindefin it e organ i zation . Atkinson h as shown that when liberat ed in side the sporangium the zoospores sw im activelyforward unti l they strike the wal l of the sporangium whenthe flagella are retracted and the zoospore pu ts ou t pseu

dopodia b y which i t gropes for the open ing of the sporangium . In case i t i s located t oo far from the ostiol e t oreach i t with i ts p seudopodia i t resum es i t s flagellat e form and

swim s abou t again un ti l i t final ly escapes . Su ch behavior indicates very plain ly that the flagella of these zoospores resemblethe long actively lashing p seudopod ia presen t in such of theProtozoa as Mastigamoeba more than the defini t e highly specialized motil e organ s of the Protococcoid form s . In the lattergroup the zoospores have no power of retracting and again pu tting forth their flagella bu t retain the sam e ones throughou ttheir active stage . Comparisons of flagella based on analogies t othe highly speciali zed organ s of other groups mu st obviously b e ofsom ewhat doubtfu l valu e .

Indi cation s are not lacking that th e spores of Monoch y t rium

are even m ore widely di fferen t from the t ical fiagellat e zoosporethan those of other Chytrid s . For i t seem s probable from thehabits of the fungu s that the moti le organ s of Monoch y t rium

spores are very inefficien t as compared with those of the Synchy t ria . In each area where i t h as been found the abundan ce ofthe individual parasi tes was very great . At the sam e tim e theinfested areas are narrow ly circum scrib ed . This i s in strongcon trast t o the habi t of SVnchVt rium which is ala s w idelydistribu ted over the plan t and seldom so excessiV ely abundan t asMonochy t rium . This is especial ly eviden t when one con sidersthe young stages of the parasi te . Su ch a complete series of youngstages as here figu red for Monoch y t rium wou ld be exceed inglydi fficult t o assemble for any species o f Sy nchy trium with whichI am fam i l iar ; in very mu ch more extensive work with Sy nch y trium decipien s in all stages the writer h as n ever seen so much as

one percen t of the young stages that he h as in Monochy t rium .

The reason i s that the parasi t es are so mu ch more w idely:scat t eredthat their detection when v erV sm al l i s d i fficu lt . Nevertheless ,

50 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 3,

Monochy t rium presumably h as as great an opportun ity for thedispersal of i ts spores in dewdrops and spattering rain as h as

Synchytrium . The w riter i s therefore led t o expect that whenthe zoospores of Monoch y t rium are ob served they wil l b e foundt o be amoeboid rather than fiagellat e .

F or a summ ary of the most importan t poin ts in the lifehistory of Monochy t rium a conden sed techn i cal description maybe offered . The type and on ly known speci es I propose t o nam ein honor of Professor F . L . Stevens wh o h as made notable cont ribu t ions t o the cytology of the lower fungi .

Monoehy trium gen . nov .

Mycelium nu l lum,plasmodium rotundat um ; sporae perdu ran tes

30 50p , glob osae ,ort ae a c0 pulat ion1s zoosporarum intra cellulas

mat ricis,b1nucleat ae

,exospori o crasso , paene lev i non echin

ulat a ; zoosporang1a circa formata a zoosporis sin e copu latione

,unum a quoqu e plasmodio

,s1ne membrana

,s ine co llo ;

zoosporae numerosi ssimae,

moto ignot o .

In tra cellu las epidermicas au t hVpoderm icas aut raro ch lorenchymatas plan t arum V iv en t ium .

Monoehy trium s tev ensi anum

Ch aract eribus generi s . Int ra cellu las foliarum pet iolorumque

Amb rosiae art emi sii foliae in Ral eigh, Carol ina boreali ; Steven s

Hal l Ju l io 1908 .

The sl ides contain ing the type specim ens are deposi ted in theherbarium of the Ohio State Un iversi ty . With them are indexcards giving the location of the cy sts drawn

,111 vern i er readings

of the Spen cer Lens Company’ s m echani cal stage No . 490 with

the vern i ers set t o read 30 and 90 respectively when the aperturein the cen tering slide accompanying the in strum en t occupies theopti cal axi s of the m i croscope . The originals of all the figures

may therefore b e qu i ckly found w i th any m i croscope equ ippedw i th a No . 490 m echan i cal stage , or with any m echan i cal stagewith a vern i er reading t o ten ths of m i l lim eters for after one i s foundand the di fferences in reading betw een stage No . 490 and the oneemployed are determ ined

,all may be located by simple addi tions

t o the readings given .

Jam,Monochytrium,

a New Genus . 5 1

L ITERATUREAT K INS ON

,GEO . F . A parasitic a lga Rh odoch v t rmm sp i lant h id is in

North Am erica . Bo t . Gaz .

—30 1 ,1908 .

Note on t h e occurrence o f R h odoch y t rium sp ilan th id is

Lagerheim in North Am erica Sc ience 11 s 28 6 9 1,1908 .

Som e fungu s paras ites o f a lgae . Bo t . Gaz . 48 : 32 1-32 8 ,

BER LESE DETON I,Chytrid iaceae in Saccardo Sy l loge Fungorum

7 : 2 86—3 18,1888 .

BUT LER,E . J . An account of t h e genu s P y t hmm and the Chy trid

1aceae . Mem . Dept . Agr . Ind ia . Bo t . Ser . 1 1—16 0,1907 .

DANGEARD,P . A . Recherches sur les organ ism es inf erieurs . Ann

Sciences Nat . ser . 7 . Bo t . 6 : 2 40—84 1,1886 . (Sph aeri t a n . gen .)

GR IGGS,R . F . On t h e cyto logy of Synchytrium 111 . Th e Ro le of t h e

Centrosom es in t h e form ation o f t h e nuc lear m embrane . Oh io Na t . 8

2 77—286 . Pls . 19 and 2 0,1908 .

Som e aspects o f am 1 tosis in Synchytrium . Bo t Gaz . 471909 .

A No te on Am ito sis b y cons t ric t 1on in Synchy trium . Oh ioNat . 9 : 5 13—5 15 . 1909 .

Mitos is in Synch y t rmm W i th som e ob servations on t h e

ind iv idua lity o f t h e ch romom es . Bo t . Gaz . 48 : 33 9—858,1909 .

, GUTEN BERG,H . R . v on , Cy tolog1sch e Studien an Synchytrium

Gal len . Jah rb . W is . Bo t . 46 : 453—477,1909 .

KUSAN O,8 . On t h e nuc leu s of Sy nchy trium pu erariae .

Mag . Tokyo 2 1 1 18,1907 .

On t h e cy to logy of Synch y t rmm . Cen t rab l . Rak t . 192 538

1907 .

On a d isease cau sed b y Synchy tr ium puerariae . Bo t . Mag .

Tokyo 22 1,1908 .

A contri bu tion to t h e cyto logy of Synchytrium and i t s

hosts . Bu l l . Col . Agri . Imp . Un iv . Tokyo . 7 . 80— 147,1909 .

LOEW EN THA_L

,W . We itere Untersuchungen an Ch y t rid iaoeen . Arch .

Prat i t is t enk . 5 : 2 2 1—2 3 9 ,190 9 (Zygorh imd ium gen no v .)

MAGNU S,P . Ueber d ie Gattung zu der R l i imd ium d i cksonu Wrigh t

geh or t . Hedw ig ia 44 : 349— 149 . 1905 . (Eurv ch asma gen . no v .)PETERSON

,H . E . Contributions a la conna issance des Ph y com ycetes

m arines . Overs . k . Danske . V idensk . Selsk . Forh . 1905 —488 . (S iro lp idium Pon t isma gen . nov .)

R AC IBO RSK I,M . Pflanzenpath o log isch es au s java 11 . Ze i t sch r . f .

Pfianzenkrankh e i t en 8 : 195—2 00 . 1898 . (VVoron ine lla gen . nov .)SAC CARDO

,P . A . e t al . Sy l loge Fungorum ( supplem en ta univ ersala .)

9 : 357—36 3,189 1 ; 1 1

—2 5 1,1895 ; 1 4 z43 7—450 ,

189 9 ; 16’

: 3 89—3 93,

1902 ; 1 7°

5 1 1—5 18,1905 .

S CHROETER, J . Chytrid iaceae in Eng ler P ran t l . Pfianzen f am ilien 1

64—92,1892 .

S TEVENS,F . L . Som e Rem arkab le Nuc lear Stru ctures in Synch V

t riam . Ann . Myc . 5 480—484,1907 .

S TEVEN S,F . L . and A . C . M ITO S I S in t h e prim ary nuc leus o f S v nch y

t rium decip iens . Bo t . Gaz . 85 : 405—4 15 ,1903 .

OH IO NATURAL IST .

GR IGGS 0 11 Monoch yt rium .


54 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X,No. 3

EX PLANAT ION OF PLATE S I II AND IV .

A l l figures are cam era drawings from section s . A l l exceptFigs . 1 ,

3—7 ,were m ade with a Spencer mm immersi on

obj ective and compen sating ocu lar 4 giving a magnificat ion of

approximately 670 diameters . Fig . 1 was drawn with an 8 mm .

obj ective and 4 ocu lar giving an approxim ate magn i fi cation of

125 d iam eters ; Fig . 3 with the mm . obj ective and 3 ocu lar,

m agn ificat ion 533 ; F igs .

—1—7 with obj ective and ocu lar 12,

m agnificat ion 2 130 . The plates were redu ced t o 2 -3 of theiroriginal si z e exactly elim inating the en largement due t o thecam era and rendering them the sam e si z e as s een in them i croscope .

P LATE 1 11 .

Pg . 1 . A tangentia l section through t h e hypoderm is o f t h e w ing o f t h epeti o le o f t h e Ragw eed

,sh owmg t h e genera l relations o f t h e

para 5 1tes t o t h e t i ssue of t h e host . R . Sp . Res tmg Spores ,

Z . Sp . Zoosporang ia .

A ce l l w ith num erou s am oeb id zoospores 1mb edded in t h e hostcytop lasm ; one pan

“

o f zoospores conj ugating ; ce l l distortedb y an ad j acent zoosporang ium m easurm g 45 x 60 11 , notes l ight degree o f 1nj111

'

y .

F ig . 3 . A tangentia l sec t ion o f a host ce l l w al l sh owmg perforationswhere t h e parasites entered .

One o f t h e zoospores from F ig . 2 .

Zoo spores j u st beginn ing t o conj ugate .

Conj ugating zoosporesConj ugation comp lete .

A ce l l w ith two y oung z y gotes,each b inuc leate

,and several

unconj ugated zoospores ; note ce l lu lose p lugs m ark ing t h epo ints w here t h e paras1tes entered .

A young z y gote .

Zygote nearly fu l l grow n .

A young resting spore ; note sl ight inj ury t o th e nuc leus and

cy top lasm o fO

the ho st ce l lTwo r lpe resting spores W i th in sam e host ce l l ; each b inuc leatethough t h e nuc le i of t h e low er spo 1 e do no t l ie w ith in t h e

p lane o f section .

A ce l l w ith two young parasites ; (1 probab ly t h e firs t div ision(am itotic)o f t h e zoospore ; b ,

a p lasm odmm w 1th four nucle i ;on t h e w a l l are show n t h e p lugs m ark ing t h e po ints o f

entrance .

A young p lasmod i um W ith e igh t nuc le i most o f W h ich are in

process o f a11 11t 0 5 1s ; centra l vacuo le deve loped unu sual ly early .

A p lasm odium W i th abou t 60 nuc le i ; centra l vacuo le beg i nn ingt o appear ; note re lation s o f paras ite and host nuc leus .

A larger p lasmod ium w ith w e l l deve loped central vacuo le ly ingin t h e ch lorenchyma o f 1t s ho st ; note s l ight i njury bey ondm echan ica l d is t or t 1on

A fu l l s ized p lasmodmm w ith very m any nuc le i .

A r1pe zoosporangmm ; open ing a t top m ay b e natura l or duet o kn ife .

Jan.,

Medicinal P lants of Ohio. 55

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF OHIO .

F R EDA DETMER S .

This list includes the uncu l tivated and a few of the common

cu l tivated m edi cinal p lants of Ohio . I t i s compiled from th eUni ted States Pharmacopoeia

,K1ng

’

s Am eri can Dispensatoryfor the Eclecti c School of Medi cin e and the Am erican Hom eopathi c Dispensatory . The ind ividual ci tation fol lows the nam eof each plan t . When the techn i cal nam e given 111 the D ispensatory or Pharmacopoeia di ffers from that in B ri tton

’

s Manual i t i sgiven as a synonym . The techn i cal and popu lar nam e and th epart u sed as a drug are given for each p lan t .

FUNGL

Ascomycetae .

Hypocv'

eaceae .

Claviceps purpurea (FL)Tul . Ergot . (U . S . P .)(EC)S clerot izmz.

Teleosporeae .

Us t i laginaceae .

Usti lago maydis Lev . Corn Smu t . (Eo) F ungus .

Basidiomycetae .

P olypom ceae .

Fomes fomentarius Fr . (P olypom s fomemarius F r .) B racketfungus . (Eo)F ungus .

Fomes igniarius Fr . (P olypom s {gmarius F r .)(Eo)Fungu s .

Fomes pinicola (SW .)Fr . (P olypom s pin icola (Sov .)F r .)(Eo)(Hom .)F ungus .

Agari caceae .

Amanita muscaria L . F ly Agari c . (Eo)F ungus .

Amani ta ph al loides Fr . Dead ly Am ani ta,Death cup . (Eo)

Lycoperdaceae .

Calvatia gigant ia Bat sch . (Lycoperdon bov is ta). Gian t Pu ffbal l .

(Eo)Spores .

Lich enes .

St icta pu lmonaria L . Lungwort Li chen . (Eo)(Hom .)P lant .

B RYOPHYTA .

Musci .

P oly t'm

'

chaceae .

Polytrichum juniperum Wil ld. Hai r-cap Moss . (Ee)(Hom .)P lan t .

56 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X,No. 3

Pteridophyta Homosporeae .

Fi lices .

P olypodiaceae .

Polypodium vu lgare L . Polypody . (Eo)Hom .)Rh izome and

leav es .

Adian tum pedatum L . Maiden—hair F ern . (Eo)(Hom .)P lan t .

Pteridium aqu i linum Kuh n . (P tem’

s aqu ilina L .)B rake . (Eo)P lan t .

Asplenium trich omanes L . Spleenwort . (Eo)P lan t .

Asplenium ruta-muraria L . White maiden—hair . (E0 )P lan t .

Asplenium filix-f oemina (L .)Bernh . Lady -Fern . (Eo)Rhizome .

Dryopteris marginalis (L .)A. Gr . Marginal Shield—fern . (Eo)Rhizome .

Dryopteri s filix-mas (L.)Sch ot t . Mal e F ern . (U . S . P .)(Eo)Rhi zome .

Osmundaceae .

Osmunda regali s L . Royal F lowering-fern . (Eo)Rhi zome .

Osmunda cinnamomea L . Cinnamon—fern . (Eo)Rhi zome .

Equi setaceae .

Equisetum arv ense L . Field Horse-tai l . (Eo)(Hom .)P lan t .

Equisetum laev igatum A. Br. Smooth Scouring Rush . (EC)P lant .

Equisetum h yemale L . Scouring Ru sh . (Eo)(Hom .)P lan t .

Equi setum robustum A. Br. (Ee)P lan t .

Lycopodi aced e .

Lycopodium clavatum L . and other speci es o f Club Moss . (U S .

P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Spores .

GYMNO S PERMAE .

Coniferae .

P inaceae .

Pinus sylv estris L . Scotch Pine . (U . S P .)(Hom .)Leav es and

young twi gs . D isti llat ion

Larix laricina (Du Roi)Koch . (L . americana MX .)Am ericanLarch . (EC)(Hom .)Ew k .

Picea excelsa (L .)Karst . (Ab1es excelsa Karst)No1way Sprucecu lt . (Hom . Leav es and young twigs .

Tsuga canadensis (L .)Carr. (Abies canadensi s Mx .)Hem lock .

(Eo)(Hom .)Sap .

Thu ja occidentali s L . Arbor Vi tae . (Eo)(Hom .)Twigs and

leav es .

Juniperu s communis L . Common Junip er . (Eo)(Hom .)F ru i t .

Juniperu s virginianaL . Red Cedar . (Hom .)(Eo)Leav es and

megs .

Jan. ,Medicinal P lants of Ohio. 57

ANG IO S PE RMAE .

Monocotylae .

Typhaceae .

Typha lat ifolia L . Cat tail . (Eo)R0 0 1.

Gram ineae .

Zea mays L . Indian corn cu l t . (U . S . EC)S ilk . S tarchG ram s .

Tri tigum sativum Lam . Wheat cu l t . (Eo)F10m .

Sorghum vu lgare . Broom corn cu l t . (Eo)S eed .

Avena sat iva L . Oat cu l t . (Ee)S eed .

Agropyron repens L . (Tri t icum repens L .)Cou ch or Qu i ck Grass .

(U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rh izome gathered-in the spring .

Hordeum dist i chon L . Barley cu l t . (U . S . P .)(Eo)M alt .

Cyperaceae .

Carex arenaria L . German Sarsapari l la,Sand Sedge . (Eo)P lan t .

A raceae .

Arisaema triphyl lum Torr . Indian Tu rn ip, JaCk—in—the—pu l pi t .

(Eo)(f orm .

Spathyema foet ida (L .)Raf . (Symplocarpus foetidus Sal isb .)Skunk Cabbage . (Eo)(Hom .)Rh izome, 1 0 0 s and seed .

Acorus calamu s L . Sw eet F lag . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rh izome

Li l iaceae .

Chamaelirium lu teum Gr . (Helom'

as lu tea A i t .)B lazing Star . (Eo)Rh izome .

Veratrum viride Soland . Am eri can Hel l ebore . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rhizome and Toots .

Uvu laria perfoliata L . B el lwort (Ee)Root .

Al l ium cepa L . On ion cu l t . (Eo)Bu lb .

Li lium tigrinum Ker . Tiger Li ly (Hom .)P lant in flower .

Erythronium ameri canum Sm . Yel low Adder ’

s Tongu e . (Eo)Leav es and root .

Asparagu s officinalis L . Asparagu s . (Eo)Young shoots and roots .

Vagnera racemosa Morong . (Smi lacm a racemosa Desf). Fal seSolomon

’ s Seal . (Eo)Rh izome and rootlets .

Salomonia biflora (Walt)Bri t t . (P olygonatum bz’

florum (Wal t )Ell .)So lomon

’

s Seal . (Eo)Rh i zome .

Salomonia commutata (R . G.)Brit t . (P olygonatum g igan teum

D ietr .)Great Solomon’

s Seal . (Eo)Rh izome .

Conv allarismajalis L . Li ly of the Val l ey . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rh izome and roots .

Trillium erectum L. Tr111111m ,Wake Robin . (Eo)(Hom .)Root .

Trillium sessile L . and other species . (Eo)Root .

Aletris farinosa L . Coli c Root . (Eo)Rh i zome coll . in Aug .

Dioscoreaceae .

Dioscorea v illosa L . Wild Yam . Coli c Root . (Eo)(Hom .)Root .

58 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X ,No. 3 ,

Amaryllidaceae .

Narcissu s pseudo -narcissu s L . Daffodi l cu l t . (Hom .)Bu lb and

flowers .

Agave Vi rglmca L . Fal se A loe . (Eo)Root .

[ ridaceae

I ris versi color L . I ri s,B lue Flag . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rhizome .

Orch idaceae .

Cypripedium parv iflorum Salisb . Smal l y ellow Ladi es’

Slipper .

(U . S . P .)(Eo)Rh izome and mots .

Cypripedium candidum Muh l . White -flowered Ladi es’

Sl ipper .

(Eo)Rhi zome and roots .

Cypripedium reginae Walt . (C . Spectabi le Swz .)Showy Ladies’

Slipper . (Eo)Rh i zome and mots .

Cypripedium hirsutum Mi l l . Large Yel low Ladies’

Slipper (U . S .

P .)(Eo)Rh izome and roots .

Cypripedium acau le Ait . Stem l ess Ladi es’

S lipper . (Eo)Rh izome

and 7 0 0 15 .

Peram ium pubescens (Wi l ld.)Mac M . (Goodyeara pubescens R .

Br .)Downy Ratt le—snake P lantain . (Eo)Rh izome .

Corallorhiza odontorh iza (Willd .)Nut t . Smal l flowered Coral -root .

(Eo)(Hom .)Rh izome .

Dicotylae .

S alicaceae .

Salix nigra L . B lack Willow (Eo)Bark and amen ts .

Salix a lba L . White Willow . (Eo) Bark and amen ts .

Populus sp. (Eo)(Hom .)Bark and leaf-buds .

111ym'

caceae .

Comptonia peregrina Cou lt. ( .M ym’

ca aspleni folia L .)SweetFern . (Eo)Leav es and tops .

j uglana’

aceae .

Juglans cinera L . Bu tternu t . (Eo)(Hom .)Bark of root .

Juglans n igra L . B lack Walnu t . (Eo)Bark of mot .

Betu laceae .

Corylu s americana Walt . Hazelnu t . (Eo)Hairs from inv olucre .

Ostrya virginiana (M i l l .)Koch . Hop Horn beam . (Eo)(Hom .)Inner bark and wood .

Carpinu s carol iniana Walt . B lu e B eech . (Eo)Bark and wood .

Betu la lenta L . Cherry B irch ,B lack B i rch . (Eo)Bark and leav es .

Alnu s rugosa (Du Roy)Spreng . (Ee)Bark.

Fagaceae .

nereu s alba L . White Oak . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Bark.

uercus rubra L . Red Oak . (Eo)Bark.

uercus velutina Lam . (Q . tinctoria Bart .)B lack Oak . (Eo)(Hom .)Bark.

Jan ,Medicinal P lants of Ohio. 59

Urticaceae .

Ulmus fu lva Mx. Red Elm . Sli ppery Elm . (U . S . P .)(EC)Inner bark .

Ulmu s americana L . White or Am erican Elm . (E0 )Inner bark .

Ulmus alata Mx. Winged Elm . (Eo)Inner bark.

Cannabis sat iva L . (C . indi ca .)Common Hemp . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom). Flowering tops .

Humulus lupu lu s L . Hop . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)R ipe s trobe’

les .

Morus rubra L . Red Mu lb erry . (Eo)(Hom .)Fm i t .

Urt ica dioica L . Stinging Nettl e . (Eo)(Hom .)Leav es and me t .

Urtica urens L . Sm al l stinging Nettl e . (Hom .)P lan t .

Ari s toloch z’

aceae .

Asarum canadense L . Wild Ginger . (Eo)Rh i zome and 1 0 0 15 .

Aristoloch ia serpentaria L . Virgin ia Snakeroot . (U . S . P .)(Eo)Rh izome and roots .

P olygonaceae .

Rumex bri t tanica L . Great Water Dock . (Eo)Root .

Rumex cri spu s L . Yellow Dock . (Eo)(Hom .)~

Root .

Rumex obtu sifolius L . B lunt - l eaved Dock (Eo)Root .

Rumex acetosel la L . Sheep Sorrel . (Eo)Leav es .

Polygonum h ydropiper L . Smart weed . (Eo)(Hom .)Fresh herb .

Polygonum persicaria L . and other species of Polygonum . (Eo)P lant .

Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L .)Karst . (F escu lenmm Moench .)Bu ckwheat . (Eo)F[0 111 from seeds .

Chenopodiaceae .

Chenopodium ambrosioides L . Mexican Tea . (Eo)FW i t .

Chenopodium anth lem int icum Gr . Worm seed . (Eo)Fw i t .

Chenopodium a lbum L . Pigweed . (Eo)FW i t .

P hytolaccaceae .

Phytolacca decandra L . Poke Root . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Root

,leav es and berries .

Caryophyllaceae .

Alsine media L . (S tellon'

a medi a Sm .)Chickweed . (Eo)(Hom .)P lan t .

Saponaria ofli cinalis L . Soapwort,Boun cing Bet . (Eo)(Hom)

Root and leav es .

Nymphaeaceae .

Castalia odorata (Ait .)Woody . and Wood . (Nymphaea odorata(B ryand)Ait .)White Water—L i ly . (Eo)(Hom .)Rh i zome .

Nymph aea adv ena Ait . Yellow Water-Li ly . (Hom .)Rh i zome .

Ranuncu laceae .

Ranuncu lu s bulbosus L .,R . acri s L .

,R . repen s L . and R . scleratus

L . (Eo)(Hom .)Fresh bu lbous base and flower ing tops .

The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X ,No. 3 ,

Syndesmon thalictroides Hoffm . (Amemonella thalictroz’

des (L .)Spach .)Rue An emone (Eo)Herb .

Hepat ica hepat i ca (L .)Karst . (H 11 110 170 W illcl .)Round—lobedLiver—l eaf . (Eo)(Hom .) Leaves .

Hepat ica acuta (Pursh .)Brit t . (H DC .)Sharp - lobedL iver—l eaf . (Eo)Leav es .

Anemone virginiana L . Tal l Wind—fiower . (EC)P lan t .

Anemone qu inquefolia L . (A 11e111 0 1 0 5 0 L 17Vood Anemone (Eo)P lan t .

Clemat is virginiana L . Vi rgin’

s Bow er (Eo)(Hom .) S tem s ,

leav es 0 1103 b10 5 $ 0 1115 .

Aqu i legia vu lgaris L . Columbine cu l t . (EC Herb .

Delphinium consol ida L . Field Larkspu r . (Eo)R 0 0 1,leav es

,

770 110 15 0 110’seeds .

Delphinium ajacis L . Larkspur cu l t . (Eo)R0 0 t,leav es

, flowersand seeds .

Cim icifuga racemosa (L .)Nut t . B lack Snake-root . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)R111

°

3 0 111e 0 1111 r0 0 t5 111 the 0 11111111 11 .

Actaea rubra (Ai t .)W i l ld . Red Baneberry . (Eo)Rh izome .

Actaea alba Bigl . White Baneberry . (Eo)Rh izome .

Hydrast is canadensis L . Golden Seal . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rh iwme and 1 0 0 1

‘s .

Coptis tr ifol ia Sal isb . (Helleborus 11 170 11115 L .) Go ld thread .

(Eo)Rh izOme .

Magnol ia acum inata L . Cu cumber tree . (EC 3 0 1k Oi trunk and

1 0 0 t w i th ( 0 1k

L iriodendron tu l ipifera L . Tu lip—tree (Eo)(Hom .)Bark 0 7‘

M1111 ]: and 1 oot 10 1th 5 0 1k 1 e111 0 11ed

-1 110 11aceae .

Asim ina t ri loba Dunal . Papaw . (Eo)S eed .

h f en ispermaceae .

Menispermum canadense L . Moon seed,Yellow Pari l la . (Eo)

(Hom .)1311 112 0 11113 0 111! 1 0 0 15 .

Be1be1 1'

0’aceae .

Podophyllum peltatum L . May Apple . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)Rhizome and 1 0 0 15 .

Jeff ersonia diph ylla Bart . Tw in - l eaf . (Eo)Rh 1’

e0me .

Cau loph yllum th alictroides (L .)Mx. B lu e Cohosh . (Eo)Rhi zome

and 1 0 0 1‘s .

Berberi s vu lgari s L . Comm on Barberry . (U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)3 131 11125

, [70 118 Oi 111 12 0 111 0 and 1o0 t5 .

L 0 11raceae .

Sassafras sassafras Karst . (S . ofii cinale Nees Eb rm .)Sassafras .

(U . S . P .)(Eo)(Hom .)P 1111 and ba1k 0 7°1 0 0 t .

Benzoin benzoin (L .)Cou lt . (Linden; 061 113 0 111 B lume). Spi cebu sh . (Ea)Bark and Berries .


6 2 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOLX , No. 3

Hordeum j ubatum L .

I pom oea pandu rata (L .)Mey erju ncu s e f

’fu su s L .

Kon iga m aritima (L)R . B r .

Lactu ca scario la L .

Leontodon au tumna l i s L .

Lespedeza cap 1tata MLinari a linar1a (L .)KarstLo l ium p erenne LLy sim ach ia t errest r1s (L)B . S . P .

Me1h om ia canescen s (L)Kt z .

Monarda m o l l i s LOph iog lossum vu lgatu m L

Pan icu lar1a am eri cana (Torr .)MacM .

Pan icluan a elongata (Torr .)K t z .

Pam cum cap i llare L .

Pan icum h u ach u cae silv mola H .

Pan icum p seu dopub escen s NashPan icum v i llos1ssin1um NashPoa annu a L

Poa com pressa L

Poa deb i l i s Torr .

Poa pra t e11 s1s L

Species cata logu ed as occu rring on Cedar Po1n t in ProfessorE . L . Moseley

’

s unpubli shed records of the F lora of Sandu sky

Acn ida tam ariscina t ub ercu1at a Cv nog lossum officinale L .

(Vq . L l . Bray . C3per us d iandru s TorrAgrim on ia parv iflora Soland . Cy peru s speciosu s Vah lA l l ium canaden se L . Cy pr1ped1um h irsu tum M i l l .Anem one

_

cy l1ndr1ca GIV Ep i lob ium coloratum Mu h l .A ster pan i cu latu s Lam . Eu phorb ia m acu lata L .

Atr ip le x hastata L Fa lcata com osa (L .)K t z .

B en zoin ben zoin (L .)Cou lt . Geran ium macu latum L .

B iden s ari st osa (Mx)Br1t t . H el ianthu s d ivaricatu s L .

B id en s connata Mu h l . Hel ianthu s tu berosu s L .

B iden s d iscoidea (T . 8: G .)Britt . H em eroca l l i s fu lva L .

B iden s frondosa L . H i erac ium scabr um Mx .

B iden s laevi s (L .)B . S . P . Ju glan s c in erea L

Capnoides fla3 u lum (Raf )Kt z . jun cu s canaden sis J . Gay .

Carex p seudo C3 peru s L Ju ncu s nodosu s L .

Carex riparl a Cu rti s Lactuca sp icata (Lam )H itchCare x spargan io ides Mu h l Lir1odendron t u l ip ifera L .

Care x torta Boo t t Meibom ia bracteosa (Mx .)Kt z .

Care x y aria Mu h l . Me ibom ia d i l len i i (B arl .)K t z .

Cerastium arven se L \’

1eib om ia pan icu lata (LC

‘

erast ium long ipeduncu la t um M3 osot is 3 i rg in ica (L . B S P .

Mu h l . \ aias g rac i lhm a (A Br .)Mom ng .

Chaetoch loa g lau ca (L .)Scrib . O xal i s corn icu lata L .

Chenopodium a lbum Viride (L .) Pan icum d ichotomum L .

Moq. Phy sal is v irgin iana M ill .

Chenopodium botry s L Polygonum persicaria L .

C ircaea a lp ina L . Po lygonum scandens L .

Com u s circ inata L’

Her Potamogeton perfolia t u s

Cu scu ta poly bG onorum Engelm r ich ardosn ii A . Benn .

Po ly o onum hydrop iper LPortu laca o leracea LPotam oge ton robb in sn OakesPoten t i l la argen tea L .

Raphanu s raphan istrum L

R icm u s comm un i s L .

Ru bu s strigosus Mx .

Sag it t ama ri g ida Pursh .

Sa l i x d i sco lor Mu h lSc i rpu s at ro v 1ren s Mu h lSm 11ax ec irrh at a (Engelm .)“fi t s .

Sm i la x h i sp ida Mu h l .So lari um carohn en se L

S y mph orica 1p os racem osu s Mx

Sy n t h erisma sangu ina l is (L)D uLac .

Tara xacum tara xacum (L .)Karst .

Tr1foh um repen s L .

Tr it 1cum vu lgare L .

Veron ica arv enms L .

V1o la cu cu l lata Ai t“7a sh i ngt on 1a longi sty l i s (Torr .)Britt .

Zan ich ell ia palu stris L .

Jan.,

Meetings q”the Biological Club.

6 3

Potenti l la canadens i s L Sol idago n em orah s Ai t .

Qu ercu s pa lu stris D 11 Ro i Sorgh ast rum avenaceum (NIX )Rum ex b rit t an ica L NashSa l i x n 1gra Marsh . Tradescantia v irg in iana LSalomon ia b ifiora (Wa l t )B r1t t . Tri ll ium grandiflorum (Mx)Sa l isbS isy r1nch 1um angu sti fo l ium Mi l ler . Triplas1s pu rpurea Cham pS isyrinchmm gram ino id es B ick . Vio la pub escen s A i t .

S ium c icu taefo l ium Gm el

Errata i n Lists Previou sly publ i shed :In stead o f Arenaria stricta Mx . , read Arenaria m ichauxi i (F ren z l Hook f .

Int sead o f Geum virg in icum L . , read Geum canadense jacqIn stead o f Hord eum pu s il lum Nu tt read Hordeum jubatum L

In s tead o f Lathy ru s venosu s Mu h l . , read Lathyru s myrt i folius Mu h lIn stead o f Pan i cum a t lanticum Nash read Panicum v i llosi simum Nash .

Th e p lant m t h e Cedar Poi nt h erbarmm label led Ru bu s stri gosu s Mx . is

Rubus occidental is LIn stead of Stipa spartina Trin , read S t ipa spartea TrinIn stead o f Xan th i um canaden se Mil l read Xanth ium commune Bri tt


ORTON HALL,O ctober 4

,1909 .

The meeting was cal l ed t o order b y the President,Miss

Detmers,and the m inu tes of the previou s m eeting were read

and approved .

The Chai r appoin ted as a comm i ttee t o serve on nom ination s,

Prof . J . H . Schaffner , Prof . C . S . Prosser,and Miss Kate B lai r .

Prof . Landacre moved that the Execu tive Comm i ttee b einstru cted t o ask Prof . G . W . Kn ight t o talk

,at the December

meeting,upon the Darwin Cen tenary at Cambridge

,England .

Motion carri ed .

The program consisted of reports of summ er work by them embers .

Prof . J . H . Schaffner worked at the Lake Laboratory in theearly part of the summ er

,and in conjunction w i th Prof . M . E .

Sti ckney,and Mi ss Clara A . Davies added abou t eighty plan ts t o

the Cedar Poin t list . Afte r retu rn ing,he did som e work on

l eaf markings .

Prof . F . L . Landacre spoke of the work of the Lake Laboratory .

Prof . Hambleton spent part of the summ er at the Lake Laboratory ,

and col l ected Hym enoptera . He also worked ou t thel ife hi story of Corizu s lateral is .

Prof . W . C . Morse fin ish ed his work on the Waverly for

mations of Eastern Ken tu cky,and a l so worked

l im estone .

64 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X,No. 3

,

Prof . Griggs told of an interesting walking trip in the Hockinghi l l s .

Mi ss Kate B lai r spoke of a vi sit t o the experim en t st ationn ear San Diego , Cal i forn ia ,

and Miss W ilson t old of the tam enessof the an1mals that she h ad observed in Yellowstone Park .

Prof . J . S . Hine made col lecting trips in Summ i t County,and

worked on the Tabanidae . He also did som e work on themammals of th e state

Prof . C . S . Prosser gave a very interesting account of them eeting of th e British Association for the Advan cem en t of

Sci en ce , held at W’

inni peg,Au gu st 25 t o September 5 . He

spoke also of th e geology of the region surround ing Winni peg .

ORTON HA LL,November 1

,1909 .

The Club was cal l ed t o order b y the Presiden t . In theab senc e of the Secretary ,

the reading of the m inu tes was di s

pensed w i th,and Mr . Lion el King was appoin ted Secretary

pro t em . The fol lowing officers were nom inated,and unan

imou sly el ected :Presiden t— Mr . XVilliam C . Morse .

Vi c e Presiden t — Mi ss Em i ly Hol lister .

’

Secretary and Treasu rer— Mal colm G . D i ckey .

The announcem en t was made that Prof . G . Kn ightwou ld speak

,at the Decemb er m eeting ,

on the Darw in Cen tenary .

The address of the even ing was given b y Miss F reda Detm ers,

the retiring Presiden t,on

“

The Taxonomy and Ecology of theP lan ts of Cranberry I sland .

”

MALCOLM G . D ICKE Y . Sem'

etm'

y .

Dat e of Pu bl ica t ion , January 17 , 19 10 .

PUBL IS HED BY


Volume X . FEBRUARY. 19 10 . No . 4 .

TA B LE O F C O NT ENT SH INE—Oh io Species o f M ice

DETMERs—Med ic inal Plant s of Oh io

VICKERS—Li st of F e1 us o f Mab om ng Co 33 1111 Special Re ference to M i l l Creek P11k

OHIO SPECIES OF M ICE .

J AM ES S . H INE .

Two d i fferen t papers enum erating the Ohio species of mam

mal s known as m i ce have been publi shed . Jared P . Kirtland,

in the Ohio Geologi cal Sur3 ey Rep0 1 t for 1838,nam ed fou r

speci es as fol lows : hou se mou se,common white footed mou se

,

jump ing mou se and the m eadow mou se . A l l of these are

common in the stat e toda3,al though th e jumping mou se is

reported as rare in som e loca li ti es , bu t in other locali ti es itcertain ly i s rather pl en t i fu l . Abou t the y ear 1878 A . \V . B ray tonof I rvington

,Indiana furni sh ed th e m anu script for a report on

the Mammal s of Ohio,in which he li sted t h e hou se mou se

,white

footed mou se,ri ce field mou se , pine mou se , common m eadow

mou se,prai ri e m eadow mou se

, and j umping mou se . Two otherspecies

,nam el3 : COOper

’

s mou se and the northern golden mou sew ere m en tion ed as of probable occu rrence within our l im i t sThere appears t o be som e m i stake abou t the record for theprairi e meadow mouse for no specim ens have been reported inrecent years and the material on which B ray ton bases hi s recordturn s out t o b e the pine or mol e mou se . . Cooper

’

s mou se h asbeen taken in variou s parts of the state and in som e places i sknown t o be common , bu t no record for the golden mou se i s y etreported . Of the nin e species men tioned b y Bray ton therefore ,

further record s of seven are at hand . B ray ton’

s paper waspublished in the R eport of the Ohio Geologi cal Su rvey ,

1882 ,

Volum e IV .

The col l ecting that h as been don e in more recen t y ears h asbrought together Ohio material of at l east nine species and

vari eti es , while the work in adj oin ing and n eighboring statessuggests the possibi l i ty that fou r or more addi tional may b e

procured when fu rther work h as b een don e and all favorabl elocali ti es investigated .

6 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 4 ,

A s time passesmammal s of many kinds are more and m ore reduced on account of the cl earing and cu l tivation of the land . A

number of the larger species are al ready extirpated so far as th estate i s concerned and others are destin ed . An effort i s being madeat presen t t o get together the records in regard t o the species ofOhio mammal s and t o add speci es as well as records with a viewt o publi shing an annotated list . We have a good representationof many speicies in the mu seum at present and i t is desired t o add

others .I take thi s Opportun i ty t o state that we shal l b e glad

t o get sp ecim en s and records from any part of Ohio ,especial ly

of the larger speci es and su ch sm al l on es as are con sidered of

rare occu rren ce w i thin ou r l im i ts . The porcupine,w i ld cat

,

badger , deer and others of very uncommon occu rren ce may stil lb e in the state i f one happen s t o find them . A l l these have beentaken in Ohio in form er y ears ,

bu t there are a number of smal lan im al s that are su spected of inhabiting the state that have n everbeen reported . Bats

,m i ce and shrew s are suggested as group s

in Which additions are most likely in our fauna .

A l i st of Ohio m i ce as at presen t con stitu ted fol low s :

Zapus hudsonius (Zimm erman). Hudson Bay JumpingMouse . A few specim en s of this species have been taken in thestate although there is som e troubl e in separating them fromSpecim ens of the fol lowing sub speci es . Prebl e , in N . A . Fauna15

,reports one from Portland Station

,Mahon ing coun ty and

there i s one in the O . S . U . mu seum from Ira, Summ i t coun ty .

Zapu s h udsonia s ameri canu s (Barton). Meadow JumpingMouse . One belittl es these in teresting littl e an im als by cal l ingthem by the m ean and unrespected nam e of m i ce bu t thecu stom i s so w ell establi shed that it i s not likely t o be changed .

They are easily known among Ohio mammal s by their jumping or bounding mode of locom otion w i th Which are asso

ciat ed very long hind l egs and tai l . The vari ety i s sl ightlysmal l er and the dorsal dark area i s not so d istin ct as in thetypical speci es . The two are not easi ly told apart in the statefor i t seem s that Ohio is largely in the section where they in tergrade . In parts of the Western R eserve the m eadow jumpingmou se i s common and one m eets Wi th specim ens in varioussituation s and under variou s condi tion s . Grass land i s one of

their favori te haun ts bu t they are often seen in grain fields and

in weed covered areas . I t is not un common t o start them Whilemowing or raking h ay and in stubble ground they may beploughed ou t Whil e preparingr fields for Wheat . The number ofyoung in a brood is variable no doubt bu t four i s the numberob served by my sel f . These qu i te early have n early the colorof their parents

,al though for som e tim e

,in fact un ti l they are

n early fu l l grown,the y oung are sl ightly lighter

,especial ly is

Feb . , Ohio Species of Mice. 6 7

this true of the dorsal area . Mi l l er says that their food appearst o consi st , like that of the other ou tdoor m i ce , largely of grassseeds

,undoubtedly varied at tim es by the addit ion of berries

and mu shroom s and probably insects . When one com es uponthem in the field they attempt t o get ou t of the way by leapingalthough are not always able t o direct their jumps in su ch a way

as t o make them b eneficial for after making a dozen l eaps a

specimen may be very close t o the st arting poin t . At othertimes they bound away in the opposit e direction from dangerand are able t o hide them selves very qu i ckly and very secu rely .

The w inter is spen t in a dorm ant cond ition beneath the ground .

A lthough som e observers have reported seeing specim en s duringm i ld weather of w in ter

,others claim that often six months or

more of the year i s spent in the hib ernating cond ition,making

the observation that specim en s plowed ou t in May in one casewere sti l l in a dormant state .

I have not seen any statem ent t o the effect that these an imal sare in juriou s in any way ,

n ei ther have I ob served that they haveany habits which wou ld l ead one t o think that they have eco

nom i c valu e . I con sider them worthy of the sympathy of

mankind,however

,becau se of their unu sual habits Which are

so di fferent from other m ammal s in the region Which theyinhabit . They have num erou s en em i es among birds of prey and

they do not appear t o be very w el l prepared t o evade cats andsome other m amm al s that feed on the sam e kind of food .

Microti s pennsylvanicu s (Ord). Meadow mou se . In his paperon An Econom i c Study of Field Mi ce

,Lan tz places thi s species

at the head of the li st . I am not sure of his reason for this or

whether he in tends by so doing t o convey t o his readers that i ti s of more importan ce from an econom i c standpoint than i t srelatives of the sam e genu s , bu t as i t i s the most common shorttai l ed mou se in Ohio we do not hesitate t o accu se it of doingmore damage along certain l ines than any other roden t thatshares with it the nam e Which on ly h as t o b e m entioned in ordert o designate its b earer as an enemy . The species may b eknown from other short tai l ed m i c e of the state by severalcharacters . In the first place th e tai l i s n ear two in ches inl ength whil e in other short tail ed m i ce the tai l is l ess than an

inch in l ength . Fu l l grown specim ens are larger and the colordi ffers from others . D ifferent specim en s of th e speci es vary incolor more or l ess however

,so this alon e i s not t o be depended

upon as a con clu sive gu ide .

When a field grows up t o June grass in the after part of t h eseason and when w inter com es this grass fal l s over and form s acarpet for the ground an ideal condi tion for m eadow m i c e i sproduced . Here the m i ce form runways among the grass abovethe su rface and in the ground beneath the surface so that they

68 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X , No. 4,

can get ou t of the way easi ly in case of danger . I f such a

condition occurs in a waste field the m i c e l ive on roots largelyand no noti ceabl e damage resu l ts . In the bu rrows here and

there quantiti es of dri ed grass i s carri ed together and nestsconstru cted where the adu l ts spend mu ch of their tim e and

where the young are born . A brood of young u sual ly consistsof from fou r t o six bu t they on ly remain under the d irect careof the mother for a short tim e b efore they are able t o go ou t and

shift for them selves . Several b roods are often produ ced in a

season therefore and the speci es i s enabl ed t o mu l tiply rapidlyand thus i t i s a fact that a piece of ground with the desiredcond i tions i s very soon the hom e of large numb ers of the roden tswhi ch in order t o occupy the tim e and procure su fficient fooda re l iable t o get in to all sorts of m i schief . These condition s oftene xi st in an orchard where the sod mu lch sy stem i s practi ced and

i f som ething is not don e t o protect the trees imm en se damagem ay resu l t from the m i ce gnaw ing the bark from the trees n earthe ground

,or som etim es ju st b en eath the su rface . These

ci rcum stan ces are i llu strated in a recent bu l l etin by the OhioAgri cu l tural Experim ent Station with a fu l l treatm en t of them ethods of protecting young trees .

Grain that i s cu t and placed in shocks in the field oftenreceives more or l ess in jury from thi s sam e mou se which is

accu sed al so of fol lowing in the bu rrows of mol es and eatingplanted corn and other grain s and seeds . In the case of wheatand oth er grain that i s ti ed with twine th e m i ce often get intothe shocks and cu t th e bands

,esp ecial ly i f thi s grain from any

cause h as t o be l eft standing in the h eld longer than i s u sual .Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides Audubon and Bachm an .

North ern Pin e Mouse . An attractive speci es with a mu ch shortertai l than th e m eadow m ou se . The typi cal species i s southern ,

th e first recorded specim ens having been taken in the pineforests of Georgia . Two vari eti es are recogn i zed

,scalopsoi des

and auri cu lam’

s,both of which have a d istribu tion that includes

part of Ohio at l east . I have seen a number of Ohio sp ecim en sfrom Ham i l ton and Madi son counties

,som e of those from the

first nam ed county appear t o b e the specim ens that were takenf or th e prai ri e m eadow mouse by Brayton and are th e basi s ofthe recorded occu rrence of that speci es in the state . I saw thespecim en s in the Cin cinnati Society of Natu ral History mu seum ;

I cannot conclude that any of these specim ens studi ed are thevariety auri cu laris al though Vernon Bai l ey records a specim enof this mouse from Brookvil l e

,Indiana

,a f ew m i l es from Cin

cinnat i . Fu rther col l ecting may add am'i cu lari s t o the l ist of

Ohio m ammal s . The northern pine m ou se appears qu i ted i fferen t from th e m eadow mou se in the held bu t may inhabitsim i lar si tuation s . The fu l ly adu l t specim ens are browner and


70 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . X ,No. 4 ,

the most complete so far published on a genu s of North Am ericanmammals

,and as the au thor exam in ed more than 27000 speci

m en s in preparing the work we m ay at once con clude that all

matters concerned received fu l l con siderationThe species h as many attractive habits and IS seldom mjuriou s

so h as not received the i ll wil l of m an t o the exten t that m an3 of

the other m i c e have A variety of food i s acceptabl e and theyare som etim es indu ced t o enter bu i ldings t o feed bu t as a u sualthing are wood land an imal s and are found around logs and

stumps in su ch places . I t i s not un common how ever t o com eacross specim ens in fi elds or along fen ce rows wherever stumps

,

pil es o f rai ls and variou s kinds of rubbish are t o be found . In

the woods they feed on acorn s and nu ts and also eat manyinsects . In the fields they Vi si t grain shocks b u t this habit seems

not t o be comm on l ike it is in the hou se mou se and the m eadowmouse .

Un til in recen t y ears this h as been the on ly white- footedmou se known in Ohio so i t h as been easy t o make determ inationsbu t qu i te recen tly i t h as been found that one of the varieti es ofP . mam

’

cu latu s reaches our territory and m atters have becom esom ewhat more compli cated . Adu l t specim ens of the speciesare decided ly larger than those of the variety of mani cu latus bu t

when i t comes t o the young in gray pelage i t is easy t o be m istaken . I t is soon ob served that when one begins col l ectingwhite—footed m i ce in any local i ty in the state he soon bringstogether a large variety of coloration ; not many d istin ct colorsbu t specim ens w i th gray s and browns variously d istribu tedover the body This cond i tion i s alm ost entirely due t o the ageof the specim ens ; the young are o ray and the fu l ly adu l ts are

yellow ish b i O 33 n above w i th pu re white under parts Whilespecim ens in the process of changing from the y oung t o theadu l t pelage combine these colors w i th no apparen t regard forsystem .

This speci es appears t o care for i t s y oung better than otherm i ce and i t is not un common t o ob serve i t undertaking t o m ovethese t o places of safety when danger threaten s . I t is a popu larspeci es under dom esti cated condi tions readi ly adapting itselft o circum stan ces .

Peromyscu s manicu latus bairdi (Hoy and Kenn icott)Prairi eIVh it e—footed Mou se . The type local ity for P . manicu la tus is

Labrador and the ty pical species i s confined t o that latitude as

f ar w est as the Mississippi R iver,bu t varieti es t o the number o f

thirty—h y e are recogn i zed and one or m ore of these are t o b efound in many local i ti es throughou t North Am erica . Thevariety ba irdi was first taken at B loom ington ,

I l l inoi s b u t isknown at the presen t tim e t o range from central Kansas

Feb., Ohio Species of Mice. 7 1

on the west n early t o central Ohio on the east . The first specimens recorded for the state were taken at London

,Mad ison

county where a mal e and femal e and three young were procuredin 1906 . These specimen s w ere all together under a log but

there was no indi cation of a n est near at hand . The prai ri ewhite footed mou se i s d i stin ctly smal l er than the common whitefooted species , color darker , ears and feet smal l er and the tai lmuch shorter . When one h as an acquaintance w ith both theyappear very d istinct

,but the d i fferen ce i s not conspicuou s

enough t o prevent confu sion at all tim es . Osgood in cludes allof western Ohio w i thin the range of thi s mou se .

In m ost of the recent publi cation s in clud ing thi s vari ety i t i streated as P eromyscus m ich iganens is (Audubon and Bachman),bu t Osgood show s that this i s no t correct .

Oryzomys palustris (Harlan). R i ce-field Mou se . This an imali s cal l ed a rat by som e au thors bu t as the on ly d i fferenc e thatexists betw een a rat and a mouse i s a matter of si ze

,i t i s ju st

as acceptabl e t o cal l i t a mou se as many do . In si ze close t othat of a hal f grown comm on rat and appearing mu ch l ike thatanimal

,al though the tai l i s longer

,the coloration browner and

there i s a white fringe of hai rs on the lower part of the ear .

The Ohio record s of thi s species are rather m eager bu t therei s con clu sive evidence that i t once inhabited the state

,even

though it may not at the presen t tim e . B rayton h as the fol lowing t o say : I t h as been iden t ified b y Mr . Frank Langdon w i thsome hesi tation

,on the strength of the posterior hal f of a smal l

rat taken from the stom ach of a hawk at Madisonvill e,Ohio .

Brayton afterward exam in ed the specim en and found the feetand tai l an swered the description of the rice-field m ouse indetai l .

Professor W . C . Mi l ls whil e engaged in d irecting excavation sat Baum Vi l lage Site n ear Chil li cothe

,Ohio ,

procu red dozens of

the sku l ls of this species at di fferen t depths . He states thatother parts of the skel etons w ere ob served and that i t appearedas i f th e m ice h ad di ed in their bu rrow s . There i s no way of

deciding as t o the age of these remain s and so i t cannot be statedwhat the relation t o their surroundings m ight have been . I givethese pecu liar records becau se i t i s desired that any one in a

posi tion t o give in formation on the rice—field mou se in Ohio m ayknow the facts and i f possibl e aid u s in procuring more convin cingproof .Mus mu scu lu s Linnaeu s . Hou se Mou se . The m embers of

the genu s Mu s which in cludes the house mou se , brown rat and

black rat are all in trodu ced into Am erica and are the very worstof household pests . They are likely t o mu ltiply rapid ly in anyplace where food products are stored or Where they can find

7 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 4,

anything t o eat . The hou se mouse is distribu ted in mostinhabited regions of the world . I t was in troduced in to Am ericafrom Eu rope almost w i th the first settlers from the latter coun try .

I ts original hom e i s said t o be sou thern Asia from whence it h asbeen carried on ship ~board t o all the land areas and then acrosscoun try by d i fferent modes of travel un til i t h as reached i t spresent distribu tion . This species ,

al thou gh so w idely di stribu ted,

i s un i form in i ts characters which designate i t and di fferencesin environm ent seem t o change it in no perceivable way ,

as i f i th as developed characters which are perfectly fit t ed t o thecondi tions under which the variou s specim en s l ive . An interesting compari son along thi s l ine m ay be m ade w i th som e of theAm erican speci es of white—footed m i ce . A speci es that is widelydi stribu ted over the con tin en t exists in thirty—fiv e di fferen trecogn i zed varieties bu t the hou se mouse di stribu ted all over th eworld is M us musculus everywhere .

Speci es that m ay be looked for in Ohio are the fol low ing :Zapu s insign i s Mi l l er . Wood land jumping Mouse . Has

been taken in w estern Pennsy lvan ia and m ay be expected in

eastern Ohio . Si ze larger than the m eadow j umping mou se,

ears longer and coloration pal er . Premolar teeth are presen t inthe other species of jumping m i ce bu t ab sen t in this one . TheSpecies is an inhabitan t of deep woods rather than m eadow s andfields

M i crotu s au steru s (LeCon t e). Prairi e Meadow Mou se .

R eported from Ind iana,and possib ly is a residen t of w estern

Ohio . Brayton reported this species,bu t as n ear as can be

determ ined h is specim en s w ere the northern pine mou se . I t maybe known from the 'common m eadow mou se by the slightlyshorter tai l and the grayer coloration as wel l as by the pelageappear i ng coarser .

Ev otomys gapperi (Vigors). Red—backed Mouse . Knownfrom Penn sylvan ia and i f procu red in Ohio the northeastern partof the state m ost likely w i l l furn i sh i t . The speci es i s said t o

inhabi t low wood lands and swamps and t o remain in su chsituation s nearly all the tim e . The speci es i s a n ear relative ofthe common m eadow mou se

,bu t smal l er and w ith a chestnu t

color which u sual ly serves t o d i stingu ish it readi ly .

Peromyscus nuttalli (Harlan). Northern Golden Mou se .

Specim en s are known from cen tral Ken tu cky and Rev . W . F .

Henninger bel i eves i t i s t o be found in sou thern Ohio . Thecolor of this mou se at all ages is suggested by the nam e and i sa d i stingu ishing characteristi c . I t i s reported as partial t o lowground

,and

,as a u sual thing

,is not abundan t anywhere within

i t s range .

Feb. ,Medicinal P lants of Ohio. 73

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF OHIO .

F REDA DETMERS .

( Continued f rompage

P apav emceae .

Sariguinaria canadensis L . B lood root . (U . S . P .)(Ec)(Hom .)Rhizome .

Styloph orum diphyllum Nut t . Celandine Poppy . (Ec .)Rhi zome .

Ch elidonium majus L. Celandine . (Ec .)P lan t .

Argemone mexicana L . Mexi can or Pri ckly Poppy . (Ec .)P lant .Fumam

’

aceae .

Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie)Millsp. (D i cen tm canadensi s

Squ irrel corn . (Ec .)(Hom .)Tubers .

C1 1161feme .

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L .)Brit t . (Capsella bu rsa—pas tom

’

s Moench).Shepherd ’ s Purse . (Ec .)D ried plant .

Brassica alba (L .)Boiss . (Sinapi s alba L .)White Mu stard .

(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)S eed .

Brassica nigra (L.)Koch . (S inapi s nigra L .)B lack Mu stard .

(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)S eed .

Sisymbrium officinale Seep. Hedge Mu stard . (Ec .)S eeds and

herb .

Sarraceniales .

S armceniaceae .

Sarracenia purpurea L . Pi t cher P lan t . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Droseraceae .

Dros

zra rotundifolia L . Round-l eaved Sundew . (Ec .)(Hom .)ev

'h .

Rosales .

P en thomceae .

Penth orum sedoides L. D it ch Stone crop . (Ec .) (Hom .)Herb .

S axi fmgaceae .

Heuch era americana L . A lum Root,Am erican San i cl e . (Ec .)

Root .

Hydrangeaceae .

Hydrangea arborescens L . Seven Barks,Hydrangea .

(Hom .)Root .

Ph iladelphus coronarius L . Garden Syringa ,Mock Orange .

(Hom .)“

F lowers .

74 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOL X,No. 4

Grossu lam’

aceae .

Ribes rubrum L . Red Cu rran t . (Ec .)t .

Ribes nigrum L . B lack Cu rrant cu l t . (Ec .)F ru i t .

R ibes floridum L ’Her . Wild B lack Cu rran t . (Ec .)FW i t .

Hamamelidaceae .

Hamamel is v irginiana L . Witch Hazel . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es coll . in au tumn

,bark and twigs .

Liqu idambar styricifiua L . Sweet Gum . (Ec .)S ap .

Rosaceae .

Spiraea tomentosa L . Hard hack . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Porteranthu s t rifoliatus (L .)Brit t . (Gi llen ia trz’

foliata Moench .)Indian Physic . (Ec .)Bark of Rhi zome .

Porteranth us stipu latu s (Muh l .)Brit t . (Gi llem’

a s tipu lata Nu tt .)(Ec .)Bark of rhi zome .

Rubus odoratu s L . Pu rpl e—fiowering Raspb erry (Ec .)Fru i t .

Rubus strigosus Mx. Wild Red Raspb erry (U . S . P .)(Ec .)Leav es and frui t .

Rubus occidentalis L . Wild B lack Raspberry (U . S . P .)(Ec .)Leav es and frui t .

Rubus idaeus L. cu l t . Raspberry . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)Fw i t .

Rubus nigrobaccu s Bai ley . High Bu sh B lackberry . (U . S . P .)Bark of root .

Rubus vi llosus Ai t . Dewberry . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)F rui t and barkof 7 0 0 1.

Rubus canadensis L . Dewberry (Ec .)FW i t and bark of mot .

Fragaria vesca L . Wood Strawberry . (Ec .)(Hom .)F rui t,

leav es and root .3

Potent i l la canadensis L . (Hom .)Root .

Geum Virginianum L . Rough Avens . (Ec .)Rh izome and 1 0 0 15 .

Geum rivale L . Pu rpl e orWater Aven s . (Ec .)Rhizome and 7 0 0 15 .

Ulmaria ulmaria (L .)Barnh . (Spi raea u lmam'

a L .) Qu een of

the Meadow Herb .

Agrimonia striata MX . Agrimony . (Ec .)W'

hole plant .

Agrimonia parv iflora Sol . Sweet scent ed Agrimony . (Ec .)Whole plan t .

Rosa canina L . and other relat ed indigenou s species . (Ec .)(Hom .)Ripe fru i t .

Rosa cent ifolia L . cu l t . Hundred—l eaved Rose . (Ec .)(Hom .)P etals .

Rosa gal lica L . cu l t . Provence Rose . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)P etals .

P omaceae .

Sorbus americana Marsh . Am erican Mountain Ash . (Ec .)Ripe frui t .

Sorbus sambucifolia Roem . Western Mount ain Ash . (Ec .)Ripe fru i t .

Feb. , Medicinal Plants of Ohio. 75

Malus coronaria (L.)Mill . Crab Apple . (Ec .)Ri p e fru i t .

Malus malus (L .)Bri t t . (Py1'us malus). Apple (Ec .)(Hom .)B ark and frui t .

Aronia arbut ifol ia (L .)Medic. (Pym s arbu ti folia L1.)Red

Choke-berry . (Ec .)Ripe fru i t .

Crataegus oxyacanth a L . Hawthorn . (Ec Bark and fru it .

Drupaceae .

Prunus domest ica L . Plum cu l t . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)F1 1111.

Prunus virginiana L . Choke Cherry (Ec .)FW i t .

Prunus serot ina Eh rh . (P runus“

v i rginiana L .)Wild B lackCherry (U . S . P .)(Ec .)Bark coll . in Au tumn .

Amygdalus persica L . (P ersica v u lgari s). Peach cu l t . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es , kernels and bark of twigs .

Fabaceae .

Gymnocladus dioica (L .)Koch (G . canadensi s Lam .)KentuckyCoffee Tree . (Ec .)(Hom . S eeds and pu lp of the pods .

Cassia mari landica L . American Senna . (Ec .)Leav es .

Cercis canadensis L. Red bud or judas Tree . (Ec .)S eeds and

pu lp of the pods .

Bapt isia t inctoria R . Br. Wild Indigo . (Ec .)Root and leav es

Tri folium pratense L . Red clover . (Ec .)(Hom .)B lossoms .

Melilotus ofii cinalis Wi lld. Yellow Sweet Clover . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and flowering tops .

Meli lotu s alba Lam . White Sweet Clover . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav esand flowering tops .

Psoralea melilotoides Mx. Snake Root . (Ec .)Root and leav es .

Teph rosia virginiana Pers . Turkey Pea . Goat ’

s Rue . (Ec .)

RobifiZOt

bseudacacia L .

‘

B lack Locu st . (Ec .)(Hom .) Bark

and leav es .

Geraniales .

Linaceae .

Linum usitat issimum L . Flax . (U . S . P .)(Ec)S eed .

Oxali daceae .

Oxalis acetosella L . Wood-sorrel . (Hom .)P lan t .

Oxalis Violacea L . Viol et wood—sorrel . (Ec .)Herb .

Oxali s stricta L . Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel . (Ec .)Herb .

Oxalis corniculata L . Procumben t Yellow Wood-sorrel . (Ec)Herb .

Gerani aceae .

Geranium macu latum L . Wild Geran ium . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Rhizome .

Geranium robert ianum L . Herb Robert . (Ec)(Hom .)Rhi zome .

76 The Ohio Naturalist. [VOLX,No. 4,

Ru taceae .

Xanth oxylum americanum Mill . Prickly A sh . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Ptelea trifoliata L . Shrubby Trefoi l . (Ec)(Hom .)Bark 0)cthe

root .

S imam baceae .

Ai lanthus glandulosa Desf . Chinese Tree of Heaven .

Inner bark.

P olygalaceae .

Polygala senega L . Senega Snake—root . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Euphorbi aceae .

Euph orbia maculata L . Spotted spurge (Ec)Bark of root .

Euph orbia corollata L . Flowering Spurge . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark

of the root .

Euph orbia cyparissias L . CypressA

Spurge . (Hom .)Bark oithe root .

Calli tm'

chaceae .

Callitrich e palustri s L . (C . v em a L .)Vernal Water Starwort .

(Ec .)P lant .

Sapindales .

Anacardiaceae .

Rhu s typh ina L . Staghorn Sumac . (Ec .)Bark of the root .

Rh u s glabra L . Smooth Sumac . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)F reshfru i t and bark of root .

Rhu s vernix L . (R . v enenata DC .)Poi son Oak . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Rhus radicans L . (R . toxi codeh dmh L .)(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Rhus aromat ica Ai t . Fragrant Sumac . (Ec .)Bark of the root .

Ili caceae .

Ilex opaca Ait . Am erican Hol ly . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Ilex vert icillata Gray. B lack Alder . (Ec .)Bark and berries .

Celastraceae .

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq . Wahoo,Burn ing Bu sh . (U . S .

P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)B ark of the root .

Celastrus scandens L . Cl imbing B i tter-sweet . (Ec .)Bark.

H1ppocastah aceae .

Aescu lus h ippocastanum L . Horse chestnu t . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark and fru i t .

Aescu lus glabra Wi lld. Ohio or Fet id Buckeye . (Ec .)(Hom .)F ru i t .


78 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 4

P assiflomceae .

Passiflora lu tea L . Passion Flower . (Ec .)Root and s tem base .

Th ymeleales .

Thymeleaceae .

Dirca palustris L . Leat her wood . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Myrtales .

Lythraceae .

Lyth rum alatum Ph . Wing-angl ed loosest ri fe . (Ec .)P lant .Lythrum salicaria L . Pu rple Loosestri fe . (Ec)P lant .

Parsonia pet iolata (L .)Rusby . (Cuphaea v iscosi ssima Jacq)B lu e Wax-weed . (Ec .)P lant .

Oh agmceae .

Onagra bienni s (L .)Scop. (Oeh othem bz’

enm’

s L .)EveningP rim rose . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root

,bark and leav es .

Umbellales .

Arali aceae .

Aralia sp. (Ec .)Bark.

Panax quinquefolium L . (Aralz'

a qu inquefolia D ecs . and P lanch .)Ginseng . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Umbelli fem e .

Sanicula marylandica L . B lack Snake-root . (Ec .)Root .

Wash ingtonia longistylis (Torr.)Brit t . (Osmowhi za longi s tyh’

s DC .)Sweet Cicely . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Apium graveolens L . Celery cu l t . (Ec .)P lant and seed .

Apium petroselinum L . (P etmselinum sati v um Hoffm .)Parsl eycu l t . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Cicuta macu lata L . (Com'

ttm macu latum L .)Poi son or Wat erHem lock . (Ec .)(Hom .)iMatm'

e green frui t .

Carum carvi L . Caraway seed . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Dried

fru i t .

Sium cicu taefolium Gm el . (S iam [th eme MX .)Hem lock Wat erparsnip . (Ec .)Matm'

e green fru i t .

Th aspium trif oliatum aureum (Nutt .)Brit t . Meadow Parsnip .

(Hom .)Whole plant .

Angellica atropurpurea L . (Archangeli ca atmpurpm'

ea Hoffm .)Great or Purple—stemmed Angelica . (Ec .)Root

,herb and

seed .

Angellica v illosa (Walt)B . S. P . (Archah geh'

ca h i rsu ta T .

Pubescent Angellica . (Ec .)Root , herb and seed .

Heracleum lanatum L . A lum -root . (Ec .)Root .

Daucus carota L . Wild Carrot . (Ec .)Root and frui t .

Feb. , Medicinal P lants of Ohio. 79

Cornaceae .

Cornus fiorida L. F lowering Dogwood . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Cornu s circinata L’Her. Round- l eaved Dogwood . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Cornus amomum M i ll . Swamp Dog-wood . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Eri cales .

P yrolaceae .

Pyrola rotundifol ia L. Shin—Leaf , Fal s e Wint er Green . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Pyrola el l ipt ica Nut t . Shin Leaf . (Ec .)Herb .

Pyrola secunda L . (Ec .)Herb .

Ch imaph i la macu lata Pursh . Spotted YVin t er Green . (Ec .)P lan t .

Ch imaph i la umbel lata (L .)Nut t . Princes Pin e,Winter Green .

P lan t .

Monotropaceae .

Monotropa unifiora L . Indian Pip e . (Hom .)Root .

Eri caceae .

Rh ododendron maximum L . Great Laurel, (Ec .)Leav es .

Kalm ia lat ifolia L. Moun tain Laurel,Cal i co Bu sh . (Ec .)(Hom .)

Leav es .

Oxydendron arboreum DC. Sou r W'

ood,Sorrel Tree . (Ec .)

Leav es .

Epigaea repens L . Trai l ing Arbu tu s (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Gau lth eria procumbens L. Win ter Green . (Ec .)Leav es .

Arctostaph ylos uv a—ursi (LL)Spreng . (Uv a-ursi .) B earberry .

(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Vaccmi aceae .

Gaylussacia frondosa T G. B lu e Whortl e B erry . (Ec .)F ru i tand mot .

Gaylu ssacia resinosa T. G. B lack Huckl eb erry . (Ec .)FW i tand root .

Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait .)Pers . (Vaccim’

um macrocarpon A i t .)(Ec .)FM tt t and root .

P rimu laceae .

Anagalli s arv ensis L . Red or Scarlet P impern el . (Ec .)Leav es .

Ebenales .

Ebenaceae .

Diospyros v irginiana L . Persimmon . (Ec .)Bark and unripe

80 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 4

Gentianales .

Oleaceae .

Fraxinus americana L. White Ash . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Fraxinus n igra Marsh . (F sambuci folia Lam .)B lack Ash .

Bark.

Chionanthus Virginicus L . Fringe tree . (Ec .)Root bark.

Ligustrum vu lgare L . Privet . (Ec .)Leav es .

Loganiaceae .

Spigelia marylandica L . Ind ian Pink . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Rhizome and roots .

Gentianaceae .

Sabbat ia angu laris Pursh . Rose P ink . (Ec Herb .

Gent iana crin ita Froel . Fringed Gentian . (Ec .)Root .

Gent iana qu inquefolia L . Ague Weed . (Ec .)Root .

Gent iana andrewsi i Griseb . Closed or B lind Gentian .

Root .

Frasera caroliniensis Walt . Am eri can Colombo . (Ec .)Root .

Meh yah thaceae .

Menyanth es trifoliata L . Buck Bean,Bog B ean . (Ec .)(Hom .)

Leav es and rhi zome .

Apocynaceae .

Vinca m inor L . Periwinkle,Myrtle . (Ec .)Rhi zome .

Apocynum androsaem ifolium L . Spreading Dogban e . (Ec .)Root collected in Au tumn .

Apocynum cannabinum L . Indian Hemp . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Root collected in Au tumn .

Asclepiadaceae .

Asclepias tuberosa L . P l euri sy Root . (Ec .)Root .

Asclepias- incarnata L . Swamp Mi lkweed . (Ec .)Root .

Asclepias syriaca L. (A . cornu ti Des .)Mi lkweed . (Ec .)Root .Polemoniales .

Conv olv u laceae .

Convolvu lus arvensis L . B indweed . (Hom .)Root,leav es and

flowers .

Convolvu lu s scammon ia L . Scammony . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Resinous exudation from the liv ing mot .

P olemoniaceae .

Polemonium reptans L . Greek Val erian . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .Hydrophyllaceae .

Hydroph yllum virginicum L . Water-l eaf . (Hom .)P lant .

Medicinal P lants of Ohio.8 1

Boragi h aceae .

Cynoglossum officinale L . Hound’

s Tongue . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and m ot .

Mertensia virginica DC. Vi rginian Lungwort . (Ec .)Leav es and

root .

Lith ospermum ofli cinale L . Common Gromwell,Wheat Th ief .

(Ec .)Roots and seeds .

Lithospermum canescens Lehm . Yellow Puccoon . (Ec)Roots and seeds .

Onosmodium carolinianum (Lam .)DC . Shaggy False Gromwel l .

(Ec .)Roots and seeds .

Ech ium vu lgare L . Viper ’

s Bugloss . (Ec .)Leav es and root .

Symphytum ofli cinale L . Com frey . (Ec .)Root .

Verbenaceae .

Verbena urt icaef olia L . White or Nettle—l eaved Vervain . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Verbena hastata L . B lue Vervain . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Labiatae .

Scutellaria lateriflora L . Mad—dog Sku l l—Cap . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Marrub ium vu lgare L . Hoarhound . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)Leav es and

tops .

Nepeta cataria L . (Catam’

a v u lgari s Moench). Catn ip . Catm in t .

(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and flowering tops .

Glecoma hederacea L . (Nepeta glecoma B en th). Ground Ivy .

(Ec .)(Hom .)P lan t .

Prunel la vu lgaris L . (B runella v u lgaris L .)Self—heal . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Leonurus cardiaca L . Motherwort . (Ec .)Tops and leav es .

Lam ium album L . White Dead -Nettl e . (Hom .)Herb .

Salvia officinalis L . Sage cu l t . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es .

Salvia lyrata L . Lyre—l eaved Sage . (Ec .)Leav es .

Monarda didyma L . Osw ego Tea . (Ec .)Leav es and tops .

Monarda fistulosa L . Wild B ergamot . (Ec .)Leav es and tops .

Hedeoma pu legioides (L .)Pers . Pennyroyal . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and tops .

Mel i ssa officinalis L . Bee Balm . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and tops .

Origanum vu lgare L . Wild Majorum . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Koel lia pi losa (Nut t .)Bri t t . (Pym ah themum 19110 5 14 141 Nu tt .)Basi l . (Ec .)Herb .

Koel l ia incana (L .)Kunt ze . (Pycmm themum incanum Mx .)Wild Basil . (Ec .)Leav es and tops .

Thymus vu lgari s L. Thym e . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Cuni la origanoides (L .)Britt . Am erican Di ttany . (Ec .)Herb .

Lycopu s virginicus L . Bugle-weed . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

8 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLX,No. 4 ,

Menth a spi cata L . (M . 111111115 L .)Spearm in t . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)L eav es and flowermg tops .

Mentha piperita Sm . Pepperm int . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and flowermg tops .

Col linsonia canadensis L . Horse—balm . (Ec .)(Hom .) P lant

w i th 1 0 0 1.

S olah aceae .

Solanum nigrum L . Garden Nightshade . (Ec .)(Hom .)S hoots .

Solanum carolinense L . Horse—nettle . (Ec .)Root and fm 1t .

Solari um du lcamara L . B i tter sw eet . (Ec .)(Hom .)S hoots .

Lycopersicon lycopersicon (L .)Karst . (L . escu lentum Millsp .)Tomato . (Ec .)Young branches .

Lycium vu lgare (Ai t . f .)Dunal . Matrimony Vine . (Ec .)Youngbranches .

Datura stramon ium L . Jamestown Weed,Thorn Apple . (U . S . P .)

(Ec .)(Hom .)S eeds and leav es .

Ni cotiana tabacum L . Tob acco cu l t . (Ec .)Leav es .

5 cmphu lar1aceae .

Verbascum thapsus L . Mu l l ein . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and tops .

Linaria l inaria (L .)Karst . (L . 111115161115 Mi l l .)Snap Dragon .

Toad Flax . (Ec .)P lan t .

Scorph ularia marylandi ca L . (S . modem v ar . marylah dh a Gray).Fig wort

,Heal all . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es ,

tops and mots .

Chelone glabra L . Snakehead,Tu rtl ehead . (Ec .)Herb .

Gratiola virginiana L . Hedge -hy ssop . (Ec .)Ent11'e plan t .

Veronica officinalis L . Comm on Speedw ell . (Ec .)Tops and leav es .

Veroni ca peregrine. L . Purslane Speedwell . (Ec .)Tops and leav es .

Leptandra virginica Nut t . Cu lver’

s—root . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)R11 1zome and rootlets .

D igital is pu rpurea L . Foxglove . (U . S . P .)(Ec .) (Hom .)Leav es from plan ts of second year

’

s growth .

Dasystoma pedi cu laria (L .)Benth . (Ge1'

a1'd1a ped1c1t la1

'1a L .)False Foxglove . (Ec .)Herb .

Orobanchaceae .

Leptamn ium virginianum (L .)Raf . (Orobanche v 1rg111 1a11a L .)Beech -drops . (Hom .)F resh plan t .

B ig h 0 11 1aceae .

Tecoma radi cans (L .)DC. Trumpet—flower . (Hom .)Root .

Catalpa catalpa (L .)Karst . Catalpa . (Ec .)B ark .

Plantaginiales .

P lan tagz'

h iaceae .

P lantago major L . Plantain . (Ec .)(Hom .)Roots and leav es .

P lantago lanceolata L .

,P . cordata Lam . and P . arenaria Wald.

K . P lan tain . (Ec .)Roots and leav es .

Feb . ,Medicinal P lants Qf Ohio.

83

Rub iales .

Rub1aceae .

Ceph alanthus occidentalis L . Bu tton -bush . (Ec .)Bark.

M i tch el la repens L . Partridge Berry . (Ec .)(Hom .)P lan t .

Galium aparine L . Cl eavers . Bed straw . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .

Gal ium trifiorum Mx.,G. circaezans Mx.

,G. tinctorium L . and G.

trifidum L . (Ec .)Herb .

Cap7'1f0 1i tzceae .

Sambucus canadensis L . Elder . (Ec .)(Hom .)Inner bark and

flowers .

Viburnum opu lus L . Cranberry—tree . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Viburnum prunifol ium L . B lack Haw . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Bark.

Triosteum perfol iatum L . Fever-wort . (Ec .)(Hom .)Bark of root .

Triosteum angust ifol ium L . Narrow - l eaved Horse Gen tian . (Ec .)Bark of mot .

Lonicera caprifol ium L . I tal ian Honey - su ckle . (Ec .)F lowers .

D iervi l la diervi lla (L .)MacM . Bu sh Honey - suckle . (Ec .)Root

and leav es .

Valerianales .

Valerianaceae .

Valeriana officinalis L . Garden Val erian . (U . S . P .)(Ec)(Hom .)Rh1eome .

D ipsacaceae .

D ipsacus sylvestris Huds . Wild Teasel . (Hom,)Fresh plan t

111 flower .

Campanu lales .

Cucu 1 b1taceae .

Cucurbita pepo L . Pum pkin cu l t . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)S eed .

Cucurbita maxima Du chesne . Gourd cu l t . (Ec .)S eed .

Cucum is sat ivus L. Cucumber cu l t . (Ec .)S eed .

Campanulaceae .

Lobelia cardinal is L . Cardinal F low er . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es

and tops .

Lobel ia syphilit ica L . Great Lobelia . (Ec .)(Hom .) Leav es

and tops .

Lobelia infiata L . Indian Tobacco . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and tops .

Lobelia kalm ii L . Brook or Kalm’

s Lobelia . (Ec .)Leav es and

tops .

84 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X , No. 4

C1Ch 0 r1aceae .

Cichorium intybus L . Chicory . (Ec .)Root .

Taraxacum taraxacum (L .)Karst . (T . ofii c111 aleWeber). (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Lactuca Virosa L . and other species of uncu l tivated Lettuce .

(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)F lowermg herb .

Lactuca sativa L . Garden Lettuce . (Hom .)S talk.

Hieracium venosum L . Hawkw eed . Rattl esnake Weed . (Ec .)Root and leav es .

Hieracium scabrum Mx. Rough Hawkweed . (Ec .)Root and

leav es .

Hieracium gronov i i L. Hairy Hawkweed . (Ec .)Root and leav es .

Nabalus albu s Hook , Rattl esnake Root . (Ec .)(Hom .)P lant .

Amb7'0 51aceae .

Xanth ium spinosum L . Spiny Clot-bur . (Ec .)(Hom .)P lant .

Ambrosia trifida L . Great Ragw eed,Horse Weed . (Ec .)Leav es .

Ambrosia artem isiaefolia L . Ragw eed . (Ec .)Leav es .

Compos i tae .

Vernonia noveboracensis (L .)Wi l ld . Ironweed . (Ec .)Root .

Vernonia fascicu lata Mx. I ron—weed . (Ec .)Root .

Eupatorium purpureum L . Joe-Pye-w eed . (Ec .)(Hom .)Root .

Eupatorium sessi lifol ium L . Upland Boneset . (Ec .)Root .

Eupato-rium perfoliatum L . Boneset . (U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom i)

Leav es and flower ing tops .

Eupatorium ageratoides L . White Snake—root . (Ec .)Root .

Lacinaria squarrosa (L .)Hi ll . (L1a ir1s squarmsa Willd .)B lazingStar . Root .

Grindelia squarrosa (Ph .)Dunal . Broad—l eaved Gum P lan t .

(U . S . P .)(Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and flowermg tops .

Ch rysopsis gram inifo lia (Mx.)Nut t . Grass—l eaved Golden A ster .

(Ec .)Leav es and blossoms .

Solidago serot ina gigan tea (Ait .)A. Gr . Golden Rod . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav es and blossoms .

Solidago rigida L . R igid Golden Rod . (Ec .)(Hom .)Leav esand blossoms .

Aster cordifolius L . Heart—l eaved Aster . (Ec .)Root .

Aster novae—angliae L . New England Aster . (Ec .)Root .

As ter puniceus L . Purpl e stemmed A ster . (Ec .)Root .

Erigeron philadelphicu s L . Dai sy Fleabane . (Ec .)P lant .

Erigeron annuu s (L.)Pers . Sweet Scabiou s . (Ec .)P lant .

Lepti lon canadense (L .)B ritt . (E1'1ge1 0 h canadense L .)Canada

Fleabane . (Ec .)(Hom .)P lant .

Antennaria plantag inifolia (L .)R i ch . (Ec .)Leav es .

Gnaphal ium obtusifolium L . Sweet or White Balsam . (Ec .)(Hom .)Herb .


86 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 4,

A LIST OF THE FERNS OF MAHONING COUNTY WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MILL CREEK PARK.

EA RN EST W . V I CKER S .

Lying toward the north—eastern corner of the state and

belonging t o a group known as the Highland Counti es of Ohio,

Mahoning presents variation s of. soi l and surface which find

natu ral expression in i ts flora .

The erosion s of the Mahon ing R iver which flows up the westside of the County and again down across the north-east corner

,

as w el l as num erous smal l er stream s have left steep banks,gl ens

,

l edges and cl i ffs and in the case of Mi l l Creek— which gives thepark i ts nam e— at Lau t ermain Fal ls

,near Youngstown

,a gorge

h as been cu t seventy—three feet in depth .

I t i s in these places that the rock loving fern s find congenialhabitat . There are rich w et woods— remnan ts of noble forestswhere the sylvan groups are well represen ted ; whil e swamps ofgreater or l ess area are scattered over the county Where fern s ofthe marsh or bog flourish .

In i t s remarkably varied character in such smal l compass,

Mi l l Creek Park represents the whol e county so fai thfu l ly thatthe botan i st may expect , and withou t disappoin tm ent

,t o find

therein almost a complete living index t o the fern flora of

Mahon ing Coun ty .

The fern s listed below have been v erified by Prof . J . H .

Schaffner and are represen ted by specim en s deposi ted in theState Herbarium at Columbu s , Ohio .

Polypodium vu lgare L . Common Polypody . Commonest onrocks and l edges

,i ts natu ral hom e

,bu t also found on stumps

and logs .

Ph egopteris polypodioides F ée . Long B eech Fern . Appears t obe wel l d istribu ted growing on high banks and on sandstoneledges ,

not so abundan t as the n ex t species which i s frequ entlyfound growing w i th it . Abundan t in Mil l Creek Park and alongthe Mahon ing R iver in B erlin Township .

Ph egopteris h exagonoptera (MX .) B road Beech Fern .

Common everywhere in moist shady woods .

Adiantum pedatum L . Maiden—hair F ern . Everywhere andcommon .

Pteri s aqu i lina L . Comm on Brake . Common . Whereverfound there is a generous colony preempting the ground .

Asplenium pinnat ifidum Nu tt . Pinnatifid Spleenwort . Ju ly18 ,

1909,whil e carefu l ly searching the cli ffs in Mil l Creek Park

near Lau t ermain Fal ls,the w riter di scovered thi s rare species .

This i s at on ce the most eastern and northern station for thi s

Feb. , List of Ferns of Mahoning County . 87

fern in the state . Original ly bu t one block,the Operation of man

,

first in bu i ld ing the now abandoned gri st m il l and more recentlythe high bridge across Mil l Creek Gorge , h as cu t i t up into threeapproximate station s containing in all a l ittl e over two hundredplan ts . The stream flows abou t east and w est at thi s point andthe ferns all grow on the north side . Forked fronds and thosew i th pinnu l es elongated beyond the m idd l e were found .

Asplenium trich omanes L . Maiden—hair Spleenwort . Foundprincipal ly along ledges in Mil l Creek Park

,al though i t grows in

sim i lar locations along the Mahon ing R iver .

Asplenium platyneuron (L .)Mi l l Creek Park,along th e

Mahon ing and in wood ed and rocky slopes .

Asplenium montanum Willd . Mountain Spl eenwort . So f ar

but one station and that qu i te restri cted f or this som ewhat rareOhio fern : Standing Rock in the Mahon ing R iver in B erlintownship . This curious boat - shaped sandstone rock h as beeneroded free from a ju tting bogi back

” through the un i ted actionof the river and a tribu tary

,and stands a picturesqu e mass 15

t o 20 f t . high ,82 f t . long

,27 Wide at base and 7 t o 12 f t . w ide at

t op . And in the crannies of i ts fractured sides from 150 t o 175

plants cl ing in flourish ing cond i tion .

Thu s f ar dil igen t search h as fai l ed t o extend the distribu tioneith er in the neighborhood of thi s rock or elsewhere in the coun ty .

Asplenium angust ifolium Mx . Narrow- l eaved Spleenwort .

So far i t s titl e t o a place in thi s list rests on a singl e steri l e plan tgrow ing in low moist woods in Ellsworth Township . Duringseveral y ears of watching it h as fai l ed t o pu t forth a fertil e frond .

Asplenium acrostich oides SW . Si lvery Spleenwort . Rathercommon in i t s di stribu tion over the coun ty .

Asplenium filix-f oem ina . L ady Fern . As common in dist ribu

tion as in variation .

Camptosoru s rh izoph yllus (L .)Walking Fern . Abundan ton rocky wal l s of Mi l l Creek Park . Grow s in sim i lar si tuation salong the Mahon ing .

Polyst ich um acrost ich oides (Mx .)Christmas Fern . Foundeverywhere in the coun ty .

Aspidium th elypteri s (L .)Marsh Fern . One of th e com

monest ferns,found in marshy places

,wet pastu res

,woods

,etc .

Aspidium nov eboracense (L .)New York Fern . A s del icatein design as in i t s exqu isi te shade of green . In damp woods

,wet

pastures,shaded ravin es or on wooded banks

,in which two

latter places i t attain s hi ghest perfection . Often found growingwith the last m entioned and i s abundan t in the coun ty .

Aspidium cristatum L . Crested Fern . Of general dist ribution though it does not form dense clumps or banks l ike som eother ferns and so does not appear so abundant .

88 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 4,

Aspidium marginale (L .)Marginal shield Fern . Common on

l edges or on steep wooded hil l sides and even low wet wood lands .

Aspidium spinulosum intermedium . Muhl . Common in woodsas well as in the deep ravines and on wet rocks of Mi l l Creek Parkand sim i lar si tuation s along the Mahoning . Annoyingly variou sb ut nothing approaching specific types h as y et been found .

Cystopteri s fagilis (L). Fragil e B ladder Fern . As common

in all si tuation s as i t i s variou s in form . In low woods as well ason cl i ffs and rocks .

Dicksonia punctilobula (Mx .)Hay scent ed Fern ,Bou lder

F ern . This gracefu l del i cate green fern may be consideredqu i te . common in this county

,attain ing perfection in ri ch

shady woods as wel l as on wet shaded rocks and cli ffs,in which

last location like the B ladder Fern i ts fronds b ecom e muchelongated and elegan tly tapered .

Onoclea sensibi lis L . Sensitive F ern . Common in woods,

thi ckets and pastu res everywhere . Som e season s there appearsa riot of that sportive so—cal l ed variety ob t usilobat a appearing t oi l lustrate the evolu tion or in termarriage of steril e and ferti l efronds . When they abound one season you search for them thefollowing y ear in vain .

Osmunda regali s L . Flowering Fern . Found t o som e extentin wet woods and swamps .

Osmunda cinnamomea L . Cinnamon Fern . In swamp s andwet pastures , though not common as in the tam arack bogs of

som e places in this corn er of the state ; a bog of this kind in

Boardman Townsh ip having been destroyed .

Osmunda claytoniana L . Not abundant,though it may be

found general ly d istribu ted .

Oph ioglossum vulgatum (L). Adder ’

s Tongue . For thisplan t the w riter h as two stations in the coun ty 3712 : JacksonTownship

,Jun e 9

,1900

,where it h as not been rediscovered

,and

Ellsworth Township,Jun e 13 ,

1909 . This plant being so readi lyoverlooked is doubtless more common than wou ld seem .

Botrych ium ob liquum Muhl . Grape Fern and v ar . dissectum .

Their common form grow s everywhere in woods and pastu re andspring together as i f from a common root .

Botrych ium virginianum (L). More abundan t than the last .

The si ze attain ed depending upon the moist ri chness of the woodswhere heavy shade is a factor .

With the exception of Asplen ium angu stifolium,Asplen ium

m on tanum,and Ophioglossum vu lgatum ,

I have found all of theabove in Mi l l Creek Park

,and probably two of the three w i l l yet

be found there .

Dat e of Pub l ica t ion , February 15 , 19 10 .

LlI’

Cl lS

PUBL IS HED BY


Volume X . MARCH, 19 10 .

TAB LE O F C O NT ENT S .

LAMB—Pennsy lvanian L imestones of North western Oh io below t h e Lower

K i t tann ing CoalJENNINGS—A Supplemen tamr Descri ption o f Cerastmm arv ense Web b i i J ennings

PENNSYLVANIAN LIMESTONES OF NORTHEASTERN OHIOBELOW THE LOWER KITTANNING COAL .

G . F . LAM B .

INTRODUCT I ONIn the Lower Coal measu res of P ennsylvan ia and Ohio there

occur certain beds of Lim estone whose outcrop is known t o bem ore or less cont inuou s around the northern , the northw estern ,

and the w estern border of the Appalachian coal basin . This i st ru e more particu larly of those l im estones occurring below thehorizon of the Lower Kittann ing coal . This coal with its compan ion ,

the famous Midd le Kittann ing coal , constitu tes a bandwhich

,for extent , con t inu ity , im portance , and d istinctn ess

,i s

perhaps second t o none in the belt of the Low er Coal m easu res .

This band divides the Lower Coa l Measure lim estones into two

groups— those below the Kittann ing Goals and those above them .

The purpose of this paper is a discu ssion of the Lim estonesbelow these wel l known coals . Accordingly for defin it eness and

conven ien ce of reference the line is drawn at the base of the LowerKittann ing coal .

REV IEW OF L ITERATURE .

For our present know l edge of these lim estones as they occu rin the State of Pennsylvan ia ,

we are indebted ch iefly t o H . D .

Rogers ,H . Martyn Chan ce , I . C . White , and F . G . Clapp . Rogers

in 1858 in his general section of the bitum inous coal held of Pennsylvan ia (the section beginn ing in Mercer and end ing in GreeneCoun ty)gives on ly two l im estones below the Lower Kittann ingCoal . The low er one of 2 feet thickn ess he nam es the MercerLim estone . [Geol . Penn . Vol . I I , Part I , p . 476 ] On the nextpage of the sam e report he gives another l im estone— Mahon ingLim eston e— as form ing the t op of the Tionesta Group . On

another page he states as fo l low s :

9 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLX ,No. 5 ,

in the neighborhood of New Castle on the BeaverR iver , another lim estone b ed , the Mahon ing Limestone

,2 feet

thick,is in terposed imm ed iately under the Tionesta sandstone ;

[Geol . Penn . Vol . I I,Part I p . 489 ]

O f the Ferriferous Lim estone , which is the first one below theLow er Ki ttann ing Coal , he states that it is so cal led becau se inmany local iti es a valuable deposit of iron ore rests directly u ponit . At New Cast le he says this l im estone rests upon the Scrubgrass Coal—bed ,

”

the latter having a maximum thickness of 20

inches . (Geo l . P enn . Vol . I I,Part I

, p . 49 1 ]In 1875 in h is report on Beaver Val ley

,H . Martyn Chance

states as fol low s :

Both of the Mercer limeston es w ere seldom seen in one

local ity one or the other general ly being ab sent,and it i s often

di fficu lt t o tel l t o which of the two the one noted shou ld be referred— the upper Mercer Lim estone u sual ly occu rring at 90

t o 1 15 feet beneath that stratum . (Ferriferous l im estone .)[Sec Geo l . Sur . Pa . Vol . V . p . 189 ]

In h is report on Mercer County in 1878 under the head of

The Upper M e11

0e1' L1111e5 t0 11e

,I C . W

’

hite w rites as fo l low s con

cerning that stratum :

This is the‘Mahon ing Lim estone of Rogers ’

wh o recogn i zedit on the Mahon ing R iver , bu t not in Mercer County ,

where infact it can on ly be seen at a few loca l it ies .

”

[Sec . Geo l . Sur .

Pa,Rep . P rog . 1878 Q . Q . Q . Geo l . Mercer Coun ty

, p .

The sam e w riter further says that in the sou theast part of

Shenango Township (the southwestern township of MercerCoun ty and adj acent t o Ohio), the M ercer L 0we1 L1141 e5 to11e is

here seen in two layers (a character which it often exhibits), theupper one 2 feet thick and the low er one 6 inches . There doesnot appear t o be any separating m aterial

,not even the thinnest

shal e , bu t the layers appear t o be in imm ediate contact,and

both are richly fossi li ferou s ; species of Sp11'1ie1

'

. 17 1 0 03110 1115,and

6 1 1110 1035 being especial ly num erou s . [Geol . Sur . Q . Q . Q . p .

D i scussing the ferriferou s l im estone in his report on Bu tlerCounty , Chance m akes this statem ent of it :

In Ohio ,ex cept at Lowellvil le

,on the Mahon ing

,where it

exhibits it s u sual character , it is mu ch thinner than in Pennsylvan ia

,and

,com pared t o it s valu e in the latter state

,is worth bu t

l ittl e,either as a l im eston e or as an iron ore carrier . It s outcrop

enters Ohio near the Mahon ing river .

”

[Geol . Sur . Pa . Reportof P rogress V , p . 142 . 1878 ]

In a bu l letin prepared by F . G . Clapp and issu ed by the U . S .

Geol . Sur . in 1901 on the Limestones of Southw estern Pennsylvan ia

,

” the ferriferous l im estone i s som ewhat fu l ly treated in an

econom i c way . He renamed it the Vanport L1111 e5 t0 11 e from t ypi

cal ou tcrops at Vanport on the Ohio R iver in Beaver Coun ty,

Mar. ,Pennsylv anian Limestones . 9 1

Pennsylvan ia . [U . S . Geol . Sur . Bu l . 249 , p . 37 ] This i s c learly a better nam e than Ferriferou s and i t w i l l doubtless prevai l .He h as mapped i t s ou tcrop in that state and show s i t present upthe Ohio ,

the Beaver , and the Mahon ing R ivers,and that it i s

the thick lim estone found in the hil l tops at Bessem er,Hi l lsvil l e

and en tering Ohio at Lowel lvi l le .

I t i s apparent from this brief review of Pennsylvan ia geologybearing on this low er group of lim eston e in that part of Pennsylvan ia adj acent t o Ohio

,that there are bu t three l im estone

so far observed . They are the Lower Mercer,Upper Mercer

,

and Vanport Lim estones , the first two being nam ed from ou t

crops near Mercer , Mercer County ,P ennsylvan ia .

In Ohio we are indebted very largely t o E . B . Andrew s, J . S .

Newberry ,and Edward O rton f or our presen t know ledge of the

occurrence , the character , and the strata associated with thelim estones considered in this paper . So often have they described and spoken of them in the Reports of the Ohio Geologica lSurvey that indeed the nam es of these lim estones— LowerMercer , Upper Mercer , Putnam Hi l l

,and Ferriferous

,are qu i te

fam il iar t o every one at all conversant with Ohio geology . Thefirst two and last of these nam es are of P ennsylvan ia origin as

already noted . The third,or Pu tnam Hi l l

,is a nam e of Ohio

origin and was given by Andrew s in 1869 t o a con spicuou s strat um of l im estone typical ly exposed in the above hil l at thefoot of which nestles the city of Zanesvil le . [Ohio Geol . Sur .

Rep . of Prog . 1869 ] When Andrews nam ed this stratum theother nam es did not exist in Ohio nom en clature

,as i t appears

on ly one of the other three lim estones was noticed . Thatstratum h as sin ce been considered the Lower Mercer and seenin the river bed at Zanesvil le . I t does not appear , so far as thew riter is aware , that these l im estones observed at Zanesvil l ewere at first even suspected of being the sam e strata foundbeyond the Pennsylvan ia l ine . Later how ever these strata weretraced northward through Mu skingum , Coshocton ,

Tu scarawas,

and Stark Counties , and the Pu tnam Hi l l found t o be the principal l im estone stratum bu t apparent ly d i sappearing fromthe section north eastward from cen tral Stark County . TheLower or B lue L1me5 t0 h e

,as it i s u sual ly cal led ,

was nam ed t h eZ oar L1111 e5 t0 11e 1878 by Newberry from the typical exposuresn ear Zoar in Tu scarawas County . [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I

,

p . 60 ] Bu t this stratum was later regarded as iden tical withthe Lower Mercer in Pennsylvan ia and the latter having priori tythe nam e Zoar is discon tinued .

In his d iscu ssion of Coal No . 4 under the head of The Carbon iferous System of Ohio ,

Newberry in 1874 states that :“ Th rough ou t the greater part of the belt of ou tcrop of the

Lower Coal Measures in Ohio ,at a d istance varying from 20 t o

9 2 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOL X, No. 5 ,

90 feet above Coal No . 3 another coal , another l im estone,and

another ore bed are found . Where the interval betweenthe l imestones is considerable , two and som etim es three coalseam s are found betw een them (Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I

,

p . 139 ]The w riter questions the interval of 20 feet betw een the Lower

or B lu e Lim estone (which is probably the Low er Mercer)andthe Putnam Hi l l . There are other l im estones betw een these twowhich Newberry so far h as not reckon ed With and i t seem s

qu ite probable that where an in terval of mu ch less than 90 feet”o ccurs another stratum i s m et .

In h is report on Stark County [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I, pp .

1 5 1—176] Newberry nowhere m entions the presence of m ore‘t han two l im estones below the Low er Kittann ing Coal . He

regu larly regards the upper one of the two given as the Pu tnamHi ll , and the low er one ,

the Lower or B lu e L im estone . There i sevident ly m istaken iden t ifi cation as w i ll appear later in thedet ai l study t o fol low .

One county rem ains t o be considered which w i l l com plete a

belt of territory extend ing from Muskingum County, Ohio ,

t o

sou thwestern Mercer Coun ty , Penn sylvan ia ,in which belt the

lower group of l im estones occu rs . The last link i s Mahon ingCounty . In h is report on this county Newb erry notes the prese nce of fou r lim estones below the Lower Kittann ing Coal as

i nd icated in the “

Section at Low el l [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I,

o pposite p . 804 ] Near Youngstown three lim estones are ind ic at ed as present [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I , p . The upper one oft hese is certain ly a n ew stratum and not in the Section at Low ell.as w il l be shown later . On Ind ian Creek in Canfield Town shiph e notes the presence of two l im eston es and designates the assoc iat ed coals as No . 3 and 3a ,

”which wou ld indicate that he

regarded the low er lim estone as the Lower or B lu e Lim estone .

This iden t ificat ion W il l be considered later .

In h is report on Coshocton County ,Read notes a l im estone

betw een the B lu e or Zoar , and the Gray or“

Pu tnamHi l l ,

”and near the form er . [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I

, p . 567 ]Andrews appears t o have observed another lim estone n ear theZoar or Lower Mercer in northern Mu skingum County . He alsonotes a thin l im estone above the Pu tnam Hi l l at Zanesville .

[Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . I I I, p . 823 ] Orton also notes a l im estone

30 t o 40 feet above the Zoar in Vinton and Hocking counti es ,which he nam es the Gore Lim estone in 1878 ,

apparent ly froma village in north -eastern Hocking County . [Ohio Geo l . Sur .

Vol . I I I, p . 898 ] Thus in 1878 a l im estone occu ring betw een the

Lower Mercer and the Putnam Hi l l was recogn ized in ratherWidely separated places .


94 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . X,No. 5 ,

Toward the southw est (from Lowel lvi l le)the forma

t ion becom es m ore and more sparing in its exposures,and thin

ner,unt i l in sou thwestern Stark County and northeastern Tu s

carawas County it d isappears , and the Putnam Hi l l Lim estonecom es in on n early the sam e horizon , bu t stratigraphical ly d istinct .

”

[Ohio Geo l . Sur . Vol . I X,Bu l l . 4

, p . 174 ]From this brief review of the literatu re on these l im estones

i t i s qu ite apparent that three l im estones are recogn i zed in

Western P ennsylvan ia below the Low er Kittann ing Coal,and

in Ohio fou r are recogn i zed below the sam e horizon . In theform er state the Low er Mercer and Vanport are the moreimportan t stratigraphical horizons ; in the latter state theLower Mercer and the Putnam Hi l l have that d istin ction . I t isalso apparent that un certainty characterizes the presen t know ledge of the presence and character of the westward exten sionof the Vanport l im eston e from eastern Mahon ing Coun ty

,and

l ikew ise the eastward extension of the Putnam Hi l l from CentralStark County . The Lower Mercer is regarded as the un fai l inglimestone from Mercer County ,

P ennsylvan ia, t o Zanesvil le

,

and as the low est and earli est l im estone in the Lower CoalMeasures . The Upper Mercer is con ceded t o be present inm any places

,bu t by no m eans so regu larly present as the Lower

Bdercer .

SUR FACE ,S TRE AMS

,AND ELEVAT I ONS .

From central and sou thern Stark County sou thwestward,i t

wou ld appear from the Ohio Reports that these l im estones are

fairly w el l known and the sam e can be said of them on the easternl ine of the state . Bu t

‘from central Stark Coun ty t o the Pennsylvan ia l ine they are not w el l known . Consequently a som ewhatcarefu l exam ination h as been m ade o f this territory coveringan extent of abou t fif t y m i l es . O f the region exam ined all bu t

a little in sou thern Stark County is deeply drift covered, and

on ly now and then can the strata be seen t o em erge from thedrift mant le save a long stream s and even here long intervalsoften occu r betw een m eager ou tcrops .

From w est t o east the fol low ing stream s and tribu tarieshave been exam ined for ou tcrops of the above lim estones :Nim ish illen Creek ,

Mahon ing R iver , I sland Creek,Littl e Mi l l

Creek ,Turkey Broth ,

Meander Creek ,McMah on Run ,

D ieh lCreek

,Mi l l Creek , Neff Run ,

Ind ian Creek , Yellow Creek ,Burgess

Run,and Furnace Run

,all of which are shown on the accom

panying m ap of Stark and Mahon ing Coun ties .

Elevation w i l l be seen t o be an exceed ingly importan t factorin obtain ing the resu lts of this investigation and i t i s constan tlyemployed in determ ination s . The elevations given w ere ob

t ained by level from elevation s ind icated in the field by the

Man , Pennsylv anian Limestones. 9 5

United States Geo logical Survey ,from rai lroad elevations

,and

in a few cases from topographical maps . In every case theelevat ion given below will be understood t o m ean the elev at10 11 ofthe t0p Oi the 5 t1

'

at11111 named,and intervals between strata w i l l

b e understood t o m ean between the11 t0p5 un l ess otherw iseexplained .

O ther strata associated w ith the lim estones receive atten tionon ly in so far as they add in terest t o the setting and identity o f

the lim estones in d i fferen t places,or When w el l -known horizon s

are exhibited and cal l for brief recogn ition .

DES CR I PT I ON O F SECT I ONS .

N111115 h111e11 Valley .

H0we11 5 te111 . In the val l ey o f the Nim ish illen abou t six m i lessou th of Canton and abou t fou r m il es north from the countyline good ou tcrops of l im estones are found near the Vil lage of

Howenstein . A rather long section i s afforded here since theva lley is narrow and deep and the hill s rather high . A lmostevery foot of the strata may be seen from the Low er Mercer Lim estone in the bed of the stream up t o thirty feet or more abovethe Midd l e Kittanning Coal . At Howen stein a lim estone isfound in the creek b ed bu t cannot be seen w ell here . At Mr .

John Shew’

s Mi l l a hal f m i l e below the Vil lage the l im estone issti l l found in the stream b ed .

A wal l under the m il l is con structed of this stratum l ifted fromthe stream bed and the thickn ess is seen t o be 10 t o 12 in ches .

I t is reported by Mr . Shew t o be one foot or a l itt le over and li ftsin two layers . I t is underlain by a thin coal and is dark grayin color w eathering t o a yellow ish gray . Segm ents of crinoidstem s and brachiopods constitu te the fossi ls seen . The limestone can be seen som e d istance below the m i l l in the creek bed .

Above the rai lroad on the w est side of the stream occurs a

second l im estone which is undoubted ly the Upper Mercer as willappear from sections t o fo l low . This poin t is abou t 300 yardsbelow the m i l l , and the interval from t op t o t op where m easu redis 28 feet which is greater than the u sual interval betw een theselimestones . The interval is u sual ly 20 t o 25 feet . At this out

crop the Upper Mercer is 14 inches thick and in one layer . In

other characters it is practically l ike the lower lim eston e . Fou rhundred yards above the m il l and on the w est side of the rai lroadthis stratum is seen t o be 2 1 in ches thick and resting upon 18

inches of coal . I t is also seen t o rise and fal l,or undu late and is

certain ly con siderably less than 28 feet above the low er l im estone ,probably less than 20 feet in places . I t can be seen at a numberof poin ts along the railroad up t o Howenstein where it i s seen at

several poin ts on the east s ide of the creek in the bank above

96 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLX ,No. 5 ,

the dugway . At the sou th end of the dugway,or highway cu t ,

it appears at the sam e leve l as where last seen on the w est siden ear the railroad sw itch below Howenstein a f ew hundred yards .

I t may be noted in passing that the Upper Mercer coalthicken s here t o abou t 3 feet and a m in e h as been opened in i ta quarter of a m i l e b elow How enstein .

The overlying lim eston e is also removed . This i s th e onlym i ne m et w ith in the territory covered opened in this coal ; i tnowhere else was found reaching this thickness .

Near the north end of the highway cu t the Upper Mercerl im eston e is w ell exposed beside the roadway . I t occu rs in two

layers,the low er layer being very tough

,blu ish gray and 23 in ches

thick . The upper layer i s brown is11,coarser grained

,contains

considerable i ron ore,and is 10 inches thick . The two layers

thicken and thin at the expen se of each other . No coal i s foundunder it .

At this ou tcrop a ravine tren ch es the hil lside,and in this

ravine two or three rods above the roadway another stratum of

l im eston e is found at 22 feet 7 in ches above the Upper Mercerl im estone , and 15 inches thick . I t i s b lu e -black

,very tough

,

and in one layer . I t can be seen all along the bank above theroadway , bu t con cretionary rather than as a continuou s stratum .

Coaly shal e and fire clay underl ie it . Nort h east of the creekbridge at How enstein about 200 yards and beside the hil l road itm ay be seen in the run b ed f or several rods where it occurs ina definit e b ed show ing decid ed undu lation . This stratum is not

the Pu tnam Hi l l l imestone as m ight be thou ght . I t is t oo nearthe Upper Mercer , and t oo far below the Low er Kit t an ing Coal ,besides the Pu tnam Hi l l is presen t in the section at it s properhorizon . I t is clearly a new elem ent not before recogn ized .

Again ,it is not m erely a loca l developm en t bu t is found nearly

t o the state—l ine as w i l l appear in description s t o fol low .

Having t o deal With it repeated ly the w riter nam es it theH 0

'we11 5 te111 l1111e5 t0 11e . At the sou th end of the highway cu t and

near the bridge the Howenstein l im estone l ies at 99 1 feet abovesea ,

and 2 1 feet above rail at Howenstein depot . From thiselevation the Upper Mercer is seen t o l ie at abou t 9 67 above

,

and the Low er Mercer at abou t 939 .

In the hill - side ravin e spoken of above and sixty feet abovethe Howenstein l im estone a fou rth lim eston e occu rs at 105 1

feet above sea . This i s undoubted ly the Pu tnam Hi l l which i shere 2 feet , 8 inches thick and resting upon a b ed of coal . Beingon ly partial ly exposed the thickness was not obtain ed . Two

m il es up the Nim ish illen this coal l i es in two ben ches and i s 4feet thick capped by the sam e l im estone . As seen in the aboveravin e this l im estone is rather a dark gray ,

w eathering t o a grayor a yellow—

g ray . I t is very tough and l ies in one layer . Crinoid


98 The 0kto Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 5 ,

A typ ical section for this region may be found abou t of a

m i l e b elow . Beside the residenc e of Amanda Stal lm an a deepravine exposes the fou r low er l im estones .

’

Well up the hillsidethe Pu tnam Hi l l is found w ith a thickness of 34 feet resting uponcoal part ial ly exposed . Forty- four feet below it s t op occursthe Howenstein 1 foot , 9 inches thick tougher and mu ch blu ert han the Putnam Hi l l . Tw enty-one feet

,6 inches below the

'

t op of the Howenstein l ies the Upper Mercer in the run bed beside“ the Stal lman residen ce . I t appears t o be double here . The”

upper hal f is 2 feet , 9 inches in thickness , l i es 2 feet above the"

lower hal f , is blu ish in co lor , qu it e tough and in several layers .

The character of the two fe et between the ha lves was not seen .

”

Th e lower hal f is two feet eight inches thick and in three layers .

r

Th e bottom of the lower hal f l ies 6 feet above water in the Nim ish illen . About 4 feet below water su rface lies the Lower Mercerin the creek b ed . I t is c lear therefore that the two d ivisions justgiven is not a close approach o f the two Mercer lim estones bu ta split of one of them . Nowhere else was this character found

,

bu t it i s suggested in th e expression of the two layers as noted at

Howen stein . I t i s possible that the l im estone seen n ear creekl evel opposit e the North Industry depot is this upper hal f of theUpper Mercer . The Low er Mercer in the creek bed is said t o beabou t 1 foot thick and l ies 174 feet below the t op of the UpperMercer . A l ittle below

,this l im eston e is seen at the ripple near

t h e h ighway bridge .

a A short distance below the Stal lman ravine and on the oppos ite side a deep ravine jo in s the gorge at the m ou th of which i sthe tipple of The Nim ish illen Coal Company . The m ine is a fewhundred yards up the ravin e and is opened in the coal beneaththe Pu tnam Hi l l l im estone . The coal l ies in two benches two

feet each with a conspicuou s 3 inch shal e p art ing as seen at thelower open ing . The lim estone is m assive , tough ,

and having a

blu ish tint where freshly quarried . Two layers are presentedhere

,the lower one 1 foot , 2 inches , and the upper one 2 feet ,

8 inches in thickness . Crinoid stem s and brachiopods comprisethe fossil s observed . The com pany h as been quarrying thel im estone recently and cru shing it for m acadam iz ing . At the

upper open ing the l im eston e and coal present the sam e charactersexcept the low er bench of coal h as thickened t o two feet n ine

inches .

The section begun in the Stal lman ravine may be completedhere

. At the point where the Putnam Hi l l becom es the ravine

floor and on the left hand the steep slope presents every foot ofthe strata up t o a point considerably above the horizon of the

Vanport l im estone . No defin it e b ed d istin ctly l im estone is foundhere

. But at 37 feet above the Pu tnam Hi l l irregu lar concretion

Main, Pennsylv an1an Limestones . 99

ary masses of 3 t o 8 inches thickness and much iron stainedrespond promptly t o ac id . These are imbedded in the dark graysandy shal e and wou ld never be noticed were one not lookingsharply for the vestiges of l im estone .

Cant0 1z. From North Indu stry up the val l ey the PutnamHi l l is exposed at d ifferen t p laces

,bu t the n ext good exposu re

occurs at the Im perial Brick P lan t in southwest Canton wherethe shal e above and the fireclay beneath t his l imestone are u sedin brickmaking . Here the Pu tnam Hil l i s 2 feet

, 9 inches thickand underlain by 18 in ches of coal .

As nearly as can be determ ined from a topographic map itselevation is 1075 feet above sea . The hil l is high enough t o carrythe Vanport but i t was not seen ,

arenaceou s shal e occupying it shorizon .

The brick plant is located on the roadway leading t o Nav arreand ju st above the bridge crossing a smal l creek near the brickplant the How enstein l im estone is exposed in the creek bank5 feet above the stream l evel . I t li es 50 feet below the t op of

the Pu tnam Hi l l or at 1025 ,is bluer than the upper l im estone

,

and is 1 foot thick . One t o fou r inches of yel low clay and 4

inches of coal beneath the clay d irect ly underlie the l im estone .

In h is report on Stark County Dr . Newberry constan tly referst o the lim estone below the Pu tnam Hi l l as the low er l im estoneand in reference t o certain borings in the Vicin ity of Canton statesthat they w ere begun at abou t the horizon of the “ low er lim estone

”which he reports i s visib le in places . These borings ap

pear t o have been in the vicinity of the above ou tcrops of l im estone , and it seem s qu it e certain that h is lower lim estone ” i sthe Howen stein . In the well section given it is 1 foot

,2 in ches

thick . [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol : I I I , p . 159 ] This is qu ite in accordw ith the Howen stein as seen near the brick plant . Anotherstrat um of interest , however , appears in the above w ell section .

Twenty—two feet below the t op of the above 14 inch l im eston ei s recorded a Hard B lu e Rock 2 feet and 1 inch thick . Thedri ller does not seem t o have known ju st what t o cal l it

,and Dr .

Newberry does not seem t o have suspected it of being anotherl im estone , which it certain ly is . At Howen stein the sam e interv al is 22 feet 7 inches , in the Stal lman ravin e 2 1 feet

,6 inches .

From these facts the iden tity of these l im estones as found insouthwest Canton appears t o be unqu est ionable . The “ low erlimestone of Newberry ,

therefore , is the Howenstein ,the Hard

B lue Rock is the Upper Mercer,and the Lower Mercer absent

being replaced by shal e and sandston e .

In northw est Canton in the sides of a ravine which entersthe West Lawn Cem etery from the west , l im estone occurs at

abou t 1090 feet above sea,as nearly as cou ld be determ ined

1 0 0 The Ohio Naturalist , [VO] . X,No. 5

,

from topographic m ap . I t was form erly quarried and burnedbeside the roadway on the w est side of the Cem etery . The ownerof the land reports the l im estone as 4 feet thick and underlaidby abou t 2 feet of coal . This stratum is c learly the Pu tnamHi l l l im estone .

1M10’0’Ze B ranch . In the vicinity of M iddl e Branch a vil lage

abou t 7 m i les north of Canton several ou tcrops of l imestone occur .

In fact almost anywhere at the proper hori zon Where the nativestrata occur l im estone is present . I t i s often ab sent bu t this i sdue t o preglacial erosion and drift now occupies it s posit ion insuch places . The m ost extensive exposure of this conspicuou sstratum occurs at the quarry of the D iamond Cem ent Worksabou t a m il e north of Midd l e Bran ch . This point is n early 8m i les from the ou tcrop in northwest Canton

,bu t variou s ou tcrops

from Canton northward show this heavy stratum with i t s underlying coal t o be the Pu tnam Hi l l l im estone . The 1 1—inch coalas seen in the quarry is heavily charged w ith su lphur which istypical of i t sou th of Canton . Furthermore a l imestone is foundabove the quarry stratum near the quarry ,

and the elevation of

the l im estones here indi cates a gradual rise Which is qu ite inharm ony w ith facts found from How en stein t o Can ton . I tappears qu ite clear from all the data given that the l im estoneshere t o be described are the Pu tnam Hi l l and the Vanport . At

this quarry acres of the Pu tnam Hi l l have been removed for themanu facture of cem ent and the best opportun ity for studying thisstratum found anywhere is presen ted here . I t attain s a greaterthickness here than i t is known t o have in any other ou tcrop of

i ts whol e extent . The stratum as seen at the present tim e in thequarry i s mostly overlain by drift and shows mu ch scoring by theice where the t op is exposed especial ly on the north side of thequarry . In the center of the quarry a large block of the lim estone h as been left stand temporarily in order that the overlyingshale may be u sed in the m anu facture of cem ent . Practical lyeverywhere else the ice seem s t o have swept the limestone barebu t here in the center 16%feet of brown arenceou s shal e caps thestratum . The quarry is being extended northward toward thehil l and the sam e shale w i l l doubtless be encountered in a fewyears . A very striking feature of the limestone is the pronouncedundu lation found . This is a character

,how ever

,comm on t o all

the lim estones bu t no other ou tcrop affords so good an oppor

t unit y of seeing it in the Putnam Hi l l . I t is qu ite evident thatsuch undu lation w i l l affect the m easurem ents of sections

,espec

ially Where the wave crest of one l im estone occu rs above thet rough of another , thus m aking the strata appear farther apartthan they real ly are

,or again i f the section be m easured where a

crest of the lower , and a trough of the upper occur they w i l l


1 0 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 5,

No . 6 is dark gray in color , is not so com pact as 4 and 5 belowit

,and h as m ore jointing planes than these layers . I t rests

imm ediately upon No . 5 from which it i s separated by an un evenbedd ing plane and h as a thickness of 16 inches .

Nos . 5 and 4 having a thickness of 7 inches and 23 inchesrespectively ,

are brown-gray in color,qu ite compact , w eather

less easi ly than the upper layers,and are said t o be the best

stone in the quarry . These layers are separated by a pecu liarwavy bedd ing plane the elevations of which m easure 1 t o 13inches and 3 t o 5 inches betw een as seen on the rock face .

No . 3 m easu res 20 in ches ,is of a gray color slightly darker

than the layer below it and also pu rer lim e than that layer bu tnot so good as those next above it . I t is m ore com pact than thelower layer .

No . 2 is a thin cal careou s shal e parting of n egligible thicknessand of the color of the ston e .

No . 1 h as a thickness of 11 in ches,is gray in color and is said

t o weather t o a shal e cond ition after a f ew m on ths exposure . I tis not as tough as the m idd le layers and rests upon the coal .

In the south wal l of the quarry the l im estone presen ts fivelayers below the con spicuou s shal e parting but of n earer equalthickness than shown in the above section .

The ou tcrop of the Vanport noted above occu rs in the hill -t opju st above the town ship road in a private roadway abou t 30yards north of Mr . Adam Cocklin

’

s barn and abou t 200 yardsnorth of the quarry . This stratum is poorly exposed and as

n early as cou ld be determ in ed it is 6 feet , 5 inches thick ,caps

the hil l and i s thin ly covered w ith dri ft . I t may be seen againin the township road

‘

i m il e east o f this ou tcrop and n ear theresidence of Mr . Adam Wise

,where it again caps the hil l . Mr

Wise reports the presence of a thin coal beneath it .

L ittl e more can be said of this l im estone from the poor ou tcrops afforded . I t is blu ish. gray in color and l ess fossi l iferou sthan it s com pan ion so far as cou ld be seen .

I t probably occu rs in all the su rrounding hil ls whose strataare high enough t o carry it bu t w ith it s ou tcrop obscured by drift .

It s occu rrence here in rather heavy body and above thePu tnam Hi l l

,which at this point exhibits the greatest develop

m ent it i s known t o possess,i s som ewhat in contrast with the

supposit ion that the two l im estones do not overlap and that asthe one appears the other disappears .

One m i l e south of the Midd l e Branch on the farm of WilliamWorst ler a quarry was operated on a smal l scal e for m any yearsand the stone burned for l im e with the underlying coal . Thefol low ing section ind icates the character of the stratum in thisquarry .

Mar.,

Pennsylv anian Limestones .1 o3

Dri ftCa lcareou s sha le .

Clay parting .

Lim estone layer . .



Lim eston eLim estone layer , m assiveLim estone layer .

Lim estone layer , th ickness not seen bu t

probably abou t 1 0

The cal careou s shal e at the t op l ies in num erou s defin it e layersand contains considerable alum ina . I t lifts readi ly in thin layersat the thin clayey partings . The clay part ing betw een this shal eand the lim estone proper leads one t o identify it at once with the2 inch parting in the quarry at the cem en t works . The worthl ess shal e here above the clay part ing becom es an im pure lim estone at the cem ent works . The lim eston e h as a l ight b lu e co lorand the coal beneath is said t o be 14 inches thick . The L im estoneli es at abou t 1 120 feet above sea and is undoubted ly the PutnamHi l l .Mr . D . L . Worst ler in 1907 opened a quarry t o bu rn l im e on

the farm of B . F . Werner 1 m i l e sou thw est of Midd le Branch and

1 m i l e northw est from the Worst ler quarry . The elevation i sabout 1130 above sea . No shale layer or clay parting occurs hereas dri ft lies d irectly upon fi rm rock . The fol low ing section ind icates the nature of the stratum in this quarry .

Drift Feet Inches

f—‘IQOJ

H—Ol

‘GD

NI

Cfl

QO

5 . Lim estone ,b lu ish gray 2 8

4 . Lim estone , b lu ish gray 1 4

3 . Lim set one , b lack 1 2

2 . Sha le , blu ish black . 0 3

1 . Coa l 2 4

The upper part of the stratum of l imestone h as doubtless beeneroded as the t op layer show s abrasion . No . 4 is more compactthan No . 5 which is in accord with the m idd le layers at theCement P lant .

No . 3 is black and porous,and not so compact as No . 4 .

The pores are filled w ith oil which soon greases a freshly brokenface and yields the characteristic odor . The coal is ample forbu rn ing the l im e and runs from 24 t o 28 inches in thickness . At

a farm house abou t 350 yards w est of this pit a l im estone was

pen etrated in a well at abou t 35 or 40 feet above the quarry stone .

These lim estones are clearly those at the Cem ent Works .

D117 0 ]Cthe S trata 111 theN111115h1lle1t Valley .

I t read ily appears from the elev ations of the lim estones at thevarious ou tcrops that there is a dip of the strata toward thesou th . P lacing the elevat ions together of any one stratum from

1 0 4 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 5 ,

sou th t o north a gradual rise i s observed . The Pu tnam Hi l laffords the best example being found at m ore points than any of

the others .

I t lies at How enstein at 105 1 , North Indu stry 1057 ,southw est

Canton 1075 ,northw est Canton 1090 , V

Vorst ler quarry 1 120 ,

Werner quarry 1 130 ,

and at the Cem ent P lant at 1 143 . There is afal l therefore of 92 feet in this stratum from the latter plac e t oHowenstein a distan ce of abou t 13 m i les ,

or 7 feet per m i le . Thesam e is tru e of the Vanport which at How en stein l i es at 1086 ,

at Cem ent P lant at 1 180 ,and a fal l of 94 feet or of 7 feet per m i le.

This i s not the d irection of the greatest dip ,however

,as will

be seen later .

EA STERN STARK COUNTY .

A ll1a1tce . Bu t f ew l im eston e outcrops have been found in theeastern part of the county . The region i s deeply drift coveredand the strata are con cealed for the most part . Two ou tcropsand two w el l sections afford the on ly information at hand on theselim estones in that part of the county ,

and of these the well sections and one ou tcrop occu r at Al l ian ce . This city l ies 10 m i l eseast of the Cem en t Works m entioned above and the strata l ieconsiderably low er at the form er place than the latter . The Middle Kittann ing coal l ies at 1 132 feet above sea in the coal shaftnear the city Stand P ipe . In a test w ell dril led by the cityon “Test State Street it lies at 1040 ,

and at the E ly shaft m il esou thw est of the Transu e—VVilliam s Mach ine Shops it l ies at 1 137

above sea . The Lower Kittann ing coal was form erly m ined n earthe above shops at 1 100 above sea as nearly as cou ld be determ ined . A hal f m i l e north of the above shops and the sam e d istance w est of the A l lian ce Cem etery a l im estone ou tcrops on theE llett farm at 108 1 above sea . This is c learly the Vanport bu t itis closer t o the Lower Kittann ing coa l than at How en stein . Thel im eston e is exposed in a pit near the E llett barn and m easu res5 feet in thickness . No coal bu t 4 feet of fireclay imm ed iate lyunderlies this stratum ,

and is overlain by 2 t o 3 feet of drift . I td iffers from any other ou tcrop of l im estone found in that it iscomposed o f num erous irregu lar layers ranging from a fraction of

an inch t o 4 or 5 inches in thickness . I t lifts in broad pieces of avery irregu lar form , som etim es wedge shaped . The stone isvery impure

,many of the slabs being a sandstone rather than a

l im estone and the parting betw een the slabs is clay or sandyshale . Some layers contain fairly pure l im estone of a light b lu eco lor and qu ite compact . The stratum presents an alternationof irregu lar bands of l ight b lu e and brown ,

the shal e and sand

ston e portion s having the latter color . The stratum at this poin tseem s t o have been deposited in shal low water which was som etim es qu iet and clear and som etim es flow ing and muddy thu s


1 0 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X,No. 5

,

that village . At How en stein the in terval between the Pu tnamHil l and the Upper Mercer is 84 feet , at A l l iance 66 feet and con

sidering the fact that the Low er Mercer is present at i t s u sualinterval i t wou ld seem that this d i fferen ce of 22 feet cou ld hard lybe regarded as due t o undu lation . I t is possib le however thatboth the Mercer lim estones w ere pen etrated on a crest whichwou ld account in part for the d i fference . Otherw ise a thinn ingof interm ediate strata i s the explanation .

The Low er Mercer lies at 945 or 2 1 feet below the t op of theUpper Mercer which is abou t it s u sual interval . I t is recordedas 3 feet thick which accords qu ite w el l w ith it s known thickness .

In the first w ell at an elevation of 884 feet above sea anotherl im estone was penetrated having a thickness of 5 feet . This isclearly a stranger as it lies 6 1 feet below the Low er Mercer .

The second test w el l w as dri l led beside the city pumping st a

t ion w ith the w el l head at 1044 above sea . The second well isn early 2 m il es north and 4 m i le east o f the first . This d istancewou ld seem at first t o forbid the combination of measurem en tsgiven above . Bu t certain facts indicate that it m ay be done w itha fair degree of certainty . ( 1)The Midd l e Kittann ing coal in theE ly shaft lies-at 1 137 and in the first w el l at 1 140 . These pointsare n early 1 m i le apart and the shaft a l itt le west of north .

This wou ld indi cate that the p lane of this coal in this direction isnearly level . Mr . Ely states that the coal rises a f ew feet fromthe shaft which further indicates horizontal ity . (2)In thesecond test w ell a 5—foot l im estone was penetrated at 882 feetabove sea ,

in the first w el l at 884 above . (3)Near Myers St ation on the Lake Erie , A l l ian ce and Wheeling Railroad

, 1 1 m i l essou th of the Ely Mine’ the Midd le Kittann ing coal l i es at 1 130

above sea ,or a fal l of 7 feet in 1 1 m il es . From the first test w el l

the fal l i s 10 feet in 10 m i l es .

These data indicate that the strata at A ll iance lie very n earlyon a l evel from north t o sou th . Therefore the strata m ay becounted practical ly level so far as these two w ells are concerned

,

and the combinat ion m ade as given above .

Li ttl e more need be said of the second well . Sixty-eight feetof the t op is drift and the bed rock is reached at 9 76 above sea

,

which i s below the hori zon of the Howen stein . The on ly otherl im estones t o be expected are the Upper and Lower Mercer andthese are present as noted above . The stranger is presen t al so at

63 below the Lower Mercer as already stated . Sixty feet belowthe t op of this l im estone lies a 2 foot coal which is apparen tly theSharon coal . I t lies 37 feet lower than coal No . 1 in the Mu l l inMin e at Deerfield which wou ld indicate that it is the sam e coal .This l im eston e w i l l b e con sidered fu rther in another connection .

The second l im estone ou tcrop in the eastern part of the coun tyt o be d iscussed occu rs on th e farm of Samu el Carr at a point

Man ,Pennsylv am

'

an Limestones .1 0 7

abou t 4 m i l es w est of the exposure on the Ellet farm . Thisstratum is quarried and burned on a smal l scal e by the Clapsadd l e Brothers and is u sed by the A l l iance City D isposal P lantwhich uses abou t 200 bu shels of l im e per w eek .

The quarry is opened beside a sm al l run and nearly at run

l evel . This stratum is 5 feet thick and l i es at 1 117 above sea .

In places it is said t o exceed this m easu rem ent and re sts uponcoal 5 t o 18 inches in thickness . I t is com posed of several layers

,

is blu ish gray in color and fairly fossil iferou s . The upper thirdi s som ewhat lighter in color than the lower part , and the quarrym en state that this l im estone produ ces a pu rer l im e than the stoneat Midd l e Bran ch .

N0 other l im estone was found and the iden tity of this stratumwou ld be difficu lt , i f not impossib le , t o determ in e from wha t canbe seen of it and the associated strata . In the absen ce of otherdata i t s iden tity may possibly be established in another way .

Sin ce t h e elevation of the Vanport at the Cem ent P lant is 1 180 ,

and 108 1 on the E llett farm ,the strata are seen t o dip toward

A l l iance 10 feet per m i l e . I f this l im eston e in qu estion be theVanport then at 4 m i l es t o the w est of the E llett farm i t shou ld l i eat 1 12 1 which is w ithin 4 feet of the elevat ion actual ly found .

I f it b e the Pu tnam Hi l l l im estone whose elevation at the Cem entP lan t is 1 143 and 1032 at A l lian ce having therefore

,a dip of 1 1

feet per m i l e,at the Carr farm it shou ld l i e at 1076 which is 4 1

feet low er than the lim eston e is found t o b e . This wou ld seemt o identify it as certain ly the Vanport . Bu t the presen ce of a

low fold between A ll ian ce and Midd le Bran ch wou ld al ter thisconclusion . No evidence

,how ever

,of su ch a condition is known

t o the w riter,hence he regards this as an ou tcrop of the Vanport .

Another section in the northeastern corner of the county isof in terest in this connection . About 3 m i l es northeast of theCarr farm and on the d iagonal road l ead ing from Lim avil l e t oMarlboro at a po int 24 m i l es sou thw est of Limavil le i s the shaftm ine of Mr . Fred Lare . The elevation of the t op of the shaft i sabou t 1 155 feet above sea .

Mr . Lare gives the fol lowing section :

4 . Drift .

3 . Wh ite sand stone ,hard and sha ly . .

2 . Shale , dark .

1 . Coal , bone parting near m idd le .

This 4 foot coal which i s said t o be a good steam and heatingcoal l ies at abou t 1095 above sea which is at once seen t o be belowthe Carr l im estone and With no trace of l im estone in the shaft .

The thickn ess and the parting in the m idd l e strongly suggest thecoa l beneath the Pu tnam Hi l l l im estone . This shaft , the Carrfarm , and How en stein are in l ine . The Vanport at How en steinl i es at 1086 ,

on the Carr farm at 11 17 and the two poin ts are 16

1 0 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 5 ,

‘

m il es apart . This show s a rise of 2 feet per m i le,and i f the Van

port w ere presen t in the shaft i t would li e at abou t 1 123 abovesea . This pu ts the coal 28 feet below the Vanport horizonWhich is reasonably near the proper

'

h orizon for the coal beneaththe Pu tnam Hil l l im eston e . Furthermore no other coal betw een

“

t h e Sharon and the Lower Kittann ing is known t o reach any su ch“ thickness or present a conspicuous parting in the m idd l e . I t:may be confiden t ly concluded that th is is the coal of the Pu tnam-Hil l l im estone w ith that stratum ab sent .

D eer Creek at L im avil le l ies at abou t 1040 above sea,low

!enough t o expose one or two of the lower lim estones bu t none‘

were seen .

L D117 0 ]ES trata 111 Ea5 te1'11 S tark C0 1111 ty .

With the several el evat ions now at hand 1111)of th e strata inthe eastern hal f of Stark Coun ty may be stil l fu rther noted .

With the Vanport at 1086 at Howenstein,108 1 at A l liance

,and

1 180 at the D iamond Cem ent P lant,it appears that the strata

l i e alm ost horizonta l ly from How enstein t o A l liance, bu t i f the

sum of the elevations of the fiv e l im estones at the two places b ecompared they will be seen t o be 5034 and 5032 respectivelywhich ind icates alm ost a perfect l evel . A l ine drawn through theCem ent P lan t ou tcrop at right angles t o the A l lian ce—How ensteinl ine gives the d irection of maximum d ip for this area . I t is sou thabou t 45 degrees east and 14 feet per m il e .

From the Cem ent P lan t t o the E llett farm it i s 10 m i l es witha fall of 99 feet and a l itt l e north of east . The M idd l e Kittann ingcoal at Howenstein l i es at 1 160 ; 12 m i l es s l ightly north of eastn ear Myers Station it l ies at 1 130 ,

or 30 feet fal l . I t i s at onceseen that these two l ines of fal l do not l ie in the sam e plane ,therefore a distu rbance in the d ip . In the absence of more datai t can not be defin i t ely stated what the cau se is , bu t the w riteroffers the fol lowing tentative explanat ion . Entering StarkCounty from the sou thwest a low fo ld extends in a northeasterlyd irection the crest of Which lies a littl e west of Canton and perhaps not far from Middle Bran ch . Paral le l t o this fold another isthought t o extend t hrough western Columbiana and centralMahon ing counties . I t i s thought that A l lianc e l ies n ear t hebottom of the interven ing trough or on the synclin e , that Howenstein is situated west of the syn cl ine and Myers Station east of it .

The horizontal posit ion of the strata at A l l ian ce and the fact thatthere is less than 1 foot fal l t o the m i l e toward the sou th from thatc ity inclin es the writer t o think that in going toward Myers St at ion the west slope of the an tic line is gradual ly ascended and thu saccounts for the sl ight dip in that d irect ion . The line fromMidd l e Bran ch t o Howenstein i s n early paral le l t o the directiongiven above and i t wil l be rem embered that the d ip here is 7


1 1 0 The Ohio Naturali st. [V01. X, No. 5 ,

m easures from 2 t o 3 feet in thickness , is b lue -black and very fossilif erou s . Here it is d irect ly underlain b y 24 inches of b lu e andyellow clay succeeded by 14 inches of coal .This l imestone is seen again ou tcropping in the roadwaym i le sou theast of the village .

Abou t 4 m i l e north of the village on Island Creek , and nearstream l evel a b ed of coal is found . The b ed h as been opened bu tfound t o be t oo poor t o m ine . I t lies at 10 12 feet above sea and

appears t o be the coal b elonging t o the Lower Mercer l im eston ea lthough no l im estone is found at this horizon in this Vicin ity .

This coa l is of no valu e fu rther than aid ing in identifying horizonsand it s relation s will be considered in this connection with theoutcrops on Little Mi ll Creek . At Various places from the NorthBen ton Cemetery ,

below the fireclay noted ,loose m icaceou s sand

stone in thin layers can be seen down stream t o the ou tcrop of

the above coa l . This interva l of abou t 3 6 feet appears t o becom posed largely o f this kind of rock . The interva l

,however

,

at first appears t oo great t o be that betw een the Mercer Lim estones , bu t it w i l l be remembered that the elevation of 1048

above sea is on a crest of the Upper Mercer and a sharp d ip i sseen . The trough in all probability reaches 1042 or less . Againwere t h e ‘ Lower Mercer presen t w i th a thickness of 3 feet and

resting d i rect ly upon the coal,which it does not always do

,the

interval wou ld be stil l further reduced and within the l im it seenat Howenstein .

L1tt1e 111111Creek . This stream flow s into the Mahon ing R iverfrom the east and w ith i t s mou th located abou t 1 m i le north of

the O . F Henry ou tcrop and n ear the Portage—Mahon ing Countyl ine . This stream is

,designat ed L1ttle Mi l l Creek t o avoid con

fu sion w i th another Mi l l Creek in the eastern end of the county .

One and one—half m i les east of it s m ou th and 2 m il es northeastof North B en ton severa l ou tcrop s of l im estones occu r alongthis stream and i t s bran ches . They are the Mercer lim estones .

The Upper Mercer occu rs in typical exposu re in a smal l ravinea f ew rods east of Mr . S im on Hartzell

’

s barn where it is 24 t o3 feet thick and d ips sharply toward the south . At a m ediumpoint it s elevation i s 1037 feet above sea . This stone is blu egray t o b lu e-black and weathers t o a rusty brown . About 4m i lesou th of this point a thin coal is seen in the shale and clay pitof the Du stm an Brothers Pottery P lant which lies at about 1075above sea and apparently marks the horizon of the How ensteinl im estone bu t no l im eston e is present . On ly dark shale and driftc lay overlie this coal .Abou t the sam e d istance north of the Hartze ll ou tcrop the

Lower Mercer becom es a very conspicuou s stratum in the sidesand floor o f Little Mi ll Creek . Abou t 150 yards above the highway bridge on the north and sou th road th is stratum form s a fal l

Main, Pennsylv an ian Limestones .I I I

in the stream over a conspicuou s overhanging ledge which extendsfrom bank t o bank . No better ou tcrop of the Low er Mercer i sfound anywhere than occurs here . At the fal l the stratum l iesin two layers in imm ed iate contact and w ithou t any parting .

The low er layer is 7 in ches thick and the upper 2 feet, 5 inches .

I t i s rather tough,b lue -black

,and qu ite fossil i ferou s . In the

south bank in the roadway it lies at 1022 above sea , at the lowestpoint seen a few rod s above the fal l it l ies 12 feet low er or a dipo f 12 feet in a d istance of abou t 150 yards . I f the in clinationobserved in the cli ff a short d istan ce above the fal l m ay be takent o ind icate a cont inuation of the dip up t o that point then thisl im estone in it s trough probably lies 20 feet low er than at itscrest n ear the bridge .

On Turkeyb rot h ,the north branch of Little Mi l l Creek

,at a

po int 4 or 5 hundred yards above the fa l l this l im estone againrises and becom es the floor of the Turkeybrot h for som e d istan cewhere it lies at abou t 10 15 . Near the t op of the cliff a short distance above the fa l l the Upper Mercer again ou tcrops and is 3

feet,1 in ch thick . It s t op li es 16 feet , 8 in ches above stream . Bu t

it does not li e 10 feet above the level of the Low er Mercer’

s crestat the bridge . The Upper Mercer is again qu ite w el l exposed forseveral hundred yards in the sides and b ed of the sou th branchof L itt le M i l l Creek . Abou t 200 yards above the fork this stratumis seen in the sou th bank at . 9 feet above stream ,

b lu e-black ,very

tough ,and 3 feet , 2 in ches thick w ith 10 inches of coal 14 feet

beneath it . Up stream the l im estone soon becom es the creekfloor and is seen t o undu late gently now above water and now

below and gradual ly rising tow ard the east . For considerabled istances where the stratum l ies a lit tle below water level andhaving been swept clean

,there is seen t o be a t op layer 2 t o 4

inches thick ,which is j ointed so regu larly as t o look very like

street paving . The join t ing plan es not being equal d istan cesapart d ivide the layer 1n t o rectangu lar b locks 4 t o 10 inches w ideand 6 t o 15 in ches long . The j oint ing lines are very d istin ct andpresent a striking appearan ce in the stil l water betw een the crests .

I t wou ld seem that the blocks m ight be lifted easi ly bu t so t ightlydo they fit that it is w ith d i ffi cu lty that one is raised from b e

tw een it s fellow s . This pavem ent layer is more carbonaceou s,

nearly b lack ,less tough

,and mu ch m ore fossi l iferous than the

thick layer beneath .

At the point where this stream bends t o the south the lim estone d isappears and i s seen t o dip sharply t o the sou thward . I tis not seen again for nearly a half m il e

,and then reappears rising

above the stream b ed at a poin t sou th of where it was last seenand l ies 6 or 8 feet higher . This ou tcrop occurs about 200 yardsbelow Mr . John Helsel

’

s barn . Both of these lim estones whereexposed in the stream b ed are seen t o be join ted and lie in heavy

1 1 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X ,No. 5

,

m assive blocks . The banks of th e stream for several hundred yardsbelow the fal ls are strewn w ith huge blocks as i f d istribu ted forsom e giant m asonry . The b locks often m easu re 8 ,

10 or even12 feet in length .

As seen at the fal l and below the Lower Mercer i s underlaidby 4 feet of fire -clay and sandy shal e bu t no coal . A short distan ce below the bridge this l im eston e d ies ou t , shal e appears , andcoaly shale comes in at the horizon of the base of the lim estoneand fu rther down becom es a defin it e bed of coal of 4 t o 6 inchesthickness . This coal i s traceable w ith a sandstone cover all theway t o the Mahon ing R iver . At the forks o f the highway and

ju st above the first bridge over Li ttle M i l l Creek this coal is 1foot thick ,

l ies at 1024 ,and is overlain by shaly m icaceou s

sandstone . At a point abou t m idway betw een the above two

bridges on this creek this sandstone was form erly quarried . Thecoal is seen t o undu late and is certa in ly the coal referred t o on

Island Creek near North Ben ton Which at that poin t lies at 10 12

above sea . I t is certain ly the coal belonging t o the Low er Mercerlim eston e bu t the latter is not seen anywhere t o the w estward on

either Litt le Mi l l Creek or the Mahon ing R iver as far up the riveras the Ben ton—Deerfield highway . There is another thin coal t obe noted

,however , in this connection which m ay easi ly cause

confu sion . Abou t 300 y ards down stream from the m ine on

I sland Creek and at the bridge east of Benton Station this coa ll ies in the creek b ed at 997 above sea and abou t 8 in ches thick . Athird of a m i le northw est in the river bank just below the rai lroadriver bridge th is coa l is 7 inches thick and lie s at 1000 above seaor 18 feet below rai l on the bridge . I t is seen at num erou s otherpoin ts on the Mahon ing and on L itt le M il l Creek and at 15 t o 20

feet below the Low er Mercer Coal . The interven ing rock islargely sandstone . I t is of in terest t o note here that two coalsoccu r below the Low er Mercer lim eston e at Low el lvi l le ; a 2 -inch

layer 2 feet below ,and an 18 -1nch bed 134 feet below .

I t now remain s t o combine the several ou tcrops of l im estoneseen in the B est

’

s Station—North Ben ton—Little Mi ll Creek Vicinity into one section . From the data given it is clear that thehorizons of the Low er Mercer , Upper Mercer , and How en steinare found at North B enton . The m ean elevation of the Low erMercer on Little Mi l l Creek is 10 16 ,

of the Upper Mercer 1037 .

The Lower Mercer coal n ear North Benton lies at 1012 and werethe l im estone presen t above it in u sual thickness it s elevationwou ld be 10 15 . The Upper Mercer at North Benton l ies at it s

highest pion t at 1048 bu t i t s m ean elevation i s qu ite probablyabou t 1043 . The How en stein as seen at the cem etery lies at

1069 . What is seen on Little Mi l l Creek confirm s the iden t ification of horizon s at North B enton , and the outcrops at NorthBenton are su fficient ly close together t o be grouped in a single


The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLX , No. 5,

Howen stein is 147 feet , at Al lian ce 13 6 feet , in central Mahon ingCounty 122 feet , and at Low el lvi l le 133 feet .

Probably the m ost striking fact is the rise in the stratatoward Benton since this is in l ine w ith How en stein and Al l ian ce .

Bu t as before the w riter accounts for this occu rren ce in part onthe ground that an an tic line l ies t o the east of A l liance and in

going from this place t o North Benton the northwest slope of thean ticline is ascended .

MEAN DER CREEK AND TR I BUTAR IES .

This stream and it s tribu taries arise in the central part of

Mahon ing County and furn ish the next good exposures o f

l im estone .

E115w0 1'th . A hal f m i le sou th of the Village of Ellsworth and

j ust below the fal l at Club Lake in the b ed of the west branch of

Meander Creek the Low er Mercer occu rs at 1023 feet above sea,

s 3 feet thick and possesses it s u sua l characters . In the sou thbank of this stream near the highway bridge an open ing h as beenm ade in to the coal b elonging beneath this lim eston e . The coalw as not seen bu t l ies at abou t 10 18 . Abou t 4 m i l e below thehighway bridge a 9—inch coal is exposed in a cl iff With sandstoneabove it and lying at 1003 feet above sea . This is certain ly thesam e coal seen on Litt le Mi l l Creek and on the Mahon ing R iver .

The elevation and interval betw een the coals are almost iden ticalal though the two local it ies are abou t 8 m iles apart .

A few hundred yards below the above cli ff on the sou ths ide of the creek occur con spicuous c lay banks rich in beaut ifu lcrystals of selen ite which have given the ob scu re Vil lage of

Ellsworth a plac e of prom inence w ith geo logists and m useum s

f ar and w ide . The clay is a gray tal cose glacia l deposit .

At the Club Lake fal l 14 feet above the lim estone thin streaksof coal occu r at the base o f a m assive sandstone . I t is clearly theUpper Me1 ce1 coal bu t w ith it s l im estone d isplaced by the m as

s13 e,coarse g i ained sandstone which contains num erou s im pres

sion s of lepidodendrids ,sigil larids

, and ca lam ities . The cur

rents that prevented the form ation of the lim estone,sw ept

down the coal p lan ts and entombed them in sand . No betterd isplay of fossi l p lants in sandstone is known t o the writer thanoccu rs in this stratum .

The blu ish gray shal e beneath the sandstone contains greatnumbers of beau tifu l ly preserved fern l eaves and other plan ts .

D1e111Creek . At a poin t abou t 2 m iles east and s lightly sou tho f Club Lake on D iehl Creek ,

a tribu tary of the m idd le bran ch of

Meander , the Lower Mercer is again seen in the sides and b ed of

the creek and presenting the sam e appearan ce as seen on Lit tl eMi ll Creek ,

bu t w ith less undu lat ion . The stratum l ies at 1024

feet above sea ,is 2 feet 5 in ches thick and in two layers , the

Man,

Pennsylv anian Limestones.I I 5

lower one being 5 inches . The two layers are a qu ite con stantexpression of this l im estone throughou t Mahon ing County and

wherever a good exposure of the entire thickness is seen thischaracter is pre sen t . I . C . “7hite in h is report on Mercer Co .

,

Penn sylvan ia,pointed ou t this featu re , as noted in the first part

of this paper . The m ost w esterly point a t which this featu reh as been observed in Mahon ing Coun ty is at the fal l on Little Mi l lCreek . The sam e character occu rs at Shew

’

s M il l in Stark County .

L 0 t t 'e1’ Ot t tCt’Op . O h the m idd le branch o f Meander Creek at a

poin t about two -thirds of a m i le sou thwest of the D iehl Creekou tcrop and a short d istance south o f Mr . John Low er

’

s barn theUpper Mercer is exposed in a ravine and li es at 1040 . Thestratum is not well exposed bu t is abou t 2 feet in thickn ess and i soverlain by 33 inches of coal which h as been m ined t o a sm al lextent . The subjacen t strata were not seen . This point is 2m i les sou t h east of Club Lake where the Upper Mercer Coal l iesat 1037 . These elevations ind icate practically horizontal strata .

The interval betw e en the l im estone and the coal at the lake ispractical ly the sam e as that betw een the lim estone on D ieh lCreek and the lim eston e near the Low er barn . One wou ld thinkdip mu st be counted bu t these elevation s and m easu rem ent sforbid it .

E111gha111 0 1110 1 00 One and onefou rth m i les w est of theLow er ou tcrop and three - fou rth s of a m i l e a l it tle east o f sou tho f Club Lake on the farm of E . “T

. B ingham a l im estone lies at

1072 feet above sea . I t is 15 t o 18 in ches thick and overlies a

b ed of coal which was formerly m ined t o a l im it ed extent . Thisis 32 feet higher than the Upper Mercer and is certain ly theHowenstein l im estone . I t l ies 7 feet higher than the t op of theh eavy sandstone at Club Lake . North of the Bingham residenceand on the farm of C . E . Bowman a b ed of coal l ies a few feetabove the t op of this st andsone and is undoubtedly the sam ecoal as on the B ingham farm .

Above the How enstein l im eston e l ies sandstone as seen in thehil lside above the coal m ine and in the roadway n ear the B ingh am residen ce . Su cceed ing the massive sandstone a black coalyshal e appears w ith it s base at 1096 above sea . Mr . B inghamstates that it is 13 feet th ick and underlies mu ch of the hill abovethe lim estone and that it h as been penetrated by dril l in num erous places in the hope of findin g a good b ed of coal . A heavycoarse sandstone su cceeds this shal e t o the t op o f the hil l or t oan elevat ion o f abou t 1 150 . The stru cture of thi s hi ll from thel im eston e up i s of mu ch importance in the interpretation of thenext ou tcrops t o be noted .

Unger Ou tcmp . Oh Meander Creek one—fou rth m i le sou thw est of the sou thwest corner of Canfield Town ship and on theUnger farm an ou tcrop o f l im estone occu rs a few hundred yards

r 1 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X ,No.

sou theast o f the Unger barn . The stratum i s b lack and 18

inches thick lying at 1082 above sea . This exposu re is abou t1%m i l es sou th , and 2%m i l es east of the B ingham ou tcrop

, and

l ies 10 feet h igher . As noted in the Lower ou tcrop there is no

evidence of dip in this loca lity toward the sou th or sou th -east sofar as the w riter h as found . A f ew hundred yards above theUnger ou tcrop and directly in the southw est corner of Canfield

Town ship on th e Ew ing farm a b ed of coa l l ies at 1 115 feet abovesea and a few feet ben eath th is a second b ed . The t op of theupper b ed i s 33 feet above the Unger l im estone

,and the bottom

of the 13 foot b lack shal e on the B ingham farm l ies 24 feet higherthan the B ingh arn l imestone or the top of the shal e 37 feethigher . Above the lim eston e at both places there is sandstone ;above the black shal e on the B ingham farm and above the coalon the Ew ing farm sandston e occu rs . With no ev idence of dipand w ith close corresponden ce of the strata in elevations and

character,the con clusion that the lim estone at Unger

’

s is theHow en stein and that the Ew ing coals are the equ iva lent of t h eblack shal e at B ingham

’

s is inevitable . The coal on the Ewingfarm was iden t ified by Dr . Orton as the Canfield cannel coal

,and

the fragm ents of l im estone found.a t the open ing of the Ew ing

m ine as the ferriferou s lim estone . [Ohio Geol . Sur . Vol . V, p .

He further ind icates that the dip is 15 or 20 per m i l e toward thesou theast in this local ity . Upon what is it based is not stated .

The w riter finds on ly evidence of l itt le or no d ip at all, and is

unab le t o regard the Ew ing coal other than that beneath thePu tnam Hil l l im estone , and that the fragm en ts of l im estonefound by Dr . O rton belong t o that stratum . A com parison of

'

the lim estones,coals , and their elevat ions on the east side of

Canfield Township w ith those at Low ellvil le lead s t o no otherconclu sion than that the Canfield Cann el Coal is the coal beneaththe Vanport l im estone as Dr . Orton iden t ified it . The fol low ingare the elevation s of the lim estones on Meander Creek and thoseon the east side of Canfield Town ship :

Meander Creek Canfield Town sh ip

(5) (5)Canfield Canne l Coa l 1 15 1(4)Ew ing Coa l 1 1 15 (4)F irec lay 1 10 1

( 3)How en st e in 1082 (3)Howen ste in 1078

( 2)Upper Mercer 1040 (2)Upper Mercer 1050( 1)Low er Mercer 1024 ( 1)Lower Mercer 1029

This table is the writer’

s in terpretation of h is find ings basedupon the number of strata

,their elevations and their intervals .

and (3)correspond well . (4)on the east side of Canfield

clearly lies lower than u sual bu t unm istakable .

The Ew ing coal certain ly appears t o m ark the Putnam Hi l lhorizon in th e sou thwest corner of Canfield Township .


1 1 8 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X , No. 5 ,

m easu res 3 feet 6 in ches . The rich bed of iron ore above it was

form erly m in ed and u sed in the manu factu re o f paint .

This l im eston e is being bu rned for ferti lizer on the John Fitchfarm near West Au stintown .

M cM ahon Ou tcrop . Abou t I i m i les sou theast of the R ippleou tcrop an exposu re o f l im estone occurs on McMah on Run and

on the farm of Ambrose McMah on . The fu l l thickn ess i s not

now exposed bu t reported t o be 2 feet or more in a coa l shaft atthis po int . Dril l ings close around gave a thickness of 2—5 t o 3feet . In one ho l e reported by Mr . McMah on a 2 - foot coal was

penetrated 10 feet above the lim eston e . As seen in the run thelim estone lies at abou t 1040 . The coal at the shaft lies 25 feetbelow the lim estone or at 10 15 , bu t in one of the dril l hol es at 20feet b elow that stratum . The lim estone is overlain by a richb ed of iron ore as at th e R ipple ou tcrop and wou ld seem from all

the data t o be the Low er Mercer although 12 feet higher than at

previou s ou tcrop . Undu lat ion w i l l easi ly accoun t for thi sd i fferen ce . The 2 foot coal above it wou ld seem t o be the coa lb elonging t o the Upper Mercer bu t no trace of this lim estone orit s coal is seen in the run above the shaft where the next 35 feetof strata are exposed .

Sm i th Corners . At Sm ith Corners about one m i le a l ittl esou th of east from the McMah on ou tcrop William Gardner penet rat ed a l im estone of abou t 18 inches thickness at 1090 abovesea . The dip toward the sou theast in eastern Mahoning Countyis on ly abou t 5 feet per m i le , the interval therefore of 55 feetind icates rather c learly that this i s th e How en stein l imestone .

The McMah on ou tcrop,Sm ith Corn ers and Po land are n early in

l in e and the m atter‘

of d ip in that d irection w il l b e con sideredfurther under Poland ou tcrops .

M I LL CREEK AND TR IB UTAR IES .

This stream empties into the Mahon ing R iver at Youngstownafter crossing the eastern end of Mahon ing County from sou tht o north . It s b ed for m ore than 7 m i les from it s mou th l iesbelow the horizon of the Lower Mercer l im estone

,and the scan ty

ou tcrops of the l im estones ,therefore , are found on it s tributaries .

F acodi Ou tcrop . In the first ravin e t o the east above the fal lat the old Lan terman Mi l l on Mi l l Creek ,

the Lower Mercer isfirst seen on the land of Una Pacod i at 10 10 feet above sea . Theexposure is poor and the th ickness not seen . I t i s underlain bygray sandy shal e and fiaggy sandstone down t o Mi l l Creek . Thissandstone i s the Upper Massil lon and it con stitutes the rockw al ls of Mi l l Creek gorge .

Lanterman Ou tcrop . Abou t on e—fou rth m il e sou th of thePa codi ou tcrop and on the Germ an Lanterman farm the LowerMe rcer ou tcrops in a ravin e which crosses the north and sou th

Main, P ennsylvanian Limestones . 1 1 9

highway . I t was form erly quarried on both sides of the ravinef or som e d istance and bu rned for lim e . At this poin t it lies at

1007 above sea .

Baldwi n Ou tc‘

mp . A hal f m i le sou th of the last ou tcrop and

on the Jesse Baldw in farm this sam e stratum m ay again be seenin a ravin e in the rear of the Baldw in residenc e where it is 2 feet

,

3 inches thick and overlies 18 inches o f coa l which was form erlym in ed on this farm t o a l im ited extent . By topographic map thel im eston e li es abou t 10 10 above sea . About 200 yards east ofthis point and across the road fragm ents of a l im eston e are liftedin plow ing and the stratum wou ld seem t o l ie abou t 1050 abovesea .

D av is I/Vell . This elevation wou ld seem t o be confirmed bypenetrating a l imestone at 1050 in a w ell at th e residence of GeorgeE . Davis on the Youngstown—Boardm an pike . The Davis wellis m il e sou theast of the Baldw in ou t crop . I t wou ld seem thatthe second l im estone is the Upper Mercer . I f it is the UpperMercer the interval is greater than anywhere else found .

ZVIOj/er Spr ing . At a point m i l e sou th of the Davis w el l and1

'

m i1e southeast of the Baldw in ou tcrop a l im estone is found ina spring at the sawm i l l on the Samuel Moyer farm and l ies at

1030 above sea .

Gei ger Well . On the C . T . Geiger farm m i le sou theast ofthe Moyer spring a l im estone was penetrated in a test -w ell at 9feet low er than in the Moyer Spring .

Walters VVeZZ. At the residence of E . C . Wa lters 1 m i l e southwest of the Moyer Spring a l im estone occu rs in the w ell at 10 18above sea and abou t 500 yards northw est of the Wa lters residencethe Low er Mercer is exposed on Mil l Creek at abou t 1000 abovesea . As seen here this stratum is 2 feet , 4 in ches in thickness andpresen ts i t s u sual characters . I t d irect ly overlies a black coalyshal e varying from 0 t o 18 in ches in th ickness .

Greenhouse H i ll . Return ing t o the Vicin ity of Youngstowna third lifne

'

st one is found m il e east of the Lan terman ou tcropand m i l e north of the township l ine on the Youngstown -Boardman p ike . I t ou tcrops in the gu tter on either side of the pikea l itt le above the greenhou se . The lim estone is dark blu e

,fos

siliferou s,2 feet thick

,underlain by coaly shal e

,and li es at 1076

elevation . No other ou tcrop of it was found in this locality . TheLan terman

,Baldw in

,Davis w ell , and Greenhou se Hi l l l im estones

are su fficien t ly close together t o con clude from them that thel imeston es found at these po ints are the Low er Mercer

,Upper

Mercer and the Howen stein .

Dr . Newberry in his report on Mahoning County gives a sec

t ion of a boring made n ear the sou th side of Youngstown Township in which three l im estones w ere pen etrated . [Ohio . Geo l .Sur . Vol . I I I

, p . They are between tops,lower and m idd l e

1 2 0 The Ohio Naturalist. [VOL X , No. 5 ,

35 feet , m i dd l e and upper 39 feet . These are without doubt thesam e three lim estones noted above . By boring the intervalb etween the upper and lower is 74 feet ; as observed in ou tcrop66 feet not counting 4 or 5 feet for dip . Furthermore

,on ly the

hil ltops on the sou th side of Youngstown Town ship reach an

elevation of 1 100 feet , and Greenhou se hil l i s one of them withthe How enstein at 1076 and near its t op . Dr . Orton regardedthis upper l im estone as the Putnam Hil l . [Ohio Geo l . Sur . Vol .

V , pp . 29 Bu t a comparison of the variou s section s unm ist akab ly ind icates that it i s the Howen stein . The several otheroccu rren ces of l im estone at variou s elevat ion s as given above indicate that pronounced undu lation exists in this locality in thelower lim eston es .

Indian Creek Ou tcrops . This stream is a tribu tary of Mi l lCreek and h as cu t a deep course in the sou theast quarter of Canfield Township exposing coals and l im estones .

On the jonas Christman farm in the b ed of Ind ian Creek at a

point 4 m i le west of the town sh ip line the Upper Mercer l ies at

1039 feet above sea ,i s over 2 feet thick , and rests upon 14 t o 18

in ches of good coal . The lim eston e was formerly quarried and

burned w ith the coal . On the sam e farm and on the sou th s ideof the creek a b ed of coal was form erly m ined which carries l ent icular masses of l im estone lying at 1064 above sea . These lensesare often beau t ifu l septaria 12 t o 18 inches in d iam eter and qu it efossil iferou s . The septarian character is well shown in a ravineon the north side of the creek severa l hundred yards above theoutcrop in the creek b ed . The coa l underlying the l im estonelenses is 18 t o 24 inches thick and was form erly m ined on the)Villiam Swanston farm . Seventy—three feet above the lenseslies the Canfield Cannel Coal at abou t 1 139 above sea .

Dr . Orton iden t ified these limestones and coals as the Lowerand Upper Mercer and gave an interval of 85 feet betw een thecoal under the lim eston e lenses and the cann el seam . Undu lationw i l l easily accoun t for d ifferen ce in interval , bu t the lenses are

certain ly the How en stein l im eston e as will appear a l itt le later .

On the Canfield—Boardman road in the Hein tze lm an hil l 4m il e w est of the Canfield-Boardman l ine a bed of fireclay occursat 1072 . Abou t 300 yards northw est of thi s point a m in e h asbeen open ed in an 18 inch coa l which carries l im eston e lenseslying at 1078 above sea . This is beyond question the sam ehorizon noted on Ind ian Creek 1 m il e sou th .

NefiRun Ou tc'

rop . Abou t 300 yards northw est of this m inein a ravine on Neff Run ,

a tribu tary of Ind ian Creek ,a 2 -foot

lim estone occurs on the Martin Neff farm and rests directly u pona 20—in ch coal . This l im estone lies at abou t 1050 above sea .

R ecent ly Mr . Ne ff explored for the Sharon coal and in a dri l l hol ec lose beside the run and below the horizon of t h e

'

abov e l im estone


1 2 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [Vol . X ,No. 5 ,

From Low er Ou tcrop nearly due east t o Ind ian Creek theUpper Mercer dips 1 foot in 54 m i les . The How enstein dips inthe sam e d irection from B ingham Ou tcrop t o Indian Creek8 feet in nearly 7 m il es . The Lower Mercer rises from ClubLake t o Neff Run in a d irection 74 m i l es east and 1 m il e north6 feet in 74 m il es . I t is seen at once that the strata lie almosthorizontal ly from east t o west in the cen ter of the county .

From Neff Run t o Lan terman Outcrop more north than eastthe Low er Mercer fal ls 19 feet in 34 m il es , whereas it wou ld beexpected t o rise judging from its posit ion t o the w est of Neff Run .

From the sam e run t o Davis w el l very nearly northeast the UpperMercer lies horizon tal ly having an elevation of 1050 at each placeand 34 m i les between . From Neff Run t o Greenhou se Hillexactly northeast the How en stein fal ls 2 feet in 4 m i l es . Theaverage for the three strata is seen t o be abou t a 2-foot fal l p erm i le . In a d irection so mu ch north of east a r i se of several feetper m il e wou ld be expected .

From the Beardsl ey Ou tcrop t o Neff Run in a d irection 14m i l es sou th of east the Low er Mercer rises 8 feet in 4 m il e s .

Further comm en t on the dip and position of the strata in centralMahon ing County w i l l be made in connection with the YellowCreek and Lowellvil le section s .

YE LLOW CREEK .

This stream i s a tribu tary of Mahon ing R iver and flows northward nearly paral le l t o Mil l Creek hal f way between the latterand the state line . I t h as a fal l of abou t 2 10 feet in 5 m il es and

it s rapid current h as cu t a deep gorge from the vil lage of Polandt o it s m ou th at Struthers . Accord ingly unusual ly good exposures of the Pot sv ille formation are afforded .

P oland Ou tcrops . At the village of Poland two ou tcrops ofl im estone occur . The first i s seen on the north side ju st below thecem etery form ing a conspicuou s ledge and water fal l in Yel lowCreek . I t is the Lower Mercer and l ies at 990 feet above sea .

The stratum presents here that pecu l iarity of two layers notedelsewhere . The upper layer m easures 2 feet , 3 inches and t h e

low er 7 inches . Resting d irect ly upon the heavy b ed is a 2—inchvery im pu re layer of l im estone of cone- in - cone stru cture whichbreaks easi ly and show s this pecu liar structure qu ite adm irably .

The heavy b ed i s blu ish gray ,tough ,

fossil i ferou s , and sparkleswith crinoid stem s and cal c ite crystals . The lim estone is d irectlyunderlain by black carbonaceou s shal e which i s extremely fossi l iferou s . Seven teen feet of yellowish -gray flaggy sandstone overlies this l im estone at this point .

One and one-hal f m i l es from the Mahon ing R iver the City of

Youngstown h as bu i lt a dam on Y ellow Creek ,the head water of

which is found a few hundred yards below the above ou t crop i

Main, Pennsylv anian Limestones .1 2 3

In a cl iff at the head of stil l water the Lower Mercer is again wel lexposed as a con spicuous m idd l e stratum of 3 feet thickness inthe cl i ff face and lying at it s t op 9 feet above darn l evel . A 5 - in chim pu re cannel coal l i es 44 feet below it s base . In the secondravine sou th of the spil lway the Low er Mercer is again seen and

l ies 4 feet higher than in the above cl iff , a m i l e d i stan t . The daml evel is abou t 980 feet above sea .

The second l im eston e at Poland ou tcrops on the south side ofthe village in the creek bank in the rear of the Presbyterianchu rch . The stratum is clear ly the Upper Mercer and l ies at

10 13 above sea . As seen here it rises a few feet above,then sinks

beneath the level of the Po land Mi l l Dam .

Burgess Run Ou tcrop . One and one—quarter m i les sou th of

Po land on Bu rgess Run ,a tribu tary of Yellow Creek , a third l im e

stone outcrops at 1050 in the run bank near the highway bridgeand on the farm of D . W . Walker . The stratum is nearly blackand 2 t o 24 feet in thickn ess . I t is underlain by 18 in ches of

coal 15 inches of which is cannel . The lim estone is overlain bysandston e as seen above the highway . This is clearly the Howenstein l im estone although it l ies lower than in the outcrops notedon Neff Run

,at Sm ith Corn ers and in Greenhou se Hi l l . Bu t it

i s also noticed that the Mercer l im estones lie correspond inglylow er .

DIP O F S TRATA FR OM CENTRAL TO EASTERN MAHON ING COUNTY .

Po land i s d irect ly east of the Neff Run ou tcrops 54m i les and

a com parison of the elevation s of the three strata at once reveal sa dip toward the east which was not found the case across Canfield Town ship .

Neff Run Po landHow en stein How en ste inUpper Mercer Upper MercerLower Mercer Low er Mercer

The Howen stein is not found at Poland but the dip sou theastfrom Greenhou se Hi l l t o Bu rgess Run is 5 feet per m i l e , hen cethe hori zon o f th is l im eston e is abou t 1055 at Poland . Theseelevat ion s show that the Howen stein dips toward the east slightlyover 4 feet per m il e

,the Upper and Lower Mercer 7 feet per m i l e .

The elevation s at Poland may be compared with one otherset . The ou tcrops sou th of Youngstown and those at Poland l i ein a l ine extend ing northwest and sou theast .

Youngstown Po land(Greenhou se H il l)How en s tein . How en stein(Dav is Wel l) Upper Mercer . . Upper Mercer .

(Pacod i) Low er Mercer . Lower Mercer .

1 2 4 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X ,No. 5 ,

The d istance between the first two point s is 4 m i l es hence theHowen stein d ips abou t 5 feet per m il e which it is seen t o do be

tween Greenhouse Hi l l and Bu rgess Run . Between the secondtwo points the distan ce is 34 m i les and the dip 1 1 feet per m i l e .

This is undoubted ly due t o this lim estone lying m uch farther fromthe Lower Mercer at Davis Well than i s u sual

,and therefore not

represen tat ive of the general sou theasterly d ip of the strata . TheHowenstein and Lower Mercer m ay be taken as m ore correct lyexpressing the general dip . Between the third two points thed istance is 44m i l es with a dip of 44 feet per m il e .

CANF IELD ANT ICL INE .

I t wil l be recal l ed that in the interpretation of the A l l iancesection that facts seem t o point t o the existen ce of a fold lyingeast of that city . The w rit er believes that the data found inMahon ing County fu l ly warran t this conclu sion . The fold is a

broad low one and seem s t o l ie through the center of the countywith Canfield som ewhere n ear the crest . The horizon s of all thel im estones l i e higher in Central Mahon ing County than at Al l ian ceor Po land . The existen ce of n early horizontal strata from westt o east in Canfield Town ship ,

and of marked d ip in the sam ed irection from the east side of the township toward Po land ind icate su ch a fold . The fold i s su fficient ly low that the normald ip of the strata toward the sou theast from Ellsworth and northwestern Canfield township is overcom e cau sing the strata t o l iea lmost horizontal ly , or with a sl ight rise in that d irect ion . Theunexpected fal l in the strata toward the northeast from Ne ff Run ,

where a rise wou ld be looked for ,ind icates a dying ou t of the fold

in the vicin ity of Youngstown . The rise in the strata fromA l liance toward North Ben ton i s believed t o be due in part t oascend ing d iagonal ly the west slope of this fold . Last ly

, sou theast of A l lian ce and in northwestern Co lumbiana County oil is

found in m any w el ls . Fou r m i l es sou theast a good producingfield is found . S ix m i les south and 2 m i les east in the vicin ityof Hom eworth two other helds are found . Again , 8 m il es sou theast of A ll ian ce a gas field occu rs in the Vicin ity of North Georgetown . The position of these fields shows a general northeastand sou thwest direction . A d istan ce of 4 m il es from northwestt o sou theast across th is belt of helds con form s exact ly t o factsfound in central Mahon ing County and the fields are certain lyassociated w ith the Canfield Anticline .

Gorge Ou tcrop . The three l im eston es already considered on

this creek are the ones t o be expected bu t another cal ls for attention . I t l ies below the Upper Massi l lon sandstone and therefore appears on ly in the lower part of the Yellow Creek gorge .

This lim estone is seen in the creek b ed and in the north wal l ofthe gorge about 4 or 5 hundred yards below Yel low Creek Dam ,


1 2 6 The Ohio Naturalist. [VOL X, No. 5,

The Upper Mercer is seen d irect ly above the preced ing lim estone at the cu lvert , and l ies at 1020 feet above sea . I t is 2 feet4 inches thick is s l ightly darker in color and con tain s the sam efossil s found in the Low er Mercer , and is imm ediately underlainby 15 inches of coal .

At 23 feet above the latter lim eston e or at 1043 feet above seaa thin b ed of coal occu rs which ranges from 3 t o 6 inches in thickness as seen at several ou tcrops a long the east side of the ravine .

This is undoubted ly the coal seen beneath the How en stein 4

m i les southw est on Bu rgess Run and the representative of thecoaly shal e beneath that lim eston e seen on Greenhou se Hi l l 64m i les a l itt le north of w est . The interva l between the UpperMercer and this coal 1s ch iefly shal e and contains two other coal s .

The first 15 14 inches thick w ith on ly 2 feet 10 in ches betw een itand the lim estone . The second coal is 5 in ches thick w ith it st op 7 feet 10 inches above the lim estone . Coal so close above al im eston e is unusual . Bu t it wil l b e rem embered that this i sexact ly the case in the Low er ou tcrop of this sam e l im estone

,and

black coaly shal e is found d irectly above the sam e stratum on

Little Mil l Creek at the point where it tu rn s southward . A lm ostan exact duplicate of the facts found on Furnace Run imm ed i

ately above the Upper Mercer is found on L ittle Mi l l Creek .

Two beds of coal w ith clay and shal e beneath each occu r at theform er place and two beds of black or coaly shal e w ith clay and

shal e beneath each occu r at the latter . This pecu liarity of theUpper Mercer being sandwiched between two coals i s not knownt o the w riter t o occu r outside of Mahon ing Coun ty .

At 1078 feet above sea another coal and fireclay is found . I tis exposed in the roadway abou t 50 feet sou th of the highwaybridge over the switch t o the quarry . I t is a lso exposed in theswitch ou t east of the bridge n ear the cru sher , and again in theravine about 300 yards sou thw est of the highway bridge . At

the latter poin t it is 5 inches thick bu t thinn er in the others and

is underlain by 2 t o 3 feet of c lay and sandy shale which gradesqu ickly in coarse shaly sandston e the latter filling the intervaldown t o the n ext coal below . This coal and fireclay certain lym ark the horizon of the Putnam Hi l l l im estone . The sandstonebetween these two coals is in harmony with facts found on

Burgess Run ,Neff Run

,at Sm ith

’

s Corners at the B inghamou tcrop

,the Ew ing ou tcrop

, and at North Benton ; or in brief,sandstone prevai ls betw een these two horizons through MahoningCounty .

The coal at the horizon of the Pu tnam Hi l l l im eston e is thelast noteworthy stratum t o be seen at the head of the ravine .

Bu t 200 yards t o the left of the ravin e and at the t op of the hi l lthe extensive quarry in the Vanport l im estone occurs . Thisstratum shows marked undu lation . The t op as seen at the

Mar. ,Pennsylv anian Limestones.

1 2 7

north side of the quarry at the mou th of the quarry drain—tunnell ies at 1 115 above sea with a thickness of 12 feet . The thin coalaccompanying the lim eston e , the Scrubgrass

”of P ennsylvania

and the Canfield cannel of Ohio , l i es imm ediately beneath it at1 103 above sea . In the drain d itch leading t o the tunnel and1 10 yards distant the sam e coal l ies at 1 1204 feet above sea ,

thelimestone m aking an equal rise . This is the greatest elevation at

which the coal was found . In the highway 150 yards sou th of

the northw est corner of the quarry the greatest height of thelimestone is found at 1138 feet above sea , bu t the limestone i s 16feet thick at this point . The average elevation is abou t 1 128feet above sea ,

and the average thickness abou t 14 feet .

As seen at the tunnel m ou th the low er 8 feet of the l imestonehave a dark blu e color and are l ess pu re than the upper part .

The upper 4 feet are a much lighter blue,pu rer and l ie in better

defined beds than the low er part . As seen in the southw est corner of the quarry the first 3 feet 5 inches of the lim estone are

shaly,blu e in color and becom ing firmer toward the t op . The

next 4 feet 4 inches are blu ish -gray ,darker below and lighter

above , and in 4 fairly defin it e layers . The upper 8 feet 2 inchesare gray w ith a blu ish tint below ,

and in 1 1 fairly definit e layersbut not gen eral ly continuou s . They often sp lit into m orelayers , are on ly fairly tough and break into rather cubical b locks .

-This lim estone as it occurs at Lowellvil le is exceed ingly fossiliferous and contains more species of fossi ls than any of theother limestones or possibly more than all the others combined .

I t is especial ly rich in gasteropods .

At every poin t where the t op of th is stratum i s exposed itshows the sm oothing , scratching , and grooving of glacial action .

This lim estone h as been quarried for many years for use in thefu rnaces , and at present is being quarried extensively on theW . M . Arel farm .

One-half m i l e sou th of the quarry on the T . M . Moore farmopen ings in the Low er Kittann ing coal may be seen at 1 177 feetabove sea . Considerable coal was form erly m ined for local usebu t the m ines have long since been abandon ed . The en tireinterval between the t op of the lim eston e and the t op of thiscoal is covered .

The several horizon s of l im estone occurring below the LowerKittann ing coal down t o

,and including the Low er Mercer have

been con sidered at num erou s points across the two counties .

We may now turn t o a considerat ion of an earl ier Pennsylvan ianl im estone than the Low er Mercer , the presence of which h as beennoted at several points . As stated at the beginn ing of the Lowellv ille section this lim estone is seen in the ravin e bed abou tm idway between the fu rnaces and the switch leading t o thequarry and at it s highest point is 9 12 feet above sea . I t l ies 83

1 2 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X,No. 5

,

feet below the Lower Mercer lim estone and 64 feet above thelevel o f the Sharon coal at the base of the shaft . It s positionseem s t o be abou t the hori zon of the Quarkert own coal , bu t theon ly suggestion of an associated coal i s a considerable thicknesso f black shal e overlying i t , which is qu ite fissile ,

fairly tough and

l ifting in broad sheets particu larly the first few feet above thelim estone . Abou t one foot of the shal e above the lim estone issom ewhat cal careou s respond ing readi ly t o acid

, and suggeststhat at no great d istan ce it m ay becom e l im eston e . This blackshale i s in harmony w ith the gray and black shal e with the two

thin seam s of coal found above the lim estone in the -YellowCreek gorge .

Being covered the character of the strata imm ediatelybeneath the lim estone was not seen . A little below

,how ever

,

massive layers of sandstone appear which are certain ly theupper part of the Low er Massi l lon sandstone

,or Low er Con

noquenessing of P ennsylvan ia . The lim eston e is black,very

hard ,tough ,

and apparently in one layer . I t is 2 feet or m orein thickness— the fu l l thickness not being obtained du e to a

sharp dip down stream con cealing its base .

~ I t i s very fossiliferous ,

the white shel ls and crinoid stem s presenting a strikingappearan ce in the black matrix . A few species of

‘

brach iopods

and fragm ents of crinoid stem s predom inate . The latter are

often 6 or 8 inches long ,as they also are in the Vanport in the

quarry above,and lying horizontal ly w ith the section m arkings

show ing plain ly they som ewhat resemble worm s,and the un in i

t iat ed poin t them ou t and confident ly inform one that they are

pet rified worm s .

Newb erry in his report on Mahon ing Coun ty , and in a sectionon Grindston e Run ind ica t es the presen ce at this hori zon of a

Dark si l i ciou s l im estone 1 foot in thickness . [Ohio Geol . Sur .

Vol . I I I,opp . p . 804 ] He nowhere else describes or m en tion s it

so far as the writer is aware .

I t w i l l be recal l ed that a black lim estone ou tcrops in theYellow Creek gorge at 884 feet above sea . This outcrop is about24m i l es west of Fu rnace Run ,

and while it l ies 28 feet lower thanthe outcrop on the latter run it is certain ly the sam e stratum .

In a test wel l on the C . T . Geiger farm located n ear theYoungst oWn

—Boardman pike and about 1 m i l e north of Boardman Center and 34 m il es due w est of the Yellow Creek ou tcrop ,

a 3 foot black lim eston e was reached at 9 10 feet above sea . I tlies 1 11 feet below the Lower Mercer l im estone and 47 feet abovethe Sharon coa l which is 2 feet thick in this w ell and l ies at 863feet above sea .

I t w i l l b e recal led that in the Al l iance section an unknownl im estone of 5 feet thickness was struck at 882 above sea and at


1 3 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 5,

this l im estone h as the pecu l iarity of being interposed betw eentwo beds of coal both of which reach m ineable thickness in som eplaces . The Pennsylvan ia geologists have said this l im estone i ssparing in ou tcrop in Mercer County and seldom seen where theLower Mercer i s found . Had the excel lent expressim of thisstratum in Mahon ing Coun ty been seen at that tim e

,the nam e

Upper Mercer wou ld qu ite probably never have appeared . In

both counties it is som etim es absent bu t is present equal ly as

often as the Low er Mercer .

Rogers states that this l imeston e is in terposed immediatelyunder the Tionesta sandstone (Hom ewood sandstone)in thevicin ity of New Castle , Pennsylvan ia , [Geology ,

Pennsylvan ia ,

Vol . I I,Part I

, p . and White in his section on the OhioP ennsylvan ia l ine on the Mahon ing R iver shows the t op of theHom ewood sandstone t o be 30 feet above the t op of the UpperMercer lim estone . [U . S . Geol . Sur . Bul . 65

, p . These areimportant points in correlat ing the horizons traced across thetwo counties w ith those beyond the state line . The horizons ofdoubtfu l correlat ion are ,

particu larly,the Brookvil le coal

,

Clarion coal , and Pu tnam Hi l l l im estone .

5 . The How en stein is the fourth lim estone and is traceableacross the two counties . I t is last seen in fu l l developm en t , andw ithou t suggestion of d isappearing

,on Burgess Run . It s hori

zon i s certain ly marked by the coal at 1043 on Furnace Run .

From White’

s section and the Furnace Run section the writer isunable t o reach any other con clu sion than that the Howen steinl im estone caps the Brookvill e coal . The Hom ewood sandstoneso con spicuou s in Pennsylvan ia thin s down on entering Ohio and

becom es shal e in t h e FurnaceR un section bu t regains it s m assivecharacter local ly as seen at Club Lake where it is 28 feet thick ,

and rests upon a remnant of the Upper Mercer coal . Fai ling as

i t does it i s no longer a gu ide t o mark the t op of the Pot t svil leformation in these counties , bu t t h e Howenstein l im estoned irectly overlying the Bro

‘

okville coal comes in t o be the gu ide infinding the horizon s .

6 . The Pu tnam Hil l,first recogni zed by Andrew s

,1869 ,

in

Putnam Hi l l at Zanesvill e , Ohio ,is the fif t h l im estone . I t lies

in rather heavy body through Stark County and in w esternMahon ing Coun ty . I t thin s ou t toward the east and is absentin the eastern part of the county . The last trace of it was foundat the Ewing m ine in sou thw estern Canfield Town ship by Dr .

Orton . The coal at 1078 feet above sea in the Furnace Runsection m arks i t s horizon and appears t o be the Clarion coal ofw estern P ennsylvan ia . I t i s worthy of note that in the intervalb etween the Brookvil le

,and clarion coals sandstone prevai ls

through Mahon ing Count y and is present through central

Mar, Pennsylv anian Limestones.1 3 1

Stark County bu t with less prom inence . I t is u sual ly shaly or

fiaggy and soft , bu t occasional ly i t becomes fairly firm and mas

sive , yet nowhere show ing the m assiveness of the Homewoodat Club Lake .

7 . The sixth and highest of these lim estones is the Vanportnam ed by Clapp in 1904 bu t well known previously as the Ferriferou s lim estone . This stratum enters Ohio at Low ellvil le witha thickness of 16 feet , but sudden ly d ies ou t w estward . In

central Mahon ing County it s coal thicken s and becom es the wel lknown “

Canfield Cann el Coa l”bu t without it s l imestone cov

ering . In southw estern Mahon ing County the Vanport reappearsand i s found at d ifferen t points in con siderable body at l east asfar westward as central Stark County . The outcrops of theVanport and Pu tnam Hi l l overlap , and the two are som etim espresent in the sam e section . This is particu larly true in theVicin ity of Midd l e Branch in Stark County where the Pu tnam Hi l lreaches it s maximum development and w ith the Vanport abovei t in heav y body . Southward from this local ity the Pu tnamH il l m aintain s a fairly heavy body bu t the Vanport again d i esout at Canton and h as on ly feeble expression in the sou thern

part of the county .

8 . All of the lim estones undu late and this occasional ly b ecom es very pronounced . Variation in the interval s b etweenthem i s more often due t o undu lat ion than t o a general thickening or thinn ing of interm ed iate strata .

9 . The dip of the strata in the region covered is decided lyvariable and a un i form dip of 15 t o 20 feet per m i le toward thesoutheast i s untenable . The variation appears t o be due t o lowfolds one of which seem s t o extend through western ColumbianaCounty and through cen tral

,

Mahon ing County ,and w ith the

crest in the Vicin ity of the Village of Canfield . A second fold ist hought t o extend through the western part of Stark Countyand w ith the crest t o the w est of Canton .

TAB LE OF OUTCROPS AND ELEVAT IONS .

For conven ien ce of reference the various outcrops and placesa t which lim estone occurs with the iden t ificat ion and elevationare given in tabu lar form . In a few in stances the lim estone isabsent

,bu t its horizon i s clearly marked by fireclay or coal

,or

both .

1 3 2 The Ohio Naturali st .

TABLE OF L IMESTONES AND ELEVAT IONS

NAM E o r L IM E STONE

PLACE

How en steinNorth Indu stry .

8 . W .

N . W . Canton .

Worst ler Ou tcropWerner Outcrop . .

Cem ent P lant .

Carr Ou tcropEl lett OutcropA l l iance 9 6 6 1008 1032

Best ’

s 1084 1 10 1

North Benton . 10 15 1043 1069

Henry Ou tcrop 1048

Hartze ll Ou tcrop 1037

Pottery P lan t .

Little Mi l l CrEl lsworth .

Dieh l Creek .

Lower Ou tcrop .

B ingham Ou tcropUnger Ou tcrop . .

Ew ing Mine .

Beard sley Ou tcropRipp le Ou tcropMcMah on Ou tcropSm ith CornersPacod i Outcrop .

Lanterm an OutcropBa ldw in Ou tcropDavis Wel l .

Moyer SpringGeiger We l lWa lters Wel lGreenhou se 1076

Ind ian Creek 1039 1064 1089 1 139

Neff Run . 1029 1050 1078

Ye l low Cr Gorge .

Poland . 990 10 13

Burgess Run 1050

Furnace Run . 99 5 1020 1043 1078 1128


1 34Naturalist . [VO] . X,

No. 5,

OH IO NATURAL IST .

Man ,Pennsylv anian Limestones .

PO INT S O F OCCU RRENCE O F L IM ES TONES O R THE I R HO R I ZON S

o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o

Mount Un ion College .

1 3 5

Shew s’

Mi l l Ou tcropHowen ste in OutcropsSta l lman Outcrops

North Indu stry Ou tcrop sSou thw est Canton Ou tcrop sNorthwest Canton Ou tcrop

. VV

orst ler Ou t cropWerner Outcrop

Cem en t P lant Ou tcropsCarr Ou tcrop

. Lare MineAl l iance Test \Ve l l No . 1

El lett Ou tcropA l liance Test W el l No 2

Best ’

s Station Ou tcrop sNorth B en ton Ou tcrop s

Hen ry Ou tcropI sland Creek Mine

.Du stman Pottery P lan t. Hartzel l Ou tcrop

Little Mi l l Creek Outcrops. .C lub Lake OutcropD ieh l Creek Ou tcrop

Lower Ou tcropB ingham OutcropUnger Ou tcrop

Ewm g MineBeard sley Ou tcrop

Sm ith CornersMcMah on OutcropR ipp le Outcrop

Neff Run Ou tcrop sSwan ston M ine ,

C‘

anne l Coa lInd ian Creek Ou tcrop s

Pacod i Ou tcropLan term an Ou tcrop

Greenhou se H i l l Ou tcropBaldwm Ou tcrop

Davis Wel lMoyer SpringGeiger We l lWa lters We l l

Y

m

ellowCreek Gorge OutcropPo land Outcrop s

Burgess Run Ou tcropFurnace Run Ou tcrop s

1 3 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol . X, No. 5

A SUPPLEMENTARY DESCR IPTION OF CERASTIUM

ARVENSE WEEBII JENNINGS .

OTTO E . JENN IN G S .

In the OH I O NATURAL I ST , abou t a year ago ,the writer

described as new v ar . Webbi z'

of Cem s tium arv ense L . Recent lymy friend ,

Mr . Roscoe J . Webb,of Garrettsville , Ohio ,

for whomthe variety was nam ed

,h as sent t o us for furth er exam ination

som e excel lent specim ens of the plant,col lected by h im on

June 25 , 1909 ,at the type local ity

,along the gorge of the Rocky

R iver , Cuyahoga Coun ty , Ohio . The type specim ens lackedripe pods and the original description was in that respect defic ient

,bu t in the specim ens now at hand the inflorescence con

tains all stages from flower buds t o dehisced pods and it is nowpossible t o give a m ore complete description of the variety

,

as follows :Ceras tium arv ense Webbii Jenn ings . Sim i lar or somewhat

tal ler than varieties oblongi folium and v i llosum,our specim ens

now ranging from abou t t o 5 dm . in height,the larger plants

often decumben t for a d istan ce of 1 dm . or more at the base ,m ore or l ess densely pub secent , especial ly above

,where there is

often mu ch glandu lar pubescence . Leaves oblong-lanceolate‘

below t o ovate-lanceolate above,the latter attain ing a size of

cm . w ide by 6 cm . long , all sub -acute t o obtuse and som ewhatpal er below , the leaves of the sterile shoots being som ewhatsmal l er and varying from oblong—lanceolate t o linear-ell iptic , thef lora l bract s being sim i lar t o the sepals in shape and si ze

,and

viscid—pubescent . Cym e strict t o rather widely branched at

maturity ; pedicels sti ff , 1 t o 4 cm . long,at the apex abrupt ly bent

so that the pod becom es more or l ess cernuou s . Sepals narrowlyoval , acute t o som ewhat obtuse

,white-scariou s m argined

,about

2 mm . w ide by 6 mm . long . Petals abou t 1 cm . long by 5 mm .

w ide,obovate , the apex emarginate t o the depth of abou t mm .

Pods cylindric , t o 3 mm . in d iam eter,1 t o cm . long ,

arcuate with the apex cu rved upwards,yellow ish white

,lu strous ,

the teeth in dehiscen ce erect,abou t 1 mm . long

,narrow ly

acum inate . Seeds reddish—brown , fiat t ened—globose—reni formw ith a very narrow sinus

,qu ite roughly papillose , abou t mm .

in d iam eter .

This variety,as exemplified by the specim ens now at hand ,

h as the longer pods of variety oblongi folium with the m ore densevillou s-pubescence of v i llosum and i s almost as densely Vi scidpubescent as i s the typical Cerastium v u lgatum L . In fact , italmost appears as though there m ight be here a case of hybrid ism ,

the intergradation being so complete .

Carnegie Museum , January , 19 10 .

Dat e of Pub l icat ion , March 2 , 19 10 .


1 38 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X,No. 6

,

which most of the d iseases of the soi l may be attributed . Theproblem concern ing the processes and the produ cts of the act ivi ty of the inju riou s bacteria ,

and the correlated qu estion of theirintimate b earing upon a decreased fertil ity in soi ls

,h as unfor

t unat ely been l im it ed t o work of a comparatively smal l numbero f investigators A glance through the li teratu re of research insoi l bacteriology reveals that scarcely any thing h as been pub

li sh ed on the physio logical effects of bacterial decompositionprodu cts upon agricu ltural p lants .

Recent work of an experim en tal nature which deal t primari ly w ith phy sio logical ly arid habitats and drought resistancein plants (Bot . Gazette 49 : 19 10)h as reveal ed t o the writer thatthe in ju riou s products of a bacterial soi l flora accum u lating indefin it e layers of soi l are the lead ing factor t o be considered int h e steri l ity of certain soi ls

,and that these produ cts operate

selectively upon invading form s striving for occupan cy . Thea ttempt which h as been made t o study the physiologi cal reactionof the produ cts form ed from the activity of single

,isolated

speci es as well as the effects of the residual produ cts due t o m ixtures of bacteria is b riefly stated below . The data have beentabu lated and are off ered now in the hope that they will b e of

gen eral interest , and invite other investigators t o make studi essim i lar t o the one here presen ted . A more detai l ed accoun tcovering more extensive investigations w il l appear later .

Without going into t oo mu ch detai l i t is su fficient here t opoin t ou t the fol low ing : In the spring of 1908 an exam inationof bog water and bog soi ls which was carried on in connectionw ith the phy siological ecology of Cranberry I sland at Bu ckey eLake

,Ohio

,d isclosed that the formation of m ethan e and other

gases was of bacterial origin . Agricu l tural plants and variou sother cu ltivated varieties which were grown on Cranberry I slandfor experimental purposes show ed marked difficulty of ab sorp

~

tion,soon becam e stun ted ,

took on xerophilou s characters,and

in most cases d ied . Through the cou rtesy of P rof . Morrey of theBacteriological Departm en t of this Un iversity

,the bacterial

exam ination was repeated in 1909 . Under Dr . Morrey’

s direc

tion,Mr . W . L . Sherman

,t o whom mu ch cred it is due for efficien t

aid,prepared di lu tion cu ltures from fresh samples of bog water .

The isolation of the variou s species was con tinu ed upon peat-agarplates and later in test—tubes containing a beef-b rot h ~agarm ed ium

,unti l from the bacterial colon i es which appeared upon

them the pu re cu l tu res were obtained . The bacteria thu sisolated w ere tested f or their toxin produ cing pow er upon a sterilized solu tion of bog water and peat . A number of large flasksof a liter capacity contain ing the steril i zed solu tion w ere inoou lat ed w ith the respective pure cu l tures . Several flasks wereleft steril e t o serve as con trols

,whil e others w ere inocu lated w ith

April , The Bacterial F lora . 39

a m ix tu re of bacteria found in 1 cc . of fresh bog water . An

addi tional test condition was arranged at the same tim e from thenormal

,untreated bog water . A l l flasks w ere then placed in an

incubator for a period varying from two t o four,and six w eeks

At su ch tim es they w ere then brought t o the Botan i cal laboratory . A l l phy siological experim ents were made in dupli cateseri es and the greatest cau tion was ob served t o redu ce thedangers of con tam ination during the preparation of the cu ltures .

The physiological tests were made in hal f- li ter Mason j arscovered with black paper and containing 500 cc . of the inocu latedsolu tion . Wheat seed l ings were u sed for these cu l tu res . Theseeds were germ inated in steri lized quartz sand until 4 —5 cm .

high* . They were then carefu l ly washed in disti l l ed water andtransplan ted t o the cu l tures . Six seed lings w ere u sed in everyexperim en t . The seed lings w ere ind ividuals selected ou t of a

large number of plan ts . The flat corks t o which they werefastened w ere previou sly steril ized and paraffined . The cu l tureswere then placed in the Un iversity greenhou se in si tuation swhere the cond itions of temperature and di ffu sed l ight wereun iform . In connection w i th temperature and hum id ity readings the m easurem en t of the evaporating power of the air was

obtain ed u sing for this pu rpose a standard i zed porou s cupatmom eter . The growth of the plan ts in the variou s cu ltures was

m easu red by transpiration relative t o the con trol cu l tu res ; thewater loss was recorded every fif t h day by weighing the cu l tu res .

In all cases the experim ents were extended for fif t een days .

Abou t 35 di fferent species of bacteria have thu s far been isolatedfrom the uppermost lay er of the soi l (t o t h e depth of one foot)and 2 1 of them have been tested physiological ly . From the dataat hand the fol lowing have been sel ected t o i l lu strate the variation in viril ity of bacterial products .

Th e fo l low ing m ethod ,u sed by t h e writer for som e tim e , i s found

t o b e con v en 1en t and very va luable for sprou ting w heat seed s . An

enam e led d ish 20 cm . i n d iam eter and 8 cm . h igh ,t h e bottom o f w h ich

i s perforated w ith open ings o f 2 mm i s filled w ith steri l i zed quartz sand .

To keep t h e quartz from fa l l in g throu gh t h e d i sh i s l ined w ith fil t er paper ,or t h e open ing s are decreased t o a si ze a l low ing t h e needed contact w itht h e water b y repeated d ipp ing o f t h e d i sh in m e lted paraffin . T h e di sh isp laced u pon cork suppor t s into a large enam eled i ron pan ,

25 x 10 cm .

,

conta in ing water up t o t h e lower 2 cm . o f t h e d ish To prevent in ju ry t ot h e seed l ings from t h e accumu lation o f mater ia l s w hi ch th e seed s e xudedu ring germ ination t h e water i s changed da i ly . Th e germ inator i s cov

ered w ith a g lass—stoppered be l l-jar whose stopper m ay read ily b e rep lacedby one o f ru bber w ith one or more ho les When t h e p lants are o f t h e

desired height t h e pan is filled w ith water thu s a l low ing a ready rem ova l .

1 4 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X,No. 6 ,

TABLE I .

T RAN S P IRAT I ON DATA F OR SO LU T ION S IN OCU LATED No v . 14 , 1909 ,W ITH

PURE C U LTU R E S O F Boo BACTER IA .

TRAN S P IRA T ION IN GRAM SCom parative Percentage

V B t e iSeri es 1 3 C r a tran sp i rati on decreaseTota l

. 33

. 85

. 30

. 55

. 15

. 6 0Nl

fl

wOO

OO

CO

6 6 83 120 13

3 4 25

46 10

B . 7 34 45

30 9 0

C . 4

Atm om eter 102 gr s 136 grs 12 5 grs

U sing the transpiration of the con trols as a basi s and repre

senting it as un ity the d i fferen t bacterial cu l tu res have valu esin th e order as indi cated in the last two columns of the table .

These figures show conclu sively that in all cases the bacteria are

responsib le for the proportional ly d im in ished transpiration and

growth . The transpiration valu es fluct uat e t o a considerabl eextent ; in som e cases th e di fferences from the con trol s are not sovery great

,bu t in all cu ltu res the valu es l i e below that of the

control .

The eviden ce derived from the dupli cate series is om itted,

showing,as i t does

,resu l ts as closely paral l el as in Table I .

To what extent Table I I su ggests the possibil i ty that bacteriological diagnosis when correlated with phy siological criteriamay determ in e the crop -produ cing power of di fferen t soils n eednot be d iscu ssed at l ength . The figures speak for them selves .

Several facts,how ever

,seem t o be cl early brought ou t in the

above data . The transpiration figures of the first h y e days inB . 25 and B . 1 cc . ind i cate that the grow th o f the plant s was

considerably stimu lated by the presen ce of the toxic bodies inthe solu tion . Those of the last h y e day s prove that the solu tionwas decided ly in ju riou s . B . 13 is worthy of note since the plan ts


1 4 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 6,

noteworthy characteristi c than stru ctu ra l deviations or acclima

t izat ion . Mu ch econom i c valu e wou ld attach t o an extension of

these experim ents by determ in ing through selection and a moredetai l ed phy siological study the cu ltivated form s resistant and

immun e t o the effects of this type of soi l bacteria ,and the na ture

of the resi stance .

In order t o determ ine the ability of the m icro—organisms t o

convert soluble proteids into am ido-acid s and al li ed produ ctsfrom the decomposition of proteids enough pepton e was added t osolu tions of steril ized b og-water and peat t o make an equ ival en t .

of a pepton e cu ltu re . After steril ization the solu tion s w ereinocu lated w ith the bacteria indi cated in Table I I I . The cul

tures w ere then tested phy siological ly at the end of a two—w eeksin cubation . Since the danger of contam ination becom esin creasingly greater w i th pepton e cu l tures

,the transpiration

figu res for on ly the first fiv e day s are tabu lated . They are

believed t o be entirely consonan t w ith the tru e state of aff airssin ce the figures in the dupli cate cu l tu res appeared in every wayparal l el . The wheat plan ts h ad grown

’

in each experimen t forthree day s at the tim e the photographs here add ed w ere made forth e w riter by Prof . Schaffner .

TABLE I I I .

TRAN S P IRA ’

I‘

ION DA TA FOR 1% PEPTONE C U LTU RE SO LU T IONS INO CULA TEDJAN . 15 , 19 10 ,W I TH P UR E C U LT U R E S O F Boo BACT ER IA .

TRAN S P I RAT ION IN GRAM SSeries IX Num ber Bacteria

5 t h Day Com parative Percentage(F eb 4t h)tran sp iration decrease

A bri ef inspection of th e figu res and the photographs su fficest o show that transpiration

,grow th

,green and dry w eight of

wheat plan ts are in this case proportional ly redu ced . Comparedwith the w eekly atmom eter read ings i t is eviden t that transpiration i s not m erely a fun ction of ab sorption and of growth bu t alsoa fun ction of the rate of evaporating power of air

,that is the

saturation deficiency of air . The rate of t ranspirat ion ‘is seen t o

be the produ ct of a co—ordination of factors . I t i s not due t o

any singl e factor bu t t o the cumu lative action of severalconditions .

April , The Bacterial F lora .1 4 3

At the end of the experim ent a chem i cal exam ination of thepepton e cu l ture so lu tions ,

made by Dr . Ly man,ind i cated the

presen ce of indol , ammon i a and variou s non -volatile produ cts invarious proportions . A marked di fferen ce was noted in th eabili ty o f the d i fferent species of bacteria t o produ c e indol andammon ia . The highest quantity of ammon ia was produ ced byB . 13 ; the l east amount was recorded for B . 1 cc .

— the cu l turesolu tion

,i t w i l l b e rem embered

,which consisted o f a m ix tu re of

the bacteria found in one cubic cen tim eter of fresh bog water .

None of these products were found in the con trol (steri l ized bogwater and peat). I t i s al so t o be noted that neither the organ i cacids nor the ammon ia underw ent a fu rther change and that theab sence o f atmorph eric air is not a l im iting essen tial cond itionfor th e growth of the bacterial organ isms . In teresting i s thefact that the organ ism s b elong for the most part t o the aerob s .

The m ix ture cu l tu re solu tion (B . 1 cc .)in which the percentagedecrease in transpiration was as low as seems t o show thati t is the function of som e of the bacterial organ ism s t o do thein itial work of rendering so luble the protein compounds in thesoil . The process of den it rificat ion i s carried on up t o a poin twhere further decompos ition is continued by other organ i sm s .

Judging from the d i fferences in the transpiration valu es of thevariou s cu l tures

,a whol e seri es of bacteria seem s therefore t o be

involved t o whom are due the residual produ cts,-the algebrai c

sum of wh ich'

in part constitu tes. the toxicity -of “ the habitat

en countered on Cranberry I sland,the formation of

‘

m ethan e gas ,

and the reactions which form the basis of the process ofhum ificat ion .

Thus far the isolation of bacteria inv olv e'

d’

in t h e‘

decorrrpo

sit ion of carbohydrates h as not been su cc essfu l . Certain m icroorgan i sm s have been found t o possess the abili ty t o dissolvecel lu lose (filt er paper)in the presence of ai r . To what exten tthese form s and the anaerob s play a

' rol e in t h e relation of

deleterious produ cts in the soi l and cu ltivation of crops i s now

under investigation .

I t is not proposed t o dwell upon the general aspect of thi sproblem in this place . In a previou s paper (Botan i cal Gazette47 : 389 —405 ,

1909)the writer h as reported that th e poisonou smatter in ju riou s t o plan t growth is present in the agricu l turalsoil s u sed as fil t ers for bog water . The retardation seen in thecontam inated soi ls lacked the corresponding con trol average indry w eight of plan ts t o an amount of 18 per cent , 3 per cent and36 per cent . for sand

,clay

,and humu s soi l s respectively . I t was

further shown that the absorption and retention capaci ty of soi lfor toxins becam e general ly higher the greater the con ten t of

humu s . In con cluding this part of the discu ssion i t i s well t o

1 44 The Oh io Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 6 ,

nOt e t h e ex t en t in which t h e resu l t s show clearly t hat t h e ret ardat ion in growt h of w heat plan t s i s not cau sed b y phy si cal or chemi cal cond i t ions bu t t hrough t h e di rect act ivit y of t h e bac t eria]flora . It h as long been su spec t ed t hat a reciprocal relationexi st s bet w een grou p s of soi l bact eria and t h e plants grow ingupon t h e soi l . Variou s w ri t ers have been able t o point ou t thatmarked d ifferen ces in t h e produ c t ive pow er of di fferen t soi lsfol low ed t h e grow t h of w ild p lan t s . and t hat t hese di ff erencespersist for som e t im e It i s gen eral ly concluded therefore thatt h e inju ry cau sed t o cu lt ivat ed plan t s b y w eeds or previou s cropsmi ght b e du e t o influences on the bact erial l ife 1n the soi l and m

F ig . I . “h eat p lants growi ng in I per cent . peptone bog-water so lutionsinocu lated W i th pure cultures of bog bacteria . Numbers correspond W i t hdata in Table I I I .

a direct ion un favorable t o succeeding agricu l tural crop s . Thatsu ch relations exi st t h e w rit er i s convin ced in view of the ev i

d ence presen ted above . No doubt,the “ exhau stion of soi l s

which i s frequ ently met w ith,and which cannot alway s be

at tribu t ed t o t h e removal of plant nu t rients . is , in part ,an al li ed

phenomenon . It cannot remain a matter of ind iff eren ce t o

phy siological ecologi sts whether a st rong . in timate,and con

trol ling relat ion exi sts betw een soi l bact eria and su rface flora,

and h ow t h e bacterial organ i sm s aff ect t h e character , and theassociat ion and su ccession of plants . At best very littl e i sknown of t hi s phase of t h e phy siographic process

,and of th e

reactions and efiect s of the bacterial produ cts upon plan t life .

I t wou ld be idl e,also

,t o expect that the bact erio logical data in

them selves are su fficien t for a clear interpretation of toxicity


14 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 6

THE FILM TEST FOR CRUDE RUBBER .

*

CHA S . P . F ox .

Bu y ers of Crude Rubber are som etim es perplex ed in thei refforts t o determ ine the origin of new or un common varieti es of

rubber b y their u sual phy si cal characters . Con sequ en tly an

easy rel iabl e method of d eterm ination of variety of crude rubberwou ld be of defin i t e valu e t o the trade . Mr . Herbert Wright

,

page 163 , 3rd edi tion of his book,HEVEA B RAZ IL IEN S I S

,in discu s

sing th e stru ctu re of crude rubber quotes the experim en ts of Dr .

Joseph Torrey ( India Rubber Journal , Nov . 1907)as fol lows :Som e y ears ago Torrey observed that petrol eum naptha

solu tion of a numbe i of crude rubbers unwashed gave charact eri st ic figures when a few drops were al lowed t o evaporate on a

wh i te su rface . The solu tion con si sted of 5 gram s of rubberd i ssolved in 100 c c . of petrol eum naptha (6 . p 60° t o 90° c).

I recal l that Fine Para and Matto Grosso w ere the twoSou th Am erican “

grades,and among t h e Afri can s w ere Lapori ;

Red Kasai , Upper Congo Bal l , Ikalomb a and Bu ssira .

Fin e Para gave always a fine,lace like pattern

,Matto Grosso

gave a sim i lar one , bu t not so fine and not so regu lar . Som e o fthe Af r1can s gave the sam e general t y pe of figure but muchcoarser . Others deposi ted the rubber in a general form of one

or two n ebu lou s spots shading away very gradual ly towards t h eedges and connected by a few faint filamen t s

,which w ere u sual ly

deposed between two spots in form of a coarse network the m eshbeing approxim ately circu lar in form

“ The most characteristi c case of this kind was Lapori . On

the whol e the di fferen ce was so great that even an un trainedobserver cou ld w ithou t difficu lty ,

iden ti fy almost any one of t h e

vari eti es under exam ination by its figure .

”

The in feren ce t o be drawn from the foregoing is that eitherfrom

'

the m ethod of coagu lation or from som e other influence a

certain kind of crude rubber wi l l give a figure pecu l iar t o thatrubber

,and that this figure w i l l serve t o iden tify this rubber . I f

su ch be the case we have before u s an easy,rapid test for deter

m ining the variety of rubber .

We gave the test a try ou t . I t was soon evident that t h edi rection s given were somewhat indefin i t e and the originalexperim en ts lacked the earmarks of good laboratory techn iqu e .

”

We finally perform ed the test b y preparing the solu tion of

given concen tration and u sing the ordinary m i croscope sl ide forthe film receptacl e .

‘W e u sed special care in preparing th esolu tion . In many cases i t was n ecessary t o u se a smal l spoon

>i‘P re sen t ed a t t h e Nov . m oet ing of t h e Oh io Acad . o f Sci .

April , The Fi lm Test f or Crude Rubber .1 4 7

in tran sferring from con ta iner t o slide . The term figu re i s

rather indefin i t e . In the experiment quoted i t i s not made clearwhether shape or color or character of film is t o determ in e .

We assum ed that a combination of both character of film and

it s color was t o be u sed . Shape of film i s m ere matter of

acciden t . Draft of air,declivi ty of table

,skil l of the Operator

,

all help t o modi fy shape .

The viscosity of the solu tion w i l l determ in e the thickness o fthe film and w i l l control the si z e

,shape and number of vesicl es .

The most importan t factors t o be reckoned with are colour anddi rt (su spended m atter)”

We made th e test very thorough ,and exam in ed in all

,abou t

twen ty -fiv e kinds of crude rubber . Each test was made indupli cate . The dry film was held for a mom en t in the fum es of

su l phu r chlorid . This treatm ent did not a lter the film bu t

removed the t ackin ess . Slides prepared in this way keepindefin it ely ,

do not stick together and are free from dust . In

thi s way defin i t e comparison s between a large number of h lm s

cou ld be easi ly and qu i ckly made .

We found that i t was not a di fficu lt matter t o obtain sim i lardupli cates from the sam e solu tion when made at sam e tim e .

Exactness was an impossibili ty . In som e cases the d i fferen cebetween dupli cates were great enough t o assign di fferent nam est o the sam e samples . We u sed mu ch care in getting au thenti csamples and in each case have compared the crude physicalcharacters w i th the descriptions given by reliable au thori ti es ;Pearson

,Brandt

,Falconet t e ,

and Clou t h .

Th rough ou t the entire work we cou ld not defin it ely determ in ea film pecu l iar t o any one brand of crude rubber . Considerablestress was pu t upon the “

Lapori fi lm . We found thi s figure

t o be common t o many kinds of rubber . Rubbers of di fferen tbotan i cal and geographical origin often gave thi s sam e type of

film .

Throughou t the experim en t there was an indi cation that thecharacter of the film was determ ined by the Viscosi ty of thesolution . To test ou t this idea we made up a seri es of solu t ion sof these rubbers

,varying from thin t o very thick .

The tabl e proves the point in qu estion . I t cl early shows th einfluence of viscosity :

1 48 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X ,No. 6

TABLE

K IND or R U B B ER

Gram s in 100 cc . Cey lon B lack . Monga l la . Conche Ball .

F i lm given . F i lm g iven . F i lm g iven .

cc . Greasespot film . Greasespo t film . Network film .

Network film . Wafer film .

Faintly . Th in .

Network film .

Dest inc t .

Wa fer film . Wafer film . Wafer film .

Vesic les . Heavy vesic les .

Honey Com b Wafer film . Honey Com bF i lm . Vesic les . F i lm .

After a close exam ination and compari son of the film s given,

in dupli cate,by samples representing thirty-three comm ercial

b rands of crude rubber b elonging t o t en distinct groups , we fai lt o find any ind i cation poin ting toward s a definit e film pecu l iart o any parti cu lar brand of rubber .

Viscosity seem s t o be the control l ing factor in the format ionof a film . Viscosity depend s a great deal upon t h e amoun t andfreshness of the rubber content . With a crude unwashed and

d i rty rubber , the amoun t of the rubber wil l vary ,the vi scosity

wil l b e influenced and the character of. t h e film will b e modified

according t o the purity of the sample .

Tenaciou s heavy Para solu tion gave the honey comb film .

Lapori (old)gave a thin transparent film . By adding morerubber t o the latter and by di lu ting the form er w ith solven t , wew ere able t o transpose the character of the film s .

Akron,Ohio ,

Novem ber 2 ,1909 .


1 5 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X, No. 6 ,

1834 ,is a sy nony m b u t cannot b e u sed here b ecau se of i ts

sel ection as a nam e for a genu s of Col eoptera a year earl i er .

Front rather w ide,sides al together paral l el ; frontal cal losi ty

smal l,narrow er than the fron t and withou t an exten sion above ;

palpi fla t shin ing b lack rather large and nearly spoon—shaped ;face everywhere naked and sh in ing

r black ; under sid e of the headblack and sparsely furnished w i th pal e yel low hai rs ; antennaeen ti rely yellow

,sl ender throughou t

,third segm en t w i th a very

slight basal prom inen ce,so slight in fact that i t m ay b e said t o be

ab sen t w ithou t b eing far wrong ; l egs cl ear black except the tarsiwhich are largely white ; front tibia very mu ch en larged

,m idd l e

tibia smal l er bu t sti l l d i stinctly en larged,hind tibia ci l iate and

very slightly thicker than it s femu r ; sides of the thorax blackwith light brown hair ; wing largely b lack ,

this color extend ing onthe costal side t o the tip of the first vein and l im ited ou tward lyby a rather i rregu lar cu rved lin e from then ce t o the posteriormargin of the w ing at the vein separated the third and fou rthposterior cells

,fou rth and fif t h posterior and anal and axillary

cells largely nearly hy al ine , black or the w ing enclosing sevenmore or l ess rounded smal l hyal in e spots .

Selasoma . Type species 8 . tibial e from Sou th Am eri ca .

Length abou t 14 m i l l im eters,body shining blu e—black

,form

robu st . The genu s was erected by Macquart in 1838 t o receiveTabanu s tibial is Fab r . Front narrow

,sides clearly paral l el ;

frontal cal losity smal l,not so wide as the fron t and w ith a dis

tinct extension above reaching n early t o the vertex ; palp i large ,thickened

,reaching nearly t o the end of the proboscis ; face b lack ,

thin ly clothed with gray du st ; under side of the head clothed withblack hai r ; antennae not inserted on a prom inen ce

,black

,first

and second segm ents smal l,third segm en t compressed

,rather

w ide and thinb

and the prom inen ce which u sual ly i s n ear thebase here i s located n ear the m idd l e of th e l ength ; l egs en tirelyblack and clothed with black hair all the

O

t ib iae distin ctlyen larged bu t w ith a gradual decrease in si z e from before backwards ; sides of t h e thorax black w ith b lack hai r ; black color ofthe w ing extending on the costal border t o the tip of the auxiliaryvein and l im ited ou tward ly by a l ine drawn nearly straightbackward from this poin t through the m idd l e

“

oi the di scal cel lt o the apex of the apical cel l ; the cel ls on the posterior part of thew ing are l ighter in color and there i s a d istinct tran sverse hy al in espot across the fourth vein before the base of the d iscal cel l .

Bolb odimy ia . Type and on ly speci es of th e genu s B . bicolorfrom Sou th Am erica . Length abou t 1 1 m i l lim eters

,body opaqu e

black,form rather sl end er . The genu s was erected by B igot in

1892 and describ ed from a singl e specim en . So f ar as I am

aware on ly three specim en s of the species have found their way

April , Four Genera of Horseflies.1 5 1

into co l l ections . Fron t of normal width ,sides very n early

paral l el al though ju st sl ightly narrowed above ; frontal cal losi tylarge

,as w ide as the fron t and with an extension above ; palp i

smal l,not d i stinctly compressed ,

mu ch shorter than the proboscis ; face den sely clothed with orange colored pol l en ; underside of the head co lored l ike th e face and clothed with hai r of thesam e color ; an t ennae situated on a very decided shin ing b lackbu lb—l ike prom in ence

,first segm ent very large

,spherical

,shin ing

black and with som e black hairs on the under side , second and

third segm ents y ellow i sh—brown,the latter with a d i stin ct prom

inence very close t o the base ; sides of th e thorax very d enselyclothed w ith orange colored hair ; l egs b lack ,

fron t tibia en largedand cu rved

,d istin ctly larger than i ts femu r

,m idd l e tibia plain ly

larger than i ts femu r,hind tibia and femu r of n early the sam e

size ; wing black except the tip of the second submarginal c el lwhich is hyal in e

,the ou ter lim it of the black extends almost

straight backwards from the tip of the anterior branch of th ethird vein .

Snow iellu s . Type speci es 8 . at rat u s from Arizona . Lengthabou t 14 m i l l im eters , body black ,

n early opaqu e,form robu st .

The genu s was proposed by myself in 1904 and described afterhaving studi ed two specim ens

,the on ly on es I have seen . Fron t

w ide,narrow ed above ; frontal cal losi ty w ide

,as wide as the

front and w ith a connected spot above ; palpi rather long bu tsom ewhat sl ender

,decid ed ly shorter than the proboscis ; anten

nae si tuated on a shin ing black elevation,first segm en t black and

clo'

thed below w i th black hair,produ ced downward bu t not w id

ened or produ ced upward so that from above these organs appearp erfectly norm al

,second and third segm en ts opaqu e brown

,the

latter with a d i stinct prom in en ce very close t o the base ; facemostly shin ing black ; underside of the head clothed with blackhai r ; sides of the thorax black and clothed with black hair ; l egsb lack

,an terior tibia slightly en larged ,

m idd l e tibia l ess en larged,

hind tibia on ly very sl ightly larger than i t s femu r ; w ing blackw ith the exception of a hy al in e area which curves around theapex

,occupying the apexes of the first and second submarginal

cell s so that th e ou ter lim it of the black is marked by a cu rvedl ine from th e apex of the second vein t o the apex of the posteriorbranch of th e third vein .

1 52 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X ,No. 6


ORTON HA LL,Dec . 6 1909 .

{27 5111 the ab sen c e of th e Presiden t , Mr . W . C . Morse

,the m eeting

was cal l ed t o order by the Vic e—Presiden t,Miss Em i ly Hol l ister .

The m inu tes of the two previou s m eetings were read and

approved . Prof . W . M . Barrow s,Mr . T . W . D itto

,and Mr .

B en tl ey F . Fu l ton w ere el ected t o m embership .

The program of the even ing con sisted of an in formal talk byProf . G . W . Kn ight upon th e Darwin Centenary Celebrations

,

held at Cambridge , England ,at which he represented th e

Un iversi ty . Prof . Kn ight gave som e accoun t of the hi story,and

organ i zation of Cambridge Un iversity,and told of the cere

mon i es and festiviti es conn ected with the cen tenary celebrations .

He exhibited souven irs of the occasion,and presen ted the

B iological Club w i th a very in teresting pictu re of th e d el egates .

Prof . Landacre m oved that the Club extend i t s thanks f or thegift of the pictu re and that th e Execu tive Comm i ttee b e instructed t o see t o the fram ing and hanging of i t . Motion carried .

Prof . Landacre and Prof . Schaffner gave brief reports of th eOhio Academy of Science Meeting .

ORTON HA LL,Feb . 7 ,

19 10 .

The Club was cal l ed t o order b y t h e Presiden t,Mr . W . C .

Morse,and the m inu tes of the previous m eeting were read

,and

approved .

Mr . Harry Marsh and Phi ll ip Luginbil l were el ected t o m em

h ership , and the nam es of Mr . T . M . Thompson,George T .

Caldw el l,V . L . Nel son

,and W . C . Lasseter were proposed .

Prof . W . C . Mi lls then spoke to'

th e Club upon Som e R ecen tExploration s of the Ohio Histori cal and Archaeological Society .

He spoke o f the archaeological map of the state which i s beingprepared b y the soci ety and gave an accoun t of the two an ci en tcu ltu res found in t he state

,and th e m ethods of exploring their

remain s .

R eports of the m eetings of the Am erican Association for th eAdvan cem en t of Science w ere given by Professors Landacre ,Osborn

,Mil ls

,Sey mou r

,and Morse .

MALCO LM G . D I CKEY,Sec .

Dat e of Publ icat ion , Apr i l 2 , 19 10 .


1 54 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 7 ,

while of 16 w ings of monomelaena exam ined on ly a single w ingh as 2 crossv eins ,

all the others having bu t 1 . A lso, 6 w ings of

fasci ata have 4 post t rigonal cells , and 2 wings have 5 . On theother hand 9 w ings of monomelaeh a have bu t 3 cel ls

,although

7 w ings have 4 .

3 . Kirby’

s figure show s the first row of cel ls ,proximal t o the

postanal cell , between A and posterior margin of w ing in frontw ing as 3 cells w ide . In the Lou isiana specim en s this is tru efor 7 wings , while 1 w ing h as 2 cells ; in 16 w ings of monomelaeh a

exam ined these are invariably 2 cells . (Kirby figures the postanal as a single cell . This is undoubtedly an error . My materialshows it 2 or 3 cel led .)4 . Kirby m en tions the enclosed basal pal e area in the hind

w ing as being yel low ish or yellow ,though h is figure does not

show this . The accompanying hal f tones show this characterclearly in the Lou isiana specimens . I t i s en tirely lacking inmonomelaena

,whence the specific nam e .

5 . In fasciata as described and figured the colored area justproxim al and posterior t o the nodus in the front wing extendsposteriorly across Cu

1. This is true of all the Lou isiana speci

m ens . In monomelaeh a on the other hand this dark area in itsmaximum developm en t is l im ited posteriorly by the m ediansupplem ent .

So mu ch for the iden t ificat ion of fasciata . O ther characterspoint t o the specific distin ctness of monomelaena and fasci ata ,

though un fortunately I am unable t o find su ch characters elsewhere than in the w ings . Two venational characters are of

interest : the number of cells betw een A2and A

3in the hind w ing

and the number of cel l s on the posterior margin of the hindw ing from the base of the w ing t o the anal loop . In both of thesecharacters fascz

’

ata h as a greater number of cells than manomet

aena,and in both species in the case of the first character t he

fem al e h as m ore cells than the m al e,while in the second charac

ter the male h as m ore cells than the fem al e . These charactersm ay be tabu lated :

Vumber of cells between 142and A

3in h ind wing :

fasci ata m al e , one wing 11 ,two 12

,one 14 ; average

fem al e , three W ings 15 ,one 17 ; average

monomelaezza male,three w ings 9 , two 10 ; average

fem ale,two w ings 9 ,

fou r 10 , two 11,one 12 ,

one 13 ; average

Number of cells on pos ter ior margin 0 ]Eh ind wing from the base

of the w ing to the anal loop :

fasciata m al e,one wing 32 ,

two 34 , one 35 ; averagefemale

,two w ings 3 1 , two 33 ; average 32 .

May, A New Species of Celi themis .1 55

1120 710 744 ! Za! 14a m al e , one w ing 24 ,two 25 ,

one 26,one 27 ;

averagefemal e

,one wing 2 1 , one 23 ,

two 24 ,one 25 ,

two 26 ; average

Of 8 w ings of fasciata and 16 w ings of monomelaeh a exam inedall have the last antenodal of the front wing continuou s , ex cepting one wing of each species . A l l have the triangle of the hindwing free excepting a single w ing of fasciata , where it i s oncecrossed .

CE L ITHEM IS MONOMELAENA n . sp .

Celi themts fasci ata ,Hine , in THE ODONATA OF OH IO

,D . S .

Kellicot t , O . S . U ., UN IV . BULL . SER IES 4 , No . 5 , p . 104 , describes

the species and records its capture in Summ it County, Ohio , at

Si lver and Summ it Lakes , in June and Ju ly ,June 23rd being the

earliest record . Hine , ENT . NEW S , January ,1899 , p . 1 , des

cribes the female , w ith figures of wing markings of both sexes , andnotes habits and records of captures . William son

,REP ORT

STATE GEO LOG IS T , IND IANA ,1899 , p . 320 ,

describes the speciesand records it from the fol low ing Ind iana localities : GooseLake

,Kosciusko County ,

Round and Shriner Lakes,Whitley

County ,and Fran tz Fishpond

,Well s County .

The above literature , with the notes given above and theplates which accompany this paper

,su fficient ly describes th is

species . The fol low ing references under fasci ata shou ld beplaced under monomelaeh a

,I believe .

1 . Hagen,P SYCHE ,

1890 , p . 383 , records fasci ata fromGeorgia , Florida and Canada . The Canadian specim en i s probably monomelaeh a ,

the other two fasci ata .

2 . Kellicot t,PROC . OH I O ACAD . SCL ,

1896 , p . 28 ,records t h e

captu re of fasciata by Dury at Cincinnat i and William son in

Indiana .

3 . Kellicot t , THE AGR . STUDENT, Columbu s , Ohio , Nov . ,

1897 , p . 45 ,repeats the data in 2 .

4 . William son,REPORT STATE GEO LOG I ST , IND IANA ,

1897 ,

p . 404 ,records fasciata for Shriner Lake ,

Whitley County , Indiana .

5 . William son,ENT . NEW S , 1899 , p . 42

,notes on pairing of

fasciata at Round Lake ,Whitley County ,

Indiana,during Ju ly

,

1898 .

6 . Hine,PRoc . OH IO ACAD . Scr , 1899 , p . 67 ,

records

fasciata from Si lver Lake ,Akron

, Ohio , June 23rd .

7 . Osborn and Hine , O . S . U . (OHIO)NATURAL I ST , 1900 ,

p . 15 ,record the capture of abou t 30 specim en s at lakes near

Kent , Ohio ,in the latter hal f of June .

8 . In ENT . NEW S , 1902 , p . 298 ,Mr . E . Daecke

’

s capt ure of

fasci ata at Lu caston,New Jersey

,i s recorded .

1 56 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 7 ,

9 . Calvert , ENT . NEW S , 1903 , p . 36 ,records fasciata for

Lucaston ,New Jersey

,Jun e 22 , Ju ly 2 , 1900—2 , col lected by E .

Daecke .

In ENT . NEW S,1907 , p . 456 ,

‘Mr . Lauren t ’

s capture of

fasci ata at Malaga , New Jersey , Ju ly 20 ,is recorded .

44 ] 1 1 . Mu t tkow ski,Bu l l . W is . Nat . Hist . Soc .

,Vol . 6 , 1908 ,

p . 108 ,describes fasciata and records it from Mi lwaukee Count y ,

Wisconsin .

CELITHEM IS FASC IATA Kirby .

TRAN S . ZOO L . Soc . LOND .

,X I I , 1889 , p . 326 , pl . L I I

,fig . 2 .

As above stated Hagen’

s reference t o'

fasci ata from Floridaprobably refers t o this species . In ENT . NEW S , 1906 , p . 84 .

C . S . Brim l ey records fasci ata from Lake E llis,North Carol ina

,

June 22nd . This probably refers t o tru e fasci ata .

Soon after beginn ing this study I w rote t o Mr . Dury abouthis Cincinnati record . He sent me a water color sketch of h is

specimen,taken in 1895 . I t is certain ly monomelaeh a . It w as

taken at a sm al l lake in Spring Grove Cem etery . Several wereseen but on ly one was captured and he h as not seen the speciessince . He does not know wh o is respon sib le for determ in ing hi sspecim en as fasci ata ,

bu t I recal l from conversations w ith Professor Kellicot t that he was not the au thority ,

and my Indianaspecim ens were named fasciata for m e by Kellicot t after he or

Hine h ad seen Dury’

s specim en bearing this label .B ury ’ s experience with the species at Cincinnati i s sim i lar

t o m ine in Wells Coun ty . I t was taken at Frantz Fishpond (adeserted gravel pit)-in 1898 and again in 190 1 , bu t I havebeen unable t o hnd it there since . I have not seen the speciesal ive since 1904 when it was taken in Steuben County ,

Ind iana .

My thanks are due Professor Hine for delegating t o me thiswork in an order of in sects in which he him self is great ly in terest ed . Professor J . B . Parker h as on this occasion

,as on others

,

given me the b enefit of h is know ledge of Greek ,and the specific

nam e monomelaena is of his com pounding . The photographsof wings

,from which the plates have been made

,were taken by

Professor New ton Mi l ler, Clark Col lege .

The types of monomelaena are a mal e and femal e,Whitley

County,Ind iana

,in my col lection .

B lu ffton , Ind iana .


OH IO NATURAL IST .

W ILLIAM SON on“ Ce l i t l i em is .

0 11 10 NATURAL IST . P late V] ! l

W ILLIAM SON on Cel i th em is .

1 6 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X ,No. 7

EX PLANAT ION OF PLATES VI,VII , AND V I I I .

F igs . 1 ,2

,m a les , 3 ,

4, fem a les , Cel i th em i s fascia ta K irby , all from

S l idel l , Lou isiana ,Ju ly 2

,1905 , J . S . H ine .

F igs . 5 ,6

,ma les , 7 , 8 , 9 ,

f ema les ,Celt themi s monomelaena new species ,

all from Whitley Coun ty , Ind iana ,e xcepting 6 f rom Kent , Oh io , J . S .

H ine . 7 is t h e type 9 o f monomelaeh a . 5 , 8 and 9 are tenera l spec im en s .

W ings o f monomelaena have been selected t o show t h e extrem es o f

variation in w ing m ark ings . Notice w ing ap ices in 7 , 8 and 9 , and noticeh ind w ings in these 3 figu res show ing that a great deve lopm ent of one

co lored area is no t necessari ly assoc iated w ith other greatly deve lopedareas in t h e sam e w ing In F igu res 1 and 2 t h e enc losed pale basal area int h e h ind w ing is open t o t h e w ing border prox ima l ly as in F igures 3 and 4 ,

bu t t h e orange co lor o f t h e pa le area is so inten se as t o ob scure th is in t h e

photographs . Notice that in fasci ata th is pa le area i s a lway s open t o t h eborder pro x im a l ly ,

and is c losed or tends t o c lose across t h e posterior endo f t h e ana l loop (nearly c losed in F igure 1 , com p lete ly c losed in 2 , 3 and 4)monomelaena

, on t h e other hand , tends t o c lose pro x im a l ly ( see F ig . 6)and rema ins open posteriorly across t h e ana l loop . There is in t h e

behavior of these co lored parts two distinct tendenc ies in t h e t wo species(com pare these areas in F igures 4 and

TWENTY-FIVE RARE PLANTS AT BARNESVILLE,OHIO.

EM MA E . LAU GH L IN .

Every local ity h as i ts plan ts which are found in great profu sion

,and also those which are rare

,al though they may be the

common plants in another region . To the botan i st i t i s alwaysa special p l easure t o find the retreat of som e rare local species .

B elow are noted twen ty—fiv e plants which may be regarded as

local ly rare w i thin a circl e having a rad iu s of fou r m i l es withBarnesvill e , B elmont Coun ty

,as a cen ter . A more carefu l study

of the region m ight show som e of the species more common thant hey are now supposed t o b e .

1 . Viola rafinesqu ii Green e . One station was found for thisviol et in 1908 . I t is in a rail road cu t east of Barnesvil l e , Theplan ts are increasing rapid ly from seeds . They grow well whentransplan ted .

2 . Viola blanda Willd . This Viol et was al so first found in1908 in a deep shady ravin e through which a smal l stream creeps .

I t i s most abundant at the end of the ravin e where a tiny swampyflood plain h as been form ed .

3 . Viola h astata Mi chx . One station d iscovered in 1907 in

a dense wood . I ts location h as been reveal ed t o on ly threepeopl e so that the plan ts may be al low ed t o in crease . I t i sprobable that other stations may be found as this viol et i s notrare in the adj oin ing coun ty . Ten other viol ets may be regardedas common in this locali ty .


1 6 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 7 ,

15 . Sm ilax h erbacea L . Found in an open situation near asmal l b rook in 1904 . One plant was transplanted in a wildflower garden and h as appeared with increased Vigor every yearsin ce . As thi s is a stam inat e plan t , there have b een no berries .

16 . Panax quinquefolium L . Now rare in this region,bu t i t

was on ce abundan t . I t is di sappearing for two reason s : First,

becau se the rich woods i t loves are d i sappearing ; second ,becau se

i t s comm ercial valu e invites hunters t o dig i t up for th e roots .

17 . Arenaria serpyllifolia L . This littl e sandwort i s foundoccasional ly growing in the cinders by the rai lroad tracks and

spreads rapidly if circum stan ces are at all favorable .

18 . Dioscorea v illosa L . Said t o be found in moist t hickets,

bu t one st ation i s known for stam inate plan ts which is on a dryhil l side . It i s spread ing slowly from the woody rootstocks . I ti s easi ly transplant ed .

19 . Verbena stricta Vent . One plant was found in 1908 on

the publi c school grounds,almost in a footpath . I t was thrifty

and strong in 1909,and h ad added a stem t o the three seen the

year b efore . V . u rti cifolia L . i s very common in cu l tivatedground

,and V . hastata L . occurs in damp situations .

20 . Galinsoga parv iflora Cav . Found growing in one backyard on Walnu t S treet

,Barnesvil l e

,Ohio . I ts presence i s

accounted for by the fact that the fam i ly living there movedfrom Washington

,Ohio

,where Gal in soga i s very abundant

,

growing along the gutters at th e sides of the streets or anywherei t can get a st art .

21 . Agastach e scrOphulariaefolius (Willd .)Kun t ze . AlthoughA . nepet oides (L .)Kuntz e is common

,being found in any local

i ty,A . scrophulariaefolius (Willd .)Kuntze i s rare , on ly one

st at ion having been observed . This i s a marshy place by theroadside and was almost ext erm inated in 1909 by the roadsupervisor .

22 . Matricaria inodora L . One plant was found in 1909,

abou t t en rods from t h e chaerophyllum st ation . I t was eV i

dent ly a st ray .

23 . Polygonum arifolium L . One station,a low place in a

pastu re field . It s rarity h as always been a mat ter of surpri sesin ce P . sagitt atum L . i s very common .

24 . Hieracium aurant iacum L . Has been observed alongone roadside in wel l-set grass . Late in th e season i t i s stolon if erou s and form s a l i ttl e colony around each plan t .

25 . Sida spinosa L . First seen by the rai l road . Last yeard i scovered in a m eadow in abundan ce after the second cu tting ofclover h ad been mad e . Evidently the seed h ad been sown witht h e grass seed .

Barnesvi l le , Ohio .

May, Nesting Habi ts of Bembex.

NOTES ON THE NESTING HABITS OF BEMBEXNUBILIPENNIS.

By J . B . PARKER .

While engaged in field work at Wilson,Kansas

,in Augu st

,

1909,I chan ced upon the n esting site of a large soli tary wasp

that proved t o b e B embex nub ilipenn is . The wasps of thisspeci es

,known in that local i ty as yel low jackets

,

”are hand

som e in sects,ex ceedingly fast on the wing and al ert

,nervou s and

cau tiou s when abou t their n ests . Though th ey are so litarywasps th ey nest in co lon i es and the nesting site under obs ervationwas in a d riveway leading from the publi c road in to a barnyard

,

where th e earth in which the n ests were placed was trampled so

hard that mu ch di fficulty was experi en ced in open ing them . Theown er of the place stated that these wasps h ad n ested thereannual ly for a number of y ears and his statem ent was born e ou tby the number of old bu rrows discovered during the investigat ion .

The bu rrows,pen etrating t o a depth of six or eight in ch es

,

enter the ground at an angl e of abou t forty—fiv e degrees ; bu tthere i s no very great uniform ity in thi s respect . At a d istanceof from eight t o twelve inch es from th e entrance lateral b ranchesare given Ofi

,which serve as brood chamb ers for th e larvae . At

the tim e of my ob servation no burrow was found with more thanfiv e of these chambers ; most h ad fou r and a f ew h ad on ly three .

In the chambers more than one larva may be reared ,in which

case the first i s placed at the extrem e end of the chamber andwhen fu l l grown and en cased a Wal l i s placed across th e chamberand another larva reared between thi s and th e main part of t h eburrow .

The wasp in digging uses th e first pair of l egs , turning th etarsi inward so as t o make a pair of rakes ou t of the stou t spinesborn e on the pos t erior sides of th ese segm en ts . At that tim e thedu st of the su rface of the driveway lay abou t an inch deep and

the horses in passing back and forth over the n est s completelychanged the appearance of the surface several tim es a day . Bu t

this did not seem t o bother the wasps a great deal,for they

almost invariably digged down through the du st directly t o themou th of a bu rrow . The bu rrow thu s found ,

however , did not

always prove t o be the one desired in fact , one wasp was observedt o dig into three d i fferen t burrows before sh e found the one shesought . Whether the first two opened were hers al so or theproperty of another wasp I h ad no m eans of finding ou t in thebri ef tim e at my command . On l eaving the nest the wasp not

on ly closes up the entran ce bu t al so carefu l ly conceal s all tracesof i t

,so carefu l ly ,

indeed,that she h as qu i t e as much trouble at

tim es in finding'

t h e en tran ce as sh e does when th e horses have

The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 7,

d i sturb ed appearances . Whenever the n est i s en tered t h e

open ing is l ikewise always closed up from the inside .

These observation s were made on Augu st 18 and 19 ,and

al though many burrows were opened on ly larvae were found .

Many of these h ad completed their growth and were encased incell s of earth h eld together by som e cem ent substance and l in edinside w ith deli cate si lk ; bu t in every in stance an immature larvain som e stage of developm en t was al so found in the burrow . In

no case,however

,was more than one developing larva found in

any bu rrow . In one bu rrow with fou r bran ches there con tain edmatured and en cased larvae and th e fou rth

,ju st n ewly con

stru cted,contained two recently ki ll ed hou se-fiies

,on one of

which was found an unhat ched egg . From the data given aboveit wou ld appear that the wasp rears on ly one larva at a tim e

,

un l ess p erchance she con structs and attends two or more burrowsat th e sam e tim e

,the n ecessity for which is not apparent .

The food of th e larva,as shown by t h e n est s opened ,

consistswhol ly of flies and i t seem s that certain femal es show a preferen c efor a parti cu lar kind of fly . In one n est on ly hou se-flies werefound ; in a second the majority were st ab le-flies ; in a third

,

fl esh—fiies ; in a fou rth,tachina—flies . The wings

,l egs and u sual ly

the thorax of the fly are not consum ed by the larval wasp . Theremains of forty—one flies

,of which most

,perhaps all

,were

house—fiies,were taken from a chamber containing an almost

matu re larva ,and doubtl ess these were not the total number of

flies consum ed by this ind ividual . In the even ing from a chamber contain ing a hal f-grown larva t en untou ched flies were taken

,

among which were represen ted th e fol low ing species kind lyidentifi ed for me by Prof . J . S . Hin e : Euph orocera claripennis ,Pseudopy relia corni cina ,

Sarcophaga assidua,and Sarcophaga

heli cisAccording t o my l im ited ob servations all burrows containing

immature larvae are closed up at n ightfal l with the femal e insidethe n est . The popu lar beli ef i s that the mal e closes up thebu rrow from without after the femal e h as entered the nest for th en ight

,but I saw nothing that wou ld tend t o confirm thi s opin ion .

The lad that helped me t o open th e bu rrow s stated that he h adoften drown ed the wasps ou t of their n ests and that he u sual lychased two ou t of each n est . From the mann er in which hedescribed the proceed ings I fear the fun he got ou t of t h e operation is more worthy of credence than i s th e accuracy of hi sobservations

,for in no instan ce did I get more than one wasp

from a bu rrow and all thu s taken were femal es . Unfortunately ,

I h ad no net with m e and hence was unable t o determ in e whetherany mal es were among the numbers that were continual ly dartingabou t over the nesting site

,though I suspect that such was

the case .


The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . X,No. 7

,

THE OHIO POWDERY MILDEWS .

*

W . C . O’

KANE .

INTRODUCT ION .

A number of years ago Professor A . D . Selby published a

paper on The Ohio Erysiphaceae ,or Powdery Mi ldews

,so far as

they h ad been reported in this state at that tim e .

Since then new species have been recorded,new host plants

have been reported,and there have been changes in nomenclature

as further scient ific study h as di sclosed certain synonym s .

The presen t paper i s an attempt t o bring the record downt o date .

In the generi c keys as wel l as the specific description s thewriter h as closely fol lowed Salmon

’

s adm i rable monograph of

the Erys iphaceae .

Acknowledgment is due the valuable assistan ce of Professor

J . H . Schaffner , under whose direction thi s paper h as beenprepared ; al so the suggestion s and coun sel of the late Dr . W . A .

Kell erman .

GENERAL CHARACTER I ST ICS OF THE POWDERY M ILDEW S .

The Powdery Mi ldews are fam i liar t o observers in two distinctstages .

In t h e earli er , or conidial,stage

,the affected parts of the

parasiti zed plant appear as i t covered with a white,m ealy pow

der— the summer spores given off by the rapidly growing mycelium .

Later the win ter spore-cases , or perithecia ,are formed . These

are dark,spherical bodi es

,di stingu ishable with the unaided eye

,

and give the affected parts of the plant the appearance of beingmore or l ess covered w ith a brown or black powder .

The perithecia u sually bear characteristi c appendages . I fthe peri thecium i s gently crushed i t is found t o contain one or

more spore—sacs , or asci , in which are the spores . The outersurface of the perithecium

'

is divided into many cel ls .

The mycelium that bears the conidia and the perithecia growson the surface of the leaf , or stem ,

draw ing it s nourishm en t bym eans of short branches

,or haustoria . These may penetrate

directly into the epidermal cel l s ; or ,as in the genu s P hyllactinia ,

may enter the stomata of the leaf,and so reach the inner cel ls .

In either case the plant i s robbed of i t s sap ,and the m i ldew lives

at the expense of i t s host .

Contri bution from t h e Botan ica l Laboratory of Oh io State Un iversity , 56 .

May, The Ohio Powdery Mi ldews.1 67

KEY TO THE GENERA (After Elli s Everhart).Class— ASCOMYCETAE .

Order— PER I SPO R IALES .

Fam i ly— ERYS IPHACEAE .

Appendages o f perithec ia s im p le, and sim i lar t o t h e mycel ium .

Appendage s d i fferent from t h e myce l iumOn ly on ascu s in t h e perithec iumSevera l asc i in t h e perithec iumAppendages coi led at t ipAppendages branched a t t ip .

Appendages not branched ,swo l len at base ,

w ith t ip stra ight .

P hyzzéz'

czmi aOn ly one a scu s in perit h ec

'

P odosphaeraSevera l asc i in perithecium .M i crosphaem

Sph aeroth eca, Sw .

Key t o the Ohio Species .

1 . My cel ium th ick , form ing persistent patches conta in ing t h e perithec ia 2Myce l ium th in or not persistent . 3

Mycel ium brown . Outer and inner wa l ls of perithec ium not

separating morS-uv ae

3 . Perithecia 60—70 11 in d iam eter ; ascu s 60 X 42 t o 70 X 50 11 , inner

and ou ter wa l ls o f perithec ium read i ly separating . . phytoptophtlaPerithec ia 58— 120 p in diam eter ; ascu s 45 X 50 t o 72 X 90 11 ,

inner and outer wa l ls of perithec ium separating w ithd ifficu lt y .

Cel ls o f perithecium averaging 15 11 h umu li

Ce l ls of perithecium averaging 25 p . h umu li v ar . fu ligtm'

a

Sph aeroth eca h umuli (DC)Burr . Perithecia 58—1 in

diameter ; cel l s 10 t o 20 11 ; appendages usual ly long , straight , sep~

tate,dark brown ; ascu s u sual ly wit hout stalk ,

45 X 50 t o 72 X 90 p ;spores 8 ,

12 X 20 t o 18 X 25 pt .

Host p lants in Ohio Herbarium : Geum canadense ,Med ina Co .

, Rubu sodoratu s , Cuyahoga Co . ,

E C laassen ; Rosa (cu lt), Co lum bu s , J G Sanders ;Tara xacum tara xacum ,

Aug laize Co ., .J D S im k ins ; Agrimon ia eupatoria ,

Lancaster , W . A . Kellerman .

Sph aeroth eca humuli fuliginea (Sch l) Salm . Peritheciaaveraging smal l er than h umuli ; cell s averaging 25 pt ; spores12 X 20—15 X 25 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Prenanthes alba ,Cuyahoga Co .

,E .

C laassen ; B iden s frondosa ,Co lum bu s

,F . L . Stevens

,Cuyahoga Co .

,E .

C laassen ; Taraxacum tara xacum ,Cuyahoga Co .

,E . C laassen ,

Co lumbu s ,F . L . S tevens .

Sph aroth eca mors—uv ae (Schw)B . C . Mycelium dense ;perithecia abundant

, 75—1 10 11 in diam eter ; cel l s 10

—25 11 ; appendages few

,pal e

,brown

,t ortuou s

,l ength 1—5 t im es diam eter of

perithecium ; ascu s 50 X 70—62 X 92 11 : spores 12 X 20—15 X 25 y .

Common on cu ltivated gooseberries throu ghou t Ohio .

1 68 The Ohio Naturalist. lVol. X, No. 7

Sph aeroth eca phytoptoph ila ,Kel l Swingle . Mycelium t hin ;

perithecia 60—78 11 in d iam eter , inn er wal l separatin g easi ly ;cell s 10 11 , obscure ; appendages few

,irregu lar

,often septate

,

u sual ly longer than diam eter of perithecium ; ascus 42 X 60 t o

50 X 75 11 ; spores 8 ,12 X 20—15 X 25 11 .

Host-p lant , t h e distorted branches produced b y t h e Phytoptu sgrow ing on Ce ltis occ identa l is .

Spec im ens in t h e Oh io Herbarium from Preble Co .

,Brown Co . , Mt .

Gilead ,W . A . Ke l lerman ; Morgan Co . , Kel lerman and Jones .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io from Lima ,W . A . Ke l lerman , Co lum bu s ,

A . D . Selby .

Erysiph e Hedw .

Key t o the Ohio Speci es .

1 . Perithecia not u sua l ly maturing on l iving host p lant .

Perithec ia u sua l ly ma turing on l iv ing host p lant2 . A sc i 8—

spored .

Asc i 2-spored .

3 . Asc i u sua l ly 10—15 ,hau storia lobed

Asci sam e,hau storia not lobed . ci choracearum

Erysiph e graminis DC . Mycelium rather persisten t ; perit h ecia large , 135—280 11 in diamet er ; cell s obscure ; appendages short ,simple

,light brown ; asci 9—30 , 70 X 25—108 X 40 11 , long-stalked ;

spores 8 ,20 X 10—23 X 13 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Poa praten sis , Co l lege H i l l , W . H '

A iken .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io ; Triticum v algare ,Colum bu s ,

F . Detm ers,

Lima ,W . A . Ke llerman ; Poa praten sis ,

Co lum bu s,W . A . Ke l lerm an ;

Agropyrum , Ashtabu la Co . , Sara F . Goodrich .

Erysiph e polygoni DC . Mycelium u sual ly thin ; perithecia65—180 11 in diam eter ; cell s 10

—15 11 ; appendages variable , u sual lymany

,5—15 times diam eter of perithecium

,simple

,som etim es

fiexuose ; asci 2—10 ,46 X 30—72 X 45 11 , sometim es with short

st alk ; spores 3—8 ,19 X 9—25 X 14 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarlum : Ca ltha palu stris , Co lum bu s ,W . A .Kel lerman ; Po lygonum avicu lare ,

Sandu sky Co .

,Ottawa Co .

,W . A . Ke l ler

man ,To ledo , F . D . Ke lsey ; Po lygonum sp .

, Miam i Co . , W . A . Kellerrnan

and W . R . Beatty , Adam s Co . , Athen s Co W . A . Kellerman ; Po lygonumerectum , Frank l in Co .

, F . L . Stevens ,Belmon t Co .

, Su gar Grove ,Brown

Co .

,W . A . Ke l lerman ; Scu te l laria lat eri fo lia ,

Cuyahoga Co .

,E . Claassen ;

Oenothera b ienn is , Lake Co .

,E . Claassen ; Tha l ict rum purpurascen s ,

Lake Co . ,E . C laassen ,

Lupu linu s perenn is ,Erie Co .

,F . L . Steven s , Toledo ,

F . D . Ke lsey ; Eu patorium sp . ,Co lum bu s , C . M . Weed ; Celmat is virgin iana ,

Co lum bu s,C . M . Weed ; Aqu i legia canaden sis , Cham paign Co .

,W . C . Wer

ner .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : Aqu i legia canaden sis ,Co lum bu s , F .

Detmers ; C lematis virg in iana ,Co lum bu s

,A . D . Se l by , F . Detm ers ;

C lematis sp . (cu lt), Co lum bu s , A . D . Se l by,F . Detm ers

,Waynesvi lle ,

W A . Ke l lerman ; Desmodium canescen s , Co lum bu s ,A . D . Selby ; Lirio

dendron tu l ip ifera , Co lum bu s , Fa irfield Co . , A . D . Se l by .


1 70 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 7

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : V itis qu inqu efo lia ,Cuyahoga Co .

,

E . C laassen ; Parthenoc issu s qu inqu efo l ia ,Co lum bu s , W . A Kel lerman ;

V itis (cu lt), Co lum bu s ,W . A . Ke l lerm an ; Am pe lop sis qu inqu efol ia ,

Co lum bu s ,H H . R ichard son ,

C . M . W’

eed ,W . A . Kel lerman ,

Oberl in,

To ledo,F . D . Ke lsey .

Uncinu la macrospora Peck . Mycelium thin ; perithecia95—165 11 ; cells 10 11 ; appendages 50—130 in number

, 4—1 timesd iam eter of perithecium

,nonseptate

,colorless

,thicker-wal l ed

toward base ; asci 8 —14,often curved

,54 X 29—65 X 35 11 ; spores

2, 30 X 16 11 .

Host p lants in Ohio Herbarium : U lnu s am ericana ,Wyandotte Co . ,

Thos . Bosner,Co lum bu s

,W . C . Wern er

, Fairfield Co .

,W . A . Ke l lerman ;

Ulm u s fu lv a , Cana l W i nchester , W . C . Werner,Warren Co .

,W . A . Kel ler

m an , Co lum bu s ,C . M . Weed .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : Ulmu s am ericana,F airfield Co A . D .

Selby , F . Detm ers,Colum bu s ,

A . D . Selby ; Ulmu s fu lv a ,Co lum bu s ,

W . C .

Wern er .

Uncinula flexuosa Peck . My celium persistent on uppers ide of l eaf ; perithecia scattered

, 85—156 11 in diam eter ; cell s dis

t inct,17 11 : appendages 14—60 ,

l ength equal ing diam eter of perit hecium

,colorless

,nonseptate

,becoming en larged

,fiexuose and

t h ickwalled at apeX ; asci 4—1 1 ,short—stalked

, 50 X 30—58 X 38 11 ;spores 8

,18—22 X 10 /1 .

Host p lants in Ohio Herbarium : Aescu lu s g labra , Co lum bu s , C . M .

Weed ; Aescu lu s sp .,Oberl in

, F . D . Ke lsey .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io Aescu lu s g labra ,Co lum bu s , F . M .

Webster .

Uncinula clintoni Peck . Perithecia 80—130 {1 in diam eter ;cell s 10—20 11 ; appendages 10

—35 ,1—2 times diam eter of perit h e

oium , colorl ess or light brown at base,thick-wal l ed

,swol len at

apex ; asci 3 —10,short—stalked

,40 X 34—62 X 40 11 ; spores 3

—7 ,

20 X 10—25 X 13 11 .

Host-p lan t s in Oh io Herbarium ' T i l ia am ericana ,Cuyahoga Co .

,E .

C laassen .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : T 1l ia am ericana , Oberl in , F . D . Ke lsey .

Uncinu la salicis (DC)Winter . Peri thecia globose—depressed,

90—175 11 in d iam eter ; cell s 10—15 11 ; appendages num erou s , 100

150,crowded

,

—1% tim es diam eter of perithecium ,nonseptate

or 1—septate at base,colorl ess

,gradually enlarging toward apex ;

asci 8—14 ,stalked

,55 X 30—80 X 40 ;1 ; spores 4

—6,20 X 10—26 X 15 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Sa li x sp Bow l ing Green , Co lum bu s ,

F a i rfie ld Co . ,W . A . Ke l lerman ,

To ledo , F . D . Kel sey ; Sa l i x g laucophy l la ,

Cedar Point , E . Claassen ; Sa l i x cordata , Cuyahoga Co . ,E C laassen ,

Co lum bu s,W . A . Kel lerman ; Sa l i x h um u l i s

,Amanda ,

W . A . Ke l ler man ;Sah X n igra ,

Co lumbu s ,C . M . Weed ; Sa l i x petiolaris , Co lum bu s ,

C . M .

Weed ; Scu te l laria lat i rifo lia ,W i ll i am s Co , W . A . Kel lerman ; Popu lu s

m on i l ifera ,Cedar Po int , E . C laassen ; Popu lu s tremu lo ides , Cedar Point ,

E . C laa ssen .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : Scu te l laria la t eri folia , Co lum bu s ,A . D .

Se lby .

May, The Ohio Powdery Mi ldews .1 7 1

Uncinu la cicrinata C . P . Perithecia scattered,som ewhat

l enticu lar,160—225 11 diam eter ; cel ls ob scure , 10

—14 11 ; appendagescrowded

,very num erous

,l ength a li ttle l ess than diam eter of

peri thecium,nonseptate

,colorl ess

,apex not helicoid ; asci 9—26 ,

68 X 29—86 X 40)1 ; spores 8 ,18 X 20—22 X 14 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium Acer saccharum ,Acer ru brum

,

Acer saccharinum , Cuyahoga Co .

,E . C laassen ; Acer dasycarpum . Co lum

b u s ,C . M . Weed .

Otherw ise reported i n Oh io . Acer ru brum , Fa i rfield Co A . D . Se lby '

Acer saccharum , Co lum bu s ,C . M . Weed .

PODOS PHAERA Kunze .


1 . Appendages c lear , e xcept a t base ; branches o f apeX not swo l len .

bi tmci na ta

Appendages dark -brown for m ore than ha lf their length ; branchesor ape x swo l len . oxyacan thae

Podosph aera biuncinata,C . P . Perithecia subglobose

,

5 5—72 11 in diam eter ; appendages equatorial , 4—15 in number,

3—5 tim es diam eter of perithecium ,straight

,nonseptate

,colorless

or l ight brown at base , apex once di chotomously branched,

bran ches variable and often recu rved ; ascu s short - stalked,

4 5 X 40—50 X 48 p ; spores 8 ,20 X 1 1—24 X 13 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Ham am e l is v irg in iana , Summ it Co . ,

Cuyahoga Co E . Claassen .

Podosph aera oxyacanth ae (DC)DeB . Peri thecia subglo

bose, 64—90 11 in diam eter ; cells 10

—18 /1 wide ; appendages u sual lyequatorial

,sometim es n earer apex

,4—30 in number

,

—6 tim esdiam eter of peri thecium

,septate

,brown for more than ha l f their

l ength,apex 2—4 tim es d i chotomously bran ched

,bran ches short ,

tips of u ltimate branchlets swol l en ; ascu s 58 X 45—90 X 75 11 ;spores 18 X 10—30 X 17 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium . Cherry (cu lt)Ottawa Co W . A .

Kellerin an Pmn u s v irg in iana , Cedar Point , E . C laassen Sp iraea tom entosa ,

F airfield Co .

,W . A . Ke l lerman ; Prunu s cerasu s ,

Co lum bu s , H . H . Richardson .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io Cherry (cu lt), Co lum bu s , C M . Weed ,

F . Detm ers ,Dayton , Jos Potts .


Appendages angu larly bent , branches lax and irregu lar eztphorbi ae

Appendages no t so .

Ult im ate branch lets u sual ly recu rv ed .

Ultimate branch lets no t recur3 ed .

Appendages long and flacc id , ape xmuch branched, ornate and c losealm

'

,3 ar . extensa

Appendages short,not flacc id ,

u ltimate branch lets all d istinctlyrecu rved alm

Appendages 24—8 tim es d iam eter of perithec ium , ape x m oderatelybranched ,w ide ly forked alm

'

,3 ar . v accmm

The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . X, No. 7 ,

4 . Appendages 3—7 tim es d iam eter of perithec ium , colored nearly t o

ape x russelli i

Apendages co lorless . . 5

5 . Branches laX and irregu lar . difiusaBranches c lose and regu lar , d igitate grossu lam

'

ae

Microsph aera euph orbiae (Peck)B . C . Perithecia 85— 145 11 ;in diam eter ; cell s 10—15 11 ; appendages 7

—28 ,2%—8 tim es diam

eter of peri thecium,con torted

,colorless

,nonseptate

, 3—4 tim es

di chotomously branched , bran ches lax and irregu lar ; asci 4—13 ,

short—stalked,48 X 26—66 X 35 11 ; spores 4 ,

19 X 10—2 1 X 12 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Eu phorb ia coro l lata ,To ledo ,

F . D . Ke l sey .

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : Eu phorb ia coro l lata , Co lum bu s , E . M .

Wi lco x .

Microsph aera alni (Wallr .)Salm . Mycelium thin ; perithecia66—1 10 11 in diam eter ; cell s 10—15 11 ; appendages 4—26

, 4—24times diam eter of perithecium

,colorl ess

,often darker at base

,

apex 3—6 tim es di chotomou sly bran ched,u ltimate branchlets

recurved ; asci 3—8 ,42 X 32—70 X 50 11 , short-stalked ; spores 4—8 ,

18 X 10—23 X 12 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io H erbarium : Sam bucu s canadensis , CuyahogaCo .

,E . C laassen ; Gled it sch ia t riacant hu s , Co lum bu s ,

W . A . Kel lerman ,

A lton, F . L . Steven s , Brown Co . ,

W . A . Ke l lerman , Hebron ,Kel lerman

and Beatty ,Warren Co . , Fairfield Co .

,W . A . Kel lerman ,

Colum bu s,Weed

and Craig ; Castanea dentata ,Cuyahoga Co .

,E . C laassen ; Cornu s candi

d issima ,Cuyahoga Co .

,E . Claassen ; Syringa vu lgaris , Cuyahoga Co .

,E .

C laassen ,Co lum bu s , E . E . Bogu e ; Li lac (cu lt), Ham i lton Co .

,W . H . A iken ,

Su gar Grove ,W . A . Kel lerman ; V ib ernum aceri folium ,

P latanu s occiden

ta l is ,Lon icera c i l iata ,

Cuyahoga Co .,E . Claassen ,

Vibu rnum cassinoides ,Ottawa Co .

,W . A . Kel lerman ; Cast anea sativa ,

v ar . am ericana , Su garGrove

,W i lco x ,

Bogue and Weed ; Lathyru s m yrt i foliu s , Painesvi l le ,W . C .

Werner .

Otherw ise report ed in Ohio : Euonymu s atropurpu reu s , Ross Co .

,

W . A . Ke l ler man ,Co lum bu s ,

A . D . Se l by ; Sam bucu s canaden sis ,Co lum

bu s,A . D . Sel by ; Platanu s occ idental is ,

Co lum bu s,A . D . S el by ; Castanea

sat iva y ar . am ericana ,Ross A . Kel lerman ; Gledit sch ia t riacanthos ,

Ross Co . ,W . A . Kel lerman .

Microsph aera alni extensa (C . P .)Salm . Mycelium persi stent ; perithecia gregariou s , 90—140 /1 in diameter ; cell s 10

—20 11 ;appendages 8—19

,2 —6 tim es diam eter of perithecium ,

flexuou s,

colorless,nonseptate

,wal l s thicken ed toward base

,apex 3—5 tim es

di chotomously branched,bran ching close

,u ltimate bran chlets

distin ctly recurved ; asci 3- 8 ,short—stalked

,58 X 34—72 X 45 11 ;

spores usual ly 6,22 X 12—26 X 15 11 .

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Qu ercu s sp . ,Co lum bu s ,

C . M . Weed ;Qu ercu s tinctoria ,

Lawrence Co .

,W . A Kel lerm an ; Qu ercu s macrocarpa ,

Co lum bu s ,C . M . Weed ; Quercu s rubra ,

Colum bu s ,E . V . W ilco x ; Quercu s

n igra ,F a1rfield Co

,W . A . Ke l lerman ; Quercu s cocc inea ,

Worth ington ,

C . M . Weed .


1 74 The Naturalist . [VOLX ,No. 7

OH IO NATURAL IST .

O ’KANE 0 11“ Powdery M i ldews .

May, The Ohio Powdery Mi ldews .1 75

OH IO NATURAL IST . P late X .

O ’KANE on“ Powdery M i ldews .

1 76 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 7

Host p lants in Oh io Herbarium : Carp inu s caro l in iana ,Fa irfield Co . ,

“7 . A . Kel lerm an ; Catalpa (cu lt), Warren Co . , Cata lpa b ignonoides , Fa irfield Co . ,

W . A . Kel lerman ; A lnu s rugosa , Lick in g Co ., J . G . Sanders ;

Magno l ia acum inata , Frank lin Co ., j . H . Schaffn er ; Quercu s rubra ,

Toledo , F . D . Ke lsey ; Fagu s am ericana , Worth ington ,

C . M . Weed ; Castaneasativa ,

v ar . am ericana ,Kno x Co .

,H . J . Detm ers ; Qu ercu s sp .

, Fa irfield

Co . ,W . A . Ke l lerman

Otherw ise reported in Oh io : Ph lo x pan icu lata ,Co lumbu s

,A . D .

Se l by .

Exp LANAT IoN OF PLATES IX AND X .

Figures 1 t o 13 ,in clu sive

,were drawn at a magnificat ion of

3 15 d iam eters , and cu ts made at two- thirds redu ction . Thesefigures ,

therefore,are shown at a magnificat ion of 105 d iam eters .

Figure 14 was drawn at a magnificat ion of 210 d iam eters,and

cu t made at two—third s reduction . This figure ,therefore

,i s

shown at a magnificat ion of 70 d iameters .

F ig . 1 . Sphaerotheca h um u li (DC .)Burr .

F ig . 2 . Sphaerot heca ph y t opt oph ila Ke l l Sw ing le .

F ig . 3 . Podosphaera oxyacan t h ae DeB .

F ig . Erysiphe polygon i DC .

F ig . 5 Ery siphe cich oracearum DC .

F ig . 6 Unc inu la c lin t on i Pk .

F ig . 7 Unc inu la necator (Schw)Burr .

F ig . Uncinu la salic is (DC .)W inter .

F ig . 9 . Podosphaera b iuncina t a C . P .

F ig . 10 . M icro sphaera ru ssel l ii C l int .

F ig . 1 1 . Microsphaera d 1fiu sa C . P .

P i cr . 1 2 . Microsphaera grossu lariae (Wa llr .)Lev .

13 . Microsphaera a ln i (W’

allr)Sa lmon .

F ig . 14 . Phy l lactin ia cory lea (Pers)Karst .

Dat e of Pub l icat ion , May 9 , 19 10 .


1 78 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . X, No. 8 ,

color than R . Virescens , ranging from green or greenish t o

ochraceou s . Dr . Kau ffman * suggests that Hard’

s figure (150)is of this species rather than R . virescens as labeled and I am

incl ined t o agree . Ju ly t o September .

Russu la subsordz'

da ,Peck . The whol e plant becomes smoky

brown when old and the flesh changes t o that color when out or

broken . P i l eu s glabrou s , Viscid when young , at first whitish;lam el lae close

,adnate . I t is separated from R . sord ida

,P eck

,

by i t s Viscid pileu s ; from R . n igricans, (Bu l l)Fr .

,by the close

lam el lae , and from R . den sifol ia,Seer by the flesh not becom

ing redd ish when wounded . September .

Russu la flam’

a’a , Frost . P i leus and stipe yel low

,lam el lae

white ; pileu s dry and m ealy ; lam el lae close , adnate ; stem so lid .

I take this t o be the plant described by Morgan as R . lutea ,F r .

The latter h as a Viscid pileus , a white stipe and the lam el lae are

yel low or ochraceous . August and September .

Russu la mariae,Peck . P i leus dry , dark crim son or purplish

,

m inu tely pu lveru l ent or glaucou s ; lam ellae close , adnate , whitisht o yellow ish ; stipe sol id ,

a l ittle pal er than pileus or nearly white .

Ju ly . Determ ination confirmed byMiss Burlingham .

Russu la earlet , Peck . P i leus glu tinous,

straw-colored or

pal er , margin even ; lam el lae thick , d istan t , adnate ; st ipe white .

Rather easi ly distingu ished by the pale , glut inou s pileus and thed istant gil l s August .

Cli tocybe eccentri ca ,Peck . P i leu s umbilicate or som ewhat

in fund ibu li form ,hygrophanou s , white or whitish ,

m argin lobed ,

split or irregu lar ; lam el lae white or yellow ish,close

,narrow

,

decurren t ; stipe often eccentric,becom ing hol low . Growing

on mu ch decayed log . August . Ident ified by C . H . Peck .

Cv'epidotus ctmzabarz'

nus,Peck . P i leu s sessile

,m inutely

tom en tose or pu lveru len t,cinnabar-red ; lam el lae rather broad ,

reddish—floccu len t on the edge ; spores ferruginous . R ead i lyrecogni zed from the color . On old stump in woods . Col l .

A . T . Cox . Ju ly . Bu l l . Torr . Bot . Cl . 22 : 489 .

Galera cri spa ,Longyear . P il eu s con ic—cam panu late

,margin

becom ing crenu lated and upturned ; lam el lae sl ightly adn exed ,

close,rather narrow ,

mu ch crisped ; stipe fragile , somewhat bulbous . In grass on Un iversity cam pu s . Jun e t o August . Bot .

Gaz . 28 : 272 .

Agarz’

cus ab'

rupti bu tbus ,P eck . Th e pileu s is u sual ly white or

yellow ish but our specim ens w ere tawny-yellow even when fresh .

The stipe h as a flat t ened bu lb by which the plan t m ay be d ist ingu ish ed from it s nearest al l ies . The double annu lus is anotherd istinctive character . August . Col l . Master Hugh Fink . Ident ified by C . H . Peck . This plant was first nam ed Agaricusabrupt us , P eck .

C . H . Kau ffman , Mich igan Spec ies o f Ru ssu la ,Eleventh Report o f

M ich igan Academy of Sc ience , pp . 57—9 1 .

M iam i Un ivers ity ,O xford ,

Oh io .

June, New Varieties of Common Ferns.1 79

NEW VARIETIES OF COMMON FERNS.

L . S . HOPK IN S .

For several years while col lecting in the woods of WayneCounty ,

Ohio,I have noted here and there occasional p lants of

Adiantum pedatum L . whose fronds d iff er very material ly fromthose of the normal type . The diff erence consists main ly in thenormal p innu l es being replaced by linear branching pinnu l eswhich are part ly ferti le and part ly

'

st erile at their t ips . Thistransposition m ay occur either at the end or the m iddle of thepinna ,

more often the latter .

F I G . 1 . Ad iantum pedatum lac in iatum Hopk in s .

One of these plants was t ransplan t edfit o the yard of t h e

McFadden hom estead in Wooster where it h as been under observ at ion

‘

for a period of four years . I t seem s t o thrive in it s newhom e and each year h as continued t o produce f ronds of t he t ypedescribed .

1 80 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . X , No. 8,

The form is probably a sport bu t as such it seem s t o deservea nam e as it i s l ikely t o -occur elsewhere . Therefore

,I propose

the nam e :Adiantum peda tum L . v ar . lacinia tum Hopkin s v ar . nov .

P innu l es l inear,lan ceolate , or oblanceolate , m ore or l ess

branched ; grow ing w ith the type ; rocky wooded hi l lsides ,Wayne County ,

0 . (F ig .

F IG . 2 . Cy stopteris frag i l is cristata Hopk ins . a ,b

, c . Apexes o f frondd

,e

,f , Pinnae .

In the latter part of August , 1909 ,in company w ith Mr .

R . J . Webb,of Garrettsvil le , and Mr . A . Rood , of Phalanx

,

I visited Woodworth’

s Glenn ,in Portage County .

A clear rapid flow ing stream very suggestive of trou t h as cu tout a smal l ravine through the sub—carbon i ferou s sandstone .

In some places this ravine is qu ite narrow and the wal ls alm ostperpendicu lar .


The O hio Naturalist . [VO] . X , No. 8,

su l ca ,etc .

,was kept close t o the window , where the sun h ad

access for an hour or two on clear morn ings . In that , the plantsdev eloped earlier , and at the present writing

,several of them

are fu l ly developed ,unm istakable Spi rodela polyrhiza , wi th

two d isks several t imes the size of the bud,bright green ,

withd istinct nervation , several roots and with the in ferior s idearound the hilum purplish . On one of them

,the bud is now

fading and w ithering .

Thus the cycle is complete . The smal l bod ies described wereseen developing on the Spirodela plants , in late summer and fal l ,then detached or held on ly m echan i cal ly , surviving the winterat the bottom ,

rising t o the surface in spring (premature indoors),producing new plants , and then dying . The observation s arecomplete so far as they go ; but more details and further investi

gat ions will be in place . I t h as not been ascertained whetherone Spirodela disk produces on ly one bud or several

,h ow early in

the season they are produced and -eventual ly whether som e of

them grow ou t into new plants in the sam e season ; also the m icroscopic structure especial ly of the hilum when dormant and at thetim e of sprouting will be of in terest . The buds shou ld also betaken up from the bottom of ponds and pools in early springand their developm ent observed .

When the little bodies were first noticed , last fall , i t was supposed that they m ight be “ winter-buds ,

” having the function of

buds or bu lbs,and the resu lt su stained the diagnosis . Since the

plan t is rarely found blossom ing and fru iting these buds are evident ly the mean s of propagation of the species . But the termbud is not adequate . They may be compared with the bulblets of som e P teridophyta . Their significance is possibly n earestt o that of tubers

,l ike those of the Dahlia and potato

,bu t the fact

that they are provided with chlorophyl and stomata again setsthem apart . Their configurat ion is i n accordance with thesimple structure of the plant itself .I t may be m entioned that a Lemna (tm

'

h erm'

s Austin broughtin and kept with the Spi rodela showed nothing of the kind described ; but it may have been overlooked ; most of them d iedearlier than the Spirodela . Lemna tri su lca L . keeps well and

grows luxuriant ly over winter , indoors , and is a very satisfact oryplant for smal l aquaria .

New Ph i ladelph ia ,Oh io ,

March 12 ,19 10 .

June, Naiades cf Cedar Point, Ohio. 1 83

NAIADES OF ‘GRAND RIVER

,OHIO .

L . B . GARY .

Lampsi li s ventri cosa (Barnes ,Un io), fairly common .

mult iradiat a (Lea ,Unio), one specim en ,

Painesvi ll e,O .

Lu teo la (Lamarck,Unio), most common .

ligamen t ina (Lamarck,Un io), rather scarce at Me

ch anicsv ille,O .

recta (Lamarck,Unio), not rare .

iri s (Lea ,Un io), rather scarce .

parva (Barnes , Un io), rather scarce .

Obov aria circu lus (Lea ,Un io), scarce .

Py t ch ob ranch u s phaseolu s (Hi ldreth ,Unio), rare .

Quadru la undu lata (Barnes ,Un io), abundan t .

Kirt landiana (Lea ,Unio), very rare .

rubiginosa (Lea ,Un io), not rare .

Unio gibbosu s Barnes ,rather common .

Symphynot a compressa (Lea ,Un io pressus), not plentifu l

costata (Rafinesque ,Alasm idont a), common .

Alasmidon t a marginata Say ,not very common .

Hem ilast ena ambigua , (Say ,Alasmodon t a), not rare .

.St roph itus edentulus (Lea ,

Anodonta), common .

Anodont oides f erussacianu s sub cy lindraceus? Lea

,one specim en .

Anodonta grandi s (decora ?)Lea ,common .

This list i s the resu lt of several y ears col l ecting at Mechani csvi l le

,Au stinbu rg Tp .

,Ashtabu la Co .

,O .

,with the one exception'

noted .

26 3 Hoy t St . ,Bu ffa lo ,

N . Y .

NAIADES OF CEDAR POINT,OHIO .

L . B . GARY .

Lampsi l i s ventri cosa (Barnes , Un io), common .

lu teola (Lamarck,Unio), common .

recta (Lamarck,Unio), scarce .

nasu ta (Say ,Un io), rather scarce .

alata (Say ,Unio), common .

gracili s (Barnes , Un io), plent i fu l .Plagiola donaci form is (Lea ,

Unio), rare .

Obov aria circu lu s (Lea ,Un io). very common .

Quadru la pli cata (Say ,Unio).

undu lata (Barnes , Unio).

pu stu losa (Lea ,Unio), an imperfect specim en .

rubiginosa (Lea ,Unio), fairly common .

Unio gibbosus Barnes , fairly common .

1 84 The Ohio Naturalist .

St roph itus eden t u lus (Lea ,Anodonta)? No specim en in my

co l l ection,b u t li sted in my notes .

Anodon t oides f eru ssacianu s sub cy lindraceus one sp ecim en .

Anodonta grandis Say,one specim en .

What appeared t o be a white specim en of Quadru la coccineu sConrad

,was found near the Lake Laboratory

,and probably

cam e from the Sandu sky Bay . The balance of these shel lsw ere picked up on the shore of Lake Erie between Cedar Pointand the Laboratory . The list is by no m ean s complete

,probably

but simply show s what can be gathered in one season . Severa lspecies were taken alive .

XEROPHYTIC ADAPTATIONS OF APOCYNUMHYPERICIFOLIUM .

J OHN H . S CHA F FNER .

In the january ,1905 , Ohio Nat uralist , the writer presented

some observation s on the occurren ce and developm ent of mat

plants , show ing that som e plan ts which are erect in an ord inaryenvironm ent becom e prostrate , w ith radiating branches , whengrowing in exposed situation s as on a sandbar or new ly plow edprairie . While studying the xerophytic vegetation of CedarPoint

,at Sandu sky ,

Ohio,my atten tion was cal led t o the pros

F I G . 1 . Apocynum h yperic i fo lium grow ing on a sand blow -ou t

on Cedar Po int .


1 86 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . X, No. 8,

catalog is t o u se rather drastic m easures . I t wil l b e easier t orestore nam es t o the list than t o con tinu e names whose stand ingi s problemati cal and serve no purpose except t o con fu se the plantgeographers and eco logist . So far as the exclu sion of foreignweeds and cu l tivated plants is concerned

,i f the list is not t o

represent known herbarium specim en s a much larger number ofprobable species m ight be added . Bu t i t i s beli eved that zealfor accuracy is more comm endable than enthu siasm for new

records and large numbers . The writer wi l l great ly appreciatein formation which wil l t end t o establish any species in the following list as a native or introduced Ohio plant :

Acer pennsy lvan icum L . No specim ens .

Achroan thes monophyl la (L .)Greene . No specim en s .

Aconi tum un cinatum L . No specim en s .

Adopogon carolinianum (Nu tt .)Britt . No specim en s .

Agrimon ia pum i la Muhl . The specim en so labeled i s A . mol li s

(T . G .)Britt .

Agrostis asperifolia Trin . No specim en s .

A l lion ia nyctaginea ovata (Pursh)Morong . The specim enlabeled thu s i s the speci es .

A l l ium stel latum Ker . No specim en s .

Alopercuru s pratensi s L . No specim ens .

A l sine boreal e (B igel)Britt . B eyond our range .

A l sine longipes (Go ldi e)Cov . B eyond our range . A specimenso labeled i s t oo immature for determ ination .

Amaranthus cri spu s (Lesp . They .)Br . No specim ens .

Amaranthu s l ividu s L . B eyond our range .

Amph iach ri s dracu'

n cu loides (DC .)Nu tt . No specim ens .

Artem isia abrotanum L . No sp ecim ens .

Artem i sia absinthium L . No specim ens .

Artem i sia canadensis MX . No specim ens .

Asrum refiexum ambiguum B i ckn . No specimen s .

Asplenium fontanum (L .)Bernh . No specim en s . Ohio recordprobably a m i stake of labeling .

A ster acum inatu s MX . No specim ens .

Aster clay t oni crispens Burg . No specim ens .

Aster cordifoliu s polyceph alu s Port . No specimens .

Aster d ivari catus persaliens Burg . No specim ens .

Aster dumosu s L . No specim en s .

A ster novi-belgii L . No specim en s .

A ster novi-belgii laevigatu s (Lam .)Gr . No specimens .

Aster pt arm icoides (Nees)T . G . No specimens .

Aster sali cifoliu s stenophyllu s (Lind l .)Burg . No specimens .

Avena fatua L . No specim en s .

B etu la popu li folia Marsh . No specim ens .

Bicuculla exim ia (Ker)Millsp . No specim ens .

June, P lants to be Excludedf rom Ohio Catalog .1 8 7

B idens l eavis (L .)B I S . P . Beyond our range .

B l ephariglottis grandiflora (B igel)Rydb . No specimens .

Bromu s arvensis L . The specim en so labeled i s B . racemosu s .

B romus asper Mu rr . No specim ens .

Bromus breviaristatu s (Hook)Buckl . No specim ens .

Brou ssonetia papy rifera (L .)Vent . No specim en s .

Carex bu l lata Schk . No specim en s .

Carex carey ana Torr . No specimen s .

Carex carol in iana Schw . No specim en s .

Carex ch ordorh iza L . f . No specim ens .

Carex defiexa Hornem . No specim ens .

Carex form osa Dew . No specim ens .

Carex goodenov ii J . Gay . No specim ens .

Carex in terior capillacea Bai l . No specim ens .

CaerX novae-angliae Schw . No specim ens .

Carex setacea Dew . No specim en s .

Carex st y lofiexa Buckl . No specim ens .

Carex tenel la Sehk . No specim ens .

Carex tenera Dew . No specim ens .

Carex t enu ifiora Wahl . No specim ens .

Carex umbellata Sehk . No specim en s .

Carex xant h ocarpa B i ckn . No specim ens .

Castanea pum i la (L .)Mi l l . No specim en s .

Centaurea nigra L . No specim ens .

Cerastium viscosum L . No specim en s .

Chenopodium urbicum L . No specimen s .

Chrysopsi s gramm i folia (MX .)Nu tt . No specim ens .

Cinna latifo lia (Trev .)Griseb . No specim en s .

Clay ton ia carol in iana MX . No specim en s .

Claytonia perfoliata Donn . No specim ens .

Clintonia boreal i s (Ait .)Raf .

‘No specim en s .

Cincus benedict u s L . No specim en s .

Convolvu lus repen s L . No specimen s .

Coral lorhiza coral lorhiza (L .)Karst . No specimens .

Cornu s bailey i Cou lt . Ev ans . The specim en in the herbariumi s from a cu ltivated plant .

Cory lu s rostrata A i t . No specimen s .

Crepi s tectorum L . No specim ens .

Cyperu s dentatu s Torr . No specim en s .

Cyperu s ov ularis (MX .)Torr . No specim en s .

Delphinium consolida L . A l l th e specimen s so nam ed are D .

ajaci s L .

Delphin ium carol inianum Walt . B eyond our range .

Deschampsia caespi tosa (L .)B eauy No specim ens .

Eleochari s in t erst inct a (Vah 1.)R . S . No sp ecim en s .

Eleochari s rost ellat a Torr . No specim ens .

Equi setum scirpoides MX . No specimens .

1 88 The Ohio Naturalist . [Vol . X, No. 8

Eriophorum v aginat um L . No specim ens .

Eriophorum graci le Koch . No specim ens .

Eriophorum Virgin i cum album Gr . No specim ens .

Eupatorium serotinum MX . No specimens .

Fragaria vesca L . No specim en s .

Galium vernum L . No specim ens .

Gentiana det onsa Rot tb . No specim ens .

Geran ium di ssectum L . No specimen s .

Gerardia b essey ana B ritt . No specim en s .

Geum m acrophyllum Willd . B eyond our range .

Gifolia german i ca (L .)Dum . No specim ens .

Gratiola au rea Muhl . No specim en s .

Guti errezia texana (DC .)T G No specim ens .

Hedeoma hispida Pursh . Bey ond our range .

Helianthus atrorubens L No specim en s .

Helianthu s ambiguu s (T G .)B ritt No specimen s .

Heliotropium ind i cum L . No specim ens .

Heliotropium anch u si folium Poir . No specimen s .

Heteran thera ren iform is R . P . No specim ens .

Hi eracium green ii Port . B ritt . No specimens .

Hou ston ia tenu i folia Nu t t . No specim ens .

Hyoscyamu s n iger . L . No specim en s .

Hypericum adpressum Bart . The specim en so nam ed i s probably H . perforatum L .

Juncu s fili form is L . No specimens .

jun cu s stygius L . No specimen s .

Juncu s b rach ycarpu s Engl . No specim ens .

Knei ffia lineari s (MX .)Spach . Beyond our range .

Kuhnist era candida (Willd .)Kt z . No specim ens .

Lacinaria pycnost achya (MX .)Kt z . No specim ens .

Lactu ca pu l chel la (Pursh)DC . No specimens .

Leontodon h ast ilis L . The plan t so labeled i s L . nudi cau l e (L .)Port .

Ligusticum scoti cum L . No specim ens .

L igusti cum canadense (L .)Britt . No specim ens .

Limnanthemum lacunosum (Ven t )Griseb . No specim ens .

L ithospermum linearifol ium Goldi e . No specimens .

Lobelia nu ttal l ii R . S . B eyond our range .

Lycopodium annotinum L . No specim en s .

Lycopu s europaeus L . No specim ens .

Mariana m ariana (L .)Hi l l . No specim ens .

Meibom ia aren i cola Vai l . The plan t so labeled is probablyM . marylandica (L .)Kt z . or M . obtu sa (Muhl .)Vai l .

Mentha aquati ca L . No specimen s .

Mentha sativa L . No specimens .

Mitel la nuda L . No specim ens .

Monarda citriodora Cerv . No specimens .


1 go The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLX, No. 8

Rubus frondosu s B igel . No specimen s .

Rubu s neglectu s Peck . No specim ens .

Rubu s setosu s B igel . No specim en s .

Rubu s trivialis MX . B eyond our range .

Rumex patientia L . No specim ens .

Rum ex sangu ineus L . No specim en s .

Rynchospora fu sca (L .)R . S . The on ly specimen so labeledi s a Juncus .

Sagittaria engelmanniana Sm . No specim ens .

Salix alba coeru l ea (Sm)Koch . No specim en s .

Salvia verbenaca L . No specim ens .

Scirpu s sylvaticu s L . No specim en s .

S edum refiexum L . Not properly ident ified .

Senecio lobatus Pers . No specim ens .

Si lphium in tegrifo lium MX . No specimen s .

Sm i lax bona-nox L . No specim en s .

Smi lax pseudo—china L . No specim ens .

Sol idago odora Ai t . No specim ens .

Spiraea corymbosa Raf . Beyond our range .

Spiraea prun i folia Si eb . Specim en imperfect .

Trau tvetteria carolin en si s (Wal t)Vai l . No specim ens .

Triadenum pet iolat um (Walt)Britt . B eyond our range .

Trillium undu latum Willd . No specim ens .

Vaccinium pal lidum A it . Beyond our range .

Val eriana u liginosa (T . 8: G .)Rydb . Specim en so labeled i sofficinalis L .

Verbesina occidental is (L .)Walt . No specim ens .

Vernon ia glau ca (L .)Britt . The two specim ens so labeled havea purplish pappu s and are the ord inary V . alti ssima Nu t t .

Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Wal t . No specim ens .

Woodsia ilv ensis (L .)R . B r . No specim ens .

Woodwardia areolata (L .)Moore . No specim ens .

X anthium strumarium L . No specim ens .

X y ris carol iniana Walt . No specimens .

Z izan iopsis m iliacea (MX .)D . Asch . No specim ens .

NOTE ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB

OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY.

MALCO LM G . D I CKEY .

On November 2 ,1888 , a number o f persons interested in

natu ral sciences met at the hom e of Mr . C . M . Weed t o considerthe organ ization of a bio logical c lub . A comm i ttee of threem embers

,Messrs . Lazenby

,Thom e and Weed was appointed

t o draw up a scheme of organ i zation . Another m eeting was heldNovember 5t h

,when the forma l organ i zation of the club was

June, Organization of the Biological Club.1 9 1

accomplished,with the fol lowing charter m embers present :

Moses Crai g , W . S . Devol , J . F . Hi ckman,D . S . Kellicot t

,W . R .

Lazenby,W . G . Green ,

C . P . Sigerfoos ,C . S . Thorne , and C . M .

Weed . The orgainzat ion was cal l ed the B iological Club of theOhio State University ,

and Agricu ltural Experim en t Station .

Meetings were held fortn ightly at the hom es of the m embersLater the Club m et in Horticu l tura l Hal l and finally ,

from189 1 t o 1900 ,

in Botani cal Hall . The first officers were : Presiden t

,C . E . Thorne ; Vi ce President , D . S . Kellicot t

,and Secre

tary,C : M . Weed .

At the m eeting of November 3rd ,189 1 ,

a comm ittee wasappointed t o consider the organ i zation of a State Academy of

Science . This resu lted in the organ i zation of our present StateAcademy on December 3 1

,1891 .

The club h as been active from the tim e of i ts organ i zationw i th the exception of a period of seventeen months

,from Feb

ruary 2 1 ,1894

,t o September 19 ,

1895 ,during which no m eetings

were held . At the latter date the Club was again cal l ed togetherby Prof . Kellicot t

,and reorgani zed .

Oh March 5,1900 ,

a comm i ttee was appointed,consisting

o f Messrs . Herbert Osborn ,W . A . Kel lerman

,and F . J . Tyler , t o

consider the advisability of establishing a biological bu l letin t o bepub lished by the Club . The schem e was adopted

,and the first

editorial staff of the OH I O NATU RAL IST was elected on June4

,1900 .

The fol low ing i s a li st of the officers of the Club previou s t o1900

,when the printed records of the Club in the OH I O NATU R

AL I ST begin :1888—1889— Pres C . E . Thorne ; Vi ce Pres ,

D . S . Kellicot t ;Sec .

,C . M . Weed .

1889—1890— Pres . . D . S . Kellicot t ; Vi c e Pres ,W . R Lazenby ;

Sec . ,H . A . Surface .

1890— 189 1— Pres . , W . R . Lazenby ; Vi ce Pres ,D . S . Kellicot t ;

Sec .

,H . A . Surface .

189 1—1892— Pres . ,W . A . Kel lerman ; Vi ce Pres ,

F . M . Webster ;Sec .

,W C . Werner

1892—1893— Pres . ,A . D . Selby ; Vi ce Pres J . H . McGregor ;

Sec .,W . C . Werner .

1893—1894— Pres .

,W . C . Werner ; Vi ce Pres , C . B . Morrey ;

Sec . , J . H . McGregor .

1894—1895— No m eetings held .

Sept f 19 t o Nov . 1,1895 —Pres .

,W . A . Kel lerman ; Sec .

,E . M .

Wilcox .

1895—1896— Pres . ,D . S . Kellicot t ; Vice Pres ,

Walter Fischer ;Sec .

,E . M . Wilcox .

1896—1897— Pres . ,F . S . Landacre ; Vi ce Pres , J . W . T . Duvel ;

Sec . , R . C . Osborn

1 9 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X, No. 8

1897—1898— Pres . , J . A . Bownocker ; Vi ce Pres , F . L . Stevens ;Sec . ,

E . B . William son .

1898—1899— Pres .,W . R . Lazenby ; Vi ce Pres , J . H . Schaffner ;

Sec .

,E . L . Fu l lmer .

1899— 1900— Pres J ,H . Schaffner ; Vice Pres , J . S . Hine :

Sec . ,F . L . Landacre .


ORTON HA LL,March

The club was cal led t o order by the President . and the m inu tesof the previous m eeting w ere read and approved .

Mr . T . M . Thomp son ,George T . Caldwell

,V . L . Nelson

,and

W . C . Lasseter were elected t o m embership .

Dr . E . F . McCampbell then gave an i l lu strated lecture on

Impressions of Mexico . Dr . McCampb ell vi sited Mexico Ci tylast December in order t o study typhu s fever . He gave som eaccount of the country and i t s people

,and Spoke more part icu

larly of the study of typhus fever and observations of condition sin Mexican hospitals .

A large number o f Visi tors w ere presen t .

ORT ON HALL,Apri l 1 1

The Club was cal l ed t o order by the President and the m inuteso f the previous m eeting read

,and approved .

Mr . O . E . Hatton and J . W . McBurneV w ere elected t o m em

b ersh ip .

Prof . J . C . Hambleton spoke of h is work on the genu s Anasa .

This is typi cal ly a Mexi can,and Central Am erican genu s . There

are six species found in t h e Un i ted States . Prof . Hambleton h asfound a specimen which he thinks belongs t o a new species .

Prof . Lazenby then gave an account of h is investigations ofCatalpa growth . There are fou r species of Catalpa

,two foreign

,

and two native,the Sou thern

,and Western or Hardy Catalpa .

The tree is not,stri ctly speaking

,native t o Ohio . bu t h as becom e

qu i te popu lar for plan ting for comm ercial purposes . I t m akesa rapid grow th

,and h as a great variety of u ses .

Mr . B . F . Wells to ld o f a trip w ith Prof . Griggs in HockingCoun ty during the spring vacation .

Prof . Schaffner spoke o f the revision of the State Herbarium .

Two hundred species w ere removed from the list .

Prof . Lazenby made som e remarks on the effect of lim eston eupon the di stribu tion o f plants .

M . G . D ICKE Y . Secretary .

Dat e of Pub l icat ion , June 0, lOIO.


1 94 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, NO. 1,

During the past summ er the writer was direct ed t o obtain fort h e Ohio State Geologica l Survey an estimate of the extent andvalue of the bog and marshland in Ohio

,t o determ ine the depth

of these vegetable accumu lations,the general physi cal and chem

i cal characters of the deposits , and t o study them with a view to

their comm ercial and agricu l tu ral uti lization .

The u ses of peat are many . There has recently been shown a

renewed interest in the problem of peat u ti lization . In Europet his question receives the most carefu l and exhaustive study byt rained specialists . Reports from Eu rope indicate the success ofvariou s new processes , and i t i s therefore a matter of the greatestimportance t o determ ine the extent of our own peat resources , theconservation of which shoul d be second t o none of the othere conom i c sou rces of wealth . Peat can be em ployed as packingmaterial , bedding , absorben t

,fertil izer ; as insu lating material

,

f or paper pulp and cardboard ; in woven fabrics , art ificial wood ,paving and bui lding blocks , for mattresses . There are certainchem i cal by -products derived from the d isti llation of peat as

al cohol , ammon ium su lphate,n i trates

,and various dyes

,the

demand for which is steadi ly increasing . An interesting chapterin peat u tilization i s t hat of peat as fu el , power or produ cer gas ,and coke . M any of our peat lands make our most productiveagricu l tura l soi ls when properly reclaim ed . The most interestingstudies are connected with the agricu ltural possibilities of peatsoi ls ; the nu tritive valu e of peat to cereal s and l egum es

,the

character and variety of crops and garden plants which may be

profitab ly cu ltivated on peat land ; the sterility and the diseasesof som e of these soi l s ; the nature of functional and stru cturalresponses in plants t o su ch soi ls

,and many other problems . This

is a period of“ intensive ”

agricu l ture , of investigation and dis

cov ery ,and attention must sooner or later be turned towards our

imm ense peat deposits .

The plan ts concerned in the formation and developm ent of

bogs and marshlands bear a relation of the u tmost im portancewith reference t o the purity , character , thermal

,and ph ysiolog

i cal value of peat soi ls . The bearing of a florist ic study upon t hedistribution of bog and m arsh plants i s also of considerable ecological and physiological interest . The aim h as been

,therefore

,

not on ly t o presen t a list of the plants found in the various areasVisi ted ,

but t o show also the natural association of the plants intosocieties

,and the order in which developm ent and succession of

plan ts in bogs proceeds . M oreover,the presen t bog and marsh

plan t societies are being destroyed so rapid ly that som e histori calrecord i s indeed of primary im portan ce . In alm ost all places thework of man inaugurated condi tions by cutting , clearing , fire

,

d i tching , pasturing , and cu l tivation ,which have destroy ed mu ch

o f the original flora of Ohio,and hence in m any places a m ixture

Nov . ,A Cedar Bog in Central Ohio.

1 95

of arborescent plants , bog relict s , weeds , and invading plant s h asestablished i tself . But even under such conditions an order of

invasion and succession i s to a certain extent characteristi c in themovement of plants

,and depends largely upon the extent to which

the plants are especial ly enabled t o'

cope functional ly with thechanging conditions and hold their ground . The tim e and chancefac tors

,1. e .

,the opportuni ty for occupancy of the area

,the

relative amount of filling and the degree of decomposition of peatwhich h as occurred in the basin

,are

zD

of equal im portance in com

petition and maintenance . In all cases and at all tim es dun'

ngthe phases of the developm ent of a plant formation the invasion

,

zonation,and su ccession of plant societies is intimately bound up

w i th d ifferences in avai lable soi l water conten t,and avai lable food

consti tuents which go con com i tant with the degree of thedecomposition of peat soil s .

The most interesting of the many di fferen t kinds of bogs inOhio i s a Cedar bog near Urbana in Champaign County abou tfor ty m i l es west of Columbus . In a few places the character ofthe county is hi l ly

,and in the depressions occur peat deposits . As

a whol e,however

,the surface of the county is level and made up

of plains . The general form i s that of a broad shal low trough ,

lying nor th and sou th . M ad—R iver runs through the m iddle of

i t,and drains the main body of the territory .

On the east side of M ad R iver,in the southeastern part of

M ad R iver Township,and extending largely over into Urbana

Townsh ip (T5R 1 1)in sec t ions 3 1 and 32 i s a tract of land knownas the Dallas Cedar swamp . It is about sixm il es sou th of Urbana

,

and easily reached by m eans of th e Ohio Electri c Rai lway . TheCedar Swam p is a part of an area of cleared bog which comprises today abou t 600 acres . There was once an extensive deposi t coveringapproximately acres . On a smal l portion of land owned byM .

and G . L . Dal las occur as described below groves of arbor Vitae

(Thu ja occidentalis)in a good state of preservation . The grovesoccupy a habitat near which the soi l water is derived from co ldsp rings along the poorly drained river val l ey . A considerablenumber o f soundings were made which d isclosed for the first two

fee t a blackish brown com pact,well decomposed , non -fibrous

peat . At the third foot l evel the peat appeared dark brown,som e

what fibrous , w i th a considerable adm ix ture of marl below . Anumber o f wel l preserved logs and branches were encountered .

A t four feet the peat appeared brown and compact bu t fibrous in

texture w ith fragments of rhizom es and roots . At the h y e feetl evel t h e sounding instrum ent encountered a coarse gravel withs tones show ing glacial striations . This rested on beds of quicksandand m orainal til l . The bog harbors a unique dependent flora whichlong t h roVe here unmolested and was once a favorable resort forbotani sts . Now the cedars and the accom panying undergrow th


are rapidly disappearing as the clearing of the area nears completion .

The indi cations are that in a few years the last Vestige ofthis interesting aggregation of plants will be destroyed .

This type of h og i s d istinctly northern in i ts distribution and

h as not been observed by previous w ri ters t o occur sou th of thecentral part of M i chigan . The brief tim e which cou ld be givent o the local i ty m ade a m ore detai led study and the m apping of thearea imprac t i cable . Yet the notes and records made havereveal ed a considerable number of species hitherto supposed t o beconfined t o the states north of Ohio .

In several places the groves of arbor Vitae are dense purestands or facies w ith scarcely any undergrowth . The associationh as on ly a sinogle ver t i cal layer in which the lowerm ost branches ofthe com ponent individuals bear a comm on spacial relation t o

l ight.The ground is l ittered w i th cedar foliage and on ly occasion

al ly smal l sprouts of the chokeberry (Aronia arbutifolia), and“stunted seedlings o f yellow poplar Liriodendron tul ipi fera)orsmal l p lants of the spice bush (Benzoin aestival e), alders

,and

woodbine are Visible ; general ly there are no m embers o f a subordinat e species other than a few mosses and l iverworts . In moreopen stands in which the effects of fire and cu ttings are stil lpresent the arbor Vitae is found here in association w i th the red

maple (Acer rubrum), yellow poplar , (Liriodendron tul ipifera),black ash (Fraxinus n igra), white walnu t (Juglans cinerea),Sycamore (P latanus occiden t ali s), and w i ld cherry (Prunusserotina). The undergrowth is not on ly num erous in species bu tof exceptional height and in fiv e layers . The poison sumach

(Rhus Vern ix)reaches frequen t ly a height of twenty—fiv e feet .

Other m embers of this stru ctural part of the formation , and

de t erm in ing m ore specifically the physiognomy of the lay er,are

the alders (A lnus incana ,A . rugosa), the winter—berry ( I lex

ver t i cil lata), the chokeberry (Aronia arbu tifol ia), and the roundl eafed dogwood (Cornus circinata). The inferior layers whichseem t o be entirely determ ined by the density of the m ixture of

facies are real ly overlapping commun ities of woodland and bogplants .

There seem s scarcely no relation t o habitat factors .

Seedlings and sprouts occur in all directions,in various degrees

of abundance , and only the less hardy plants lose ground,thu s

produ cing examples of an indiscrim inate alternation . The spicebush (Benzoin aestival e)i s on ly of relatively less importance inthe (second)stratum of bushes t o the red bud (Cercis canadensis)and the elderberry (Sambu cus canadensis).The subordinate position with regard t o the taller species is

occupied b y the cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamom ea), them eadow rue (Thali ctrum dasycarpum), the spikenard (Araliaracemosa), the bladder fern (Cystopteris bu lbifera), and tou ch -me

no t ( Impati ens W i th them in varying abundance occur


1 9 8 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLXI, No. 1,

fera,C . altern ifolia), are th e more characteristic m embers . The

ground cover is almost throughout one of mosses such as Hedwigia

albicans , Anomodon rostratus,and a species of Chara . In this

association lateral zonation is most clearly in evidence and arisesin part from the characteristi c growth form of the respectivespecies

,and in part from the physical features of the habitat . Of

the latter the factor ch iefly concerned is the water content of thesoi l . The essential connection between this i s evident wheresprings are the source of shal low pools . Tension l ines in thevegetation (ecotones)are not well marked

,however . The zones

are t oo often in com plete or obscure . There is in consequencemore or l ess of a transition from the ground layer of m ats of

mosses and algae t o the lower grass and herbaceous layer and t othe tertiary layer of bu shes and shrubs .

The habi tat across the road and south of the areas justdescribed

,bears less resemblance t o extrem es in water content .

The cedars are of l ess mature age and si ze,and deciduou s invaders

are stil l lacking . Next t o the arbor vitae the predom inant treesare the yellow poplar and the red maple . The flora seem smore distinctly related t o a transition stage . This may be due t oa former partial clearing of the area . The young cedar treesaverage a height of t en t o fif t een feet

,and appear t o occur in abou t

equal abundance in every quadrat and l ine transect studied . Theshrubs resemble those of open bogs

,Aronia arbu tifol ia and fl ex

ver t icil lata,being the most notable species . Betu la pum ila and

Potentil la fruticosa are rare . The shrubs form a verti cal layernearly equal in height t o the cedars . The interesting pecu liarityof the ground lay er is the frequent occurrence of mats of

Sphagnum (Sphagnum cymb ifolium ,S . acut ifoliurn)with the

round-l eafed sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)clinging around thes t ems of smal l bu shes of huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata).These hummocks are of t en overgrown with the prostrate blackberry (Rubu s hispidus). Parnassia carolin iana

,the fringed

gentian (Gentiana circinata), the marsh bellflower (Campanu laaparinoides), Viol ets (Viola blanda ,

V . arenaria)and St . John ’swort (Hypericum prolificum)with the great lobelia (Lobeliasiph ili t ica), and a sim i lar bu t slender dwarf form (Lobelia spicata)are found indiscrim inately ,

but usually near small pools in whichthe smal l bladderwort (Utricularia m inor), mosses (Hypnums)and A lgae (Chara are som e of the frequen t species . Thecat—tail s (Typha latifolia)are stil l sparse .

Adjoining this open association is a clearing,now used for past

ure{which was formerly bu rned over . The peat soi l is black in color,

non fibrous but rather wet . The entire cleared area is densely coy

ered w i th the shrubby cinquefoi l (Potentilla fruti cosa)averaging aheight between three and four feet . In a few undisturbed places asuccession is indicated with arbor Vitae as the dom inant tree . Seed

Nov .,

A Cedar Bog in Central Ohio.1 9 9

l ings of red m aple and yellow poplar are close associates . The succession is Vir tual ly an indeterminate rejuvenation

,that is

,the habi

t at sti l l dom inates the formation . The degree of stabil ization i s stil lone to give expression t o xerophytic form s . The physical conditionsare changing extrem ely slowly , remain unfavorable t o invaders

,

and tend t o preserve m any of the most important early vegetationstages . The persistence and dom inance of the cedar formationin this latitude fol lows for these reasons

,bu t partly al so on accoun t

of the predom inance of the trees present ; for the formation itsel fmust be considered as an essential active factor

,in furn ishing seeds

,

and elim inating diversi ty . Largely,however

,the dominance is an

adjustm ent t o the avai lable soi l water content . A com pet ition withseedlings of deciduous trees other than the yellow poplar and redmaple does not seem to ensue although the light relation i sfavorable . A relation of seed produ ction t o ecesis

,i . e .

,t o germi

nat ion and establishm ent,i s nowhere obvious . The variou s speci es

of deciduous trees have a larger seed produ ction and more effectivedissemination contrivances

,bu t so far as the actual num ber of

seedlings is concerned the relative absence of them suggestssom e edaphic agency in select ive operation . There is som e sort ofcorrespondence in the arbor Vitae

,in plasti ci ty of funct ion

,or in

habitat form,t o the life relations of the soi l . Defini t e conclusions

,

however,can on ly be reached by experim ental studies . The field

observations woul d indicate that the nature of the prim eval forestof this region did not consist of a combinat ion of t rees such as nowexists on the drier areas described above . The deciduou s arborescent facies in which the sequence is the developm ent t o t h e

deciduou s climax forest,i s at present decidedly a m ixture

,and

t hough a closed formation,yet one whose original m embers were

al lied more t o the northern cedar bogs .

To M i ss F . Detm ers the writer is under many obligations foraid in the ident ificat ion of plants .

z oo The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 1 ,

A FLORISTIC SURVEY OF ORCHARD ISLAND .

*

FREDA DETMERS .

In the development of a fiorist ic survey of Buckeye Lake,i t

h as been found advantageous t o study in detai l the flora,on an

ecological basi s , of certain typi cal areas . The banks of the lakeare in large part art ificial ; marshes which have form ed in shal lowwater have been destroyed through dredging

,and the earth h as

been wal led up with wood ,stone and concrete . These alterations

have entirely destroyed the form er natural succession of plan ts,

as they have suddenly introdu ced new edaphic conditions whichgive rise t o new biotic relations . The bu i lding of docks and

cott ages h as also largely interfered with the form er vegetation .

O ther areas not thu s disturbed remain in much the same conditionas that which developed with the formation of the lake .

Orchard or Well ’s Island is a good example of an undisturbedarea and also of one in which changes have taken place . I t is oneof a group of four wooded islands situated in the southwest portionof the old reservoir and close to the Sou th shore . These islandswere elevations in the Big Swamp of which Buckeye Lake is thesuccessor

,and were high enough t o escape inundation

,when the

swamp was converted into the reservoir in 1832 ,and later

,when

the addition of the new reservoir,in 1836

,occasioned the raising

of the water level an additional four feet . The highest portions ofthese islands rem ain above water at the standard or high waterlevel

,which i s twenty—three in ches above the normal . They bear

large forest trees,som e o f which are twenty—eight inches in

diam eter .

Orchard island is the largest of these . I t has an area of

acres and i s irregu lar in shape w i th the longest d iameter from thesoutheast t o the nor thwest . I t lies abou t 200 feet from the sou thshore of the lake and i s connected on the west by a marsh withState Journal I sland . The entire surface has been apportionedin to lots w ith an undivided area of common ground at the foot ofthe public dock

,a narrow marginal area

,and one in the center of

the island . There are now,October

,19 10

,eight cottages and h y e

docks .

Sixteen years ago M r . Wells leased the entire island,cleared

the center and planted peach trees . His orchard mu st not haveprospered as not one l iving peach tree rem ains today . This areai s now covered with young forest trees ; Ulmu s am ericana

,Hi coria

m inima,H . ovata

,Fraxinus nigra

,F . am ericana

,Tilia am ericana

,

and others

Contribution from t h e Botani cal Laboratory of Oh io State Un iversity ,


2 0 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 1 ,

In t he deeper wat er it is a pure Nelumbo lutea fam i ly ; in the shallower

,the other plants , especial ly Potamogeton pectinatus and the

variety are quite abundant . There is som e evidence of verticalzonation or layering ; in the deeper water the Nelumbo l eaves floaton the surface ; and in the shal lower rise 12 inches above thesurface .

F ig . I . V iew o f th e vegetat ion from th e S . B . s ide of t h e island in

be lt transect a—a ’

, show ing formation 1,I I and I II ; and societies I

,2, 3 ,

4 , 5 , 6 and 7 o f map .

2 . Nelumbo-Polygonum society .

Facies .

Nelumbo lutea . Polygonum emersum .

Secondary species .Ceratophy l lum demersum . Brachy t h ecium riv ulare .

Spirogyra sp . R iccia flui t ans .

Lemna minor . R iccia sp .

C ladophora sp . I ly santhes grat ioloides .

Sp irodela polyrhyza . Sium cicutaefol ium .

This society forms a dense zone 60 feet broad,and ext ends

from water 8 inches deep t o a whol ly em ersed surface . 35 feetof the zone covers a mud flat which is subm erged at the normalwat er level . The Polygonum has advanced into the Nelumbo ,

Nov . ,A Floristic Surv ey of Orchard Island.

2 0 3

form ing at th e outer margin of the zone as dense a growth as theNelumbo . Towards the inner margin the Nelumbo i s 2 feet tal land fru iting freely .

A short distance west of t h e belt studied the Polygonum has

entirely outdistanced the Nelumbo,replacing society one with

a Polygonum zone external t o a m ixed Polygonum—Nelumbo zone .

F ig . 2 . V iew farther wes t than F ig . I . Po lygonum emersum form s

th e ou termos t zone,t hen fol low zones or societies 2

, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7 of

map .

Of the secondary species Brach y t h ecium riv ulare is theabundant

,especially on the exposed mud su rface

,qu ite

patches of which are covered by a pure growth of the moss .

Ri ccias are also conspicuous m embers of the ground cover .

herbs are very sparse .

Towards the west of the m edian l ine of the belt i s

3 . A Polygonum -Nelumbo-Typha society .

Facies .

Po lygonum emersum . Typha latif ol ia .

Nelumbo lutea .

I

2

3

4

5

6

The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 1,

OH IO NATURAL IST .

e,

413; 61!

MAP OF ORCHARD I SLAND .

LEGEND 0 1: PLANT SOC IET IES .

Ne lumbo soc iety ,

golygonumi

-Ne lumbo society ,

Poly-goh um-Ne lumbo-Typha society ,

Polygonum—Typha—Bidens society ,

H ibi scu s-Ty pha society ,

Shrub society ,

7 . Forest soc iety ,

8 . H ibiscus society ,

9 . Po lygonum -Scirpus soc iety ,

IO . S edge society ,

1 1 . Beach w ithout vegetat ion .


2 0 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 1

Seedling t rees .Acer rubrum . Quercus palustris .

G leditsia triacanthos .

Ground coverCyperus strigosu s , sma l l mat p lants . Sp irode la polyrh y za .

R iccia flu i t ans . Brach y t h ecium ri v u lare .

Riccia sp . C ladophora sp .

Ph ialea scutula on dead H ib i scus stems .

This zone is 40 feet wide and the ground surface is entirelyabove the water

,bu t so recently exposed that the stranded

Spirodela and A lgae are stil l green . The Hibiscu s roots formsmal l hil locks on which the Spirodela and Algae become strandedand on which the R i ccia i s very abundant . The tal ler herbs forma sparse weak growth due t o the density of the Hibiscus whichform s a 7 foot wal l di fficult t o penetrate . The Typha i s confinedt o the ou ter portion of the zone and h as here obtained optimumconditions of growth

,the plants are not copious

,but are tal l

,

Vigorous and fru iting freely .

I I . Swamp-shrub formation .

6 . Cornu s society .

Facies .

Cornus sto lonifera .

Secondary species .

Rosa caro l ina . H ib iscus moscheutos .

Sambucus canadens is . So lanum du lcamara .

M icrampeles lobata . Homalocenchrus ory zoides .

Po lygonum acre . Gal ium clay t oni .

Erechtites h ierac ifo l ia . Carex lupu l ina .

Scute l laria lat er i fiora . Convo lvu lus sepium .

M entha canadens i s . Ulmus amer icana .

This society consists of nine Cornus stolonifera in thesection studied and occupies an area 20 feet broad . Abou t10 feet t o the west i s another Cornus stolonifera far downinto the Hibiscus -Typha zone ; and abou t 40 feet stil l farther westis a group of 15—18 feet tal l Cephalanthus occidentalis whichextends through the Hibiscu s zone t o the water ’s edge . Just eastof the eastern margin of the transect is another group of Cornuswith Sambu cu s canadensis .

The swamp—shrub formation does not exhibit lateral zonationbu t alternations as i t consists of isolated shrub societies of

which Cornu s stoloni fera i s the principal species in one and

Cephalanthus occidentali s in another . The associated speciesare grouped closely around the Cornu s

,most of the herbs form a

sparse growth in the shade of the shrubs and the M icrampeles andSolanum climb over them .

Nov . ,A F lori stic Surv ey of Orchard Island.

2 0 7

The two bordering formations the marsh -herb on the one sideand the forest on the other , m erge in the areas between the shrubsocieties . The presence of seed ling U lmus

, Qu ercus and

Gleditsia,in the Hibiscus-Typha society shows clearly that

the forest is invading the marsh,and i f the higher portion of the

mud flat is not again subm erged,the shrub zone may never

becom e more complete than i t i s now ; i t may be form ed fartherdown on the shore or i t m ay be entirely replaced by the forest .

The incompleteness of the shrub zone is due t o the existence of

the forest prior t o the developm ent of the marsh .

I I I . M esophytic-forest formation .

7 . Ulmu s—Fraxinu s society .

Facies .

Ulmus americana . Frax inu s americana .

Secondary species .

Trecs .

Frax inus nigra . Ce lti s occ idental is .

H icoria ovata . T i l ia americana .

H icor ia m inima . G led itsia triacanthos .

Ulmus fu lv a . M oru s rubra .

Quercus palustris . Sal ix n igra .

Lianas .

Rhus tox icodendron . Sm i lax h ispida .

Vitis vulpina . So lari um du lcamara .

Parthenoc issus qu inquefol ia . D ioscorea Vi l losa .

Shrubs .

Cornus stolonifera . Rosa carol ina .

Rubus nigrobaccus . Cephalanthus occidenta l is .

Rubus occidental i s .

Herbs .

Muh lenbergia di ffusa .

Agrosti s perennans .

Synt h er isma sanguinal is .

Synt h erisma l inearis .

Chaetoch loa g lauca .

Carex tribu loides .

Carex v ulpinoidea .

Carex franki i .Rynchospora alba .

Sol idago canadensis .

Aster paniculatus .

Aster sagittatum .

Nepete cataria .

Teucrium canadense .

Carduus lanceolatus .

Arctium minus .

Hel ianthus decapetalus .

Fungi .Agaricus campestris . Ly coperdon wrigh t i

'

Urtica gracill ima .

Erigeron canadens is .

Hedeoma pul igio ides .

M entha canadens is .

Ly copus americanus .

Oxal is stricta .

Onagra b ienn i s .

Solanum nigrum .

Epi lob ium strictum .

Verbena urticifol ia .

Rumex obtusa.

Geum canadense .

Meibomia V iridiflora .

Eupatorium agerat oides .

Eupatorium purpureum .

B idens b ipinnata .

2 0 8 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOLXI, NO. 1 ,

The forest formation extends across the island from margin tomargin and presents two distinct zones : 1 . A border zone 20—50feet wide

,consisting in part of large trees

,the remnant of the

original forest . I t i s a very open border,not more than three

trees deep,the tal lest of these trees having attained a height of

60— 65 feet . The shrub stratum is very poorly developed . I t is represented on the sou th side by a few Cornus ,Rosa and Cephalanthus

,

at the outer margin of the zone ; these are wanting on the north side .

The field stratum i s composed almost whol ly of grasses of whichMuhlenbergia diffusa

,Agrostis perennans and Synt h erisma san

guinalis and linearis are the principal species . Associatedwith these is a scan ty growth of herbs ; and on the south side anabundant grow th of Rhus toxicodendron

,Parthenocissu s quinque

fol ia and Vitis vul pina,trai ling over the ground . The Rhu s h as

also climbed two Ulmus americana . The grass and weeds havebeen mowed

,so that the shrubs t oo are kept in a stunted condition .

Surrounded by the older forest zone lies a rejuvenated areaclothed with young forest trees

,among which Ulmus Am ericana

predom inates,fu lly n ine-tenths of the trees are of this species .

This is a part of the area which was cleared sixteen years ago ; bu tthe forest has again invaded the area and becom e established .

The ground S lopes gently toward the southeast and more abruptlytoward the northwest . The elevation of the highest portion is notmore than 4 or 5 feet above the standard water level . The gentleslope and the thin shade of the young trees , together with theloose light soi l

,provide a dry sunny habitat on which Carduu s

,

Aster,Arctium

,Hedeoma

,Nepeta

,Erigeron and other sun loving

plants find a congenial environm ent . There were the remains oflarge Burdocks and large Rubus nigrobaccu s canes . There are

scarcely any grasses in this central area and as i t has been mowedand burned all the herbage is scantyOn the nort hwest margin of the t ransect th e forest format ion

i s fol lowed immediat ely by t he marsh-herb formation . The

marsh-shrub format ion i s want ing . The marsh-herb format ion isrepresent ed by four societ ies :

8 . Hibiscus moscheutos society9 . Polygonum-Scirpus society

,

10 . Scirpus lacustri s society,and

1 1 . Nelum bo-Potamogeton societ y,none of which shows the

developm ent of the marsh zones on the sou th side .

8 . Hibiscus moscheutos socie ty .

Facies .

H ib i scus moscheutos .

Secondary species .

Hypericum mut ilum . B idens cernua .

Impati ens fulv a . Xanthium canadense .

Hedeoma pul ig ioides . Rosa carol ina .

Panicum walt eri .


2 1 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 1,

Hibiscus zone is com ing in . Twent y feet east of the westernmargin of the belt the marsh zones are interrupted by a boat-houseon the beach with a runway for boats extending into deeperwater . The development of the marsh formations on the northside h as thus been in t erfered with ; and the margin i s also moreexposed t o s torm winds and waves . A sandy beach 60 feet widei s bu i lding ; i t i s occupied in part by the Polygonum—Scirpu s andin par t by the Scirpu s lacustris zone .

At the south end of the section studied both lateral zonationand layering (etagen)are strikingly shown . There is a markedincrease in elevation from one lateral zone t o another

,from the

float ing Nelumbo l eaves t o the tal l Ulmus am eri cana and Quercu spalu stris . This is well shown in the photographs . There is a

poor developm ent of etagen in the individual associations . In

som e there are the dom inant plants and then the ground cover,in

others a weak irregular growth of t al ler herbs,while in the forest

t h e shrubs have either been cut or are young plants , and the Vinesgeneral ly trai l over the ground .

I w ish to take this Opportunity of expressing my appreciationof and thanks for the favors shown me by Dr . Alfred Dachnowski ,under whose supervision the survey was made

,t o M r . Lionel King

for the two excel lent photographs and t o M r . Booton and M r .

Sawyer of the State Canal Comm ission for the map and informa

tion concerning the acreage and history of Orchard I sland .

AN OPEN VALLEY NEAR HARRISBURG , OHIO .

*

R . H . N ICHOLS ,

The subj ect under investigation i s an open val l ey near Harri sburg

,Ohio

,on the B . 0 . Rai lroad about fif t een m i l es southwest

from Columbus This val l ey at one end joins Big Darby val leynear Harrisburg ; at the other end after a circuitous course of

about three m iles on the west side of the creek i t again joinsBig Darby .

Abou t a m il e from the north end the water parts at present ona divide (see m ap)consisting of two smal l al luvial fans . Thetopographic map shows a smal l stream entering the val ley at thedivide from the west and flowing northward through the val ley ,but today this stream i s buri ed in a tile drain and no stream nor

channel can be found in this part except a very short one at theend of the val ley .

Thi s paper covers a he ld problem worked ou t as a part of t h e course inAdvanced Phys iography g i ven by D r . George D . Hubbard a t Oh io StateUnivers i ty .

Nov . ,Ah Open Valley near Harri sburg , 0 .

2 1 1

The southern part of the vall ey has a considerable stream,

which in i ts lower course h as cu t deeply into the val ley floor ;leav ing

r the old stream l evel as terraces above the present bed .

The terraces at their down stream end are twenty—fiv e to fif ty feetabove the presen t stream l evel but run ou t up stream . Sim i larterraces occur along the Big Darby

,bu t in a number of instan ces

the topographer in making the map h as overlooked them ,l eaving

them either on a l evel with the til l plain ; or , as in the case wherethis stream com es ou t t o the Darby on the level with the flood

plain .

[M i teContou r i n terv al Q Of eet .

When one first enters this through val l ey he i s stru ck by i t ssize in proportion t o the size of the present stream s in i t . Threefacts lead h im t o believe that the presen t stream s could not havecarved the val ley . First

,these little stream s woul d have needed

2 1 2 The Ohio Naturalist .

much more tim e than post-glacial tim e . Second,they do not act

l ike the Big Darby and other stream s in the neighborhood . As ageneral thing a stream here swings from one side t o the other andundercu ts the blu ffs ; bu t not so with this one . The third fact is

,

that the present streams are ou t of harmony with the si ze of theval l ey . These facts suggest that the present stream s m ay haveh ad li ttle part in the formation of the val ley

,bu t are on ly the

resu l t of the present local rainfal l . Did this region then at som eprevious period have a larger rainfal l ? And h as the rainfal lbecome less and so reduced the size of the stream ? In answer t othese qu estions i t should be pointed out that other stream s in thevicinity shou ld show the sam e phenomenon . No such lack of harmony in size is found in any of the nearby stream s . Thu s we areforced t o the conclusion that the val ley was form ed by otherm eans than that of the present streams or the same enlarged byheavier precipitation .

Since the theory that the y alley . h as been made by its presen to ccupants seems t o be un t enable another hypothesis i s proposedfor i t s origin

,namely

,that i t h as been form ed by the ice . At first

this explanation looked very plau sible bu t when one recalls thatthe surrounding country is a ti l l plain from fif t y t o sixty feethigher than the vall ey h oor one wonders wh y the ice in this part icular course cut a deep channel and l eft the su rrounding ti l lplain smooth . We are unable t o give a satisfactory answer t othis question . Fur ther

,if the ice carved the val ley i t seem s at

l east probable that the Darby wou ld have used the ready-madechannel .There are several points which seem t o indicate that the valley

i s real ly a stream vall ey even i f the present stream s did not pro

du ce i t . These points m ay be summarized as fol lows : ( 1)Theval l ey floor is nearly l evel across from one side t o the other as all

stream—made val leys are and not U—shaped like ice-m ade val leys .

(2)The val ley slopes are w el l graded and rounded at the t op intothe upland plain on either side which wou ld not be the case in an

i ce -made val ley . (3)A more certain proof that it is a streamm ade val ley is that i t s floor is composed of fine silt w ith no adm ixture of rocks . I f i t were an i ce-made vall ey the floor of the val l eywou ld be o f characteristic drift . Thus i t appears that i t is not

made by i ce bu t by a stream and that the streams found in i t atpresent are not responsible for i t s formation .

There is a smal l s t ream entering this vall ey near i ts northernen t rance t o the Darby which possibly m ight have been responsiblefor this vall ey . This stream comes in from the west and cu tsacross the nor thern end of the val ley and flows into the Darbythrough the val ley ’

s en trance in to the sam e . Bu t investigationshows that this stream is entirely t oo smal l t o have been responsible for su ch a val ley . A s tream t o have cu t this val ley m ust have


2 1 4 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol. XI, No. 1

SOME ECONOM IC M ONOCOTYLS OF OHIO .

G . W . HOOD .

The monocotyls are perhaps the most important plants .They include the grass fam i ly which is of special consequence t omen and animals . The fol lowing brief summ ary includes som e ofthe most important econom i c monocotyledonou s plants that arefound in Ohio .

The rhizom es of the Typhaceae are ri ch in starch and serve asfood for man . The pol len is used t o adu lterate lycopod powder

,

the heads of flowers serve as torches when dipped in coal oil,and

the downy fru it is u sed t o stuf f pillows . In many places theleaves are em ployed for braid work ,

and they are also u sed betweenthe staves of barrels

,and for chair bottom s .

The young roots and shoots of Typh a latifol ia are eaten byt h e Sioux and other Indian tribes

,and the leaves used for matting .

The Sioux were accustom ed t o treat smallpox by frying out thefat of the coyote and making a plaster by m ixing it with the downof the fru it

,which they applied to the pustu les of the patient .

The pol l en is gathered and made into bread and cakes .

The s t em s of the Sparganiaceae are used for making paperand thatching roofs , while som e of the species of the Naiadaceae

,

par t i cu larly the Potamogetons,m ake a good fertilizer and can

be u sed as food for cattle . Potam ogeton natans furn ishes foodfor sw ine and the tubers are roasted and eaten by man

,while

P . lucens is employed as a protection for fish hatcheries .

The species of Triglochin belonging t o the Scheuchzeriaceaefurnish a good tasting greens and the seeds are also u sed for food .

Among the A lismaceae,the species of Sagittaria produce a

good cattle food,while the rhizomes of Sagittaria latifolia are

u sed as hum an food and are found regu larly on the markets inChina . They attain the size of a large fist and are cal led “ Wappatoo . Before usingr the rhizom es are soaked in water t o takeou t the swampy taste .

The nu ts of the Am erican Lotus (Nelumbo lutea)wh i ch occurin large num bers in several places in the state are edible

,the

large kernels having a sweet taste .

The di ff erent Species of the Val lisneriaceae furnish an excellen tfood for ducks . The species Philotria canadensis

,known as the

water pest,is used as a green fertilizer and cattle food .

The fam i ly Gram inaceae includes probably more econom i cspecies than any other found in the state . The stem s of Zizaniaaquat i ca are used for m aking joints of barrels intended t o holdwhisky

,and the Chippewa Indians at e the grain for food ; while

Phalaris canarcinsis produces the wel l known canary seed . An t hoX

Nov . , Some Economic Monocotyls of Ohio.2 1 5

anth um odoratum gives a fine sweet scent t o new hay ,and the

large seeds of M i lium effusum furn i sh a fine food for pheasants .

Ammophila arenaria i s used t o bind the sand on the sea and

lake shores . In England thi s grass is u sed for mats and basketwork , thatching material

,and i ts fiber for m aking paper

,

mattings,and agri cul tural ti e bands . The fiber i s not used t o

any extent in the United States . The fiber of Sporobolu s cryptandrus is rather t oo short t o be woven bu t i s used t o som eext ent for tying . Mats and baskets are made from Cynosuru scristatu s by the peasantry of Ireland . This grass i s just beingnaturalized in Ohio . The species of Festuca are valuable m eadowgrasses

,and the sam e is tru e for Lol ium perenne . The seeds of

Lolium t ernulentum ,som etim es found in wheat

,produces poison

ous effec t s on the system , such as headache,drowsiness and

vertigo,if ground in the flour . Agropyron repens furnishes a

poor pasture grass bu t i f out when young gives a fairly good fodder . I t i s used t o fasten sand on river banks . The jui cy rhizom esand runners are nouri shing food for cattle and contain three percent of sugar

,six to eight per cent triti cum

,a gummy carbo

hydrate , and are officially known as radix gram inis . The extractacts as a solvent upon col l ections of mucou s of the intestinalm embranes , and in affection s of the intestinal canal . A syrupand even an al cohol i s made from i t .

The entire stems of Scirpus lacustris one of the Cyperaceae areu sed for mats and mattings and to m ake baskets

,bee hives and

horse collars . Shoes are made from the plant in England and i t isu sed in Denmark when thrashing bu ckwheat t o prevent crushingthe grain . Thefiber of Eriophorum polyst ach yon furnishes materialfrom which paper and clothing are made and Eleocharis palu strisis esp ecial ly valued in Hol land for m aking beauti fu l matting .

Several species of the Araceae are also important . The corm sof Arisaema triphyllum are used as a stimu lant

,diaphoreti c

,

expec toran t and irritant,while Spathyema foetida is adm inistered

in affec t ions of the respiratory organs,in nervous disorders

,

rheum atism and dropsi cal complaints . The dried roots of Acoru scalamu s are frequently chewed for the relief of dy spepsia and as

a sti mu lan t in feeble digestion .

The different species of Lemnaceae are said t o pu rify water .

They furn ish food for water birds and fish es , beingr especial ly good

for gold fish .

The Juncaceae include im portan t fiber plants and al so excellent paper s tock . The fiber of som e species is said t o m ake a

good substitu te for hum an hair . The fiber of Juncus effusus isemployed in making chair bottom s and baskets

,while the pith

makes a good subst itu te for cand les . J . balticus is u sed for

weaving mats and light baskets .

2 1 6 The Oh io Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 1 ,

Som e species of the M elanthaceae , notably of Veratrum ,have

rhizomes from which tincture of veratrum is prepared . V Virideis u sed as a poison for insects in spray ing for all biting form s andCham aelirium lut ium is u sed as a ton i c .

Hamerocallis fu lva and species of Li lium in Li liaceae are veryshowy and ornamen tal plants . Variou s species of Allium including the wild on ion and garli c are cooked and eaten by the variou sIndian tribes .

In the Convallariaceae the young stems of Asparagus O ffician

lis are used as food ; while the flowers of Conval laria m ajali sand Trill ium grandiflorum are very ornam ental . Narcissus

pseudo-narcissus in the Amaryllidaceae,is an ornam ental plant

,

and the roots of D ioscorea Villosa in the D ioscoreaceae furnishes am edi cine which possesses expectorant properties and promotesperspirat ion . The Iridaceae give som e important species of whi chI ris versicolor possesses m edi cinal and ornam ental values . I t i sregarded as an alternative diureti c and purgative . The speciesof Sisyrinchium are used as ornam ental plan ts .

Som e of the Orchidaceae are im portant,parti cu larly the

orchids which are used for m edi cine and for ornam ental plants .

Species of Cypripedium yield a m edicine u sed as an antispasmodi cand nerve toni c .

M EETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB .

ORTON HALL M ay 9,19 10 .

The C lub was cal led t o order by the President,and the m inutes

of the previous m eeting read ,and approved .

M iss Elsa Leue ,and M r . J . G . George were elected to m ember

ship . Prof . F . R . M arshal l then spoke t o the C lub upon thesubj ect

,

“

Breed R ecords in t h e Study of Inheritance .

” M r .

M arshal l showed that the keeping of such records is quite important

,and that interesting facts m ay be deduced from them . He

gave a brief account of the system of registration of breed stock .

The Secretary read a brief history of the B iological Club,

from the time of i ts organization in 1888 t o 1900 .

M . G . D ICKEY,Sec .

Dat e of Pub l icat ion . Nov . 2 1, 19 10 .


2 1 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol. XI, NO. 2,

paragraph t o the dividing of the lam ina,in which he says : I

have been able t o determ ine the origin and nature of the cleft .

A single row of cortical cells imm ediately below the epiderm isdeliquesces or col lapses and the epiderm is furrows along the depression . The delequescence is propagated to adjacent cel ls

,

right and left,and continues down the m iddle lam ella . The fur

rowing may take place along one surface of the leaf or along bothsurfaces until the epidermal cells com e to lie against the m iddl elam el la . The latter then breaks down and the two epiderm isesare contiguous . The split takes place along the base of thefurrow and leaves the two halves of the lam ina with apparentlynormal unwounded edges . The epiderm is suf fers no disint e

grat ion during the process . The furrow of the epiderm i sseem s to deepen destroying the inner cells of the lam ina as i tprogresses .

”In other accounts the central idea has likewise

been an association of a process of cell disintegration or gelat inizat ion w ith the in ception and advance of the split . Rosenthal

( 1890)in h is discussion of M acrocystis holds that the inceptionof the split occur s as a parting of the superficial layers , which iseventually followed by a swelling or gelatinization (quellungen)of the pith-web . In this modified pith-web a cavity is form ed

,

which,en larging

,finally m eets the gaps already developed in the

upper layers and the lam ina is divided . N0 discussion of the ori

gin of either the inner cavity or superficial clefts was given .

Reinke ( 1903)writing on Macrocystis gives Will ’s ( 1897)accountof the splitting process

,which ac count is also confirm ed by Skot t s

berg The fissu re occurs by the form ation of an elongatedcavity filled with a j el ly-like substance

,arising through gelatini

zat ion of the inner tissues . The furrow or depression which precedes the cleft is formed by a sinking or pushing in of the epiderm is due t o increased division of the cells overlying the gelat inized portion .

Because of the brief and fragmentary natu re of the accountsheretofore given

,it was believed that a fu ller investigation of the

matter wou ld be desirable . Further it was thought importan tt o make a com parative study of the splitting processes in thedifferent genera avai lable

,in three of which

,Post elsia

,Lessoniop

sis and Dictyoneuron ,these processes have heretofore never been

described . M ateria l for the fiv e genera investigated was in thecol lection of Prof . Robert F . Griggs of the Ohio State University

,

t o whom I am greatly indebted,not on ly for m aterial

,bu t for

much valuable advice and criticism throughou t the course of thestudy . In view of the diversity found between the different genera

,it wou ld be very interesting to study Lessonia and Pelago

phycus also,but material of these genera cou ld not be obtained .

A part of the plants studied were killed in chrome-aceti c acidand part in formalin . The usual m ethods of m i crotom y were

Dec.,

Self -Di v iding Laminae of Certain Kelps .2 1 9

fol lowed ; paraffine form ing the embedding m edium and the sec

tions cu t 10 m ic . thick . The single stain aniline safran in or thesame in combination w ith gentian Violet were used . The first

stain gives the m iddle lam ella of gelatinous interlacing food con

ducting hyphae a characteristic tint which is of much valu e in dist ingu ish ing it from the adjacen t cort ex . A l l drawings were madew ith the cam era lu cida .

To understand the splitting of the kelp lam ina and i t s relationto the tissues through which it passes , a digression must be madet o set forth the manner of growth in the kelps , with special consideration of the derivation of the tissues . Three sy s t em s of

tissues make up the kelp thallus : the epiderm is , the underlyingcortex and the central pith-web . Sections of stipe or lam inashow the hypha- like elem ents of the pith-web t o be highly stretchedand m odified cortex cells and the cortex cells are clearly seen t o bederived from the epidermal cells

,which form therefore the m eristem

in these plants . By periclinal wal ls the epidermal cells bu i ld t h e

cortex ; by anticlinal ones the epidermal area is en larged . Hypodermal and outer cortical cells are often seen dividing

,bu t the

total m eristem ati c activity of these internal cells is not nearly so

great as that of the epidermal cells . The cells pushed inwardfrom the epiderm is reach their m aximum size in the m iddl e cortex .

On the ou tside of this expanding cort i cal zone ,t h e epiderm i s cor

respondingly enlarges its area by a constant increase in the numberof i t s relatively smal ler cells ; the division wal ls of course beinganticlinal . On the inner side of the expanding cortical zone thepassive pith—web is seen to consist of much elongated cortical cell s

(trumpet hyphae)between which are large intercellu lar spacesfilled with a gelatinous matrix . By this m ethod the large and com

plex kelp thal lus originates and the variou s structures pecul iart o the several genera

,including the m ethod of branching under

discussion,have their origin in variations of this sim ple process .

NEREOCYST IS .

Nereocystis with its prom inent splitting line extending farin advance of the cleft

,form s an especial ly favorable type for

study as portions of the lam ina through which the line passedcou ld be successively investigated down to t h e actual fissure and

the various stages of the process clearly observed . F ig . 2 sho

a section through the splitting line at a point corresponding t oF ig . 1

,a . The changes from normal lam ina are at once seen t o be

a . dim inut ion in the thickness of cortex and pith-web,resu lting

external ly in the formation of a broad furrow on each side . Acomparison of the afiect ed region with that of normal lam ina at

either side,discloses the fact that in the m iddle region the ratio.

of peri cl inal divisions t o anticlinal ones has increased as is eV i

2 2 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [Vol. XI, No. 2,

denced by the increased number of pith -web elem ents,together

with the incipient cel l rows from which they were derived . Theunusual number of cortex cells form ed rapidly stretches and attenuat es the pith -web and inner cortex until the original medu lla

,

locally ,h as been alm ost replaced by the newer and bu t slightly

m odified cortical elem ents . F ig . 3 i llustrates the process in a

m ore striking m anner . This as wel l as the remaining figures are

of the same m agnificat ion . At this stage periclinal divisions havebeen so rapid that smal l ridges have been formed in the m idd leo f each broad furrow . The en larging inner cells give the corticalstructure a fan - like aspect . The inner corti cal cells in the m iddl eregion pass into the m iddle layer before they reach their maximum

s i ze due t o the rapid developm ent of the cells over them . Thisa ccounts for the local massed condition of the m edul la in thesplitting region

,causing the dark splitting line when the blade is

Viewed by transm i tted light . The final resu lt of all this activityi s the intercalation of a region

,made up entirely of new tissue

,

which h as no strength t o resist wave action and is easi ly torn apar t .

F1g . 4 shows the lam ina at the criti cal point wi th the tear partlythrough i t . The inner cor t ex cells of the preceding figure havepassed into the m iddl e layer condition and the lam ina i s marked lyreduced in thickness . When severely whipped the lam inae are

of t en ripped at their distal ends ; the tear it of any depth alwaysfol lowing the weakened zone of the splitting line (Fi cr 1

The wounds formed ai e show11 in F1g 3 which in the serial sections was taken from the sam e slide as F1 0 4 . By normal activitythe epider mis and c0 1 t eX are bu i lt ou t and

)

around the exposed partof the m edu l la (F ig . finally com ing in contact (Figs 7 Gen

e1 ally the two epidermal layei s do not exactly m eet and the edgesof the new lam inae show a scar in section . Subsequent t o thehealing ,

the cells of the innei c0 1 t eX,overlying the edge of the

m idd le layer , do not develop t o normal size bu t becom e solerench ymat ized (Fig . Growth above presses them inward

,noti ce

ably bending the hyphae of the m iddl e layer . This conditiond isappears later when the thick wal led cortical elem ents pass overto the m edu l la .

This m ethod of splitting was observed in several specim ens bu tin no instance was any deliquescence or cel l disintegration observedas reported by M acM illan in h is observations on this plant .

POSTELSIA

Post elsia and the other Lessoneatae differ from Nereocyst is in

the absence of a long splitting line form ed in front of the actualcl eft . A close inspection show s

,however

,the presence of a very

short line indi cating that the modificat ion of the inner tissues isno t begun until the fissure is very near . Bu t for the most part the


2 2 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 2,

The origin of the primary shallow furrows is different from anything seen in either of the preceding genera . In Lessoniopsis therelative increase in anticlinal activity in the epiderm is seem s to bethe fac tor operative in reducing the thickness of the cortical layers .

The undue stress brought to bear on the cortex by the rapid lyexpanding superficial layer resu lts in the premature transitionof the inner and m iddle cortex t o the pith—web condition . Ord inarily expansion at the surface in inanimate obj ects resu l ts inbu ckling . In this case the transm ission of the stress to the innercortical layers stretches their elem en t s into the thinner or highlyelongated pith—web condition

,thu s markedly lowering the upper

lay ers so as t o produce con cavity instead of convexity at the surface . N0 figure is given t o i llustrate this condition as the areaconcerned was far too extensive t o be drawn on a scale su fficient lylarge t o show the histological changes .

The second stage or splitting proper is by a process as differentfrom that observed in Post elsia as that is different from Nereocys

t is . The central part of the m id—rib,after i t s reduction to the

thickness of ordinary lam ina ,is local ly stil l further reduced by

the action of an inter nal corti cal m eristem,associated with a

qu iescent epiderm is . On both sides of the m edu l la in the regionconcern ed the cortical cel ls are seen dividing with anticlinal wal ls

(Fig . This has resulted not on ly in severely attenuating thepith-web bu t on one side the epiderm i s i tself has parted and thecriti cal point has been reached

,for the thin-wal led cel ls of this

newly formed tissue cannot withstand the ripping tendencies inthe wave swayed and tw isted lam ina . At approximately the sam estage or on the sam e slide from which the draw ing was made

,the

lam ina portions were already separated .

In healing , the wounds first are covered for a time w ith a cal lu sformation bu t later the epiderm is and cortex heal them overexactly as in Nereocy stis .

MACROCYST I S .

The splitting process in this genus was studied by the German

writers already quoted,bu t they evidently confined their attention

t o the developm ent of the original perforation and did not studythe elongation of the cleft

,which is carried ou t by a different pro

cess than that for ming the perforation . This fact at once setsM acrocystis apart from the preceding genera in which the processesoriginating the perforation are also operative in elongating thecleft . Su ffi cient m aterial was available showing the incipient ando lder splits

,t o m ake four or fiv e series of sections i llustrating each

of these stages . Part of the material studied cam e from theruV ian coast

,part from Vancouver

’

s Island . Smal l and largey enile lam inae

,having splits in about the sam e stage of develop

Dec. ,Self -Di v iding Laminae of Certain Kelps .

2 2 3

m ent,were used to determine whether the splitting process varied

in any way w ith the size of the Lam ina .

The writer is able t o confi rm in part Will ’5 account of theorigin of the basal perforation . Broad shal low furrows appear one ither side of the thal lus . These depressions may arise as in

Nereocy stis by a relative lessening of anticlinal divisions,bu t the

area concerned is so extensive and the slightly constricted port ionpasses so gradual ly into the normal lam ina

,that no m arked diff er

ence of tissue structure cou ld be observed . After these shal lowdepressions becom e well defined ,

another and whol ly di fferen tprocess i s inaugurated . The inner cortical cells lying under thebase of each furrow becom e gelatini zed . A single cell disint egrates fol lowed b y its imm ediate neighbors unti l all the heavywall ed cortex under the central part of the furrow h as disappeared .

Associated w ith this process of gelatini zation is a marked localdeepening of the furrows at their central parts (Fig . 13 Willstates that this originates by a pushing in of the epiderm is due t oincreased division of the cells over the gelatini zed portion . Theevidence for this does not appear conclusive as can be seen by comparing the size of the hypodermal cells beneath the furrow withthose on either side . The cells lying in the base of the furrow

(Fig . 14)give evidence of relative inactivity , showing a dim inutionin anticlinal and especial ly periclinal divisions . To the lesseningof periclinal activi ty ch iefly ,

can be ascribed the origin of the moresharply defined secondary furrow

,for the epidermal cells in this

region fai l t o bu ild out the thal lu s . This is som ewhat sim i lar t othe condition in Postelsia . At about the stage figured normalgrowth begins t o close in on the gelatinized cavity separatingschizogenetical ly the remain ing cortical cel ls underlying thefurrow . The usual gelatin filled pith—web together with the newlygelat ini zed regions of the cortex form s a sort of internal cavity or

wound which is healed by a process identical w ith that seen inNereocy stis (Fig . Here normal developm en t is bringing therespective sides around the edges of the m iddle layers . The remnant of one of the gelatinized portions is stil l present

,stretched

across below the furrow .

After the original basal perforation i s formed in the manner ju stdescribed i ts advance through the lamina is by a whol ly differentprocess . Unexpec t ed as this m ight seem the evidence for i t isqu ite conclu sive . Fu l ly formed splits 5 mm . in length and upwardwere studied

,occurring in laminae of differen t size and thickness

and from different waters,British Columbia and Peru

,but in no

case was there any deviation in the process .

Local and excessive m eristematic ac t ivity of the cort ex is thefundam en tal factor in the advancing cleft . First

,however

,there

is a local increase in the normal grow th process which resu lts inpiling up slightly modified cor t i cal cells in the m edu l la . Next

2 2 4 The Ohio Naturali st . 2,

a few hypodermal and ou ter cort i cal cells begin t o divide rapidlyform ing a wedge—like mass

,which tears the epiderm is apart and the

process which succeeds in dividing the lam ina is begun (F1g .

The cell s exposed by the parting of the epiderm is becom e passiveand subj ect to the tearing tendencies of the rapidly expandingtissue beneath them . They are separated and in this manner thecleft is carried clear through the lam ina . So great is the m erist emat ic activity that before the cleft reaches the pith—web thislayer local ly has been entirely replaced by dividing cortical elem ents

,through which the cleft is propagated . The final separa

tion of the last thin wal led cortical cells i s of course m echan i cal .By the continual extension of this cortical activity distal ly

,the

whol e lam ina is finally divided , while proximal ly,the separation

i s carried som e distance down the stipe by the sam e sort of activityexcept the m eristematic wound tissue is formed in larger massesand the cleft advances in a more irregu lar manner .

In heal ing,the superficial cells of the exposed wound tissue

are transform ed into epidermal elem ents . There is however a

tendency t o close the wound as previously described,by the

crowding or pressing around of the tissue adjacen t t o i t .

M aterial containing clefts of proper age t o show the transitionstages

,by which the initial gelatinization process gives way t o the

secondary process of cortica l act ivity,was not avai lable so this.

nt erest ing phase of the problem cannot be taken up in the presentdiiscussion .

DICTYONEURON .

In D ict yoneuron only the m ethod of advance of the o lder cleftwas studied

,as the col lection contained no material showing the

incipient or perforation stages . The process involved in theadvance of the cleft was essentially the sam e as that in M acrocystis bu t the cortical m eristem is more defini tely localized thanin that genus and on ly occurs at first on one side of the medu lla . F1g .

1 1 shows a section of a young lam ina in which a spli t 5 mm . in

l ength was present . The half of the section not shown was nor

mal like the region at the edges of the draw ing . Cell divisionand growth in the cortex h as resu lted in the formation of a mass

of tissue which presses slightly into the pith—web . When this m asshas becom e somewhat more extensive than that figured ,

a few cellsnear i t s center begin dividing very rapid ly and bui ld up a new

secondary mass within the first (F ig . which pushes ou t theolder cells on all sides of i t

,notably below into the pith -web .

On account of this rapid internal division,

-the original epiderm i sis pu l led apart from a t o b and the beginning of the cleft h as beenstarted by the wedging action of the ball like m ass of new tissu e .

This cleft shown at Fig . 18 ,c,next enters the central mass and

passes rapidly t o i t s center . After the development of the cleft,


2 2 6 The Oh io Naturali st .

Upon taking up the present investigation ,the writer expected

t o find .that the division of the lam inae in the d ifferent genera

,

was brought about by the sam e process w ith of course som e m inorvariations . I t was then very surprising t o find the w idest differences prevailing among the various genera

,differences in som e

instan ces so great as t o make the histological processes involvedappear diam etrically opposed . The end resu l t

,the branching of

the plant,in all cases is the sam e so we have in these form s a most

striking example of those numerous instances in nature in whicha common end i s attained through total ly diff erent m eans .

SUMMARY .

1 . The splitting of the lam ina of Nereocyst is is due t o a relative increase of periclinal divisions resulting in the intercalationof weak new tissu e which is m echanical ly torn apart . Thewounds heal by norm al grow th

,bu ilding the tissue out and around

the exposed edges of the m edu l la .

2 . In Post elsia cell division in the m eristematic epiderm i sceases almost entirely at the point where splitting is t o occur andthe lamina becom es so thin by the continued d ifferent iation of

the tissue already present that it is torn apar t by the impacto f the waves . The wounds heal as in Nereocystis .

3 . In Lessoniopsis an area w ithin the m id—rib is reduced t othe thickness of normal lam ina by relative increase of anticlinald ivisions . Within this area further reduction and weaken ingoccurs by anticlinal divisions in the cortex . The wounds afterm echani cal ripping are at first covered with callus ; later healingas in Nereocystis .

4 . M acrocyst is shows the perforation t o ori ginate by localgelatin ization of the inner and m idd le cortex and cessation of

periclinal activity in the epiderm is over the gelatinized portion,

resu l ting in a deep sinus on either side of the lam ina . The adjacent tissues are finally forced in on the gelatini zed places unti lthe epiderm is breaks apar t form ingr the perforation . Healing as

in Nereocyst is . When once form ed th e fissure advances by excessiy e cor t i cal m eristematic activity which first tears apart theepiderm is and finally the whole lam ina ,

which m eanwhile haslocal ly becom e fil led with cortex cells . Healing is b y t ransfor

mation of the exposed cor t ex into epiderm is .

5 . In Dict yoneuron on ly the advance of the cleft was studied .

An internal wedge - like mass of tissue,a corti cal m eristem

,tears

the overlying layers apart . Periclinal division of the cells liningthe gap form s a fan -likc structure which reduces the lam ina inthickness and strength until m echani cal tearing fol lows . Thesuperficial cells of the new tissue formed on the respective edgesare changed t o epidermal elem ents and remain so .

Dec. , Self -Div iding Laminae of Certain Kelps .2 2 7

L ITERATURE .

Kjel lman , F . R . Lam inariaceae in Pfianzenfam ilien,I,2 . 1893 .

M acM illan , C. Observations on Nereocyst is . Bul letin TorreyBotan i cal C lub

,26 . 1899 .

O ltmanns , F . M orphologie und B iologie der Algen,I . 1904 .

Reinke , J . Studien zur verglei chende Entw ickelungsgesch ich t eder Lam inariaceen . Kiel . 1903 .

Ros enthal , O . Zur Kenntn is y on Macrocystis und Thalassio

ph y llum . Flora 43 . 1890 .

Setche l l , W . A. Classificat ion and Geographical D istributionof the Lam inariaceae . Trans . Connecti cu t Acad . 9 . 1893 .

Skottsberg , C . Zur Kenntnis der Suban tart isch en und Antartischen M eeresalgen . I . Phaeophyceen . 1907

Syke s , M i s s M . G . Anatom y and Histology of Macrocystis

pyrifera and Lam inaria sacch arina . Annals of Bot . 22 . 1908 .

EX PLANAT ION OF PLATES .

A Young Nereocy sti s p lant showing sp l its and spl itting l ines .

Cross sect ion of Nereocy st is lam ina at a point correspond ing t ot o F ig . 1 , a .

3 . Cross section of Nereocy stis lam ina at a point near end of sp l i tcorresponding t o F ig . 1 , b .

Cross section of Nereocy sti s lam ina show ing mechanical tear .

Cross sect ion of a new ly d iv ided lam ina of Nereocy stis show ingwounds .

Heal ing lam ina of Nereocy sti s .

Healmg lam ina of Nereocy stis , later stage .

Comp lete ly healed lam ina of Nereocy stis .

Cross sect i on of normal Post elsia lam ina .

M idd le stage in sp l ittin g Pos t elsia lam ina .

F inal stage in sp l itting lam ina of Post e1s1a .

Last stage of sp l i tting in Lesson i ops is .

Ent i re section show ing position of F 1g . 12 .

Orig in of perforation in M acrocy sti s , m idd le stage .

Structure of portion enc losed in dotted l ine , F ig . 13 .

F ina l stage in t h e deve lopm ent of t h e or ig ina l perforation in

M acrocy stis .

F i rst stage in t h e advance of t h e m ature c left in t h e M acrocy st islam ina .

Pr imary cortical mer1s t em 1n sp l i tti ng reg i on of Dic t yoneuron .

Secondary cort i cal m eri stem w ith in t h e first in D i ct yoneuron .

T h e c left and f an shaped structure deve loped in t h e sp l itting of

t h e D i c t yoneuron lam ina .

F inal stage in t h e div iding process in D ic t y oneuron Cortica lmeristem present .

OHIO NATURAL IST .

WELLS on Se lf-d ivid i ng Laminae o f Ke lps .


OH IO NATURAL IST .P late X I V.

\\7ELLS 0 11 Se lf-dividing Lam inae of Ke lps .

OH IO NATURAL IST . P late X V .

WELLS on Se l f-d ividing Lam inae of Ke lps .

2 3 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, No. 2

VIOLA HIRSUTULA IN OHIO .

ROBERT F . GRIGG S .

Every spring for several y ears past t h e writer h as observed a

blue Violet in the Vi cin ity of Sugar Grove t o which he was unablet o assign a name . Bu t the plant was so comm on and so clearlydistinct from all of the other Violets of the region that he supposedthat h is trouble arose from the di fficu lty of the genus rather thanfrom any rarity of the plant itself . Finally in 19 10 particularcare was taken t o col lect perfect specimens both at flowering tim eand in early summ er and from a study of these it was evidentthat the plant was Viola h irsu tula Brainerd , better known as

Viola Villosa Wal t , but not,according to Brainerd

,Walter ’s

plant . This determination h as since been v erified at the GrayHerbarium . The m ature plants are entirely sim i lar to those inthe herbarium bu t those in h ower vary som ewhat from the u sualform in a tendency toward lobing at the base of the leaf which whileoccasional ly seen in the herbarium specim ens is su fficien t ly pro

nounced in almost all of the Sugar Grove plants to m ake it difficu l t t o decide which section of the key to fol low in their determ ination . This tendency is confined t o the youngest leaves and

in mature plants the leaves are all cordate . In addition t o thecharacters given in the manual there is a very distinctive field

character which shou ld be included in the descriptions . Thisis the purple vein ing of the upper surfaces of the leaves whichtogether w i th their mottling of different shades of green rendersthe plants very beau tifu l for their fol iage alone . In the herbariumspecim ens this color fades and becom es indistinc t bu t in manycases i t is stil l Visible and when present is u sefu l for diagnosticpurposes .

The hitherto known range of Viola h irsu tula is : Sou thern New

York and New Jersey t o F lorida and Lou isiana,both in the moun

tains and on the coastal plain . The presen t station is about twohundred m i les west of the most westerly locality previouslyreported

,nam ely in the Vicin i ty of Pittsburgh ,

where it is reportedby Shafer . At Sugar Grove it is exceedingly abundant on theuplands where it occupies mu ch the sam e place in the plant associations that the common blue Violet hl ls on the bottom lands . I tis especially a plan t of old h elds and pine barrens though it isal so t o be found along w ith many other of the upland plants inpas tures where the land is more ferti le . From the abundan ce ofthe species in this region and the widespread occurrence of sim i larhabitats over all of Sou theastern Ohio

,the writer is led t o believe

that when once it is recogni zed by the botan ists i t will be foundgrow ing almost throughou t this region .


2 34 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol. XI, No. 2

RHOPALOCERA (Bu t t erfl i es).Anos ia p lex ippus Common Great fl i ght Oc t . 3 , 1907 .

Eup t 0 1et a C laud i a . Casual . I saw H . F . Murphy capture one on Aug . 27t h ,

1907 , in a c lover field . Has been taken a t Castal i a by D . F . Berrenger ,

of Fostori a , O .

Argynn i s 1dal ia . Rare 4 taken b y I . . Ullri ch . 1890 .

Argynm s cybe le . Common . Extrem e ly var iable .

Argynn i s aphrod ite Not comm on .

Argynn i s aphrod i te a lcestis . Occas iona l . L . Ul lrich . Whether d i ana h asever been taken 1n th i s county 1s not ascertained .

Brenth i s be l lona . Common .

Brenthi s m y rma . M r . L . Ullr i ch h as taken i t . (ex verb i s).M e l i taea h arr is i i . M r . L . Ul lrich h as taken 2 specimens in June , 1890 .

Phy c i odes ny c t e is No t common 111 Apr1l and M ay .

Phy c iodes tharos . Both very common , very variable . One taken .

Phy c iodes tharos marc i a . Resembl ing M e l itaea h ofm anm i n mark ings .

Phyciodes b at esr Rather rare . Taken by M r . Ullr ich .

Grapta in t errogat ion is fab r i cu. Common .

Grapta in t erroga t ioni s um brosa . Common .

Grapta comma h arr i si i . Comm on .

Grapta comma dryas Comm on .

Grapta progne . Rare . Taken by Ullr i ch and M urphy both .

Vanessa m i lber t'

i Rare . 4 taken b y Ullr i ch (ex verb i s).Vanessa ant i opa . Common .

Pyrame i s atalanta . Common .

Pyrame i s hunt era . Common .

Pyrame i s cardui . Comm on .

Junon ia coen i a . Taken in 1891 by Ul lrich and Murphy .

Basflarch ia asty anax . Comm on .

Bas i larch i a d iS 1ppus . Common .

Ch lor ippe ce lt i s . Not comm on i n open woods .

C h lor ippe c ly ton . Fa i rly common .

Ch lor i ppe c lyton prosperma . Several takenD eb i s portland i a . Form er ly loca l ly common , now rare .

Sat y rodes canthus . Comm on in swampy meadows .

Neonymph a phoc ion . One spec . taken . Th i s record i s doubtfu l .Neonymph a eurytus . Comm on in woods .

Neonymph a sosyh ius . One spec . taken b y L . Ul lrich .

Sa t y rus nephe le . No t comm on . Taken by L . Ullrich . I h av e seen th i s spec ies on t h e W ing i n t h e swamps near t h e O . S . U . Laboratory at CedarPom t , Ju l y 3 , 1907 .

Liby t h ea b achmani . Rare . Taken by Ul lrich and my self .Thec la calanus , No t common .

Thec la calamus str i gosa Rather rare in woods . Common at New Brem en ,

Oh i o .

Thec la me l inu s . Fair ly common .

Thec la titus . Rare Severa l other spec ies o f Thec la in t h e co l lect ion wereundoubted ly taken a t T i ffin , bu t I om i t th em owing t o t h e lack of

defini t e data .

F em seca t arqu inius . Rare . 2 spec . taken June , 1891 .

Chry sophanus thoe . Common in swampy meadows .

Chry soph anu s h ypoph loeas . Common in swampy meadows .

Ly caena pseudarg i o lus . Common .

Ly caena pseudarg i olu s luma . Rare in early Apr i l . Taken by L . Ullrichon ly .

Lycaena pseudarg io lus V i o lacea . Common . Taken by my se lf Apri l 22 ,1906 .

Lycaena pscudarg i o lus neg lecta . Not common .

Dec. ,Macro-Lepi doptem of Seneca County . 2 3 5

‘

Ly caena comynt as . Common . A dwarf taken by L . Ul lrich no larger thanexi l i s .

P i er i s pro t od i ce . Common .

P ieri s prot odice verna l is . Comm on .

P ier i s rapae . Comm onest fly .

P ieris nap i V irginiens is . Ju ly 6 , 1905 , I caught one spec imen , unf ortunatelywas destroy ed later .

Ca t ops i l ia eubu le . Aca dent al . One specmi en caught Aug , 1890 , by L .

Ul lrich .

Ter i as nic ippe . Rare . Taken by L . Ul lrich , Apri l , 189 1 , Apri l 21 , 1896 .

Seen bu t no t taken b y my self , Apri l 22 , 1906 .

Ter i as l i sa . Common .

Terias l i sa alba . Comm on .

M eganos t oma caeson ia . M essrs . Ul lrich and Murphy both took i t y earsago at Bascom 6 m i les west of T i fh n .

Col i as eury t h eme . Not common ,fl i es in Sept . and Oct . Two a lb ino fem ales

taken .

Co l ias eury t h eme keewayd in . Several taken .

Co l ias eury t h eme ar i adne . Severa l taken : One hybr id between eury t h eme

and ph i lod i ce taken 1896 .

Co l ias ph i lod ice . Next t o P1eri s rapae t h e comm onest bu t t erfly . Severaldwarfs taken , one an a lb ino , fema le , one

-th ird t h e ordinary s ize .

Co l ias ph i lod i ce an t h yale . Severa l taken .

Co l ias 1nt er ior . One spec imen taken June , 1890 .

Euch loe genu t i a . Taken by L . Ul lrich (ex verb is). Specnnens no longerextant .

Pap i l io ajax walsh i . Common . Severa l dwarfs of wa lsh 1 taken .

Pap i l i o ajax abbo t t i i . Not common . 6 spec . taken .

Papi l io aJax t e lamonides . Common .

Papi l i o ajax marcel lu s . Common .

Papi l io ph i lenor . Fairly common .

Papi l io asteri as . Very common . One dwarf taken .

Pap i l io t roflus . Common . One dwarf taken .

Papi l io turnu s . Fa i rly common . On Aug . 27 , 1907 , I caught a fem ale ,

wh ich is in t ermed1at e between t h e black and y e l low forms .

Pap i l io turnus glaucus . Fa i rly common .

Pap i l i o cresphontes . Very common . Frequents t h e blossom s of ironweed .

Epargy reus t i t yrus . Common .

Ach ellarus lyc idas . Not common . Four taken .

Th aryb es bat h y llus . Common .

Th arybes py lades . Rare in woods . Apr i l .Hesper i a t essellaris . Common . Ju ly t i l l Oc t .

Thanaos brizo . Very rare . Ear ly spring .

Th anaos ju v enal is . Not qu ite as rare as preced ing .

T h anaos pers ius . Rare .

T h anaos mart i ah s . Rare .

Ph ol isora catu l lu s . Exceedmg ly common . Dwarf taken June 22 , 1882 .

Ancy loxyph a num i tor . Common .

Erynn is sassacus . Rare . Taken by L . Ul lr ich .

Erynnis comma . Rare . Taken Oc t . , 1891 .

Th ymel icus my stic . Common .

Th yme l icus aetna Very comm on .

Pol i t es peckius . Common .

Hy leph i la ph y laeus . Rare . Taken Sept . 28 , 189 1 .

L imoch ores t aumas . Common .

L imoch ores pont i ac . One spec . taken b y L . Ullrich .

L imoch ores b imacu la . One spec . taken June , 189 1 .

Limoch ores d ion . Severa l taken by L . Ullrich , Ju ly 6 , 1908 . I took one in

She lby Co . , 0 .

2 3 6 The Ohio Naturali st . (Vol. XI, N0 . 2

Euph y es verna . Very common .

Euph yes m etacomet . Very comm on .

At ry t one zabu lon . Very common .

A t ry t one zabu lon pocahontas . No t common .

SeV eral other Hesperidae are 111 t h e co l lection wh ich were beyond alld oubt taken a t T i ffin , bu t owmg t o a lack of pos it i ve data I om it them .

HETEROCERA (M oths).Haemorrhag ia thy sbe . Fa i r ly comm on .

Haemorrhag ia thy sbe c imb ic iform is . Fairly common .

Haem orrhag i a tenu is . Rare .

Haem orrhagia d i ffini s . No t common . Ju ly 18 , 1905 .

Haemorrhagia ax i l lari s . Common . On Ju ly 5 ,1905 , I found a regu lar colony

of larvae on weeds .

Amph ion nessus . No t common .

Sph ecodma abbotti 1 . Fair ly . common

D e idam i a inscrip tum . Rather rare . Taken by Ul lrich .

D e i leph i la gall i i . No t comm on . Taken by L . Ullr i ch .

D ei leph i la l ineata . Fa i rly common .

X l ph anes tersa . Rare . Taken b y L . Ul lrich on ly .

Ph olus fasc iatus . Rare . Taken by L . Ul lr i ch on l y .

P h olu s pandorus . Comm on .

Ph olus ach em on . Fai rly comm on .

D arapsa ph olus . Fairly common . June ,1890 .

D arapsa myron Fa i rly common .

Er inny 1s e l lo . Rare . Taken Aug . 20 , 1891 .

Erinny is obscura . Rare . Taken Sept . 24,1891 .

Prot oparce sexta . Comm on .

P rot oparce qu inquemacu la t a . Comm on .

Herse c ingulat a . Not common .

C h loeno gramma jasm inearum . Rare .

D o l ba hy laeus . Common .

C era t om i a amyntor . Not comm on .

C era t om i a undu losa . No t common .

C erat om ia cat alpae . Rare . Taken by Murphy on ly .

Atre i des p lebe ia . Fa i rly comm on .

Hy10 1cus kalm i ae . Fairly common .

Hy 10 1cus drup i ferarum . Fa irly common .

Hy lomus gordius . Fai rly common .

Hy10 1cus erem 1 t us . Not common .

Hy loicus cher5 1s . Very common .

Pach y sph inx m odesta . No t common , in early spring .

S ph inx ceri sy i . No t common .

Sph inx Jamaicen5 1s gem inat us . Fa irl y common .

Calasymb olus excaecatus Rare . Taken by L . Ul lrich .

Calasymbolus myops .

=Rare . Taken by L . Ul lrich .

Cressonia jug land i s . Fa i rl y common .

Sarn i a cecropia . Very common .

C allosam i apromethea . No t comm on .

C al losam ia angu l ifera . Rare Taken by L Ul lrich only .

Act ias luna . Fairly comm on . A dwarf in t h e co l lect ion onc -th ird normal

s izeTe lea po lyphemus . Comm on . One dwarf .

Hyperch iria io . Comm on .

Bas i lona imperi al i s . Fa irly common .

C i t h c ron i a rega l is . Rare now , formerly common .

Adc loceph ala b icolor . No t common .

S y s sphmx b isec t a . No t common . Three spec . taken .


-2 3 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol . XI, No. 2

Per i gea y ecors . No t comm on .

Hadena m i se loides . Rare . Taken Aug , 1890 .

Hadena dev as t at r ix . Common .

Hadena arctica . Common .

Hadena v erbasco ides . Common . June , 1890 ; Ju ly , 1905 .

Hadena locu lat a . Rare . One spec . taken .

Hadena l i gn icolor . Rare . Two spec . taken .

Hadena mac t at a . Rare . One spec . taken .

Hadena mod i ca . Fa i rly common .

Hadena dub i t ans . Fa irly common .

Hadena spu t at r i x . Common .

Hyppa xy lmo ides . Comm on .

Eup lex1a lumpara . No t comm on .

Ac t 1no t 1a ram osu la . No t common .

D ypt eryg i a scabr i u scula . Common .

Py roph i la py ram idoides Common .

Prodenia comme l inae . No t common . Sept .,1891 .

P rodema eud 1op t a . Common .

Prodema eud i op t a orn1t h oga111 . Common .

Laph y gma f rug 1perda . Common .

Homoh adena bad i s t r iga . No t common .

Agrot i s bad inod i s . Rare .

Agrot i s yps i lon . No t common .

Per idroma sauc 1a . Common . Swarm s of th is spec i es w ith He l i oph i lapuncta , were on t h e cherry trees in June , 1907 , greed i l y devoured b v t heEng l i sh Sparrows and Cedar Waxwmg s .

Noc t ua b i carnea . Common .

Noctua c-nigrum . Comm on .

Noctua c landest ina . Common

Noctua h arusp ica . Not common .

F elt i a sub go t h i ca . Common .

F el t i a h eri l i s . Common .

M am estra med i tata . No t common .

M am estra t rif ol i i . Rare .

M amestra adjunc t a . Rare .

M amestra renigera . Comm on .

M amestra ol i vacea . No t common .

M amestra lorea . Not common .

He l i oph i la un ipunc t a . Common .

He l i oph i la mul t i lmea . Common .

He l ioph i la pseudarg y ria . No t common

Xy l ina antennata . Not common . M arch 8 , 1886 .

X y lma lat i cmerea . Common . M arch and Apr1l , 1889 .

Xy l ina s ignosa . Common .

X y lma or iunda . Very common . Apri l 28 , 1882 .

‘

X y lma un imoda . Rare . One spec im en taken .

Cucul i a astero ides . Common .

Gor t yna y ela t a . Not common . One spec . taken b y my se lf .Papai pem a cerrusat a . No t common .

Papa ipema n i t ela . No t common .

Papa ipema n i t ela nebris . No t common .

Papa ipema furcat a . Rare . One spec . taken i n my house , Sept . 23 , 1907 .

Py rrh i a umbra . No t common .

Trigonoph ara per i culosa . Common Aug , 1891 .

Euc 1rroed 1a pampma . No t common in fal lSco l iop t eryx l ibat r i x . Comm on .

O rt h os ra b i co lorago Comm on

O r t h 0 5 1a h e ly a . Common

Dec .,

Macro-Lep idoptem of Seneca County .

0

Scopelosoma ind i recta . Rare . Two spec . taken .

Scopelosoma s idu s . Rare . M arch 25 , 1889 .

Scopelosoma m orr i soni . Common . Twe lve spec . M arch 15 ,

He l i oth i s arm iger . One spec . taken by my se lf .Rh odoph ora gaurae . Rare . Taken b y L . Ul lr i ch .

Rh odoph ora flor i da . Rare . Taken by H . Murphy , 1907 .

Sch ima lynx . Rare . Taken by H . M urphy , 1907

Sch i n ia marg inata . Comm on .

Eu t h i sano t i a um o . Comm on .

Eu t h i sano t i a grata No t common .

Plag i om im i cus p i t yoch romu s . Rare . Taken by my se lf on l y .

P lus iodon t a compressmalp i s . Rare . Taken by my se lf only .

Au t ograph a b imacu lata . No t comm on .

Au t ograph a b i loba . No t comm on .

Au t ograph a precat i om s . Common .

Au t Ograph a fa lc ifera . Comm on .

Ogdocont a cmereola . No t common .

A labama arg i l lacea . Comm on .

Eus t ro t i a musoscula . Not comm on . June 22 , 1882 .

E us t rot ia apicosa . Comm on .

Eust rot ia carneola . Very common .

Galgula bepara . Common .

Galgula bepara part i ta . Common .

Ch amy r i s cer in t h a . Common .

T arach e t erm immacu la . Rare . June 3 , 1890 .

Tarach e apr i ca . One spec . taken by H . M urphy .

Tarach e eras t r i o ides . Very comm on .

Tarach e candefac t a . Common .

Ph alaenos tmdes larent io ides . Comm on

Hyam ia sexpunct at a . Common . June 4 , 1882 .

Hy am 1a perd i t al is Not comm on .

Homopy rah s d iscal is . No t common . June 14 , 1882 .

Homopy ral i s contracta . Not common .

Dras t er i a erech t h ea . Not common . M ay 9 , 1882 .

Drast eria crassiuscula . Very common .

Eucl i d ia cusp i dae . Rare . Two spec imens taken .

Syneda graph i ca . Rare . Two spemmens taken , 1882 .

Catocala ep i one . Rare . Three speC1mens taken .

Catoca la lacrymosa . Rare . One speC 1m en taken .

Catocala Vi dua . Fairly common .

Catocala re t ec t a . Fa i rly common .

Catocala rob insom i . Fairly common .

Catocala jud i th . Fair ly common . Ju ly ,1891 .

Catocala obscura . Not rare .

Catoca la i nsolab i l i s . No t rare .

Catoca la angus i . No t rareCatocala fieb ih s . Rare . Three spec . taken .

Catoca la re l i c t a . Very rare . One spec . Ju ly , 1892 .

Catocala cara . Common .

Catocala am a t r ix Common

Catocala amat r1x nurus . Common . Aug . 1890 .

Catocala marmorata Rather rare . Three spec im ens .

Catocala concumb ens . Common .

Catocala uni juga . Common .

Br ise i s is in t h e col l . from Co lumbus , bu t not T i ffin .

Catocala parta . Comm on

Catocala u l t ron i a . Common .

Catocala ul t ronia ce l i a . Common .

2 3 9

2 4 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 2

Catocala u lt ron i a mopsa . Rare .

Catocala i l ia . Rare . Three spec imens .

Catoca la nebu losa . No t common . Two specimens .

Catoca la p iat r ix . M ore common than preceding .

Cat ocala innubens . Common .

Catoca la innubens h inda . Rare .

Catoca la in nub ens scmt i l lans . Fa ir ly common .

Catoca la neogama . Not common . Two spec imens .

Catoca la cerogama . Fa i r ly common .

Catoca la suhmata . Rare . Two specimens .

Catocala palaeogama . Fa i rly common .

Catocala palaeogama ph alanga . Rare Two spec imens .

Catocala serena . Very common .

Catocala an t inymph a . Rare . Two spec im ens .

Catoca la h ab ih s . Very common .

Catoca la hab i l i s basal i s . No t common .

Catoca la polygama . Not common .

Catocala po lygama crat aegi . No t common . Four spec . taken Ju ly 19 , 1882 .

Catocala pre t i osa . Not common .

Catocala amas ia . Rare . One spec . taken .

Catocala grynea . Very common .

Catoca la m inuta . Rare . Four taken .

Catoca la am ica . Very common .

Catocala am i ca lineella . Fa1rly common .

Catoca la pura . Th e moth taken in Aug , 1905 ,agrees w ith no other specimen ,

bu t com es fairly c lose t o pura on t h e one side ,and herm ia on t h e other .

Allo t rea elonymph a . No t common . Ju ly and Aug , 1890 .

Eupar t h enos nub 111s . Rare . Three taken Aug , 1890 .

Hypocala andremona . Two specim ens taken Sept . 22 , 1891 , by L . Ul lrich .

Ph oberi a at omeris . Not common .

Panapoda rufim argo carne icos t a . Rare .

Panapoda rufimargo rose icos t a . Rare . June 11 , 1882 .

Parallel ia b i s t r iari s . Common .

Cel ip t era frustu lum . Rare . One specimen .

S t renolom a luni l inea . Rare . Taken by Ul lrich , seen by my self Ju ly , 1907 .

Z ale horrida . No t comm on . Ju ly , 1907 .

Ph aeocyma lunata . Comm on . In th is species and t h e re lated ones I fol lowProf . John B . Sm ith— “

A Rev i s i on of some species of Noctu idae , heretofore referred t o t h e Genu s Homoptera .

”

Ph aeocyma undu laris . Fairly common .

Ph aeocym a luni f era . Fai rly common .

Ph aeocy m a l ineosa . Rare . Two spec imens taken .

T h y sania zenob ia . A specimen of thi s sp lendid southern moth was takenSeptember 3 , 1890 . I donated t h e specimen t o t h e Oh io State University .

Ep ixens is lub ricah s . Not comm on .

Ep ixen5 1s scob ial i s . Rare .

Ep ixens is ameri cal i s . Not rare .

Epixens is aemu la . No t common .

Zang lona t h a laev igata . Not common .

Ph i lome t ra eumelusali s . Common .

Ch y t ol i t a morb idalis . Not common .

Renia discolorali s . Not common .

He t erogramma py ramusal is . Fair ly common .

Pa l t h i s angu lali s . Fairly common .

Bomoloch a m anal is . Fairly c ommon .

Bomo lo ch a bal t imoral i s . Fair ly common .

Bomo loch a abal ineal is . Fa irly common .

Bomo loch a decep t al is . Fairly rare .


2 4 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 2

Erann i s t i l iar ia . Fairly common .

C ing i l ia catenaria . Rare .

T h erina fiscellar ia . Rare .

Eugonobap t a niy osaria . Common in woods .

Ennomos sub s ignarius . Rather rare .

Ennomos magnarius . Common . Sept . and Oc t .

X ant h o t y pe crocat ar ia . Common .

X an t h o t ype croca t aria caelar ia . Common .

Hy per i t is am icar i a . Comm on .

G onodon t i s h ypoch rar ia . Common .

Pr iocy c la arm at ar ia . No t comm on .

Aze l ina ance t ar ia . No t common .

C ab erodes coni usar ia . Fa ir ly comm on .

C ab erodes conf usar ia me t rocampar ia . Common .

T e t rac i s crocallat a . Common .

S abu lodes sulph ura t a . Rare . Taken 1907 by my se lf .

Sabu lodes lorat a . No t comm on .

Sabu lodes t ransv ersat a . Comm on .

Abbo t ana c lem at ar ia . No t common .

Ab t ana clemat ar ia t randucens . Not common .

C al ledap t er3w dryop t erat a . Not common .

T h y ri dopt errx eph emeraeform i s . Very rare .

C ic innu s m elsh e imer i i . Rare . Two sepc imens , Jun e , 1890 .

S ib ine s t imu lea . Rare .

Euc lea de lph in i . Not common . Ju ly 12 , 1882 .

Ph obe t ron p i t h ec ium . Rare .

P ackard ia gem inata . Rare .

He t erogenea shu r t lefi‘i i . Rare . One spec . taken . no longer extant .

Lagoa crispate . Not common .

Pr ionaxy st us rob iniae . No t un common .

Cossus cent erensi s . Taken b y Ullri ch . Spec im en gone .

Podoses ia syringae . Comm on .

M emy t h rus asi l ipenn i s . Rare . One spec imen taken by L . Ul lrich .

Sann inoidea eX i t iosa . Common .

Sesra t ipuliform i s . Four spec im ens taken b y L . Ul lrich .

S es ia acern i . Taken June 12 ,1882 .

Ses ia py ri . Two spec imens taken by L . Ullrich .

Ses ia b ass iforin is. Three specimens taken b y L . Ul lrich .

S e5 1a py ral id iform i s . Four spec imens taken b y L . Ul lrich .

Dec. ,Leaf Markings of Certain Ohio P lants .

LEAF MARKINGS OF CERTAIN OHIO PLANTS .

JOHN H . SCH

Among the most famil iar obj ects of our fields and gardens are

such plants as the red and whi te cloy er w ith defini t e light —coloredm arkings on t h e leaflet s . Anot her equal ly prominent plant ingardens is t h e ribbon -grass (Phalaris arundinacea picta). whoseleay es show Variegat ed longi t udinal bands o f whi te and green color .

Som etim e ago the writer began t o collect data on the nat iveand in t roduced

ZD

plants of Ohi o which show any defini t e t y pe of

markings . The problem i s rather difficu lt sin ce the markingsusuall y

D

di sappear 33 h en plants are dried . It becom es necessary,

therefore . t o becom e acquainted w ith t h e plan t s in t h e l ivingcondi tion . Dun

'

n g t h e past y ear a considerable num ber of

species show ing markin gs of y ariou s kinds h av e been observed .

and t h e list coul d w ithout doub t be considerably ex t ended .

It h as u sually been cu st omary t o ascribe som e purposefuleffect or utili ty t o the markings on the an im al body and t o t h e fan

t ast ic patterns shown b y many flowers . It is open t o qu estion .

however , whet her such an assumption shoul d be generall y applied .

The markings on the leaves of plants. are favorable obj ect s in t hi sconnection and m ay throw considerable light on t h e subj ec t .

In many species . certain indi viduals hay e t h e m arkin gs whil eo t hers lack them . There are probably elem ent ary species presentwhich mi ght be segregated . These form s shoul d m ake in t eresting m aterial for t h e study of mu tations and inh eritance . In som especies the markings are on ly on t he y oun ger leaves

,in ot hers only

in conn ection w ith the inflorescence and thu s on t h e lat est leay est o be dey eloped .

The markings of t h e leaves studied may be grouped underthr ee general heads as fol low s :

1 . M arkings due t o abnormal or diseased condi t ions . or

the so-call ed variegations .

2 M arkin gs m ore or less acciden t al,depending on som e

internal structur e and evidently havin g no relationw ith the developm en t of a defini t e patt ern .

3 . M arkings which are of more or l ess defini t e pat t ern snot dependent on fu ndimen t al stru ctures .

Under t he first group m en t ioned above woul d fa ll su ch form sas Phalaris arundinacea pic ta , already m entioned and t h e num erous3 ai regat ed species commonl 3 cu l t i3 ated in gr eenh ouses . Thewh i t e bands or spots being due t o a lack of chloroph 3 11 in t h e part s .

White stripes are frequ ently t o be observed in y oung plants of

corn Zea may s,and occasional ly t h e entire plan t i s whi te . These

latter indi3 iduals u sually do not sur3 iy e long .

Read at t h e meet ing of t h e Oh io Acad . of Sc i . . N0 3 : 25 . 19 10 .

2 44 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOL XI, No. 2,

The leaf-markings dist inguished in the second group,nam ely

,

those depending on som e structural pecu liarty ,are perfectly

normal and may also be present general ly or only on som e indiv iduals . The leaves may be covered w ith m inute spots or dotscau sed by internal g lands as in Hypericum m acu latum where t hedots are often black or dark blue

,and as in Boebera papposa

where they are oval in shape and of an orange color . In mostspecies the dots or punctations are

,however

,t oo smal l t o be seen

by the unaided human eye,al though conspicuous under a l ens .

Nelumbo lu tea has a pecu liar light-colored marking in the centerof the large peltate leaf that has som e resemblance in outline t ocertain species of beetles . The marking is purely structural andaccidental

,yet were green beetles in the habit of frequenting

these leaves it m ight be cited as a remarkable case of m im i cry .

The most common m arkings of this general ty pe are thosewhich fol low the venation of the leaf—blade

,often form ing ret ic

ulat ions . Exam ples of species w ith red veins and reticu lationsare Hieracium venosum

,Viola h irsu tula , and Rum ex obtu sifolius .

Argemone m exicana is perhaps the most striking example am ongthose w i th white m arkings over the veins . The leaves of M itchellarepens show a pale -green narrow stripe over the m idrib and

Euphorbia nutans has part of the m idrib marked by a whitestreak . The leaves of Peram ium pubescens has a beautifu l whitereticu lation over a dark-green background

,with occasional white

blotches .

The most interesting examples of leaf workings,however

,

com e in the third group designated above . In the first place,the

leaf blade may be som e permanen t,un iform color other than

green . Oxalis ru fa is a plan t of this character . The color insuch cases m ay have a physiological use in protecting thechlorophyll .Num erou s leaves have a si lvery mottled or blotched appear

ance of m ore or l ess defini te pattern . Am ong such are the following : Hydrophyllum appendiculatum

,H . m acrophy llum ,

_

H .

Virgini cum,Hepatica hepatica

,H . acu ta

,and Chim aphilamacu lata .

Sm i lax glauca h as the sam e type of m arkings at least in the y oungcondition . Cucurbita pepo and C . m axima h av e prom inentangu lar si lvery patches

,covering the leaf blade

,in the angles of

the veins . In the Hydrophyllum s,the main variegation usual ly

extends on each side of the m idrib and occurs in sm aller spotsbey ond

,especially at the notches of the serrations .

Other plan ts hay ing mottled or blotched leaves are Erythronium am ericanum

,E . albidum

,Lam ium album

,L . m acu latum

,

Trillium sessile and T . recurvatum . In Trillium sessi le them arkings are usual ly very prom inent

,while in T recurvatum they

are not always Visible . Arisaema triphyllum has beautifu l redd ish -brown and whitish spots on the sheathing bracts

,petioles

and peduncles bu t the leave blades are green .


2 4 6 The Ohio Naturali st. [V0 ] . XI, No. 2,

NEW AND RARE OHIO PLANTS ADDED TO THE STATEHERBARIUM IN 1910 .

JOHN H . SCHAFFNER .

In the catalog of Ohio plants now almost ready for publication,

there w il l be a considerable number of new nam es and transferredspecies because of critical studies on different groups . Thesechanges are not included in this list . The species given belowrepresent important additions made in the u sual way during thepast year . Som e species sent in hav e not y et been carefu lly studiedand so are deferred for a future report .

Adiantum pedatum laciniatum Hopkins . Way ne County,L . S .

Hopkins .

F i lix fragili s cri stata (Hopkins). Woodworth ’s G len,Portage

County,L . S . Hopkins .

Carex decomposita M uhl . Cranberry I sland,Buckey e Lake

,

Li cking County,Freda Detm ers .

Festuca ovina L . Sheep Fescue-grass . Colum bus,Frankl in

County , J . C . Hambleton .

Heleoch loa sch oenoides (L .)Host . Cat—tai l Grass . YellowSprings

,Greene County , L . S . Hopkins .

Clintonia boreali s (A it .)Raf . Yellow C lintonia . Pym atu mingSwamp

,Ashtabu la County ,

C . A . Davis,A . Dachnowski

,

and Freda Detm ers .

Tri llium undulatum Willd . Painted Trillium . Pymatu mingSwamp

,Ashtabu la County

,C . A . Davis

,A . Dachnowski

,and

Freda Detm ers .

Polygonum careyi Olney . Carey ’

s Knotweed . Un ion Corners,

Erie County , E . L . M oseley .

Koch ia scoparia (L .)Roth . M ock Cy press . Columbus,Frank

lin County,John H . Schaffner .

Dalibarda repens L . Dalibarda . Pymatum ing Swamp , Ashtabu la County ,

C . A . Davis,A . Dachnowski

,and Freda Det

m ers .

Azalea Viscosa L . Swam p Azalea . Pymatuming Swamp , Ashtabu la County C . A . Davis

,A . Dachnowski

,and Freda Det

m ers .

Gal ium mol lugo L . White Bedstraw . B loom ingburg,Fayette

Coun ty,H . F . Hughes .

Eupatorium serotinum M X .

'

Late—fiowering Thoroughwort . Col

lege Hi l l,Ham i lton County

,Lucy Braun .

Eupatorium rotundifolium L . Round leaf Thoroughwort . Hock~

ing County , R . F . Griggs .

Eupatorium aromat icum L . Smal ler White Snake-root . Hocking County , R . F . Griggs .

Gif ola germanica (L .)Dum . Herba Impia . Washington,Guern

sey County , Emma E . Laughlin .

Presented a t t h e meeting of t h e Oh io Acad . of Science ,Akron . Nov . 25

Dec.,

I

otes on Oh io Agari cs II.2 4 7

NOTES ON OHIO AGARICS II .

W ILMER G . STOVER .

During the fal l of 19 10 two Agarics were col lected by t h e

writer which seem worthy of especia l notice .

P leurotus cort icatus Fr . P ileus 5-20 cm .

,fleshy ,

whitish at .

margin to grayish—brown at disk,convex

,dry

,marginate behind ;

at first fioccose,

finally fioccose—scaly ; m argin even,

flesh thick .

white .

Lam el lae white or lu tescent,subdistan t

,broad (6—10

decu rrent,often forked

,anastomosing behind . Spores white

,

ob long,4-5 X 9—11 m ic .

Stipe 3—11 X 1-4 cm .

,white

,som etim es yellowish at the base

,

eccentri c,fleshy

,firm

,sol id

,tapering downward ; som etimes rather

short bu t u sual ly long and rooting ; pru inate above,

fioccose

pu lveru l ent below .

Veil white,lacerate

,rather thin ; som etim es form ing a slight

annu lus but mostly,

appendicu late to margin of pileu s .

Growing from large decayed spot in living elm ; som ewhatgregariou s . Oy er twenty pilei were found at the time . Columbus

,O .

,Oct . 26 , 19 10 .

M organ* reported this species from the M iam i Vall ey oy ertwenty-h y e years ago ,

and F . M . O’

Bryne col lected immaturespecim ens of the sam e species at Oxford

,O .

,Oct . 26

,1909 . In

both these collections the pileu s was white or whitish . M y specimens differ som ewhat from the Friesian description

,bu t the differ

ences are not of specific importance . In som e

'

respect s they agreewith P dry inus (Pers .)Fr .

,bu t the differences are greater than t h e

resemblance .

Collyb ia tuberosa Bu ll . Pileus 2—5 mm .

,convex

,subumbonate

,

glabrous or nearly so,even

,white or with brownish tinge . Lam el

lae,white

,thin ; distant and rather broad for size of pileu s . Spores

white,elliptical . Stipe

,.5 x5-20 mm .

,arising from rounded yel

lowish or brownish tubercle ; flexuous , white t o ru fescent , fragile ,glabrous at t op ,

white-tom entose toward base .

The plants were growing upon decaying fungi and other y ege~

table matter,and were rather smal ler than the sizes given by Peck .

The lam el lae are u sually described as“ close

,

”bu t I shoul d cal l

them rather distant for the size of the pileus . The species m ay be

readi ly recognized by the prom inent sclerotioid tuber at the baseof the stipe . Col lected at Sugar Grove

,O .

,Nov . 5 , 1910 .

The plants reported from the M iam i Vall ey by M organ(1. c .

, p . 73)as C . cirrh ata Schum .

,probably belonged t o this

species since C . cirrhat a does not h av e sclerotia . In M organ ’sherbarium

,now at Iowa City

,Iowa

,there are specim ens labeled

Marasm ius sclerot ipes Bres .

,which probably are also C . tuberosa .

Bo t . Dept . , Oh io State Univ .

M organ , A . P . , M yco log ic F lora of t h e M iam i Va l ley ,Jour . Cin . Soc .

Nat . H i st . 6 79 , Apri l , 1883 .

-2 48 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 2

M EETING OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB .

OR I ON HALL,June 16

,19 10 .

The last m eeting of the C lub for the school year was call ed to~order by the President , M r . M orse

,and the m inutes of the previou s

meeting were read and approved .

The nom inating comm it t ee reported the fol lowing nom ina

tions for the staff of THE OHI O NATURAL I ST :Editor—in -Chief— John H . Schaffner .

Bu siness Manager— Jam es S . Hine .

Asst . Bu siness M anager— G . D . Hubbard .

Associate Editors— F . L . Landacre,Zoology ; Freda Detmars

,

Botany ; W . C . Morse,Geology ; W . C . M i lls

,Archaeology ; J . C .

Hambleton,Orni thology ; G . D . Hubbard

,Geography .

Advisory Board— Herbert Osborn,Charles S . Prosser

,John

H . Schaffner .

The report was accepted and the staff elected .

The speaker of the evening was Prof . T H . Haines . Hissubj ect was “ Experimentation on M ental Processes in An imals .

”

Prof . Haines gave a brief review of the work which h as been donealong this line

,told of a number of very interesting experim ents

,

and presented som e of the theories which have been worked out .

“A. G . D ICKEY,S ecretary .

! Da t e of P ub l icat ion , Dec . 15 , 19 10 .


2 50 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 3,

No type species for the genus was indicated by Uhler and

none so far as I know has been nam ed since . I wou ld thereforenam e immist us Say .

,the first species listed by Uhler in h is paper

describing the genus,and a distinc t ly representative species

,as

the type .

I

Wi th som e sl ight em endations the key presented in my form erpaper seem s t o possess the essential basis for the arrangement ofthe species

,and in the revised key this arrangem ent h as been

fol lowed in the m ain,sim ply making su ch additions and changes

as perm it of the inclu sion of the other Am erican species .

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPEC IES .

Lorae remote from t h e marg in of t h e cheeks ; comm on e lytral p icture cru

C 1ate ; c lava l ve in straight , meeting suture at acute ang leLorae contiguous t o or merg i ng w ith border of cheeks , e lytral picture not

cruc 1a t e , outer C laval ve in cur3 ed or hooked at t h e d ista l end . . 2

1 . Face ye l low W i thout cross bands sanctus SayFace W 1t h two dark cross bands bes i de frontal arcs

3 . Vertex short , y ery obtuse , s ize smal l , 4 mm fasciatus Osb .

Vertex longer , rounded or sub -angu lar . s ize larger . . 4

4 . Fore and m idd le femora y el low annu lated with b lack neglectus nspFore and m i dd le femora black , base and apex ye l low . . cruciatus nspPost nodal ce l l scarce ly w idened di stal lyPost nodal ce l l much widened d istal lyPost nodal ce l l w ithout cross veinlets .

Post nodal ce l l W i th cross ve inletsNodal y em ar i smg from d i scal ce l l .

Nodal 3 em ar ismg from ant eap i cal ce l l9 . Vertex flat w ith transverse impressed l ine “

Vertex conv eX , no impressed l ine ,edges rounded .

10 Nodal y e in from front of ce l l .

Nodal ve i n from m idd le of ce l l11 . Vertex W i der than long , obtuse or rounded

Vertex as long or longer than w ide , acu t e ,sca1ari s V .D .

—st igmosus Uh l . ?

lx

’)

Vertex subacute . 14

Vertex obtuse or rounded , small . mexi canus Osb .

14 . Noda l ce l l more than tw ice as long as W i de . 16

Nodal ce l l bu t l ittle longer than wide uni color Osb .

C lava l spots oval d istinct aibonotatus V . D .

C lava l spots e longate faint censors Uh l .8 . With few cross nervures in costal ce l l . 17

W i th num erous cross nervures in costal ce l l . 18

17 . C lavus reticu late i rroratus nsp .

C lavus not reticu late lobatus V . D .

18 . W i th brown sadd le on elytra . crupulosus Bal l19 Without brown sadd le on e lytra . blandus Bal l6 Outer Clay al no t strong ly hooked at d 1s t al end , cross nervure t o

c lay al suture indi st inct or 33 an t ing u

Outer claval st rong l3 hooked a t di stal end , u sual lyW i th d i stinctcross nervure from outer c laV al t o c lava l suture

20 . Outer c lava l s inuate approach ing inner near i t s m idd leOuter c lava l nearly straight and paral lel t o inner , curved at t ip

22 . Light ochreous , u lt imate ventra l segment truncate or s l i ghtlynotched ochraceous Osb .

M arked w ith fuscous u lt imate ventra l segm ent produced , productus Osb

6y.

. 8

auroni tens Prov .

9

10

11

jucundus Uh l .. fum i dus Bal l

Jan.,

Remarks on the Genus Scaphoideus .2 5 1

Q u lt imate ventral segment carinate , toothed at m idd le , carinatus Osh .

Q u ltimate ventral segment no t car inate ,or toothed a t m idd le 24

Head and pronot um i vory wh ite or y e l low ish intri catus Uh l .Head and pronotum with darker areas luteous or fu lvus . . luteolus V . D .

No distinct cross ve ins between Clay al y ems ; co lors gray or brownm arked w 1t h fuscous .

U sual ly a d 1s t inc t cross vein between c lav als 26

Face brown or l ight varied w ith darker mark ings imm i stus SayFace b lack w ith wh ite .nigricans n sp .

Face y e l low . opalescens Osb .

Outer c lay al approx im ating c laval suture posterior ly ; face blackmelanotus Osb .

Outer Clay al remote from C lava l suture posteriorly “

27 . Vertex obtu se ly angu late ; apex of e lytra fuscous or b lack , obtusus Osb .

Vertex more produced , subacute ; e l y tra ent 1relv gray . . cinerosus Osb .

Scaphoideus sanctus Say .

Scaphozdeus pictum lus Osborn Proc . Ia . Acad . Sci . V , p . 243 ,

The original description for this species was based on specim ens from Indiana

,bu t no type specimens exist . The on ly

species which h as been secured from this region in recent years,

agreeing with Say ’s description,is the one which I described under

the nam e picturatus from material col lected in Iowa and Kentucky .

Recent col lections have shown this form t o occur in Sou thernOhio and at other points in the Ohio val ley

,bu t i t h as not been

taken on the Atlanti c slope nor in the Gu l f States . Since theform hitherto known under the name sanctus

,fol lowing Van

Duzee’

s reference in 1894,h as never been found in the Ohio val ley

nor outside of the Atlanti c coast or Gu lf States,there seem s

abundan t reason t o make the change suggested in my form erpaper and t o recogn ize the Ohio val ley form as sanctus . Withthis Change the form occurring on the Gu lf coast and which h asthe broad black band across the face remains undescribed . I tresembles very closely the fasciat us described from Haiti

,bu t as

suggested by Van Duzee differs from that form in size and detai lsof head

,so that it seem s best t o recogn ize it as a distinct species .

(See neglectus,poste .)

The sanctus of Say h as a som ewhat more pointed vertex,and

the front is entirely withou t the black band which is so conspic

uous in the other form . Say’

s statem ent feet immacu late appliesbetter here than t o the other form though there are black points onthe tibia . The local ities for this species w i l l now stand as Indiana

,

(Say), Iowa (Osborn), M issouri , (R iley), Kentu cky , (Garm an),I l linois

,M etropolis

,

“R iver

,

”C . A . Hart

, 3 females,3 m ales

,in

111. State Lab . Natural History,and Ohio

, (Osborn), the localitiesin the latter state being M arietta and Portsmou th . Practical lyall of these records are based upon single specim ens

,which indi

cates a distinct rarity for the species . The specim en I took at

M arietta was found on willows or vegetation close t o them,bu t

2 5 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, NO. 3,

where there was too mu ch m ixture of variou s plan ts t o warrantthe fixing of the host plant . For the other records no defini t efood plant h as been given ,

so that we cannot assum e t o nam e thehost species .

This form agrees closely with the others of the fasciatus groupin the cruciate marking upon the dorsum

,making with these

form s a d istinct subdivision of the genus . They differ som ewhatfrom the other m embers

,bu t in V1! VV of the venation and t h e

head characters it seem s hardly desirable to separate them fromthe genus .

Scaph oideus fasciatus Osb .

Jour . C ine . Soc . N . H . , 37

0 1. X IX , p . 190 .

This species described in 1900 from Port au Prince Haiti,has

been recogn ized by Van Duzee from Florida and is probably bestretained as a distinct species

,although it is certain ly closely

related to the su cceeding species described t o cover the southernform hitherto known as sanctus . In this species the head is

rather short , the points at the tip of the vertex m inu te,the trans

verse band on the face double and continued laterally on thepleurae

,and the length is abou t four m i llim eters .

There is a specim en in the Nat ional M u seum bearing a M s .

(apparen tly unpublished)nam e from Granada which agrees closelyw i th this species . Van Duzee records are for Crescent City and

St . Petersburg,Fla .

Scaph oideus neglectu s n . sp .

Scaphozdeus s ancl us , Van Duzee . Tr . Am . Ent . Soc . Vol . X I I , p . 300 .

C losely resembles fasciatus and cru ciatus,bu t is larger and

w ith the vertex more angu lar than the form er,smal ler

,w i th

different markings on vertex , face , femora,and geni tal plates than

the latter . Length four t o four and one—half m il lim eters .

Vertex rounded , b luntly angu lar , about one and one-half tim es as lengat center as next t o t h e ey e ; t h e front broad at base , narrowmg very 1

‘mi

form ly and rap1d ly t o t h e c lypeu s ; c ly p eus W i den ing s l i ghtly t o t h e apex ;lorae moderate , rounded ,

not reach i ng t h e border of t h e cheeks , t h e borc’er

of t h e cheek s sl ightly sinuate ; pronotum strongly arched in front , truncate ,

or very s l igh tl y emarg inate on h ind border ; e ly tra W i th t h e venat ion as m

re lated spemes , t h e reflexed costa l ve1ns d i stinctly and about equa l l yobl ique .

Co lor , wh i tish ivory t inged W i th gray and marked W 1t h b lack and

brown ; t h e vertex W i th transverse b lack bands just in front of t h e m idd le , a

pa1r of m inute , almost obsolete , black pom t s near t h e apex , and four blackpom t s on t h e h ind border ; t h e front w ith two b lack arcs next t h e vertex anda black band from be low t h e eyes across t h e front just beneath t h e antennae ; t h e apica l port i on of lorae and c lypeus and sub -rnarg in of checks b le < kor dark brown ; t h e anter i or fem ora b lack above , y e l low ish a t base { ml

apex and beneath , m i dd le fem ora y e l low 33f 1 t h a black annu lus at t h e t ip ;h i nd femora yel low , h i nd t i b iae y e l low w ith b lack po ints ; t ar5 1 ye l low arr ula t cd W i th black ; pronotum ivory wh i te in front , gray brown beh ind , 33 1 t h



One specimen,mal e of this form from Cold Spring Harbor

,

Long Island,from M r . H . G . Barber . I t h as hitherto stood

under the nam e Sanctus Say ? from the reference in m y catalogueof the Jassidae of N . Y .

,bu t as indi cated under the preceding

species,it cannot be the form described by Say .

I t is qu ite close t o neglectus from Florida and Texas bu t d iffersso distinctly in the width of bar on front

,the absence of oval spots

on the pronotum,color of femora

,the elytral marking

,and espe

cially in shape , and marking of gen ital plates that i t must beseparated at least until interm ediate form s are secured .

Scaph oideus auronitens . Prov .

This species h as been found at a good many localities ou tsideof the original habitat cited

,and among th ese are Channel Lake

,

I l l .,Cold Spring Harbor

,L . I .

,Ohio Pyle

,Pa

,Crisp

,Pa

,Knox

ville,Tenn

,and M ontcrest

,N C . In these different localities

the species retains very closely its characteristic features,having

very little tendency to variation . The larval stages were recognized and described in m y report on the Jassidae of New YorkState

,1904 .

Scaph oideus jucundus Uhler .

In the variou s records for this species it has been l im itedmain ly to northern localities

,Canada

,New York

,Iowa

,and

sou th t o Washington,D . C .

,bu t I have seen specim ens from

Tryon,N C .

,which were taken by M r . Fiske

,and M r . Van Duzee

records i t for Estero ,Florida . I t may therefore be regarded as

covering the eastern United States .

Scaph oideus fumidus Bal l .

Canad i an Entomo logist , Vol . XXX I I I , p . 8 .

This species resembles b landus in form and size ; color richtestaceous brown

,the margins of vertex and pronotum and apex

7 7

of ely tra . Length fiv e m i llim eters ; w idth mm . Thisspecies also was described from Colorado

,and no other records

are known to me .

Scaph oideus consors Uhler .

The additional m aterial secured for this species seem s t o establish the point of i t s distin ctness from scalaris , al though it is possible to secure specim ens that stand interm ediately between thetwo species . This species is m ore distinctly eastern

,the various

records covering New York to Texas,and additional records

show i t s occurrence at Ohio Pyle , Pa ,and at Tryon

,N . C .

,and

Van Duzee records i t for Crescent City,Fla . The form which

was separated as variety uni color in m y previous paper seems t o

be su fficient ly distinct t o warrant i t s separation as a distinctspecies

,no interm ediate or connecting form s having been observed .

Jan. ,Remarks on the Genus Scaphoideus .

2 55

Scaph oideus unicolor Osb .

Scaphoideus consors v ar . unicolor Osborn , Jour . C ine . Soc . N . H . , Vol . X IX ,

p . 196

This species,as indi cated above

,i s now separated from consors

,

and the characters given in the description of i t as a variety wil lstand as the specific characters . The essential features in i t s separation wil l be the structure of the genitalia ,

although the int ensit y of coloration appears t o be a fairly constant character . Thepost nodal cell is short and bordered by heavy brown cross veins .

N0 additional localities have been recorded ,bu t I have specim ens

from Chester , Anacostia,D . C .

,Provincetown

,M ass

,

Staten Id .

,N Y so that i t s d istribu tion now includes the territory

from M assachusetts to Georgia and Alabama .

Scaph oideus mexicanus Osb .

This species described from Orizaba,V . C .

,M ex .

,from spec

imens which I secu red there in January , 1892 , has not been noticedin any recent col lections .

Scaph oideus scalaris Van Duzee .

The various records of this species include local ities all theway from Ohio t o Californ ia

,and more recent records include

New York . I have al so a record for Ohio Pyle,Pa .

Scaphoideus albonotatus Van D .

Buff alo Soc . Nat . H is t , Vol . IX , p . 226

This species described by M r . Van Duzee from specimens collect ed at Estero

,Fla

,belongs t o the scalaris group . I t is closely

allied t o consors and un icolor,bu t larger and stouter than either

and marked with three pairs of oval white spots along the com

m issure of the elytra . The length is 5% m i llimeters . The distinct markings

,especial ly the shape of the elytral spots

,and

length of post nodal cell,separate this certainly from uni color .

The species h as not been taken ou tside of the type locality .

Scaphoideus stigmosus Uhler .

Proe . Zoo l . Soc . , London , 1895 , No . 6 , p . 77 .

This was described by M r . Uhler in his report upon the Hem

ipt era Homoptera of the I sland of St . Vincent . According t o thisdescription the species is related t o scalaris . Uhler ’s descriptionis in a som ewhat inaccessible paper

,and for the benefit of Am er

ican students may be reprodu ced here , especial ly as I have notseen specim ens of the species and cannot give a completedescription

2 56 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 3 ,

Pa le fu lvous ; form s im 1lar t o S . scalari s, Van Duz . , bu t w ith a longer

and wider h ead and antennae nearly as long as t h e w ing-cover . Vertex a

l i t tle longer than i t s w idth between t h e eyes , almost fiat , very pale fu lvous ,

w ith a series of brown dots around t h e anterior submarg in and some lessregu lar ones on t h e m idd le , occas ional ly w ith two or three ivory-wh ite dotsbefore t h e m iddle ; front irregu larly c louded w ith pale brown ,

bounded aboveby a s lender dark brown l ine . C lypeus broad , b luntly rounded , markedw ith a brown subap ica l spot ; t h e rostrum reach ing t o t h e m idd le coxae .

Eyes w ith a dark brown band be low . Antennae dark brown , paler at base .

Pronotum triangu larly sublunate , wel l advanced into t h e deep ly s inuatedvertex , t h e surface mmu t e ly scabrous , transversely wrink led , po l i shed ,

dotted w ith pale ye l low anteriorl y , and m inutely speck led with t h e same

color beh ind t h e m idd le ; t h e poster ior ang les subacute , a l ittle produced .

t he posterior marg in s l ightly s inuated . Scutel lum w ith a dark brown spotin t h e basal ang les ; t h e d isk a l i ttle marbled w ith brown . Wing-coversmarked w ith three brown spots on t h e inner marg in of t h e clavus , each of

wh i ch h as an acute wh i te spot at t h e t ip ; ve ins wh ite interrupted w ithbrown , marg ins pa le ; t h e costal marg in h as a ser i es of broader wh ite streaksadjom ing i t inwardly , four large apica l ce l l s pale a t base , bounded by brownve ins , t h e apex a l i ttle dusky ; wmgs smoky ,

W 1t h dark brown ve ins . Beneathand legs pale y e l low , t h e t i b iae somewhat marked w ith brown ; t h e tarsaljom t s , na i l s , and spots a t or1gin of t h e t i b ial sp ines dark brown ; t h e sp inespale brown . Last ventra l segment of t h e fema le deep ly notched , t h e valves

'

of ov ipos i tor se t w ith long , brown , sti ff b r 1s t les ; tergum black ish . w ithpa le edges t o t h e segments and a pale t i p .

“

Length t o end of venter mm .

, t o t 1p of wmg-covers 5 mm . ; w idth

oi pronotum’

, 1 mm .

‘Fiy e specim ens,all females

,were secured on the island . One

was taken at an alti tude of 1500 fee t above the sea , and two werecollec t ed at Kings town .

”

Scaphoideus lobatus Van D .

This rather rare species described by Van Duzee from New

York h as been taken in Ohio at M i lan,and I have seen specimens

from Balsam , N . C .,M ad ison

,N . 1 ,

Cold Spring Harbor,L . I .

,

and i t has been repor t ed in Iowa , so that i t m ay be considered as

occupying the nor thern par t of the United S tates,extending

south on the elevated Appalachian region . Nothing h as beenadded concerning i t s life his tory

Scaph oideus b landus Ball .

Canad i an Ent omolog 1s t , Vol . XXX I I I , p . 7 .

This species described by Professor Bal l in 190 1 h as thegeneral appearance o f jucundus , bu t is smal ler and du ller looking ,

the redd ish tinge of that speci es being lacking . The costal margino f ely tra with num erous regu lar cells . Length h y e m i llim eters ;d tb m illim eters . This species was described from various

local ities in Colorado,and h as not been recorded from any other

reg ion .



Scaph oideus intricatus Uhl .

Additional records for this species hav e been secured for

Columbus , Ohio ,taken on clover in September

,1909 ; at Akron on

Cornus,September

,1909

,and a record from Professor H . Garman

for Lexington ,Ky .

,September 20

,1909

,on cu ltivated grape

,also

from Fran con ia ,N H .

,by M rs . Slosson . The original description

referred this species to Crataegus,bu t i t has been taken on so

many different plants and in som e cases so remote from this treethat it i s uncertain as t o i t s normal food plant . So far as I knowthe larvae have no t been seen

,and consequently the food habit as

determined by the larvae is uncertain . The species is now knownt o range from Kansas and Nebraska to New Hampshire and southt o Virginia and Kentucky .

Scaph oideus och raceu s Osh .

Furth er records showing distribution of this species havebeen secured since the publication of my paper in 1900

,for Dur

ham,N . H .

,Bu ffalo

,N . Y .

,1907 , and Ohio Pyle , Pa .

,Aug . 10

,

1905 . I t mu st undoubtedly occur in Ohio,bu t so far has not

appeared in col lections .

Scaph oideus productus Osb .

This species h as been recognized at various local ities,espe

cially t o the south . I have records for Balsam,N . C .

,at altitudes

of 4500 to 5000 feet,from the Departm ent of Agricu l ture of North

Carol ina,and h av e also seen specim ens col lected at Tryon

,N . C .

,

by M r . Fiske . M r . Barbour has sent m e a specimen from ColdSpring Harbor

,L . I .

,so the species is pretty well distributed from

Onaga,Kansas

,Sioux C ity

,Ia .

,east through Kentucky into

North Carolina,and north to New York .

Scaph oideus carinatu s Osb .

This species h as been recorded from Cold Spring Harbor,

L . I .

, (Barbour)and B lack M t . (Beu t enmueller)Tryon ,N C .

(at light)from Fiske , Li ttle M t,Ohio

,in addition t o the previou s

records . So far no specim ens have been obtained from wester nlocalities

,so that it appears t o belong t o the Atlantic region from

New Ham pshire to North Carolina,and west t o eastern Ohio at

l east .

Scaphoideus nigricans 11 . sp .

C losely related t o imm istus,bu t mu ch darker and with the

female genital segm ent longer,and w ith a polished produced

hinder border . Length mm .

Vertex about tw ice as long a t m idd le as next t h e eye , round ing t o a

d istinct obtuse angle at t h e t ip ; front rather narrow , l p ing umformly t o

t h e c lypeus wh ich i s di st inct ly w idened ap 1cally ; lorae large ,touch ing t h e

border of t h e cheek ; pronotum d istinctly emarg inate behind ; e lytra trans

Jan.,

Remarks on the Genus Scaphoideus .2 59

lueent , t h e Clava l ve ins approaching each other near t h e center , bu t w ithoutany d istinct crd ss vein ; t h e reflexed y en is three ,

firs t ante-ap i cal no t sty late .

Color . dark brown ,m ostly black beneath ; vertex dark brown w ith l ight

areas a t t h e s1des in t h e anterior half ; face b lack w ith four wh ite arcs on t h eupper half of t h e front ; pronotum dark brown , two wh ite spots on t h e anter i or border ; scutel lum W 1t h four wh ite pom t s on t h e base , one at apex , andone each S i de m i dway from apex t o base ; e lytral mark ings as in imm istus ,

bu t darker ; beneath b lack excep t median and latera l l ine on t h e venter . t h ebasa l part of t h e last ventral segment white , t h e lower part of femora and

t h e t 1b iae wh 1 t 1sh ; tars i annu lated w ith wh ite .

Genital ia . Last ventra l segment of t h e fema le long , produced and

s l ightly notched on t h e posteri or border , d i stinctly po l ished ; ov ipos itor andpygofer dark brown with a wh iti sh band near t h e t ip .

Described from a single specim en from Raleigh,N . C .

,taken

in late M ay by M r . Z . P . M etcalf,t o whom I am indebted for the

opportunity t o describe i t .

Scaph oideus immistus Say .

This species which stands as the type of the genus,was

described by Say among the earlier descriptions of Am eri caninsects

,and was doubtless abundan t at that tim e as it h as been

since . I t is one of the most common species met with in manyparts of the country

,and its d istribu tion i s very extensive

,spee

im ens having been taken all the way from the Atlantic t o thePacific coasts . I t is especial ly abundant in the M ississippi Val leyand seem s t o occur on quite a variety of plants . Notwit h standingi t s abundance i t s life history and the food plants of the larvalstages have not been determ ined

,a fact which makes it difficu lt

t o assign any definit e l im itations to the num erou s varieties of thespecies .

The species is one of the most vari able in the genu s,and som e

of the more definit e of these varieties were described in my paperof 1900

,bu t as stated in that paper

,there aremany other variations

which defy description because of the insensible gradations represented between the different form s .

Scaphoideus luteolus Van D .

This species i s pretty closely related to imm istus,the charac

ters for its separation being indefini t e,bu t depending mainl y on

the characters of the claval veins and the m ale genitalia . Thedistribu tion has not been modified by recent collections and no

further information regarding the life history h as been secured .

Scaphoideus cinerosus Osb .

No further data have been secured regarding this species .

Scaph oideus melanotus Osb .

This species which appears to have been very rare and whichhas been known hitherto on ly from the specim ens in hand at the timeof the original description

,two of which were from Texas and one

2 60 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOLXI, NO. 3,

from M aryland , h as recently been sen t t o m e from Pennsylvaniain som e material subm itt ed by the Carnegie Museum . Thisspecim en agrees perfectly with the type mat erial

,so that it

strengthens the impression as t o the d istinctness of the species .

The most eviden t character is the intensely black face .

Scaph oideus opalinus Osb .

20th Report N . Y . State Entomologi st , 1904 , p .

This species was described from specim ens taken in 1904 at

Cold Spring Harbor,L . on red cedar

,and i t h as been reported

later from R iverton ,N J .

,Gowanda

,N Y .

,and Seven Oaks

,

F la .

,by M r . E . P . Van Duzee . The specimens from these d iffer

ent local ities agree so perfectly with the type material that thespecies may be considered as well defined

,although

,as stated in

my original description ,it stands close to imm istus in the imm istus

group .

Scaphoideus ob tusus Osb .

N0 further undoubted specim ens of this species have appearedsince the original description ,

bu t M r . Van Duzee h as col lected at

Crescent City , Sanf ord ,Seven Oaks

,and Fort M yers in Florida

,

specim ens which he is inclined t o refer t o this species . Theyappear t o m e t o be somewhat closer to typical imm istus than thetype specimens of obtu su s and so m ight be considered as connecting the form with that species ; however , M r . Van Duzee h as

taken one specim en at Lancaster,N Y .

,which agrees distinctly

with the type material,and so far as these specimens go there is a

fairly distinct separation from imm istus .

Scaph oideus f est iv us Mats .

Termesz Fuget , 25 , p . 384, f . 14 .

This species described by M at sumuri for Japan h as beenrecorded for other parts of the oriental region

,Ceylon and Bri tish

India,and is probably som ewhat general ly distribu ted in the

oriental region .

The species corresponds pretty closely with our imm istus

which i t is said by M at sumuri t o closely resemble and occupies forthe old world abou t the sam e position that imm istus does with us .

Aside from the above species,two other species of the genus

have been described from the old world

Scaph oideus aegypt icus M ats .

Jour . Co l l . Se . Um. Tokyo ,23 , No . 6 , p . 291 , f . 7 (v i tle Osh an in).

The on ly locality cited is Egypt .

Scaph oideus h orv ath i Mats .

Jour . Col l . Se . Um. Tokyo , 23 , No . 6 , p . 29 , t 1 f 7 (v ide Osh an in).Described from Algeria .


2 6 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLXI, NO. 3 ,

One is surprised that such a conspicuou s plant as the presentcoul d have eluded the botan ists so long . The reason is probablytwo-fold . The plant grows on ly in the wildest ravines in the mostinaccessible part of the state . The place where it was first foundhas never been entirely denuded of i t s Virgin timber . M oreover

,

i t appears to flower rather infrequently as may be seen from thecircum stances attending the discovery . The writer in companyw ith M r . B . B . Ful ton h ad spent four days camping in the hillsand h ad been tramping continuously through exactly sim ilarcountry bu t it was not seen un t il the afternoon of the last daywhen two patches , the first flowering and the second not

,were

found . Later in the summ er,however

,aft er the vegetative stage

of the plant had become fam iliar i t was found to be common in

sim i lar situat ions all through the region traversed on the earliertrip . Had blossom s been abundant it cou ld hard ly have beenoverlooked

,for on account of i t s stoloniferous habi t

,i t everywhere

grows in large beds . It m ust be remarked,however

,that the

spring of 19 10 was marked by very severe frosts which destroyedthe fru i t crop

,and may have adversely affected the buds of this

plant so that further observations will be necessary t o determ inewhether the lack of flowers was a usual or an accidental phenomenon .

Except for the Ohio station the species seem s to be narrowlylim i ted t o the mountains . I t also appears to be rare throughou tmost of. i t s range

,un less perhaps in Pennsly v ania where it is cited

by Por t er without comm ent from fiv e of t h e mountain coun ties .

I t does not extend into New York,however

,but becomes rare

before the northern boundary of Pennsylvania is reached . Dud

l ey in the Lackawanna F lora knew of bu t two stations,Kingston

and Forty Fort,from the first of which he cites a single plant and

from the second a single bed . I t occurs in the mountains whichform the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia

,being reported

from near the line in both states . In Tennessee,Gat t inger cites

bu t one locality,Du cktown

,Polk Co .

,and significant ly adds

another in sou thwestern Virginia . There are several stations inthe mountains of western North Carolina . I t reaches i t s sou thernmost lim i t in Alabama where i t is reported from on ly one countyCu llman

,by M ohr

,w ith the notation

,

“ rare . I f the species isas rare through i t s whole range as these citations wou ld seem to

indi cate,i t is a noteworthy exception t o the general ru le . In

nearly all cases the rare plants ”of any region are merely on the

edges of their ranges and in the proper places are common enough .

Jan. , A Natural History Surv ey Needed in Ohio.2 6 3

SOME REASONS WHY A NATURAL HISTORY SURVEYIS NEEDED IN OHIO .

The bill t o be presented t o the General Assembly providing fora Natural History Survey specifies in part the pu rposes of such a

Survey,bu t som e not es concern ing the scope of such work ,

thereasons wh y i t is needed and the exten t to which such work is inprogress in adjacent states may be desirable .

I t w i ll be general ly recogn ized that the plant and animal li fein a region su ch as Ohio m us t undergo marked changes as theresul t of the settlem ent and cu ltivation of the state

,and som e

reflect ion upon the character of these changes must m ake itapparent that the record of the kinds of animals and plants thatexist and that may be disappearing is desirable . Such form sh av e a distin ct place in nature and the conditions under whichthey can flourish mu st be such as t o affect other organism s of thesame nature

,and the recogn ition of these conditions may h av e the

greatest importan ce in reference t o the introduction of crops or of

an imals for econom i c purposes . Aside from this consideration ,

however,

“

a know ledge of what h as actually been in existence inthe state h as distinct scient ific importance

,and such know ledge

may at any time be found t o h av e a most im por tant bearing on

some qu estions Vital to human in t erests . We know for instance ,that the life of many of our s tream s is being greatly depletedeither as a resu lt of the con taminat ion of water from the refuse offactories or other sources

,or t o other conditions less evident

,and

the disappearance of these form s of l ife in stream s and lakes h as a

most important bearing upon the possibili t ies of growth for fish es

and som e other forms which h av e distin c t im por tance t o mankind .

A carefu l survey and record,therefore

,of what forms are now

found in our streams, and comparison ,

so far as previou s recordsmakes it possible

,w i th what has been present in the past , and

carefu l future records as t o the changes which may occur in theaquatic life of the state

,w ill hav e a value that may be bey ond

estimate .

Aside from this econom i c feature,however

,we m ay particu larly

consider the value that such a know l edge h as in the educationalwork in every school in the state

,and hence t o the fu ture citizens

of the state . Withou t su ch know ledge teachers mu s t dependupon statem ents made regarding the animal life of other localities ,and even where this applies very closely t o the conditions in our

own state,the di fficult y of securing the works in which su ch

records are t o be found makes it prac t ically ou t of the questionfor the majori ty of teachers t o take advantage of them . I f all theteachers of Ohio cou ld be furnished with definit e information con

cerning the kinds of animals,birds

,insects and plants that are

2 64 The Ohio Naturali st . [V.ol. XI, No. 3 ,

accessible in their imm ediate neighborhoods,they wou ld hav e a

basis for teaching which woul d be of the utmost service in theirwork . Such knowledge is more particu larly in demand sin cethere has been su ch a general movem ent in nature study

,and so

much demand for instru ction in those branches which are closelyrelated t o agricu lture and the industri es .

In another direction su ch a survey is desirable becau se it isbecom ing known that m any diseases h av e their m eans of transm ission in the lower form s of organ ism s su ch as the fly ,

mosqu i to,

flea,etc .

,and to the physi cian i t is a matter of distinct importance

t o know what animals capable of bearing these diseases are t o befound in the locality in which he is at work .

In connection with the distribu tion of plant life there is an

important work t o be done in record ing areas of timber and theproportion of the different kinds of timber trees in the state .

While this may in its detai ls belong to a dist inct division of for

estry,the general distribu tion cou ld natural ly be determined in

such a survey as is here cont emplet ed ,and un less provi ded for in

other directions wou ld be an important subj ect for study . Thedistribution of plants w ith special reference t o soi l and conditionswoul d form a very im por tant basis for the experimental workcarried on by the state experim ent station

,and the necessity for

such a Survey h as been very pointed ly urged by the director ofthe Experim ent Station .

A feature of the proposed Survey that will concern the variousschools in the state parti cu larly is that of the distribution of theident ified material through the schools

,to form local col lections in

the col leges,city museum s or high schools where they may be

desired . Such a d istribution i s carried on in I llinois and h as beena m eans of large service in the state . One advantage of this poli cy will be t o distribu te the services of the Survey widely over thestate rather than to centralize a large col lection in any one place .

’

I t m eans also that the different communities throughou t thestate wil l hav e an opportun ity to eo-operate with the Surveyboth in the col lection of m aterial

,the preparation of reports

,and

in the direct u se of the materials obtained .

Work of the kind here proposed is in progress in Connecti cut ,Verm ont

,M aryland

,North Carol ina

,Alabama

,New York , New

Jersey, Pennsylvania ,

Indiana,I llinois

,Wisconsin

,M innesota

,

Iowa,Nebraska

,Kansas

,M issouri

,M ichigan and probably som e

other states,and it will be noted that of the northern and central

portion of the country Ohio stands alone in not providing forsuch work . The surveys in these different states are organized on

somewhat varied lines,but in all cases provide for more or l ess of

the work here proposed . In Connecticu t the Survey is practi callyalong the lines here suggested

,although it does not provide for

distribution of col l ections to schools . In New York it is carried on


2 6 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, No. 3 ,

for except under som e arrangem ent which will provide for a generaldirection and the m eans for carry ing investigations into all sections of the state where i t i s necessary t o secure the materialfor such a complete Survey . While the amount cal led for in thepresent bil l is y ery modest as compared w ith what is expended insom e other states

,it is believed that with the num erou s trained

workers whose tim e cou ld be em ployed for certain periods,that

a great amount of work cou ld be accomplished,provided it be

connected and the resu lts brought together in systematic formpublished in su ch manner as t o be capable of distribu tion to

those persons in the state wh o desire i t .

HERBERT OSBORN .

Th e Tallant Col lect ion . The D epartm ent of Zoology and Entomology of

'

the Oh io State Un iversity h as recently received as a

donation a fine col lection of Lepidoptera from M rs . CatherineTal lant of R i chmond

,Indiana . The coll ection was made by

M r . W . N Tal lant du ring a series of years in the nineties and upto abou t 1905 . I t contains main ly species occurring in centralOhio

,especial ly at Columbus

,where M r . Tal lant resided for a

num ber of years,bu t has also a number of species from d iff erent

parts of the United States,and also some fine examples of species

occurring in South Am eri ca, japan ,

China,India

,Ceylon

,and

Africa . The col lection contains abou t specimen s in

most excellent condition,y ery beautifu l ly mounted

,and many of

the species contain y ery fu l l series,show ing variations

,etc .

,which

will make them of special value for scient ific study . They are,

for the most part,carefu l ly ident ified

,included in good cases and

cabinets,and will be kept under the nam e of the “ Tallant

Col lec t ion .

Taken with the other collections in Lepidoptera,the collection

of Odonata l eft by Professor Kellicot t,and those in y arious groups

which h av e been accumu lated by the efforts of the m embers of

the Departm ent,the University is now provided with an excellen t

col lection of insects,including representatives in all the different

orders,the total number of specim ens probably com ing close t o

H . O .

Jan.,

Notes on a Collection of Boletaceae.2 6 7

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BOLETACEAE .

BRUCE FINK .

The summ er of 1909 was favorable for the developm ent offleshy fungi on account of the unusually large rainfall . Duringthe first part of August

,the writer was at

“

Beechwood Camp ”

w ith a party of students . The month was very wet,and fleshy

fungi were brought in and studied in large numbers . The tableswere dai ly covered w ith an array of Russul ae

,Lact ariae

,Aman

i tae,Boleti

,and other form s

,which altogether gave an assort

men t of form s,si zes

,and colors seldom seen in these days of

depleted forest lands . While students were working on theagari cs , the writer gave h is attention t o the Boletaceae

,coll ecting

and making carefu l notes of each species . The resu lt was fourteenspecies

,som e of them not previously reported from Ohio .

“

Beechwood Cam p ” is located in an almost virgin forest,fiv e

m i les north of Oxford,Ohio . Beech trees form the facies over all

the area,except the flood-plain of Tallawanda Creek

,where these

are replaced by the plane (sycamore)trees . The forest covers 200acres . Large trees abound

,and many trees h av e been al lowed t o

fal l and decay ,so that stumps and logs are abundant

,on which

fungi are plentifu l in wet weather .

After the col lecting was done at Beechwood Camp,the last

two weeks of Augu st were spent in the foothills of the CumberlandM ountains

,east of Berea

,Kentu cky . The rain fal l h ad been

abundant there also,and the fleshy fungi were growing in such

size and profusion as we can never hope t o see again in Ohio,sin ce

the forests are so largely removed . Special attention was againgiven to the Bol etaceae and twenty—four species were col lected

,

several of which were unknow n from Kentucky . Som e of thespecies col lected contained specimens of unusual size

,plants

twenty cm . across being collected several times .

Twenty—eight (28)species were col lected in the two local ities ,during the month . This is not a large number ; bu t the Boletaceaeare rare plants , and on ly seventy-fiy e species are given for NorthAmeri ca

,including the West Indies .

Thanks are due t o a number of persons for aid in the work .

Mr . Hugh Willard Fink was a companion and efficient aid in

nearly all of the col lecting , and acted as scribe in the note—taking .

Indeed,withou t the help that he was able to give

,the work done

cou ld not h av e been accom plished in the tim e at hand . ProfessorG . D . Sm ith

,of R i chmond

,Kentucky

,was present during the

study in the Kentucky locality,and aided in the col lecting and

photographing and in becom ing acquainted with the plants .

Reported a t t h e meet ing of t h e Oh io Academy of Sc ience ,Akron ,

Nov . 25 , 1910

2 68 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI , No. 3 ,

M r . W . G . Stoy er aided considerably in the col lecting and studyat Beechwood Camp .

” After the plants were col lected,described

in the field,preserved and studied

,duplicates were sent t o Dr .

W . A . Murril l,wh o helped with v erificat ions

,corrections and

determ inations .

Ful l sets of the plants may be found in the herbarium of thewriter

,and in that of the New York Botanical Garden .

Professor Sm ith found the rather rare Fistu lina pal lida on an

oak stum p in the Kentucky localityAll of the specimens were col lected on soil

,un less otherw ise

stated .

L IST or SPECIES .

Gyroporus castaneus (Bu ll)Quel . Ench . Fung . 10 1 . 1880 .

Boletus castaneus Bu l l . Herb . Fr . pl . 328 . 1780 .

In beech woods,Oxford

,0 . No . 2 .

Ty lopilus felleus (Bu l l)P . Karst . Rey . M yc . 39 : 10 . 188 1 .

Boletus felleus Bu l l . Herb . Fr . pl . 379 . 1787 .

Usually along edges of woods . Big Hil l , Ky . Nos . 19 ,24 ,

39,40

,40a and 4 1 . A lso col lec ted in woods near Oxford

,

during the summ er of 19 10 . Som e of the specim ens werevery large

,the largest reaching 20 cm . across the pileu s .

T l pilus indecisus (Peck)Murril l , M ycologia 1909 .

Boletus indecisus Peck ,Ann . Rep . N . Y . State Mus . 1888 .

In woods Oxford,0 . Nos . 3

,3 a

,7 and 17 . Big Hi l l ,

Ky . Nos . 1 1 and 3 1 . Not common in either locality .

Ceriomyces russel lii (Frost)Murrill,M ycolog ia 1909 .

Bol etu s ru ssellii Frost,Bu l l . Bu ffalo Soc . Nat . Sci . 1874 .

In woods,Big Hi l l , Ky . No . 37 . Rare .

Ceriom y ces betu la (Schw .)M urril l,M ycolog ia 1909 .

Boletus be tu la Schw . Sehr . Nat . Ges . Leipzig 1822 .

In m oist ravines in woods , Big Hi l l , Ky . No . 3 8 . Intrequent . Said to be the sam e as Bol etus morgan i Peck

,Bu l l .

Torr . Bot . C lub 1883 . Regarded by som e t o be thesam e as Boletus russelli i Frost

,Bu ll . Buffalo Soc . Nat . Sci .

2 : 104 . 1874,bu t the two are not t o be con fused in the field .

Ceriomyces auriporus (Peck)Murrill,M ycolog ia 1909 .

Boletus auriporus Peck ,Ann . Rep . N . Y . State Cab . 18 1 3 .


,O . No . 10 . Rare . In woods

,Big

Hi ll,Ky . Nos . 10 , 20 , 34 ,

30 , 57 , and 04 . Frequent . No . 30

included som e unusual ly large specimens w ith the pileus1 cm . across .

Ceriom yces auriflamm eus (Berk . Cur t .)Mu rrill,M y cologia

1909 .

Boletus auriflamm cus Berk . Curt . Grevillea 1872 .

In pine woods,Big Hil l , Ky . No . 25 . A lso in m ixed woods .

Infrequent . The striations of the s t ipe were much elongated .


2 70 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, 3

Ceriomyces communis (Bu l l .)Murrill,M ycologia 1909 .

Boletus communis Bu ll . Herb . Fr . pl . 393 ,A . C . 1788 .

In beech woods,Oxford , 0 . Nos . 4

,12 and 13 . In woods

,

Big Hi l l , Ky . Common and most often found where logs hay erot ted .

Suillellus luridus (Schaeff)Murri ll,M ycologia 1909 .

Boletus luridus Sch aeff . Fung . Bay ar . 3 :p 1 . 107 . 1770 .

In woods,Oxford

,0 . Nos . 1 and 14 . Infrequent . Big

Hi l l,Ky . Nos . 20

,43

,44

,54

,00

,0 1 and 05 . Frequent and

variable . No . 44 is a pecu l iar form w ith pileu s of a du l lolivaceous brown color , and the mou ths of the tubes a darkmaroon

,even in young specimens

,and blackening where

bru ised . This h as a very different appearance from theothers

,bu t was placed here b y Dr . Murril l . In No . 05 the

mouths are a pale pink . In No . 0 1 the pileus was redd ishpink . Som e of these form s hav e been common ly placedunder Boletus purpureu s Ach . Bol . 1 1 . 1835 .

Suillellus frost ii (Russell)M urril l,M ycologia 1909 .

Boletus frost ii Ru ssell ; Frost , Bu l l . Bu ffalo Soc . Nat . Sci .

1874 .

In woods,Big Hi ll , Ky . No . 27 . Common at all elevations .

Su illellus rubinellus (Peck)Murrill,N Am . F1. 19 10 .

Boletus rubinellus Peck , Ann . Rep . N . Y . State M us . 1880 .

In young pine woods , Big Hi l l , Ky . No . 33 . Very numerous .

Su illellus morrisii (Peck)Murrill,N . Am . F1. 19 10 .

Boletus morrisii Peck,Bu ll . Torr . Bot . C lub 1909 .

In m ixed pine woods,Big Hi l l , Ky . No . 00 . Rare .

Re stkoy i tes granu latus (L .)P . Karst . Rey . M yc . 188 1 .

Boletus granulatus L . Sp . P1. 1177 . 1753 .

In woods,Big Hi ll , Ky . Nos . 02 and 08 . Rare .

Strobilomyces st robilaceus (Scop .)Berk . Out l . Brit . Fungol . 230 .

1800 .

Bol etus st robilaceus Scop . Anni . Hist . Nat . 4 1148 . 1770 .

In woods ,Oxford

,0 . No . 8 . Big Hil l , Ky . No . 70 . Common

in both locali ties .

Bolet inellus m erulioides (Schw .)Murril l,M ycologia 1909 .

Daedalea merulioides Schw . Trans . Am . Phil . Soc . I I . 1832 .


,0 . No . 10 . On or abou t decaying

sticks or roots . Rare . Abou t two dozen plants were col lectedon the campu s of M iam i University in Ju ly ,

19 10 .

Bolet inus berkeley i Murril l,Mycologia 1909 .

In oak woods , Big Hi ll , Ky . Nos . 2 1 and 55 . Rare .

M iam i Um v ers i t } .

J an , Oh io Grown Rubber, Crop oj 19 10 .

OHIO GROWN RUBBER , CROP OF 1910 .

CHARLES P . Fox .

Product of Common M i lkweed (Asclepias syriaca). A com

mon plant belonging t o the Asclepiadaceae ; found abundant l3throughou t the United States ; classed as a weed

,convicted as a

bee—killer,advocated as a rubber producer . Too well known t o

need description .

Asc lep i as syriaca .

Latex. M ilk—l ike,thin ; acid or neu tral reaction ; characteris

tic odor of m ilkweed ; does not coagu late on standing in a closedvessel ; imperfectly coagu lated by acids ; thickened or partial lycoagu lated by ammonia ; coagu lated b y heat ; coagu lated b y

al cohol .

Presented a t t h e Twent i eth Annual M eet ing . Oh i o Acad . of Sc i . ,

Akron , Nov . 25 .


Coagulated Latex. The coaglum is plasti c and can be mou ldedinto cakes resembling som e of the cheaper grades of rubber .

The whey contains m ineral matter and sugar .

Caoutch ouc . Obtained from the coaglum . I s flabby ; lacksstrength and firmness ; is high in gravity . Responds t o the sul fu rchloride and brom ine tests . Yield of rubber

,on basis of latex

,

is 2 toRe sin . White

,tasteless

,odorless . Gives asclepione ,

described by Watts as“ radiating cry stals insoluble in water and

al cohol,and is not attacked by dilute caustic .

”

This plant has been suggested as a source of crude rubber .

The proj ect h as engaged the serious attention of several partiesduring the past twenty y ears . A carefu l study of the question

,

coy ering a period of twelve y ears,indicates that while rubber is a

produ ct of the plant,the amount is so smal l , i ts quality is so

inferior , and i t s cost of production is so high , that a profitab le

industry is ou t of the question .

OR I ON HALL , Oc tober 3 ,19 10 .

The m eeting was cal led t o order b y the President , and them inu tes of the previou s m eeting were read and approved .

Professors J . H . Schaffner, J . S . Hine . and J . A . Hambleton

w ere appoin t ed t o act as a comm ittee t o nom inat e officers for they ear .

The program consisted of repor t s on Su mm er‘

Work by them embers .

Prof . W . R . Lazenby m ade som e observat ions on the trees,

and spoke of the scarcity of seed this y ear .

Prof . Schaffner spoke of h is observations on l eaf markings,and

the relation of plants t o the substratum .

Prof . Hine carried on h is study of the mammals of the stateduring the summ er .

Prof . Hambleton spent the most of the summ er at the LakeLaboratory .

M iss D etm ers gave a few observations on her work at Bu ckeyeLake .

C . L . M etcalf repor t ed good early coll ecting t his y ear for theentomologis t h is special group being t h e Syrphidae .

B . W’

. “I

ells spent the earlier par t of t h e summ er at the LakeLaboratory .

B . F . Fult on made som e observations on birds .

Lionel King repor t ed a profi table summ er at the Botani calGardens in C l eveland .

G . D ICKEY , Secretary .

Da t e o f P u b l icat ion . Januar y 16 , 19 11.


2 74 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, NO. 4 ,

No thicknesses are given and the value of the classificat ion i sperhaps questionable , bu t i t appears t o be the most complete ofany thu s far in pri nt .

Concer ning the sem i-crystal line schists and marbles (No . 4 of

the above section), Crosby says they “ represent a horizon near,

but below,the boundary line between the Eozoi c and Paleozoi c .

”

And the granite (No . 1)“ l ies at the base of all the rocks of thecolony (British Guiana)and coarse veins of it h av e pierced all

the overlying form ations including even the sandstone in one

place .

’ 3 This rock is iden t ified as Laurentian in age bu t i t eitherincludes y ounger in trusives or i s itself mu ch younger

,as the

sandstone said t o h av e been cu t by it is ident ified as Triassic . At

som e places the gran ite i s said t o show a gneissi c structure and

again t o pass over into distinct gneiss .

These old crystal line rocks are thought to h av e been above thesea in earliest Pal eozoi c tim e

,bu t that they h av e not remained

above throughout all the succeeding tim e is suggested by thegreat mass of T i i assic sandstones capping the hills oversquare m iles of British Gu iana .

The pre -Cani brian rocks of the highlands of eastern and

sou thern Brazil cover a mu ch larger area and,as in the form er

area,are in part covered by undeterm ined later formations .

They extend over m ore than 30° of latitude and 25°

of longitude .

Here,as t o the north ,

two great divisions of the rocks are repre

sented . These con sist of “

two very distinct series,of which one

,

the most ancient,consists of crystalline rocks

,including gneiss

,

gneiss—granite,and syen ite

,and the other more m odern

,of altered

,

bu t in general non -crystal line rocks consisting of quartzites,

m etamorphic schists and crystalline lim estones .

” 4 The sectionis essential ly the sam e as that given for the Gu iana region and thesam e great uncon form i ty is recognized . The transitional rocksabove the unconformi ty are m ain ly quartzites and schists

,with

som e argil lite,crystalline lim estone and bedded iron ores . The

quartzite frequ ently passes over into ordinary sandstones,am ong

which is the well—known flexible sandstone— itacolum ite .

As an evidence of the age of the land—surface in this part ofBrazi l

,Branner says that “ the fine—grained gneiss in the Vicinity

of the city of Theophilo Ottoni , is so deeply weathered that oneseldom sees a hard rock face .

” 5 The street and rai lroad cu ts are

made in the decomposed rock . At one place near the rai lroadstation

,the rock out is 10 m eters in depth and the schists stand as

a perpendi cu lar cliff , al though so mu ch decayed that one can

thru st a kn ife into them any where .

3 . Loc . ci t . , p . 493 .

4 . D erby , O . A . , Proc . Amer . Phi l . Soc . , 1879 , pp . 155-178 , 251-258 .

5 . Proc . Wash . Acad . Sc i Vol . I I , 1900 , p . 187 .

Feb . ,Li terature on Geology of South America.

2 75

On the Pacific slope of the Andes from Patagon ia northwardthe old formations show a sim ilar three—fold d ivision and are saidt o h av e essentially the sam e characteristics . I t is probable

,

however,that these formations are of much later age .

PALEOZO IC .

Th e Lower Paleozoic Rocks . The lower Paleozoi c formationsof South Am erica are not always recognizable and are perhapswanting in som e regions where later form ations occur

,bu t it is

probable that a portion of the crystal line schists,quartzites and

slates which h av e been referred t o the pre -Cambrian are in realityearly Paleozoic formations . In the Amazon region Derby saysthat the Si lurian rests unconformably “

on an extensive series of

quartzites superior t o ”6 the gneiss,bu t the age of this assemblage

of rocks is not suggested . In this sam e region Katzer m aps theSilufian as uncont ormab le on a series of metamorphic rocks7

,which

appear t o be of pre—Cambrian age .

In Bolivia and northwester n Argentine occur outcrops of

sandstones and quartzites in which a fauna of Upper Cambrianage (Agnostus , Olenus , Conocoryphe and P tychoparia)h as beencol lected .

8 The base of this series of rocks is not exposed and itsthickness is unknown . In this same general region (Bolivia and

Argentine)the Ordovician is represented by yellow argi l laceous orquartziti c sandstones and black shales which are thought t o represent the sam e horizon as the Orthoceras lim estone (base of

Ordovician)of the Bal tic .

9 Among the fossils col lected fromthis horizon are [ llaenus

,Orthocem s and Eudocem s from the

sandstone,and four genera of graptolites from the black pyriti c

shales exposed along Rio Corauhuat a at Cu li,Bolivia .

10 DeLapparent says this sam e fauna also occurs near Lima

,Peru ; and

again along the coast of Venezuela between Caracas and PuertoCabel lo

,the finding of Ordovician fossi ls , among which is Calynt

mene senaria,

“ indicates the presence of this system .

Si lurian rocks are reported t o occur along the coast of Chilibut they are highly m etam orphosed 1 2 and h av e not been welldescribed . In sou thwestern Brazil

,sou thern Peru and north

western Argentine the Si lurian rocks outcrop almost continuously

0 . D erby , O . A . , Am er . Jour . Sci 3d ser . , Vol . X IX , 1880 , p . 324 .

F ir

1 . Katzer . F r ieder1ch , Grundzuge der Geo log1e des un teren Amazonasgeb ietes . 1903 . (Le i pz ig), p . 210 .

8 . Kay ser , E Be itrage zur Kenn tniss e in i ger palaeozoish er FaunenSu dam er1kas (Reviewed b y Frech). Neues jahrbuch fur M inera log i e ,

Geo log ie und Palaeont olog ie . Band I I , 1898 . p . 472 .

9 . D eLapparent , A . , T rea t e’

de Geo log ie , Tome I I I , p . 808 .

10 . Evans , J . W . , Quart . Jour . Geo l . Soc . London, Vol . LX I I , 1900 ,

p . 431 .

11 . D rey ermann , Neues Jahrbuch , Band I , 1904 , p . 91 .

12 . Forbes , Davi d , Quart . Jour . Geo l . Soc . London , Vol . XV I I, 1800 ,

p . 01 .

2 76 The Ohi o Naturali st . [Vol. XI, No. 4,

over a region extending from northwest to sou theast more than700 m i les and including an area of to square m il es .

These rocks form the mountain chain of the highest Andes,rising

t o a maximum elevation of feet above sea-level . l 3 In

Peru they consist of blue t o gray and black clay slates,shal es and

gray wackes,w ith a subordinate amount of sandstone . East of

La Paz the Silurian i s thought to be fu lly developed and hereForbes estimated i t s thickness at feet

,

1 4 bu t it is qu iteprobable that this includes also the Ordovician and a portion of

the Cambrian .

Near Hanco in nor thwestern Argentine the Si lurian i s abou tfeet thick and consists of blu ish gray t o yellow ish rough

uneven—bedded lim estone in t erst rat ified with marl,and all qui te

fossiliferou s .

1 5 The Silurian strata of the Bolivia-Brazil -Argentine region are not very much folded bu t are fau lted

,tilted and

often cu t b y intrusions of gran ite,porphyry

,diorite

,trap

,etc .

,

and in the Vicini ty of these masses the strata are altered intogneissic and schistose rocks whose sedim entary origin is on lyoccasional ly to be recognized .

16 Important y eins carrying gold,

silver,lead

,t in

,copper

,zinc

,nickel

,etc .

,occur in the Si lurian

rocks and are thought t o h av e been form ed prior to the extrusionof the post-Paleozoi c lavas .

In the Lower Amazon region Silurian strata ou tcrop on theGu iana side in a narrow strip (4 i m i les wide)along the sou ther nmargin of the m etamorphic rocks

,from the Rio Trombetas

nearly to the Atlantic Ocean . On the river m entioned they h av ebeen studied t o some extent and a considerable fauna collected

(Orthz’

s,L ifl gulops , Tellinomya ,

Anodontops is). 17 Here they con

sist of abou t feet of hard argillaceous and fine—grainedm i caceou s sandstone

,with som e shal e between the layers and

abou t twenty feet of schists at the bottom,resting un conform

ably,at one place on felsi te and at another on syen ite .

18

At the M orro do Cachorro the Si lurian sandstones hav e a

grayish ,yellowish or reddish color

,are oft en banded

,and dip to

the S . SW . at an angle of They frequently contain impressions sim i lar t o those recognized in the M edina of North America

13 . Forbes , Day 1d , I b i d . , p . 53 .

14 . Forbes , Dav id , Ib id ., p . 01 .

15 . Bordenberger , W . ,Le i t sch rif t der deutschen geo logischen Gese l l

schaft , Band XLV I I I , 1890 , pp . 743—772 .

10 . Forbes , Dav id ,Loc . c i t . . p . 61 .

17 . C larke , 1 . M . ,Th e Paleozo ic Faunas of Para, Braz i l ; Arch ivos do

Mu seu Nac ional do R io de Jane i ro , Vol . X ,1900 , pp . 1—24 .

18 . D erby ,O . A .

,Proc . Amer . Ph i l . Soc .

, Vol . XVI I I , 1879 , pp .

167—109 .


2 78 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 4,

A more recent,although less detai led section of the M aecuru

y alley is given by Friedrich Katzer 2 2 as fol lows :

Carbon i ferous .

UnconIorm i t y .

D evonian .

0 . B lack sha le .

5 . R ed m icaceous sand stone . Th e upper Iossi l—bearing hori zon .

4 . Darker sandstone .

3 . Hornstone .

2 . Sp irifer sandstone . T h e princ ipa l foss 11-bearing horizon .

1 . Th in-bedded sandstone interbedded w ith shale .

Si lurian .

M r . Schuch ert makes the hornstone of the above section thedividing line between the lower and upper Devonian 23 of thelower Amazon and on the basis of fossi ls refers that below t o theage of the Oriskany and that above t o Ham i lton . In this hefollows Katzer . The Devon ian of this region is frequently fau l ted

,

bu t on ly slightly folded and often cu t by diabase dikes . In theprovince of M ato Grasso the horizon of the Devonian exposed isnot known bu t it is probably that of the lower part of the M aecuru

group,as indi cated by the few fossils coll ected . The sam e hori

zon is reported from Parana24 where the deposits are principal lybrown and black shales .

The Devonian of Bolivia,east of Lake Titicaca

,consists prin

cipally of yellowish t o gray sandstones and black shal es . On lyin the strongly folded part of the Cordillera does the rock take ona graywacke character . The D evon ian i s easi ly distingui shedfrom the underlying Si lurian by its never fai ling m ica content

,

and by its normal sedim entation from the overlying salt and

gypsum—bearing red sandstones of the Cretaceou s . The Devoniani s overlain by Carboniferous on ly in the northern part of Bolivia .

25

These rocks are all highly fossili ferous and are thought t o repre

sent the Oriskany sandstone , the Onondaga lim estone and theHam ilton beds of North Am erica .

26

In Argentine the D evonian is well exposed in the region of

Rio del Jachal . On the east side of the river the syst em i s 400m eters thick and consists of 200 m eters of unfossili ferou s shal es

,

above which lies 200 m eters of shales and graywackes with threefossi liferous horizons . To the west of the Jachal two other outcrops occur . Here the Devon ian consists of t o m eters

22 . Grundzuge der Geologie des Amazonasg iebet es . 1903 (Le ipz ig), p .

23 . Jour . Geol . , Vol . X IV , 1906 , p . 731 .

24 . Thomas , Ivor , loc . ci t . , p . 238

25 . Knod , Reinhold , Neues Jahrbuch Eu r M ineralog ie , Geo logie , 11nd

Palaeont olog ie , Vol . 25 (Be i lage Band), 1908 , pp . 574 , 575 .

20 . Steinmann , Gustav , Am . Nat . , Vol . 25 . p . 850 .

Feb . ,Li terature on Geology of South America. 2 79

of graywacke , sandstone , quartzite and shale with a subordinateamount of l im estone .

In the Falkland I slands at Cerro del Puerto the Devonianrests conformably on the Si lurian and consists ch iefly of m i caceousred sandstones .

‘27

The fauna of Sou th Am erica is closely related t o that of

North Ameri ca . This is shown,especial ly

,by the presence of

such forms as Chonetes coronatus and Tropidoleptus carinatus in

the lower D evonian,which occur later in the Ham i lton of North

America .

Carbonif erous and Permian . The Carboniferou s formationsare apparently more restri cted in Sou th Am eri ca than the D evonian

,bu t occur in the sam e general regions .

The Lower Carboniferou s (M ississippian)is made up ,in large

part,of non—fossi liferou s sandstones . The Upper Carbon iferous

(Pennsylvanian)i s largely marine and contains representatives ofwidely distributed brachiopods and gastropods . Fusu lina lim estones occur in Peru

,Bolivia and Brazil . 28

In the lower Amazon region Carbon iferous strata (probablyboth M ississippian and Pennsylvan ian)are well exposed . Thesebeds seem t o be unconformable on the older formations 29 bu t dipwith them into the Am azon embayrnen t . A long the Rio Tapajoz ,

north of I taituba in the province of Para, the system is composedof green shales at the bottom which are fol lowed above by coarseblack shales with num erous concretions (septaria). These shalesare succeeded by lam inated green ,

white,and red arenaceous

shales and sandstones and capped by m ore than 60 feet of

lim estone .

30

In the provinces of Parana and Santa Catharina,southern

Brazil,the Carbon i ferous rests unconf ormably on the D evonian

,

or som etim es on the gran ite itself . In the lower part is a coarseconglom erate

,but from this upward the su ccession is continuous

through the Trias withou t any great unconform ities . I C . Whit e.

includes the Carboniferous , Perm ian and Triassi c in the SantaCatharina system .

3 1 His classificat ion of the form er two is as.

follows :

27 . Thomas , Ivor , loc . ci t . , p . 244 .

28 Ste inman , Gustav , Amer . Nat . ,Vol . XXV , 1891 , p . 856 .

29 . Kay ser , Emanue l , Lehrbuch der Geologie , 3d Ed , Vol . I I , 1908 ,p . 238 .

30 . Hartt , C . F . ,Bull . Corne l l Univ . , Vol . I , No . 1

, 1874 , p . 29 .

31 . Comm i ssao de Estudos das M inas de Cary ao de Pedra do Braz i l .Relat or io F inal , 1908 , p . 33 .

2 80 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, NO . 4

Sao Bento series . . Sandstones , shale and erupt iy es . .900 m .

(Tr iass ic)Rocinha l imestone .

Estrada Nova , gray and

vari egated sha les w ithPassa D O15 ser1es cherty concretions and

(Perm ian) sandy beds . 150 m . 223 m .

Iraty black shale (containsill esosaurus and S tereo

s ternum)

Pa lermo shales . 90 m .

R io Bonito shales and

sandstones (Coal M eas

ures and Glossopt en s

Tubarao series flora) 158 m . 180 m .

(Fermo-Carbon i ferous)Orleans conglomerate

y e llow sandstonesand shales t o granitefloor 27 m .)

The lower m ember of the Carboniferou s consists of sandstonesand shales resting on the granite . Overlying these is the Orleansconglomerate which is made up of

“ bou lders of gran ite,quartzite

and other hard rocks,som e of which are 20 to 25 cm . in diam eter

imbedded in clay . This conglom erati c character is common

throughou t sou thern Brazil . At“ several localities near Rio

Negro,10 kilom eters from any outcrop of granite

,

” i t containsgran ite boul ders in vast nu mbers up t o 3 m eters in diam eter , allimbedded in a fine and apparently unstrat ified gray muddysedim en t .

” 3 2 “7hite thinks this deposi t corresponds in age t o the

w ka conglom erate (Permian)of Sou th Africa,t o which it

bears mu ch resemblance,and that it is of glacial origin .

The Rio Bon ito beds (Coal M easures)consist of partly consol idated yellow ish and grayish white sandstones interbedded withgray shales and several beds of coal . The coals of Brazi l are all

poor . In the lower part of the Rio Bonito beds is the Bonitocoal

,locally making up most of the form ation . I ts thickness

frequently runs as high as and even m eters and is qu itepersistent in the M inas region

,bu t it contains much shale and

the coal is of poor quality .

Above the Bon ito coal bed is a horizon containing many plantremains

,among which the abundant fossi ls belong t o the genera

Sigi llaria and G lossopteris .

3 3 The on ly other important coal bed

32 White , I . C . , loc . c i t . , p . 51 .

33 . Wh i te , I . C . ,loc . c i t . , p . 79


2 8 2 The Oh io Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 4,

The fol lowing section gives the general relations and moreimportant subdivisions of t h e Triassi c of Brazil :

Serra Geral eruptives . 600 m .

Sao Bento sandstones , c l i ffsof red gray and cream

Sao Bento series colored sandstones 200 m . 900 m

(Triassic) R io do Rasto red beds w ithfossfl Rept i les and foss i l

L 100 m .

Passa Do is ser i es . m . .

(Perm i an)

Tubarao series 180 m .

(Fermo-Carboniferous)

The Rio do Rasto beds are composed of loosely consolidatedred sands and conglom erates

,while the Sao Ben to beds consi st of

m assive red,gray

,and cream—colored sandstones which are som e

tim es conglom eratic and“

often baked and V it rified by contactwith the great sills of diabase which are so frequ ently intercalatedbetween the massive lay ers as well as piled on top of the sam e .

39

The lower part of these beds (Sao Bento)are mostly red sandstoneflags and the whole is apparently unfossiliferous . The hardvitri fied rocks of the upper part of the series frequently formwalls

,towers

,and buttes near the summ its of the elevated peaks .

The t op of the section is made up of a great series of lava flows and

the beds beneath are affected by num erous dikes and intru sivesheets .

The coal—bearing strata of southern Brazi l is late Paleozoi c ,while that of Argentine and the Chilian Cordilleras belongs t o theRhaetic group and is partly covered by conformable marinedeposits of lower Lias .

40

The Triassic fossi ls of the Cordil leran region are of the sam etype as those found in California and western Canada

,the leading

fossi l being P seudomonotis semicircu laris (P)Gratt .

Nearly all horizons of the Jurassic hav e been found to befossiliferous and

“ the rich col lections made in different parts of'

the Argentinian,Chilian and Peruvian Cordilleras hav e enabled

us t o determ ine that the succession of marine organi c life duringthis period was qu ite the sam e on the Pacific slope as in Europeand East India

,and there hav e existed y ery intimate faunistic ’

relations between these regions .

” 4 1

38 . Wh ite , I . C . , Comm issao de Estudos das M inas de Cary ao de;

Pedra do Braz i l . R e la t io F inal , 1908 , p . 33 .

39 . Wh ite , I . C . , loc . ci t . , p . 2 11 .

40 . Steinmann , Gustav , loc . c i t . , p . 857 .

41 . Ste inmann , Gustav , loc . c i t . p . 857 .

Feb . ,Li terature on Geology of South America.

2 83

Cretaceous . The Cretaceous deposits are wide—spread in

South Am eri ca and represent a notable encroachm ent of the seaupon the continent .

“ M arine Cretaceous fossi ls are found in

nearly all parts of the Cordi llera from South Patagonia t o EastVenezuela and a rich marine fauna has al so been discovered inthe Cretaceous formations o f east Brazil . “2

“

Certain of the characteristi c Lower Cretaceous fossi ls of th eNorth reappear in the Sou th . The famou s genu s Aucella

,widely

distribu ted on the slopes of the North Pacific has been recentlymentioned by N . Ri t in from M exico ; by White from Brazil ; and I

(Steinmann)know i t also from the environs of Lima associatedwith Ammonites of the Neocom ian of Europe .

” 3

The undoubted marine deposits of the central part of Sou th,

Am eri ca disappear to the north and the south and are replaced bysandy deposi ts withou t marine fossi ls .

“

Probably a great partof the red sandstone formations which occur in Brazi l

,Venezuela

,

Bolivia,and in the north of the Argentine Republi c

,take th e

sam e place relative to the marine sedim ents as do the Atlantosaurus beds

,the Trini ty and Tuscaloosa formations in North

Am erica .

” 44

The Ammonite—bearing beds of the Lower Cretaceou s inPatagon ia

,

4 5 Peru,Venezu ela46 and Colum bia“

,h av e been worked

out in detai l . Gerhardt refers these beds t o the European horizons

,Neocom Barre

’

m ien,Apt ien ,

and Albien . The bedsconsist of dark blu e lim estone interbedded with quartzite

,white

and red sandstones . In Patagonia these beds h av e a ratherlim i ted distribu tion and are overlain unconformably by t h e

D inosaur beds .

48 These latter consist of red sandstones,con

glom erates,with clays

,marls and vol cani c tuf ts .

On the Pacific coast of sou th Chili glauconi tic sandstones arefound which contain a ri ch fauna of the uppermost Cretaceou s .

This is especial ly shown on the Island of Qu i riquina .

“

Besidesmany Amm onites and Bacu lites

,partly identical with those from

south India,this fauna is characterized by the abundance of Gas

t ropods of Tert iary type . The Cretaceou s beds are coveredconformably by a ligni tic formation whose fauna does not containthe Cretaceou s fossils ; bu t st art igraph ically both formations are

42 . Ste inmann Gustav , loc . c i t ., p . 858 .

43 . Ste inm ann , Gustav , loc . ci t . , p . 858 .

44 . Steinmann , Gustav , loc . c i t . , p . 858 .

45 . Faru , Francois , Neues Jahrbuch fur M inera logie ,Geolog ie ,

Palaeont olog ie , Vol . XXV (Be i lage Band), 1908 , pp . 601—647 .

46 . Gerhardt , K . Neues Jahrbuch fur M ineralog ie , Geolog ie ,

Palaeont ologie , Vol . X I (Bei lage Band), 1897—8 , pp . 65—117 .

47 . Gerhardt , K . , loc . c i t . , pp . 118—208 .

48 . Roth , Santiago , Neues Jahrbuch fur M ineralogie ,Geolog ie ,

Palaeont olog ie , Vol . XXV I (Bei lage Band), 1908 , pp . 94—118 .

2 84 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XI, No. 4,

intimately united .

” 49(Compare this W 1t h the Chico-Tejon of

northern California .)On the western side of the border of Chiliand Peru

,where the marine deposits of these formations predom

inat e,on ly a very smal l part of the rocks are formed by lim estones

,

c lay slates,or sandstones . These appear

,however

,t o be “ inter

laid between st rat ified masses of porphyritic,melaphyric and

andesiti c material,the entire thickness of which strata reaches

several thousand m eters .

50

In the lower Amazon region the Cretaceous (P)rests unconformably on the Carboniferou s . The Cretaceous consists of yellow and white clays with red iron stone and som e impure limestone . The fauna of these beds shows a remarkably Tertiaryaspect . I t consists

,for the most part

,of Gastropods

,Pelecypods

,

som e Bryozoans,Corals and Echinoderm s

,as well as som e prob

able Reptilian remains .

The plateau region of southern Parais mostly covered by clayshales int erst rat ified w ith red sandstones . The age of theserocks is believed t o be m idd le and older Cretaceou s

,and perhaps

in part ey en Triassic5 1 or Perm ian .

CENOZO IC .

Tert iary . The Tertiary deposits of Sou th America occur principally along the coastal margin especially of Brazil

,Argentine

,

Chili and Peru . A lso in the Amazon basin these beds cover a

large area,

5 2and again i n sou thern Argentine the sam e is true .

In eastern Brazi l the Tertiary strata consist of slightly con

sol idated sands and clays which are undisturbed and overlie theCretaceou s unconformably .

5 3 Fossiliferou s Tert iary beds (UpperM iocene)occur in the vicini ty of Coqu imbo

,Chili . 5 4 These

Chilian Tertiary shell beds,however

,are found bu t sparingly in

Peru .

5 5 The Tertiary beds of sou thern Patagonia vary fromaeolian

,swamp

,and lacustrine deposi ts t o sed im ents carrying a

m arine fauna,and these are often interbedded with each other .

The m aximum thickness is abou t 1500 feet .

56 Tert iary lava flows

and in tr usions of igneou s rock are common throughou t the Andes 57and are not rare even in Patagon ia .

49 . Steinmann ,Gustav , loc . c i t . , p . 859 .

50 . Ste inmann , Gustav , loc . c1 t . , p . 859 .

5 1 . Katzer , Fr i edr i ch , Grundzu ge der Geo log ie des unteren Am azonasgeb ietes , 1903 , pp . 13 1—139 .

52 . Berghau s ,Ph y S 1l<al1sch er Atlas , No . 14 .

53 . Hartt, C . F . , Geol . and Phy s . Geog . of Braz i l , 1870 , p . 557 .

54 . D e Lapparent , A .,Traité de Geolog i e , Vol . I I I , 1906 , p . 1621 .

55 . Forbes ,Day 1d , loc . c 1 t .

, p . 9 .

56 . Hatcher , J . B Am . jour . Sci ,4t h Ser . , Vol . X I , 1900 , p . 99 .

57 . Forbes ,Dav id . loc . c i t .

, p . 12 .


2 86 The Ohio Naturali st .

We know that there h as recently been a marked developmentin interest in forest planting , and that among all the lum ber treesthus far u tilized for this purpose white pine has been a greatfavorite . So far as I know

,no record exists of the discovery of

the ru st (Cronartium ribicolum)on currants and gooseberries inthe Un ited States

,bu t the disease may be serious from this point

of view as well . Through the kind ly co-Operation of the Departm ent of Nursery and Orchard Inspection

,the Departm ent of

Botany of the Experim ent Station h as received specim ens of thisru st upon white pine seedl ings growing in beds at Painesville

,

Ohio . M r . Evans,the D eputy Inspector

,who d iscovered the

di seased specim ens,stated that there was on ly one found am ong

the large num ber of seedlings . The specim en is preserved in theStation Laboratory at Wooster . And of course both the D epartm ent of Nursery and Orchard Inspection and the nursery peopleare striving t o stamp ou t the disease so far as that shipm ent isconcerned . The trees at Painesvi lle were impor t ed in the springof 1909 from Ley ay asseur Co .

,of Ussey ,

France . Subsequently,

M r . Evans discovered one or more diseased specim ens on prem i sesat Akron ,

Ohio . This lot of white pine was imported in thespring of 1908 from E . T . D ickinson

,Chatenay

,France .

D i seased Seedling s Probably of German Origin . We h av efrom the observations of Am erican visitors

,not es that in the

region of Ussey ,and doubtless in that of Chatenay

,there are no

white pine grown . The French n tu'

serymen h ad secured whitepine seedl ings more cheaply

,as we h ad

,by going t o the Germ an

growers,and doub t l ess this is the explanation of the disease upon

the seed lings impor t ed from France . As stated in the Circu lar 38before quoted , it was previously known that m any German

growers of white pine h ad sent diseased seedlings t o the UnitedStates

,and these h ad been distribu ted throughou t much of

New York and in parts of Pennsy lvan ia .

F eb .,

Eupatorium Rotundifolium in Ohio.2 87

EUPATORIUM ROTUND IFOLIUM IN OHIO .

ROBERT F . G RI GG S .

The known range of Eupatorium rotundi folium L . wou ld not

l ead one t o expect t o find i t any where in Ohio . The writer was,

however,fortunate enough t o find i t in an old field abou t a m i l e

north of the discontinued postoffi ce at Cedar Grove a few m i leseast of Sou th B loom ingville

,Hocking Co . Here i t occurs in

great abundance though not seen in other parts of the SugarGrove area . The plan t s were entirely sim i lar t o the northernrepresentatives of the species preserved in the herbaria bu t likethem differed som ewhat from som e of those col lected in thesou thern portion of the range .

The range of the species as given in the manuals i s : RhodeI sland t o Florida

,Texas and Kentu cky . The Gray Herbarium

has specimens from New Jersey,D elaware

,D istrict of Columbia

,

Virgin ia ,both coastal plain and mountain

,North Carol ina (Hen

derson Co . on the coastal plain and B i ltmore in the mountains),Georgi a

,F lorida

,M ississippi

,Texas (

“ prairies Rusksou thwestern Arkansas

,and Tennessee . In Pennsylvania it i s

reported by Porter from the coastal plain on1y bu t Shafer gives a

record ,unsupported by h erbaii um specim ens

,from Al legheny Co .

I am indebted t o Professor Fernald for the information that itsrange i s now known t o extend northward to the Vicini ty of Bostonwhere it has recently been discovered though at the tim e of writingthe record h as not been published nor is the specim en available .

The Ohio station extends the range known therefore about twohundred m il es .

M EETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB .

ORTON HALL,Nov . 7 th , 19 10 .

The m eeting was cal led t o order by the President M r . W . C .

M orse . The m inutes of the preceding m eeting were read and

approved . Prof . J . C . Hambleton read the report of the Commi t t ee on Nom inations of Officers for the ensui ng year

,which

was as fol lows : Dr . A . Dachnowski for President,M r . C lel l L .

M etcalf for Vi ce—Presiden t,B . W . Wells for Secretary-Treasurer .

On motion by Prof . Landacre these persons were unanimouslyelected . M r . W . J . Koster was elected a m ember of the Society .

After the shor t bu siness session,Prof . Hambleton introdu ced

M r . M orse the retiring President,wh o gave an i l lustrated address

on‘the M axville limestone . The paper treated of the strati

graphy,correlation

,econom i c geology , and paleontology of this

2 88 The Oh io Naturali st. [VO] . XI, No. 4 ,

formation . Especial emphasis was placed on the distribu tion of

the st ratum,

‘for this formation only appears in isolated areas .

These isolated areas were formerly supposed to be the resu lt oforiginal deposition in separate basins

,bu t the speaker was able t o

show that the isolation is due t o the fact that the M axville wasoriginally a continuou s deposi t

,which after being raised t o a

land surface was swept away in most places ; the scattered rem

nan ts later being subm erged to receive the Pottsvi lle .

In the northern part of the area of exposures it was shownthat the formation consisted of a massive lower half separated froma m edium bedded upper hal f by a nodu lar shal e zone .

The researches of the speaker resu lted in increasing the faunaby 50% and the new form s clearly show the M axville t o h av e as

i t s closest equ ival ent the Spergen Hi l l (Sal em formation)fauna of

Indiana . I t was stated further that Ulri ch h as shown this SpergenHi ll fauna t o recur in the St e . Genevieve and Tribune lim estonesand hence it is difficult to say with which of these the Maxvill e isequ ivalent . In the opinion of the speaker

,after considering all

avai lable evidence,the nearest equ ivalent would be the upper

m ember (Ohara)of the St e . Genevieve limestone .

The society adjourned immediately after the address .

BERTRAM W . WELL S,Secretary .

ORI ON HALL,December 5th

,19 10 .

The m eeting was called to order by the President,Dr . Dach

nowski . The m inutes of the previou s m eeting were read and

approved . The President then introdu ced Dr . Joseph A . Leightonwho gave an interesting and stimu lating address on “

Som e Cont ribu t ions of B iology t o Philosophy .

”Prof . Leighton pointed

ou t t h e indebtedness of philosophy t o biology showing in a num

ber of instances h ow biologi cal conceptions hav e invaded and

modified philosophical thought . Su cceeding the address an

interesting discu ssion was engaged in by the facul ty m emberspresen t .

The latter part of the evening was taken up by repor t s of theOhio Academy of Science m eeting held at Akron during theThanksgiy ing recess . Profs . Landacre

,Osborn and Schaffner

gave accounts of the papers presented and the work of theacademy .

A short bu siness m eeting ensued . M r . W . G . Stoy er,M r .

C . H . Goetz,M iss Rose Gorrnly and M iss Mary B . Linnell were

elected t o membership . The society then adjourned .

BERTRAM W . WELLS,S ecretary .

Dat e of Pu b l icat ion , February 7 , I9“ .


2 9 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 5,

h av e been adapted from older classificat ions . In this connectioni t m ight be stated that t h e Bentham and Hooker schem e of

Classificat ion contains certain features which shou ld not be thrownoverboard bodily withou t due consideration .

As stated in a previou s articl e of this seri es,all possible char

act ers and pecul iarities shoul d be considered in segregatinggroups . Gross and m i croscopic

,and external and internal mor

phology ,as well as embryology

,physiology

,and l ife cycle are

important and must be taken into account if contradictions insupposed lines of descent are to be avoided . But when the groupsh av e thus been established , one or at most

,a very few defini t e

characters in combination should give an exclusive definit ion .

I t will be evident to anyone,who h as considered the subj ect

in som e detai l , that the groups of monocotyls and di cotyls cannotbe segregated on the basis of the flower alone

,al though the flower

is perhaps the most im portant str ucture in the Anthophyta to

indicate relationship . There may be apocarpou s and syncar

pou s,apetalou s and choripetalous , monosporang iat e and bispo

rangiat e ,and numerou s other diverse developm ents in very

closely related groups . From an evolu tionary point of View,the

starting—point of floral developm ent mu st be sought among thehomosporous and heterosporous Pteridophyta . The flower of

the higher plants then seems t o h av e com e from a defini t e ,

b isporangiat e strobilu s or cone . This is especial ly apparent inthe angiosperm s where the monosporangiat e flower usually showsvestiges of one or the other set of sporophylls . These vestiges inthe angiosperm flower are very conclu sive , and in deciding whethera given stru cture is prim itive or specialized their recogni tionbecomes of primary im portance .

The general progression i s then abou t as fol lows :1 . Indefini t e bands of sporophylls with further growth of the

ax1s .

2 . Definite b isporangiat e strobili .3 . D evelopm ent of a pen

'

an th in the Anthophyta .

4 . Reduction of the floral organs to defini te cycles and

nu mbers .5 . Extrem e modificat ions in the typical floral organs and also

in the parts imm ediat ely surroundi ng .

As often pointed ou t the evolutionary lines in the flower arethen :

1 . From spiral to cycli c and to reduced cycles,in the

monocotyls mostly t rim erous , occasional ly tetram erou s or dimerous

,and in the dicotyls mostly pentam erous

,but occasionall y

tetram erous,t rimerous or dim erous .

2 . From pentacycli c t o tetracycli c or stil l fewer sets .

3 . From hypogynou s to perigynou s and epigynou s condi tions .

4 . From parts free t o parts un ited,as from apocarpy to

syncarpy .

Mar .,

The Classification of P lants, VI .2 9 1

5 . From choripetalou s t o sympetalou s,apetalou s or naked

flowers .

6 . From spiral to actinomorphic flowers,

and further to

isobilateral , unsymm etri cal , or zygomorphi c types .

7 . From b isporangiat e to monosporangiat e and fur ther frommoneciou s t o dieciou s flowers .

8 . From types with all the organs normal to those that showvestigal parts .

These developments are repeated again and again . Certain

of these specializations show them selves even in prim i tive groups .

In many cases no relation with the environm ent is evident,bu t

advancing tendencies app arently originate in the internal constitu t ion of the plant itself . Thus we are led to recogni ze tendencieswhich may or may not come to expression in the di verse sp ecies ofa natural group . The whol e phylogenetic developm ent bears a

close resemblance t o the ontogeneti c expression of hereditarycharacters in the individual .The developm ent of t h e inflorescence is equal ly interesting

with that of the flower itself . In the prim itive groups a singleflower terminates a main vegetative branch and from thi s condition appear all gradations of reduction and clu stering throughracem es

,corymbs

,and pani cles to spikes

,spadixes

,catkins

,heads

,

and di sks,and their variou s modificat ions .

In general then,the process of segregation

,classificat ion and

arrangement should proceed on the fol lowing basis :1 . Development of the floral organs .

“7 Speciali zation and degeneration of the floral parts .

3 . Specialization and degeneration of the vegetative part s .

The segregation must be fundam ental ly phyleti c and shoul dfol low a recogni tion of the gaps produ ced by variation

,mutation

,

and the destru ction of interm ediate types,while the arrangem ent

in series shou ld fol low the evolu tionary progression as indicatedby comparative morphology and complexity of l ife cycle

,together

with the presence of vestigial parts . Vestigial organs are of thehi ghest im portan ce in any classifi cation of the angiosperm sbecau se of their common occurrence . I t is necessary

,therefore

,

t o be able to distinguish vestigial organs or vestiges from nascentorgans or primordia . Paleontological evidence woul d here be ofparamoun t importance but satisfactory fossil flowers are too rarefor our purpose .

Before taking up the special question of. the relat ionshi ps inthe Anthophyta a word may be said in regard t o the importanceof synopses . The synopsis is commonly confused with a key forident ificat ion . A synopsis should show the supposed phyleti crelationship ; a key should be the easiest m eans for ascertaining a

nam e whether of group or species ' In most cases the s ynopsisdoes not make a satisfactory

,working key . The genera of

2 9 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 5,

Araceae of the northeastern Uni ted States are treated below for

i l lustration . This synopsis is supposed to show both the naturalrelationships and the orderly arrangement

,in series

,of groups of

lower and higher value . The key is simply a device for the easyrecognition of the genera . The essential mark of a good key isthat it makes use of such characters only as are present at a

certain season of the year or a certain period of the life history .

SYNOPS IS .

1 . F lowers b isporang iat e ; p lants w ithout or w ith lacti ferous ce l ls .

1 . Without lact i ferous cel ls ; w ith a perianth . POTHA’

I‘

AE

a . Without a typical spathe 1 . Acorus

2 . With lact 1ferou s ce l ls ; with or w ithout a peri anth CALLATAEa . Without a typica l spathe ; w ith a per i anth . 2 . Orontiumb . With an open spathe ; w ithout a perianth ; spad ix

e longated 3 . Callac . With an enve lop ing spathe ; w i t h a per i anth ; spad ix

g lobose 4 . SpathyemaF lowers monosporang iat e ; plants w ith lac t 1ferous ce l ls ; w ithout a

perianth .

1 . Spadix covered t o t h e t ip w ith flowers . PHILODENDRATAE

a . F lowers moneciou s ; leaves simp le . 5 . P el tandra2 . Spadix w ith a ster11e projection at t h e t ip ARATAE

a . F lowers monecious or diecious ; leaves compound .

6 . A risaemaKEY .

Inflorescence w ithout an obv ious spathe ; flowers b isporang iat e , w ith a

perianth . 2 .

Inflorescence W 1t h a large , expanded spathe . 3 .

Spad ix apparently lateral ; scape 3-ang led and grooved . Aco‘

rus .

Spadix term inal ; scape cy l indrical . Orontium .

Leaves compound ; spad i x w ith a prom inent steri le projection at t h e

t ip . Arisaema .

Leaves s imp le ; spadix usual ly w ithout a steri le projection at t h e t ip . 4 .

F lowers monec ious , on an e longated spad ix ; leaves prom inently sag i t at e

w ith rather distinct po ints . P el tandra .

F lowers b isporangiat e , on an ova l or g lobose spad ix ; leaves cordate or

only s l ightly sagi t at e . 5 .

Spathe open , w ith a slender point ; spad1x ovoid or somewhat e longated .

Calla .

Spathe enclosing t h e g lobose spadix ; no t w ith a s lender point . Spathyema

g

e

e

w

wwwe

C?!

At present we do not possess the necessary morphologicaldetail s t o make a final classificat ion

,yet the broad ou tlines of a

natural arrangement can be laid down with a fair degree of certainty . When several paral lel l ines are to be grouped

,one can

,

of course , use his individual judgment , the better plan probablybeing to fol low expediency . I f the m ethods and principlesemployed are correct there shoul d not be much change in the general scheme , in the future , except in matters of detail . Thelarger problem of the correct lim i ts of fami lies and orders cannot

,

of cour se,be considered at present . I t mu st be recogni zed

,

however , that som e of the fam i lies , like Saxifragaceae , as form erlydelim it ed , are m ere waste—baskets t o receive odds and ends which


2 94 The Ohio Naturalist . [Vol. Xl , No. 5,

ized,monosporangiat e , and epigynous . The Nymphaeaceae are

an intermediate lateral branch of the Helobiae . The morphological evidence for this View is overwhelm ing . There is no

reason for separating the Hydrochari tales from the Helobiae as i sfrequently done

,for their morphology and cytology show the

relationship conclusively .

Whether the Spadiciflorae represen t more than one subclassmay be a question ,

but they nevertheless show a closer relationship among themselves than either the Helobiae Liliifiorae .

F ig . 1 . D 1ag ram of t h e Subc lasses of M onocot y lae and D icot y lae .

Th el um ifiorae may be an offshoo t from either the Spadi cifiorae or Liliifiorae . They hav e thus been placed in a neu tralposition

,in the diagram

,between the two . They represent

extrem e specializations as ind icated by the num erous vestigialstruc tures .

The main fam i lies of the Liliifiorae make a natural groupextending from the Liliaceae to the Orchidaceae . The Li lialesm ay need som e further rearrangement from that indicated below ,

bu t i t i s not considered advisable to separate them into two ordersas is frequently done .

In the Dicot ylae the problem of classificat ion is,of course ,

much m ore difficul t than in the Monocotylae ,because of the far

Mar . ,The Classification of P lants, VI.

2 9 5

greater num bers involved , and the complexi ty of structure . Thisis especial ly true of the choripetalous fam i li es , where it i s alm ostimpossible for the m ind t o grasp the enormous number of typest o be considered .

The Th alam ifiorae are the lowest dicotyls . The first order ,the Ranales

,constitute a paral lel group t o the hypogynou s

Helobiae . The Ranales are closely fol lowed by the Sarracenial es,

Brassicales,and the lower Gerianales and M alval es .

The Centrospermae are a smal l branch having its originin the Th alam iflorae . I ts lowest fam i ly

,the Caryophyllaceae

,

indi cates the relationship while the higher form s are greatlyspeciali zed

,passing over into redu ced apetalous and naked flowers

w ith high developm ent of the inflorescence .

The Calyciflorae represent another great , fundamental branchof choripetalous di cotyls ari sing from near the Ranales

,but som e

what more speciali zed . The lower genera of Rosaceae showmarked resemblances t o some Ranuncu laceae . The other families placed in

‘

t h is subclass are fairly certain and there m ay befam ili es and genera at presen t associated w ith other subclassesthat properly belong here .

The Am entiferae are a smal l bu t im portant group whose realt ionsh ip m ay be traced from the lower Calycifiorae through theHamam elidaceae , P latanaceae , Ulmaceae

,M oraceae

,etc .

,up t o

the Sali caceae . A number of fam i li es now included are uncertain .

One of the structures of the group is the highly specialized flowercluster

,the catkin

,and there are other significan t features as

chalazogamy besides various pecul iarities of buds,tw igs and l eaves .

The M yrt ifiorae are an epigynou s branch,mostly of chori

petalous di cotyls,probably derived from the Calycifiorae , from

the Vicini ty of the Saxifragales . Som e of the fam i li es may beexcluded in the fu ture but the main mass represents a distincttype of floral development and appears t o be phylogenetical lyrelated

,excepting

,perhaps the cactal es which may even belong t o

the Centrospermae .

The Het erom erae appear to h av e com e from near the sam eregion as the Centrospermae . The strong resemblance of certainCaryophyllaceae t o Pri mu laceae is very suggestive and givessupport t o this View . The Heteromerae also show their primi tivecharacter by frequent ch oripetaly and other pecul iari ties .

From the lower Heteromerae i t is but a step t o the Tub iflorae,

the lowes t form s of which are represented by the Convolvu laceaeand Polemoniaceae . The fam il i es of the Tubiflorae are for themost part qu i te certain ,

except perhaps the Plantaginaceae .

The last and highest subclass of D icot ylae , the Inferae , appearsto be an offshoot from the lower Calycifiorae , the line leadingalmost directly from the Saxitragales to the Umbellal es , Rubiales ,Campanulal es

,and Composi tales .

2 96 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 5 ,

The appli cation of the preceding schem e of classi fication to

the f am i lies of Anthophyta represented in t he northeasternUni ted States wil l give the fol low ing arrangem ent :

Phylum,ANTHOPHYTA .

C lass,MONOCOTYLAE .

Subclass I . HELOBIAE .

1 . Ali smales— Alismaceae,Scheuchzeriaceae

,Potamogetonaceae

Naiadaceae .

2 . Nymphaeales— Nymphaeaceae (Nelumbonatae , Nymphae

atae).3 . Hydroch aritales

— Val lisneriaceae .

Subclass I I . SPADICIFLORAE .

4 . Pandanales— Sparganiaceae,Typhaceae .

5 . Arales— Araceae (Pothatae , Callatae , Philodendratae , Arat ae), Lemnaceae .

Subclass I I I ; GLUM IF LORAE .

6 . Graminales— Cyperaceae (Scirpatae , Rhyncosporatae , Caricatae), Gram inaceae (Poacatae ,

Panicat ae).

Subclass IV . LILI IF LORAE .

1 . Liliales— Li liaceae (M elanth at ae,Liliat ae , Cony allariatae),

Sm i laceae,Juncaceae

,Comm elinaceae

,Pontederiaceae

,

M ayacaceae,X yridaceae

,Eriocau laceae .

Iridales— Amaryllidaceae,Haemodoraceae

,Iridaceae

,D io

scoreaceae ,Brom eliaceae .

9 . Scitaminales— M arantaceae .

10 . Orch idales— Burmanniaceae,Orchidaceae (Cypripedi atae ,

Orch idatae)C lass

,D ICOTYLAE .

Subclass I . THALAM IF LORAE .

1 . Ranale s M agnoliaceae,Anonaceae

,Ranunculaceae

,Cera

t ophy llaceae ,Berberidaceae

,M enispermaceae

,Lauraceae .

Sarraceniales— Sarraceniaceae,Droseraceae .

3 . Brassicales— Papaveraceae,Fumariaceae

,Brassicaceae

,Cap

paridaceae ,Resedaceae ?

Geraniales fi Geraniaceae,Oxalidaceae

,Bal sam inaceae

,Tro

paeolaceae , Linaceae , Zygophyllaceae , Ru taceae , Sima

rubaceae,Polygalaceae

,Euphorbiaceae

,Callitrichaceae .

M alvales— M alvaceae,Tiliaceae .

6 . Guttiferale s— Theaceae,Hypericaceae , Cistaceae , Vio

laceae,Passifloraceae.


2 98 The Oh io Vat tu'

rL/ist . [VOLXI, NO . 5

Subclass VII . TUB IFLORAE .

Polemoniales— Cony oly ulaceae,Cu scutaceae

,Polemoni

aceae,Hydrophyllaceae .

Gent ianale s— Oleaceae,Loganiaceae

,Gentianaceae

,M en

yanthaceae , Apocynaceae , Ascelpiadaceae .

Scrophulariales— Solanaceae,Scrophulariaceae

,Orobancha

ceae ,B ignon iaceae

,M artyniaceae

,Lentibu lariaceae

Acanthaceae .

Lamiales— Boraginaceae,Verbenaceae

,Lam iaceae , Phry

m aceae .

P lantaginales— Plantaginaceae .

Subclass V I I I . INFERAE .

Umbe llale s— Araliaceae,Amm iaceae

,Cornaceae .

Rubiales— Rubiaceae,Adoxaceae

,Caprifoliaceae

,Valeri

anaceae .

Campanulale s— Cam panulaceae (Campanu latae , Lobeliatae).Compositales

— Dipsacaceae,Ambrosiaceae

,Helianthaceae

,

Ci choriaceae .

A COLLECT ION or ATLA S E S . There recently cam e t o thelibrary of Ohio State University a two y olume work of 1000 pages ,

giving titles,for ,

and in som e cases short notes abou t , the atlasesnow in the library of Congress at Washington There are over

of these atlases covering a y ery wide range of data . I twou ld seem that nearly everything coul d be redu ced t o a map .

There are atlases astronom i cal , cartographical , comm ercial ,ecclesiasti cal , geological , histori cal , ethnographical , physical andpoliti cal ; bu siness ,

real estate and m i li tary atlases ; general atlases ,atlases of discovery , of exploration , of boundaries , of oceans , riyers , harbors , crops ,

and many resources ; atlases of popu lation ,

diseases , and many vital statisti cs .

Twelve pages and ninety titles are devoted to the atlases of

Ohio ,beginning with Wal ling

’

s Atlas of Ohio in 1808,followed

by . t h e Geological Survey Atlas , and Hardesty’

s histori cal andm ili tary en cyclopedias each with an extensive atlas . Then com ei ost of the counties with atlases and plat-books , fol lowed by

a series of city atlases .

For New York State there are 137 atlases , including 28 devotedt o the city alone .A lmost any scientist or philosopher could find basal material

for research,charted here and ready for comparative studies .

G . D . HUBBARD .

Mar . , The Stratiomyidae of Cedar Point . 2 9 9

THE STRATIOMYIDAE OF CEDAR PO INT , SANDUSKY.

(Order Diptera)BENTLEY B . FULTON .

A shal low,w eedy body of qui et water with a low muddy or

sandy shore,is the ideal breeding place for most St rat iomy idae .

These conditions are found at Cedar Point . The shore of San

dusky Bay along the point is low and sandy and in most placescovered with a layer of mud and debris washed up by the waves .

Along the shore there are many patches of swamp land . At theeastern end of the bay there is a swamp covering several squarem il es

,through which run m any winding flood channels ; the

largest of these is cal led B lack Channel . The bottom of the bayh as a thick deposi t of mud and support s a luxuri ant growth of

submerged plan ts,while on the sur face in many places are thick

m ats of algae and float ing plants . Al l these conditions are

favorable and m ost of the species found were very common .

Since no col l ecting has been done at Cedar Point before themiddle of June

,i t is probable that there are a number of early

form s wh i ch hav e not been taken .

The fam i ly Strat iom yidae i s a rather large one,having about

one thou sand described species,of which abou t two hundred are

found in North Ameri ca . They are bare or thin ly pilose flies

with flat t ened abdomen and oft en hay ing bright yel low or greenmarkings which give them the nam e of Soldier Flies . Th e

squamae are smal l or vestigial,tibiae withou t spurs and the

antennae are three-jointed,the third joint being composed of

several annulations and often bearing a term inal arista . Thew ings are clear or smoky and a re held along the abdom en when at

rest . Species of this fam ily may be easi ly recognized by thevenation of the wing ; the longitudina l veins being more or l esscrowded along the costal margin

,whi le the posterior veins are

often weak or vestigial . The discal cell is usual ly smal l and ovalor i rregularly six-sided .

C . A . Hart in h is “ Entomology of the I llinois R iver h as givenm any interesting observations on the habits of St rat iomyidae .

He foun d the females of Odontomy ia cincta and O . vertebrataovipositing on reeds , stakes and dead bran ches in the water . Thelarvae of St rat iomyia and Odon tom y ia are elongate and flat t ened ,

rather large,and of an opaque greenish

,brown

,or gray color

obscurely striped . The former prefer the low shores and are

found craw ling over the mud or living in the plant debris,

'

whilethe latter live in the water . The pupa is form ed in one end of thelarval skin

,whi ch becom es inflat ed and float s on the water . The

im ago emerges through a m edian slit connecting transverse sli t sin the second and fourth segm ents .

3 0 0 The Oh io Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 5 ,

The adu lts are found abou t flowers or resting on plants nearthe water

,and may be collected by sweeping with the net . The

flowers of rni lkweed (Asclepias)are very attractive t o many kindsof flies including St rat iomyidae , Syrphidae

,Tabanidae

,

M u scidae , Tach inidae ,Sarcophagidae , Dexidae and Conopidae .

Two species of mi lkweeds are found at Cedar Point,Asclepias

syri aca L . and .4 . incarnata L . Along the point in the Vicini ty of

B lack Channel there i s an abundan t growth of the former , and at

times t h e clusters of flowers are nearly covered with flies and

many more are buzzing around them . The flowers of this genu shav e a remarkable adaptation for cross pollination by insects .

As the insect craw ls over the flower its claws catch in V-shapedfissures between the nectariferous hoods and are gu ided along a

slit t o a notched disk which clings t o t he foot . To this disk are

fastened two flat , spatulate pol len masses or pol linia ,which are

pul led ou t by the insect and carried t o other flowers . A few of

the smal l bees and many of th e flies are unable to pul l ou t som e ofthe pollin ia and are thus entrapped . This facili tates matters forthe col lector , for they can then be picked off with the fingers and

pu t into t h e cyanide bot tle . Some of the specimens h ad as manyas t en pairs of pol linia clinging t o their feet . The species of

Odont omyia are more often ent rapped'

t h an St rat iomy ia ,whi ch

are larger . Those that are not entrapped may often be caught byclapping them into the bottle w ith the cork . The swamp m i lkweed (A . incarnata L .)is found at the waters edge or at the edgeof the cat -tai l zone . I t i s not so much frequented by St rat iomyidae as by other insects , and on many of the flower clustersthere are one or two ambu sh bugs (P hymata erosa whichprobably devour many of the entrapped flies .

The yellow pond li ly (Nymphaea adv ena Ai t .)is another flower

on which a number of flies can be found . Th ey mu st be approachedcareful ly in a boat , for som e of the larger flies will fly ou t if thewater is much disturbed . On coming near enough one can slipthe hand under the flower and close i t up . The whol e flower can

then be broken off and pu t in the cyanide bottle for a short tim e ,aft er which it shou ld be removed and the flies sorted out . Othercommon plants which are very attractive t o flies and other insectsare the blue vervain (Verbend hastata the swamp rose mal low

(Hi bi scus Moschentos L .)and the pi ckerel-weed (P ontederia cor

date L .)Good collecting can be done by sweeping among theswamp grasses . At tim es the end of the net ,

with whatever it may‘

contain,can be pu t in the cy ani de bottl e for abou t a m inu te and

then removed and the desirable specimens taken ou t .


3 0 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 5 ,

with a terminal arista which is longer th an the remainder of th eantenna ,

three smal l ocelli arranged in the form of a trianglenear the vertex , face on the under side of the head , only slight lyobliqu e and clothed with rather long white hairs

,proboscis dark

yellowish ,short and flesh y . Th orax shining green above and on

parts of the sides,black beneath

,front legs black throughou t ,

other femora and tibiae and last three segments of t arsi black,

first two segm ents of tarsi white or very pale yellow . In mostspecimens all the femora are dark yellow apical ly and the sam ecolor may be present on th e inner sides of the apices of the tibiae .

Wings hyaline,stigma pal e yel low . Knob of Halteres yellow .

Abdom en g reen above,black beneath

,clothed everywhere with

white hair .

mal e type and fourteen other specimens taken on CedarPoint

,Sandusky

,in Ju ly . One mal e taken by B . B . Fu lton .

Specimens procured while resting on l eaves of various speciesof plants .

This species varies som e in si ze and in the color of the legs ,but on the whol e the specim ens at hand are fairly uniform .

Mar .,

Ah Ohio Station f or Phacelia dubia . 3 0 3

AN OHIO STATION FOR PHACELIA DUBIA.

ROBERT F . GRIGG S .

Phacelia dubia (L)Smal l h as been included in the Flora of

Ohio since Newberry’

s Catalog which reported it on the aut horityof Su l livan t . N0 other col lector

,however

,h as since found it and

the state herbarium has long m aintained an empty cover for i t .

The writer was therefore glad t o discover it growing on the ridgea m il e west of C lark ’s Crossing in Fairfield County and later t ofind Sulliv ant

’

s specim en in the Gray Herbarium at Harvardlabeled simply “

Lancaster,Ohio

,Su l livant ” in Asa Gray ’s

handw riting .

The station is a narrow ridge of B lack Hand Sandstone fromwhich all of the overlying rock of the Logan formation has beenremoved leaving it bare or clothed with a thin soi l . I t bears agrowth of fair si zed trees mostly pine and rock or black oak and

num erou s rather xerophytic herbs of which the most typical i sthe “ Wild Sweet Pea

,Tephrosia virginiana . In View of thi s

habitat the manual notation Shaded Banks i s rather mi sleading .

Similar habitats are t o be found occasional ly throughou t theSugar Grove region bu t the wri ter h as seen the plant nowhere elseexcept at

“ Kettle Hi l ls ,”

a m i le or two north of the presen tstation . Sul livant probably obtained his plant from one of thesestations

,and since no one else has found it

,it may be doubted i f

i t occurs elsewhere in the state .

This supposition i s supported by the general range of thespecies for i t seem s to be confined t o the Allegheny region fromNew York and Ohio southward , although it is given in the manualsas

“ New York to Kansas and southward .

”' Through the whol e

of this range it is rare and local being known from onl y a f ew

stations in each state . In New York i t is known only near Jam esville where it was di scovered a few years ago by M rs . L . L . Goodri ch growing on limestone rock . In Penn sylvania it is reportedby Porter from Lancaster and Perry Counties . In M arylandspecim ens from the Great Fal ls of the Potomac are marked“ rare .

”In Tennessee Gat t inger knew it onl y from the vicinity

of Nashville and in Alabama M ohr cit es only two counties withthe notation Local and infrequent . ”

The record from Kansas is based on a specimen coll ected byHitchcock in Cherokee Coun ty in the extrem e southeastern cornerof t h e state . This is

,however

,not Phacelia dubia but Phacelia

hirsu ta Nu t t . and corresponds almost exactly with Nut tall ’s plantwhi ch cam e from Arkansas . The writer h as

,however

,made a

careful study of the plants and the descriptions and has sat isfied

him self that the two are not specifically separable but that hirsu tai s simply a more hairy subspecies . I t occurs with the species

The Ohio Naturalist . [VO1. XI, NO. 5,

abou t Nashville,Tennessee

,also in Gil es Coun ty

, Virgini a,and

on the summ i t of Stone M ountain, Georgia ,

where i t has beenrepeatedl y col lected . But i ts main range seem s to li e to the westward of the species

,from M issouri (Potosi)to Kansas (Cherokee

Coun ty)and sou thward into Texas .

EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM IN OHIO .

ROBERT F . GR IGG S .

So far as the writer is aware Eupatori um aromati cum L . has

never been suspected of being a m ember of the Ohi o Flora . Great,

therefore , was the writer’

s joy in finding i t growing abundantlyalong the roadside in the val ley of Queer Creek abou t threemi l es east of South B loom ingville , Hocking County , September 7 ,

19 10 . The plants were at once recognized as entirely di stinctfrom the common E . ageratoides with whi ch the species sometimes intergrades and on comparison w ith herbarium specim ensproved to be perfectly typical representatives of E . aromati cum .

The general distribu tion of the species as given by the manuals,

Britton and Gray ,is

“

Copses , etc .,Massachusetts t o Florida near

the coast .

”Reference t o herbarium specim ens and local floras

shows however , a considerably wider range . In t h e Gray herbarium at Harvard are specim ens from M assachusetts

, RhodeIsland ,

D istri ct of Columbia , Virgi nia , (Norfolk Co . on the coastand Bedf ord and Craig Coun ties in the mountains). North and

Sou th Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , and Lou isiana,

(jacksonville). In addi tion i t is reported from the Tu l lahoma

flat s near Knoxville , Tenn .,by Gat t inger and from Jackson

County in sou thern I ll inois by Patterson and from th e vicinity of

Pittsburg by Shafer , though in this case the reference is un supported by a herbarium specim en . Even w i th these additions thepresent station i s abou t two hundred mi les from the edge of i tsrange as previou sly known . Whether or not i t occurs generallyover the area indi cated can not be determ ined from the data at

hand bu t in any case the range shou ld be revised to include thelocali ti es given above .

Dat e of Pu bl icat ion March IO,



Peltandra Vi rg inica (L .)Kunth .

Sp irode la polyrh i za (L .)Sch leid .

Lemna tri su lca L .

m inor L .

Wolffia co lum b iana Karst .

Wolffiella floridana (J . D . Sm .)Th omp .

Juncus e ff usus L .

b rachyceph alus (Enge lm .)Buch .

canadensis j . Gay .

Habenar ia clay ellat a (MX .)Spreng .

lacera (M ich x .)R . Br .

leucophaea (Nutt .)GrayPogonia oph iog lossmdes (L .)Ker .

Arethusa bu lbosa L .

Limodorum tuberosum L .

Gyrostachy s cernua (L .)Kuntze .

Sal ix ped i c1llaris Pursh . (S . myrti lloides (Gray man . Ed .

d iscolor Muh l .sericea M arsh .

A lnus rugosa (Du Roi)Spreng .

Quercus pa lustris Du Roi .

imbr icaria M ichx .

Adicea pum i la (L .)Gray .

Boehmeria cy l 1ndr1ca (L .)Sw .

Rumex vertic i l latus L .

br1t t anica L .

Polygonum emersum (M ichx . Britt .punctatum Ell .

ar ifol ium L .

Acni da tamar iscina (Nutt .)Wood .

Nymph aea advena Ai t .

Castal ia odorata (Dryand)Woody .

and Wood .

Nelumbo lutea (Wi l ld .)Pers .

Ceratophy l lum demersum L .

Batrach ium t r1ch oph y11um (Chaix .)Bossch .

Roripa palustris (L . Bess .

amer1cana (A . Gr .)Britt .Cardam ine bu lbosa (Schreb .)B . S .P .

Drosera rotundifol ia L .

Rubus n i grobaccus Bai ley .

Comarum palustre L .

Geum canadense Jacq.

Virginianum L .

Agrimoni a pary ifiora Soland .

Rosa caro l ina L .

Aronia arbutif ol ia (L . M ed ic .

atropurpurea Britt .

ni gra (Wi lld . Britt .

Prunus V i rgin1ana L .

Lathyrus palustris L . v ar . l inearifo l ius Ser .

Ap ios ap ios (L .)M acM .

Rhus y ern ix L .

I lex vertici l lata (L .)A . Gr .

Acer'

rubrum L .

Impatiens b iflora Wa lt .H i b iscus moscheutos L .

Triadenum Virginicum (L .)Raf .

Viola b landa Wi l ld .

D ecodon vertic i l latus (L .)Ell .Ep 1lob ium st rictum Muh l .Onagra b iennis (L .)Scop .

C icuta bu lb ifera L .

S ium c icutaefol ium Schrank .

Cornus sto lonifera M ichx .

Gay lussacia resinosa T . and G .

Oxycoccus m acrocarpusBartonia v irginica (L .)B . S . P .

M enyan t hus trifo l iata L .

Asc lepias incarnata L .

Convolvu lus sepium L .

Cuscuta gronoy i i Wi l ld .

Teucrium canadense L .

Scutel lar ia lat erifiora L .

Lycopus v irginicus L .

M entha canadensis L .

So lanum du lcamara L .

Chelone g labra L .

Gerard ia paupercu la (Gr .)Britt .U t r1cu lar1a vu lgaris L .

m inor L .

Dianthera americana L .

Cephalanthus occidental is L .

Gal ium t rifidum L .

asprellum M ichx .

Sambucu s canadens is L .

Campanu la aparin0 1des Pursh .

Eupatori um purpureum L .

perfol iatum L .

So l idago u l ig inosa Nutt .

patu la Muhl .Aster pun iceus L .

pun iceus lucidulus Gray .

panicu latus Lam .

Lep t 1lon canadense (L .)Britt .

Ec lipta a lba (L .)Hassk .

E1dens cernua L .

comosa (A . Gr .)Wieg .

d iscoidea (T . and G .)Britt .

frondosa L .

t rich osperma

t rich osperma t enu i loba (A .

Gr .)Britt .Erechtites h i erac ifol ia (L .)Raf .

April , New Species of Diptem of the Genus Erase. 3 0 7

NEW SPECIES OF DIPTERA OF THE GENUS ERAX .

JAMES S . HINE .

The variou s species of Asilinae known by the generi c nameBrax hav e been considered difficul t for a long tim e . This largelycomes from the fact that the genu s h as not been treated withreference t o all the North Am erican species included

,bu t various

writers h av e described su ch species as h av e com e t o their attention in collections that hav e been made here and there throughoutthe country . From the study we h av e made of various specieswith a view t o a treatm ent of the entire genus eventually we areconvinced that qu i te satisfactory charact ers are avai lable for theseparation of the variou s form s when they are assembled so thatcarefu l com parison may be made . Bu t until that tim e com esstudents may depend upon i t that they will h av e abundance of

trouble in their attempts at determ ining these rather large and

attractive insects , even though they may appear easy t o one

unacquainted with them .

In western North Am erica there is a group of species of thegenus with two submarginal cells , t h e first of which is long

,or

with i t s base distinctly anterior t o the base of the second posteriorcell . In the male the abdom en i s entirely or in large part silverywhite pollenose and two or more of the segments are furn ishedwith long white hair which is parted at the m iddl e and directedoutward . The costa is not expanded and a thoracic crest is neverpresent .

IVilliston and Osten Sacken hav e nam ed four species of thegroup

,st ramineus

,dubiu s

,splendens and rapax and six others are

described in this paper . I t seem s that st ram ineus and rapax are

very mu ch alike and I am not sure bu t that they are one species .

I h av e seen other undescribed species from the Pacific coastregion .

Erax rapax Osten Sacken . Mystax st raw-yellow,legs black

except the bases of the tibiae which are reddish,clothed with

abundance of straw-yellow hair and scattering black bristles .

Wings hyaline . Length 18 t o 23 m il l im eters .

Palpi black with straw—yellow hairs,beard pale yellow

,occip

i to—orbital and ocellar bristles black,face and front yellow poll i

nose . Thorax yel lowish—brown pol linose with pal e hairs on thesides and black hairs and bristles on the dorsu m, bu t the vestitureof this region is som ewhat variable and specim ens occur withthese bristles and hairs partly yellow .

First two segm ents of the mal e abdomen colored like the t horax

,segm ents three to fiv e si lver white and

,except seven

,furni shed

with white hai'r parted at the m iddl e and directed ou tward ; theposterior part of the second segment may show a few white hairs


directed ou tward in som e specim ens . Hypopygium rather largew ith an extension at the apex and clothed with rather long yel lowhairs among which are som e black ones .

Femal e abdom en nearly un iform yellowish pol linose with pal ehairs

,ovipositor abou t fiv e m i llimeters in l ength

,equ ivalent t o the

last three abdom inal segments . Several specim ens from Coloradoand New M exico .

Erax dub ius Williston . Gray all over,femora black

,tibiae and

tarsi red,the latter som ewhat darker than the form er

,tibiae with

apices som ewhat darkened . Total l ength of the male 2 1 m il

limet ers .

M ystax and beard white,ocellar bristles rather large and

black,occipito-orbital bristles m ostly black

,otherwise the hairs

and bristl es of the rear of the head are white,palpi black and

clothed with white hairs ; l egs with black bristles and white hairs ,on the tibiae this white hair is long and conspicuou s

,bu t on the

femora i t i s in large part short and recumbent ; wings hyaline , veryslightly darkened at extrem e apex ; thorax gray pollinose , most ofthe hairs and bristles of the dorsum black

,of the sides white

,

scu tellum with white hair,and black brist les on the margin .

First four abdom inal segm ents with long white hairs which on

two,three and four are parted at the m iddle and directed outward

,

fif th and fol low ing segm ents white and with very short whitehairs . Hypopygium from above narrower than the last abdom inalsegm ent

,black

,with hairs mostly white

,apex truncate except that

the upper part of each valve is extended backward and inwardtoward its fellow of the opposite side thu s producing a prom inencefrom lateral View .

I take this t o be the species to which \Villiston gave the nam edubius in the Transact ions of the Am eri can Entomological SocietyX II

,page 04 . No description of the species appears t o hav e been

written bu t the name is inserted in the key and enough characterspointed ou t t o make ident ificat ion reasonably certain . There aretwo males before me from sou thern Arizona .

Erax argent if rons n . sp . Much like rapax . Front white pollinose

,mystax white , leg s w ith white hair . Length 18 t o 23

m il lim eters .

Palpi black with white hair,

occipito-orbital and ocellarbristles black

,antennae black ,

first two segments wi th white hair,

beard white . Thorax y ellow ish—brown with the usual m iddorsalstripe darker

,hairs of the sides almost un iform ly pale

,of dorsum

variable between pale yellowish and black ; wings hyaline , l egsblack

,except the extrem e bases of the tibiae which are reddish

yellow,clothed w ith white hairs and black bristles .

First two segm ents of the mal e abdom en colored like thethorax , segm ents three to seven inclu sive si lver white

,apex of

two,all of three and four with long white hair parted at the m id


3 1 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 6 ,

M ale abdom en silver white,first four segm ents with long white

hair,two

,three and four w ith the hair par t ed at the m iddle and

directed ou tward,h y e

,six and seven withou t long hair

,hypo

pygium smal l,black

,narrowed toward apex where

,from lateral

view,i t appears nearly evenly rounded .

Three male specim ens from Albuquerque,New M exico

col lected by j . R . Watson .

Erax argyrosoma n . sp . Body nearly uniform ly white all over,

m iddorsal stripe of the thorax not plain ly marked . Length,

23 t o 25 m i llim eters .

M ystax and beard white,palpi black with white hair , som e of

the occipito—orbital bristles black and some white ; l egs blackexcept the basal parts of the tibiae which are yellowish-red

,w ings

hyaline ; anterior part of the dorsum of the thorax with shortblack hair

,posterior part and the scu tellum with black and white

bristles and hairs .

First fou r abdom inal segm ents of the m ale w i th long whitehair

,0 11 two

,three and tour ; this is parted at the m iddle and

d irected ou tward,segm ents h y e

,six and seven

,silver white bu t

w ithou t long hair,hypopygium black w i th short white hair

,some

what notched at the apex w i th the lower part extended into a

prom inence .

Female abdom en gray pollinose,ovipositor shin ing black

,four

m il lim eters in length .

Taken by j . R . Watson near A lbuquerque,New M exico .

Erax infiatus 11 . sp . A dark colored species w i th the mystaxcomposed of black and gray hairs interm ixed

,wings hyaline

,

slightly fumosc at apices,legs black with the exception of the

extrem e bases of the tibiae which are yellowish—red . Lengt h of themales 20 t o 25 m i llim eters

,of the females 22 t o 26 m i llimeters .

Fron t yellowish -gray pollenose , antennae black first two segm ents clothed w ith gray hair

,occipito-orbital bristles and ocellar

bristles black,mystax composed of black and gray hairs inter

m ixed,beard si lky white

,palpi black w ith black hairs ; thorax

brown ish—gray pollinose with a dark m iddorsal stripe abbreviatedposteriorly

,clothed w ith gray and black hairs and bristles existing

in different proport ions in different specim ens ; l egs black , exceptthe extreme apices of the tibia which are yellow ish -red

,furnished

with white hairs and black bristles and som e golden pile on theunder side of som e of the segm ents ; w ings hyaline , slightly darkened at the apex .

M ale abdomen with the apex of the second segm ent and all of

the segm ents from three t o seven inclusive si lver white , segm entstwo and three with long white hair parted at the m idd le and

directed ou tward,four and fiv e shows this arrangem ent somewhat

bu t the hairs are short ; hypopy gium clothed mostly with whitehair

,enlarged at apical half unti l it is nearly tw i ce as wide as the

seventh abdom inal segm ent .

April , New Species of Diptera of the Genus Eram. 3 1 I

Female abdom en with each segm ent white poll inose at sidesand apex

,otherwise black above

,ovipositor black

,scarcely fiv e

m i llimeters in length,equ ivalent t o the last three abdom inal

segm ents .

Twenty specim ens received from F . Grinnell, Jr .

,and taken in

Los Angeles Count y , Ca1ifornia . A very distinct species on

account of the male hypopygium which appears as if inflat ed and

is nearly twice as w ide as the seventh abdom inal segm ent .

Erax nemorali s n . sp . A dark colored species with yellowishmystax and fum ose wings . Femora

,tarsi and apices of the

tibiae black,bases of tibiae reddish-brown . Length

,mal e abou t

25 m il lim eters,femal e t o the tip of the ov iposit er , 24 t o 27

m illim eters .

Face and front covered with yel lowish dust,mystax and beard

pale yellow,occipito—orbital and ocellar bristles black

,as are

most all of the hairs and bristles of the front,palpi black

,fur

nish ed with many black hairs which often are interm ixed withpale yellow ones . Prothorax mostly clothed with pal e hairs

,

remainder of thorax with many black hairs and bristles,bu t

these often are redu ced by the presence of greater or l ess numbersof pal e ones ; m iddorsal stripe dark and well marked

,abbreviated

behind and divided anteriorly,on either side the markings are in

the form of i l l—defined spots caused by the difference in intensityof the ru st-colored du st which gives the thorax its pecu liar color ;legs black except the bases of the tibiae which are reddish—brown

,

clothed w ith black bristles and pale hairs of different lengths,the

shorter ones recumbent,some of the segm ents inwardly

,mo1 e

especial ly the n etat a1 S1 and front tibia,clothed w ith golden

recumbent pile .

In the mal e abdom inal segm ents one,two and base of three

dark,largely clothed w ith black hair

,apex of three and all of four

,

w ith the exception of a smal l black triangle on each anteriorly,

white w ith long white hair parted at the m iddl e and directed ou t

ward,fiv e and six si lver white with very short hair

,remainder of

the abdomen black,with black hair

,however

,in som e specim ens

part of seven is whitish and there may be a few pale hairs on theh yp0 p17giM

In the female the segm ents of the abdom en are gray on thesides and hind margin

,otherwise black above but the latter color

is not well defined,especial ly if viewed with a lense ; ovipositor

abou t six m i l lim eters in length,equ ivalent t o the last four

abdom inal segm ents .

Several specimens of both sexes procured in a bru shy woodlandat New Roads

,Lou isiana

,Ju ly 15

,1905 . The specim ens were

captured while resting near or on the ground . I t i s a predaceousinsect of possible value on account of its size .


THE ANCIENT VEGETATION OF OHIO AND ITS ECOLOG

ICAL CONDITIONS FOR

ALFRED DACHNOW SKI .

I t is generally agreed that the life relations between plants andtheir habitats are an outcom e of certain defini te processes linkedinseparately with the past . Whatever the possible m ethod of

evolu tionary advance,whether under pressure of unu sual env ir

onment al conditions or of different inherent irreversible,lim its of

organ i c variability,the behaviour of plants under analytical

experim ental tests wi l l continue t o contribu te the generalizationsof real interest and importance . The facts and the conditions ofthe present alone can aid in the interpretation of the past .

The comparatively abundant information which we possess ast o the present vegetation in aspect

,form

,stru cture and function

as related t o differences in physi cal,chem i cal and biological fac

tors is in striking contrast t o the absence of a correlation of sim

ilar data as regards environm ental condi tions during geologicalperiods . From the point of view of Ecology

,either as geographic

ecology interpreting sim i larities and differences in vegetationiden t ifiab le w ith factors of latitude and climate

,physiographic

ecology constitu t ing evidence of m ore local and genet i c forcesand concom i tant organ ic response

,or physiological ecology which

is less florist ic in aspect than either of the preceding Views and

which offers the adequate basis of organi c response from exper

imen tal evidence of the physiological behaviour of plants underknown conditions

,to one and all the vegetation cond itions of the

past are of considerable value,whatever the m ethod of endeavor

t o understand the factors which the fossil plants record . Thosewho hav e confined their ecological study to the environm entalinvestigations of the present must sooner or later test and supplem ent their investigations by reference t o the past . And the aimshou ld be to reprodu ce not on ly an accurate fragment of botanicalhistory from the study of fossils and their respective strata

,. bu t

t o correlate stru ctural characteristics with physiological conditions of growth ,

apply ing the know ledge o f relations gained fromliving plants . Whether or not the data can be accepted as soundlinks in the chain of evidence rests largely in the value of theexperimental work at hand and in the degree with which theyinterpret many apparent anomali es .

The lim i ting climatic and phy siographic features whichcharacterize bogs

,and the structural features and functions of

the vegetation peculiar t o them ,hav e seem ed t o the w riter of su f

ficien t interest to invite attention to an inqu iry on the probable

Publ ish ed by perm 1ss ion of t h e State Geolog 1st . Contribution from'

t h e Botani cal Laborator i es of Oh io State Univers ity , No . 62 .


GEOLOGICAL SCALE OF OHIO .

Orton , 1895 .

G lacial drift .

Upper Barren Coal M easures .

Upper Product ive Coal M easures

Lower Barern Coal M easures .

Lower Productive Coa l M easures

Cong lomerate Group .

Sub-carboniferous l imestone .

Logan Group .

Cuyahoga shale .

Berea Shale .

Berea grit .

Bedf ord shale .

O lentangy shale .

Upper Helderberg or Corniferous l imestone .

Lower He lderberg l1mest one ,

or Wa t erlime .

C l inton l imestone .

M edina sha le .

Hudson R iver Group .

Utica shale ,not seen in outcrop .

Trenton l imestone .

Prosser , 1905 .

A l luv ium and G lacia l .

Dunkard formation .

M onongahe la formation .

Conemaugh formation .

A l legheny formation .

Pottsv i l le formation .

M axv i l le l imestone .

Logan formation .

B lack Hand formation .

Cuyahoga formation .

Sunbury shale .

Berea grit .

Bedf ord Shale .

O lentangy shale .

De laware l imestone .

Columbus l 1mest one .

C l inton l imestone .

Belf ast b ed .

Saluda bed .

R i chmond formation .

Lorraine formation .

Eden shale .

Trenton l imestone .

200—250’

400—500’

165—300’

250’i

150—500'

5—175'

50—150’

300—2600’

20—35’

50—600’

150—350’

April , The Ancient Vegetation of Ohio. 3 1 5

Thu s the LOWER S ILUR IAN or ORDOV IC IAN system includes thelowest of Oh io ’s strat ified and fossi liferou s rocks

,the Trenton

limestone and the several formations of the Hudson River group .

Th ey suggest that a broad but shallow arm of an ancient oceanthen covered Ohio . As in the fol lowing geologic periods

, th e

sedim ents were derived from th e various rocks carbonated,oxi

dized,and exposed to erosion and solu tion

,the beds of limestone

representing for the most part an accumu lation of comm inutedparticles of shells and lim e—secreting plants in a clear sea

,and the

shales representing the deposits of mud made in stil l water nearerthe land . The adjacent lands were probably t oo low or too far

away t o yield abun dant sand or perm i t way e -action su fficient lyvigorou s to keep the mud from settling . Comparatively very fewfossi l plants of Ohio have been obtained from the geologicalformations of this period bu t the records of the life of the erain the United States and in Europe though m eager

,are su fficient

to indicate that development of life was well advanced long beforethe known strata were deposited , and that less diversity of climateexisted than now . The testimony of the ancient organ isms

implies nearly uniform soi l conditions . The plant forms,which

in such rocks must necessarily be rare as fossils,were relatively

si mple,living along the shore and in open water in definit e zones

,

and appear to h av e varied with the nature and the slope of thebottom

,the depth and clearness of water

,etc .

,mu ch as it is

today . Imm ense quantities of m i croscopic unicellu lar plants.were undoubtedly present as plankton in the protected bays withsandy and muddy bottom s t o form the food supply for the largeand varied fauna of that time . At the close of that period a

folding resul ted in an uplift of a broad,flat island-l ike area abou t

Cincinnati . This arch known as the Cincinnati axis traversed ina northeasterly direction from Tennessee and Kentucky t o thelake basin into Canada . From that tim e on Ohio was nearer sealevel and in places the land areas were so far elevated as t o allowsluggish stream s and basins

,bordered by plants ( 13 , 4 ,

The UPPER SILURIAN period includes the Saluba and Belfastbeds

,the highly crystalline C linton lim estone

,the several elem ents

of the Niagara group,and the Monroe formation . I t extended

over a vast period of time , pointing t o oscil lations of level whichcovered wide ranges of latitude . The great lagoons and inclosedsalt-water basins which were present suf fered rapid evaporation .

They are signs indicating that an unusually arid atmosphere prevai led . The severity of the condi tions restri cted life almostwhol ly t o the lowland and the shore of other more favorableregions . Probably the Arctic regions were then the most favorable for growth and developm ent . The fossi l plants are few and

at tim es of doubtfu l affini ty ; the data are al together inadequat et o give any idea of the vegetation and i ts ecological conditions for

3 1 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, N0 . 6 ,

growth . This relative absence of fossils,together with the char

acter of the sediments,the frequent aeolian crossbedding and

frequent mudcracks— are t he mark of periods of exposure ; theypoint t o near-shore deposits if not to land origin

,and to conditions

of aridity with tropical climate , This does not m ean,however

,

that a prolific vegetation and perhaps of an advanced order di dnot exist . Though nothing that can be cal led a land flora existed

,

or at l east is yet known ,the plants of the fol lowing period show

such marked differentiation and the ancestral relations are so

uncertain,that a long previous history

,or else a rapid evolution

and extinction of intermediate form s wou ld be th e on ly alternatiy es on which to base an interpretation . A number of speciescommon t o Kentucky

,M i chigan and som e parts of Europe h av e

been described ; among t hem are But h rot reph is ramulosa

which bears a close resemblance to Galium (Bedstraw), and

Trichophycus venosu s , regarded as a plant from the Eden and

Lorraine formations . The animal fossils hav e many characterist ics in common with the European Si luric .

The sea again invaded the land and subm erged it whol ly . A

general period of qu iet prevai led during the larger part of thefol lowing

,the DEVONIAN AGE . Toward the close of the M id

Devoni c renewed em ergence was accompanied by erosion . Theera includes the Columbus and Delaware lim estones , and theOlentangy and Ohio shales . Where the changes in the relationsof land and water were favorable

,a rapid intercontinental m igra

tion and expansion of l ife fol lowed,checked only by barriers and

by occasional subm ergence . The record of plants ( 18)is t ooimperfect in Ohio for definit e discu ssion

,bu t fossil evidences show

that gigantic marine algae were abundant in the seas togetherwith fish and ostracoderm s

,while on the land-islands then exposed

,

there were insect s , and mol lusks , and in the flat lowland surfaceswere broad marshes covered with plants

,the larger number of

which were herbaceous and highly differentiated . The Devonianplants of contiguou s areas show no annual rings to bear evidenceof seasonal changes in tem perature or intervals of prolongeddrought The flora is far ri cher than that of the Si lurian

,

and of great botanical interest , since in this period occurred greatm igrations of plants from the Arctic regions , and the developm entit not the actual beginning of land plants . These facts suggestd istinct edaphic as well as other environm ental changes . Thegreat in land basins contained a vegetation archai c in manyfeatures yet not un like that now living in swamps and in thetropics . The plants were largely the prim itive forerunners of

ferns and their al lies , and the lower fern-like gymnosperm s withan undergrowth of soft thallose forms

,very much like the liver

worts of today ; their decay was accelerated by bacterial actionThe Devonian types were in m any respects sim i lar to those


3 1 8 The Ohi o Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, NO. 6 ,

record of plant life is poor Bu t enough fossil vegetation hasbeen recovered in the surroun ding states t o show that all the leading groups of the Devonian flora were represented with an associat ed insect life . The different areas exhibit distinct floral and

growth -form di fferences,and suggest either barriers or differen ces of

water content in the so il . The plant associations are varied and

of several aspects . The vegetation is remarkably cosmopolitanin distribu tion which wou ld prem ise the absence of climati c zones .

Many plants exhibit a striking xerophily ; the leaves are reducedt o linear organs , the stomata hav e special constructions and are

heavily coated and hardened ; the stems show developm ent of

water storage tissue ; the roots are extended horizontally . Thegeneral desiccation effects of the habitat resu lted

,however

,not

in the extermination of plants favoring free water,but in the lim

i tat ion of their fun ctional activity t o periods of moist or rainyseasons and in the increase of functional responses . The d ifferent iat ion has becom e a factor in distribution and has given theplants a greater range of dispersal ; the new place-functions h ad a

su rvival value in the competitive struggle among the organisms,

and in the environm ental selection . These phenomena,as will be

shown below,are not suggestive of greater severity of climate

,bu t

indicate unfavorable conditions in the peaty substratum of themarshes .

The era was brought to a close by an emergence of consid

erable areas of shal low lowland which w ith their vegetation con

st itut e the great CARBON IFEROUS or PENNSYLVANIAN system and

its im portant Coal-m easures . The land area of Ohio grew in

Spite of the fact that it was periodical ly depressed and degraded .

The withdrawal of the sea u ltimately resu lted in the un ion of

separate land masses and the extension t o it s present borders .

The formations are a series of beds somewhat unlike any heretofore considered . Irregu larly distribu ted through the Carboniferou s series are six or eight strata of sandstone

,part of them con

g lom erates , characterized by the presence of quartz pebbles whichsom etim es are of large size . Next t o them are beds of shale ingreat variety of colors ; they are frequently replaced with sand

stone layers or sheets of l im estone . The form er are frequentlycrossbedded

,the agents of deposition being rivers or the w ind ; the

latter are all of them thin and partly of fresh water origin,and

partly of marine origin as is shown b y the abundant fossils whichthey contain . The lim estones are in many cases deposits of a

cal careous nature , and frequently associated w ith beds of iron ore

or wi th a layer of clay of varying degree of purity . The clays area lways overlain w ith seam s of coal ranging from a mere black linet o a dozen feet and more in thickness . Each of these coal seams

stands for a form er low and undrained land surface and i t s vegetation cover . The well -marked order of arrangem ent of the strata

April , The Ancient Vegetation of OhiO. 3 1 9

underlying the coal seams is intimately connected with a longcontinued grow th

,sudden subm ergence

,and subsequen t fossiliza

tion of marshes adjacent t o an ancient sea,and of great inland

xerophytic vegetation form ed in island—like masses very much l ikethe peat bogs of today

,bu t over much wider areas than any single

present day bog occupies . The Carbon iferou s system includesthe Pottsvil le

,A llegheny

,Conem augh

,M onangah ela and Dunkard

formations,all of which h av e been described in great detai l in the

later volumes of the Geological Survey . Over these rocks of at

leas t two-thirds of Ohio are spread in varying thickness thedeposi t s of the glacial drift . The glacial format ions of. Ohio h av ebeen very fu lly described by Leverett a brief account fol lowsin another paper in connection with the present d istribution of

vegetation in Ohio lakes and peat deposi ts and the physiographyof the state .

The mode of arrangem ent of all geological formations is that ofsheets resting one upon another

,bu t not horizontally . Slow and

com paratively gentle movem ents of the earth ’s cru st,unaccom

panied by fractur es or displacem ents h av e given rise in the statet o a system of northeas t and sou thwest foldings . The mostimportant of these is

,as h as been stated at the ou tset

,the Cin

cinnat i axis which traverses the state as an arch from Cincinnatit o the lake shore and beyond into Canada . The other lines ofelevation are relatively weak and com e into Ohio from Pennsy l

vania and West Virginia,and are known respectively as the

Appalachian fold,the Fredericktown and Salisbury anticlines

,and

the “f el lsburg,Cadiz

,and Cambridge anti clines

,located near

places of that nam e . They are undoubtedly folds of the greatseries t o which the Allegheny moun tains of Pennsylvania and

West Virginia belong . This emergence of the rocks of the sta tehas i t s approximate date at the close of the Lower Si lurian period

,

and h as never been m ore than a low mountain chain .

A long a large part of the Cincinnati axis the strata which oncearched over it h av e been extensively worn away . They are foundresting in regu lar order on either side . The geological map of

Ohio recently published shows the areas covered by the principa lsystem s and their series of strata . In the region abou t C incinnatithe erosion h as been greatest

,exposing there the oldest rocks .

The d irection of the draining streams of the western half of thestate h as been mainly determ ined by this great anticlinal axis .

I t form s the divide between the waters of the Scioto and theM iam i

, and between the Sandu sky and the M aum ee . On theeast side of the anticlinal axis the rocks dip down into a basin inwhich all the strata form trough-like layers

,their edges ou tcrop

ping eastward on the flank s of the A llegheny mountains . Theolder rocks are deeply bur ied

,and the surface is here underlaid

by the highest and most recent of rock formations,the Coal

3 2 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XI, No. 6 ,

m easures or ancien t vegetation deposits . In the northwesterncorner of the state the strata dip northwest from the anticlinalaxis and pass under the M i chigan coal basin

,precisely as the sam e

series east of the anticlinal dip beneath the A ll egheny coal field ,

of which Ohio ’

s coal area form s a part .

The w el l—marked order of arrangement which the coal fields

of Oh io present,suggests that at the beginning of the Carbonifer

ous age an arm of an an cient shal low lake extended inland and

continued in an unbroken sheet up t o the Cincinnati arch whichmade i t s western boundary . Year after year for m any centuriesan exceedingly dense luxurian t growth of vegetation covered thesurface of the shallow basins as scattered swamps and bog

- likem arshes som etim es running into a long connected chain

,and

som etim es quite isolated . The vegetation was doubtless o f m anykinds of trees

,especially g iant ferns and club -mosses

,w ith an

undergrowth of shrubs,and plan ts like grasses and sedges . There

w ere m any m inor differences between the vegetation of differentbasins ; zones of predom inating lycopods al ternated w i th ferns .

The vegetation must h av e moved into the open water of pro

t ect ed bay s and inland water basins progressively ,as groups

,

distinct in physiognom y and grow th -form,the zones varying in

w idth w ith the defin i te conditions of l ife and the selective actionof the habitat . The plankton formation must h av e been followedby plants nearer the margin and submerged along the gentlys loping shore lines . Free float ing form s sim ilar to Azolla

,Salvinia

,

and t o various algae must h av e existed in great masses,easily

transported by w inds and currents,at tim es completely covering

the qu iet pools . As their debris form ed a slow ly rising deposi t inthe basin

,the li t toral or shore formation must h av e advanced

toward the center of the water basin form ing a m at of interwovenrhizom es and roots

,harboring various societies and layers accord

ing t o the light and water conditions . In tim e the basin becam efilled with the debris of the vegetation . In many cases the y eget at ion accumu lated t o a depth of more than fif ty feet , bu t th isgreat distance from the m ineral substratum or the deficiency of

m ineral substances never rendered i t difficult or impossible forthe plants t o grow luxu riantly . Green plants u tilize water and

the carbon dioxide of the air t o form food,the starches

,sugar

fats,and proteins necessary t o their nourishm en t and for the

su ccessive phases of a norm al developm ent . The m ineral soi lconstituents are not the food of plants ; they are indispensable bu ttheir amount is very smal l in organ i c substances

,and alone they

are incapable of sustaining life in plants .

Trees standing erect within a bed of coal , their horizontal rootsstil l embedded in the underlying stratum ; the corky bark , thewood

,branches

,l eaves

,spores

,and fru its of many plants

, and

even the remains of tosi l m i cro—organ ism s (22)have given their


3 2 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 1. XI, No. 6,

sperm s related t o the modern conifers and flowering plants of

which indeed they may hav e been the ancestors . Of these thebest known are Cordaites

,M egalopt eris , Alethopteris and possibly

Lyginopteris w ith i ts spiny stem and highly dissected xerophilou sfoliage

,Bennettites

,and perhaps Ginkgo . A l l these were strik

ingly cosmopol itan in d istribution,extending t o high latitudes .

They were at their clim ax of Vigor and height,and verged into

m ore recent ty pes .

How the coal fields were formed hundreds of centuries ago

may be seen at any of our lakes today . Our lakes and pondsrepresent on ly one of the several conditions under which y egetable matter accumu lates . Other bu t l ess im portant ways possible t o form coal beds are accum u lations ( 1)bu ilt up from theground b y successive elevations of the water table ; (2)in sea

bottom s beneath “

sargasso ” vegetation ; and (3)in marineswamps including mangrove swamps and coastal salt marshes .

The slight adm ixture of sediment which indicates t h e absence ofwaves

,tidal curren t s

,w ind- form ed cu rrents and eroding rivers

,

and the fact that at present on ly one kind of tree,the mangrove

,

grows in salt-water,is against the View that the coal was

form ed in salt-water . No records exist t o show that in earlierages the vegetation of the ocean differed greatly in kind from thatnow predom inating . Ferns and m osses are entirely absent fromthe ocean ; the m ain marine vegetation is still form ed by algae

,

often highly differentiated ,which belong t o diverse orders . The

manner in which the bed of vegetable matter accumu lated,and

h ow i t was kept from decay , is a long and interesting chapter .

The process h as been described elsewhere ( 10)in more detail .Criti cal periods sudden ly arrived

,possibly subsidence aecom

panied with a deluge of water from an adjacent sea,lake or

aggrading stream,carrying silt

,burying the vegetation under

deposits of mud and sand and converting the subm erged portioninto dry land . The rise in water level brought with it the recurrence of swamp conditions

,bu t the succeeding shallow lake had a

narrow er area than i t s predecessor , and around i t s shores and in

i sland-l ike m asses flourish ed again a dense luxuriant vegetation .

In long-continued growth it existed ,filling the lake with an accu

mu lat ion of vegetable debris t o the depth and the m argin which itstil l retains as the present coal h eld . Du ring i t s formation thenature of the sub -soil on which the vegetation grew

,and the

drainage relations affected then as now the character of the plantspredom inating in an area

,and thus influenced the percentage and

kind of ash in the vegetable debris . Frequent local or generald isturbances in topography and sedim entation during times of

flood brought abou t the occurrence of partings and seam s in coalbeds . Not infrequently the vegetation was buried under sheetso f l im estone that accumu lated through precipitation in the inv ad


ing water . In the subsequent subm ergence and fossilization therefollowed other marshes and bog

—like swamps . These coal bedsrepresent in som e places subm erged forests

,and in others the

coal was probably form ed not by the slow growth of vegetationin situ

,bu t from drifted vegetable material . But every successive

coal forming area h ad a narrower low land basin than i ts predecessor . This indicates that the changes in the relative level ofwater were not accompanied by oscil lations in land l evel .The geological evidences of the earlier periods of the state ’

s

developm ent show that CO2 existed in much larger quanti tiesthan now

,since enormous amounts hav e been fixed in the beds of

limestone . The depletion of th e CO content,it may be pre

sumed,produced effects on the atmospheric blanket which tended

t o lower the average temperature and moisture and this changedthe climatic character of the region Sim i larly the t remen

dou s amounts of carbon stored in the basins of the coal measuresby the work of green plants undoubtedly produced a markedeffect 0 11 the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide . Far reaching changes in climate must hav e fol lowed

,such as are exemplified

in the periodic glaciations of the Pl eistocene .

The duration of the Carboniferou s period must h av e been a

very long one t o yield deposi t s of coal of su ch thickness,for i t

shou ld be remembered that a large part of .t h e vegetable matter ,abou t four—fif th s

,escaped as gas 111 the making of coal

,and the

rem ainder has been com pressed t o a fraction of the original layerof vegetable debris . I t is estimated that from 15 t o 30 feet of

peat are requ ired to make one foot of coal . By a series of changeswhich are plain ly traceable

,vegetable matter

,peat

,l ignite ,

bitum inous or soft coal,and anthracite form a series of sub stances

which grade one into another in an unbroken line from complexorgani c par t ly oxidized com pounds a t one end to nearly pu recarbon at the other . The succession is not necessarily a strictlylineal one

,since degree of decomposition and chem i cal changes

,

previous exposure of the vegetation t o reduction action or t o

oxidation,affec t the alterations in various ways . The m eta

morphic changes are hastened where the structural conditionof the overlying rock favors the escape of the gaseous produc t s .

Ligno—cellul ose compounds are the in itial substances which gradually loose carbon dioxide , marsh gas and water , and so yield theseries of produ cts represented by the different kinds of coal .Chem ical analysis (3)in which the probable combination of elem ents is given grouped as moisture

,volatile hydrocarbons , fixed

carbon,ash and sulphur show that the value of coal for fuel is

determ ined main ly by the relative amoun ts of its volatile hydrocarbons and the fixed carbons . The former represents the freeburning constituents of coal and the latter its heating power .

Ash and su lphur il lustrate the obj ectionable impurities . Up t o a

3 2 4 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 6,

certain point the fuel value or fuel ratio of coal can therefore bedeterm ined by dividing the fixed carbon percentage by that of

the volati le hydrocarbons . A number of different kinds of coalare recogn ized in the Un ited States whose different iation dependslargely upon these characteristics . Bu t in whatever variety of

form,coal is derived from vegetation which grew in lowland

,in

ponds and lakes in a manner as we find in sub—tropical swampsand in peat bogs of temperate and northern regions today ; it wasburied under su ccessive layers of m atter like itself

,and of sedi

m ents such as sand and clay ; thus protected from atmosphericoxidation and subj ected t o gradually increasing heat

,and the

pressure of oy e1 ly ing porous i ocks,the vegetation became trans

form ed to the form we now use . The search for coal today is asearch for these ancient m arshes

,bogs and swamp - forests hidden

under lay ers of sandstone,shales

,and drift

WHAT COND IT IONS DETERM INED X ER OM ORPHY AND THE ORIGIN

or LAND PLANT S .

The characteristic xerophily of the carboni ferous vegetationh as been interpreted by geologists (5)as indi cative of a warm er

,

moister atmosphere more heavily charged wi th carbon dioxidethan at pr esent . To the writer the facts are hardly consistentwith the exter nal conditions assumed . The supposition thatxeromorphy involves fac tors of climate is not necessarily wrong

,

bu t cal ls for a fu ll er consideration and compa1 ison along withadditional factors

,t he character and magnitude of which is

capable of produ cing like resu lts . A more satisfactory int erpretatien of the phenom enon of xerophily wou ld be found in the factthat the present vegetation of undrained swamps and of bogs h asmany of these xerophytic features none of which are correlatedw ith atmospheric influences on ly . The chief cause for both thexerophily of the coal flora and the great accumu lation of y egetable m atter is not to be looked for m erely in climatic impli cations . High temperature and hum id air prom ote in a highdegree decomposition . The great thi ckness of the deposits suggests rather that the preservation of the debris was favored by a

temperate climate and by agents in the soi l such as are involvedin the accumu lation of peat today . Sim ilarly the force of theinference from the xerophyti c aspect of the carboniferous v egetat ion— nam ely

,the pecu liari ties of leaf size and l eaf structure

for maintaining a balance between supply and ‘loss of watergives additional support t o the View that the plants encounteredacly ersit ies of soi l—water content rather than of climate . A sat

isfact ory explanation of the ph enom enon h as been found in theexperim ental investigations of the writer on the reduction actionand toxi c character of bog water and bog soi l the results of


3 2 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI,’

N0 . 6,

m ineral nutrients , bu t by an excessive,defective or preventive

action in the substratum . The lack of m ineral constituents su chas lim e

,potash

,and phosphoric acid does not even render it

difficult for m esophytic shrubs and trees t o invade and grow as

the deposit is bu i lt up and oxidation processes becom e prom inentin the surface layer of the substratum . To what extent bogplants requ ire the organi c compounds arising in peat soi ls is stil lundeterm ined . The assim i lation of organi c n itrogenous sub

stances is undoubtedly made less difficult on account of thenumber of saprophyti c fungi and the endotrophic mycorhizau sually present .

The characteristi c foliage of bog plants is distinctly an

effect t o a habitat with a moderate or scanty physiologicalsoi l -water content . Extreme xeromorphy is reached in theupper lay er of open shrub associations ; here the CO2 percentage of the vertical gradient is least and approximates that of

the free air ; the combined effect of t h e intensity of light and thegreater saturation deficiency of th e air is provided for by an

increased thickness of the m esophyll layer in the fol iage to m inim ize disturbances in the carbon dioxide supply . This and thenarrow leaves with restricted stomata confined to deep furrowsand in som e cases protected by hairs , wax ,

or heavy cuticle,are

devices common to plants in bogs where the plants must protectthem selves against unfavorable water content in the substratum

,

and not against unfavorable atmospheric influences . The aerialparts of plants are constantly losing water by transpiration

,a

process sim ilar to evaporation but control led by the plants withincertain lim i ts . To re—establish equ i librium this water loss isreplaced by the supply of water from the substratum by rootabsorption . The taller plants are thus subj ected t o a difficu ltyin maintaining t h e balance between absorption and transpirationin the sam e manner as are plants living in deserts or in sandyregion s . Though the amount of transpiration exhibited byplants is partly influenced by the physical conditions of theatmosphere such as temperature

,hum idity and wind

,yet these

factors are much more uniform than are the amounts of availabl ewater supply . The lim i tations of this paper do not perm i t goinginto greater detai l in respect to the nature and the degree of

toxicity in bogs , or in resp ect to the kinds of plants or the parts ofplants which are most affected .

The nearest analogue of the accumu lation and the conditionsof growth for the vegetation of the coal m easures are the bogsand marsh es of today . Were there no other tru stworthy recordsof the occurrence of bacteria and fungi in Palaeozic times (22 i twou ld stil l be a natural supposition that these organisms wereabundantly represented ,

and produced physical and chem i calchanges in the substratum . Th e transform ation products of


whatever nature checked the activity of the roots of plants anddepressed their transpirat ion . The striking sim i larity of theaerial shoots of the carbon iferous plants to those of modern tim esin bogs and undrained swamps restrain one

,therefore

,from

assum ing that the atmosphere differed greatly in temperature andhum idity

,or was different in the chem i cal constituents from what

it is now . There may hav e been moderate variations in thecarbon dioxide content of the air

,bu t this would require experi

m ental proof upon bog plants and the groups of plants sim i lar t othose which lived in carboniferous tim es

,the scouring rushes

,the

ly copods , ferns , cycads and gymnosperms,to assign i t s l im its .

The statements in current literature as t o the strengths of that

gas which green plant s can endure are conflict ing and cal l forfurther work in the h eld and in the laboratory .

The consideration of these facts leads to another'

point —theinevitable conclu sion that the form characters and the fundam ental resistance t o drought and dessi cation distinctive of xerophytic plants whether in bogs or deserts must h av e made theirappearance within early geologic time . They are not of recen tdevelopment The climate of northern Am erica has undergone oscil lations between periods of m aximum aridity and max

imum precipitat ion and hum idity,with extreme variations in

temperature during and following the several glacial periods ; theampli tude occupy ing periods of perhaps many thousands of

y ears . Variations in climate so wide apart indi cate an almostcomplete change in the character of the flora during the geologi cperiods . The

“

xerophytic features which characterize bogs and

deserts are not to be taken,there fore

,as having com e abou t by a

direct and continuously increasing edaphic or climati c aridity .

Aside from the question as t o the m ethods and the activatingcond itions in evolutionary development

,i t seem s certain that t he

origin of xerophytic form s is not one of recent developm ent inthe vegetable kingdom but must h av e been concom itant with thediastrophic and gradation processes of the great geologic periods .

The great floral evolu tions of geologic history were principal lyone of growth-form

,phy siognomy

,and functional behaviour

,and

not of flor al structure alone . Water h as always been the mostimportant of all the life relation s in the environm ent of plants .

In the early types of gametophyt i c vegetation i t remained neces

sarily of greatest importance for th e movem ents of gam etes ineffecting fertilization and for dissem ination . The luxuriou sdevelopm ent of these forms in the ancient areas of low lying landbecame checked in the stress of aridity encountered with theaccumu lation of their debri s . With the origin and the development of the sporophytic types of vegetation

,which were from the

first l ess dependent upon free water,the prolongation of vegeta

tion activity enabled the plants t o occupy the areas with greater

3 2 8 The Ohio Naturali st . lVol. XI, NO. 6,

habit reactions . The effects of dessi cation in the physiological lyarid habitats resul ted in greater differentiation of organs

,in pro

t ect iv e and resistance features and in a greater range of

di spersal . The vegetation had now developed t o forms capableof occupying dry land , and able t o maintain them selves as bog or

desert vegetation in local ities restricting functional activity . Thegeneral movement finally resul ted in a land flora of which them esophytes are the highest expression . The lowland basins andregions of coal formation were undoubtedly the regions of t h e

evolution of the f lora as a whol e and of the several natural plantformations which include many diverse species in a unity of

characteristic phy siognomy and growth form . Probably thearctic regions were then the most favorable for the growth and

development of xeromorphic form s . M igration from northerncenters of dispersal

,the periods of climatic aridity

,and the

changes imm ediately before and after i ce invasion,undoubtedly

accentuated the ecological evolu tion of this t ype of vegetation .

The extensive change in floral types which is particu larly evident through the subordination of the ferns t o grasses and heat hplants

,and the elim ination and replacement of the prim it ive

gymnosperm s by the later gymnosperm s and angiosperm s islargely one of range and variability of protoplasm i c forces . In

some types the characteristics often bear no apparent relation to

the environment and are retained under the most varied conditions

,yet many other types are profoundl y and rapidly modified

by changes in climate,physiography

,and soi l processes .

The great development of form in response t o the environmental stress was attended by a rapid and luxuriant expansion inrange

,in successions of vegetation formations , and in sequence of

associations . Several form s of cycads,Bennettites and coni fers

now inhabit desert areas . Not l ess interesting is the fact thatmany species of heather-plants of Europe such as Cal luna

,

Empetrum,several species of pines (Pinus sylvestris

,P .

montana), Jun iper (Juniperus comm un is), birches (Betu la ,

pubescens,E . nana), Labrador t ea (Ledum palustre), bladder

wort (Utricu laria cornuta), and others,can grow both on extremely

dry ,warm soi l and on extrem ely cold or wet soils . The observa

tion h as repeatedly been made by the writer that in the northernparts of M i chigan several species of bog plant s leave

: the peatsoi ls entirely and are only found upon dry and poor soi ls . Thisis notably the case with tamarack (Larix lari cina), the chokeberries (Aronia nigra

,A . arbu tifolia), the blueberries (Vaccinium

corymbosum,V . canadense), the black huckleberry (Gay lussaccia

bacata), t h e shrubby cinquefoi l (Potenti lla fruti cosa), sweet gale(M yrica gale), the steeple bush (Spiraea tomentosa)and severalother xerophytes of the peat bogs of Ohio . The cranberries

(Vaccinium creeping snowberry (Chiogenes hispidu la), and


30.

l .

The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLXI, NO. 6 ,

L ITERATURE C ITED .

ANDREW S E . B . Descriptions of fossil plants from lower carboniferous strata . Geol . Sury . Ohio

,Palaeontology I I :

413

BOWNOCKER, J . A . The occurrence and exploitation of petro

leum and natural gas in Ohio,Geol . Sury . Ohio ,

Bu ll . I,

1903 .

BOWNOCKER, J . A .

,LORD

, N . V\7 .

,SOMERMEYER

,E . E . Coal

,

Geol . Surv . Ohio,Bu ll . 9

,1908 .

CLAYPOLE,E . W . On the occurrence of a fossi l tree in the

C linton lim estone base of the Upper Silurian of Ohio .

Geol . M ag ,2 , V : 558 504 ,

1878 .

CHAMBERL IN ,T C . and SALISBURY R : D . Geology

,New

York . 1900 .

CZAPEK,F . Die Ernah rungsph ysiologie der Pfianzen seit

1896 . Progressus Rei Botanicae I ; 468 . 1907 .

1 . DACHNOW SKI , A . The toxic property of Bog Water and BogSoi l . Bot . Gaz . 40 ; 130

- 143 . 1908 .

47 : 389 -405,1909 .

Physiologically arid habitats and drought resistancein plants . Bot . Gaz . 49 : 325—340 . 19 10 .

relations t o the substratum,temperature and evaporation .

Bo t . Gaz . 1 1 : 24 1-000 . 19 1 1 .

F OERSTE,A . F . A11 exam ination of Glyp todendron ,

Gla3 pole ,and of other so called Silu 1 ian land plants of Ohio . Am .

Geol . 12 : 133 . 1893 .

LEVERETT,F Glacial formations and drainage features .of

the Erie and Ohio basins . U . 8 . Geological Su rvey 4 1 , 1902 .

LESQUEREUX ,L . Land plants recently discovered in the

Si luri an rocks of the Un ited States . Proc . Am . Philos .

Soc . 17 : 103—173 . 1877 .

ous formation in Pennsylvania and throughou t the UnitedStates . Geol . Sury . Pennsylvania

,I I : 695 -977 , 1884 .

M CDOUGAL,D . T . Influence of Aridity upon the evolu tionary

developm ent of plants . The P lant World 12 : 2 17-230 ;M ILLER , S . A . (Description of Species .)Cincinnati QuarterlyJournal of Science I : 235

,1874 ; I I : 24—39 and 104-118 , 1879 .

NEW BERRY, J . S . 0 11 the so-called land plants from the lower :

Si lurian of Ohio . Am . Jour . Sci . 3d S . 8 : 110-113 ,1874 .

Soc . Nat . Hist,22 : 48 . 1898 .

Descriptions of fossi l plants . Geol . Sury . Ohio ,

Palaeontology I : 359-385,1873

April , Anatomy and Physiology of the Unionidae. 33 x

OR I ON,E . The coal h elds of Ohio . Geol . Sury . Ohio 7 : 255

290 , 1893 . See also subj ect index of Ohio reports in Bib liography of Ohio Geology ; Geol . Sury . Ohio

,Bu l l . 0

,1906 .

PRO S S ER,C . 8 . Revised nom enclature of the Ohio Geological

formations . Geol . Sury . Ohio,Bu l l . 7

,1905 .

RENAULT,B . Recherches sur l es bacteriacees fossiles . Ann .

des . sci . nat . bot . VI I I serie,T I I : 275—349

,1896 .

SCOTT,D . H . The present position of palaeozoi c botany .

Progressus Rei Botanicae I : 139 -2 17,1907 .

WARD,L . F . Th e geological distribu tion of fossi l plants .

U . S . Geol . Sury .

,Washington D . C .

,1889 .

WH ITE,D . The upper Palaeozoi c h oras

,their su ccession and

range ; in “711115,B . and Sal isbury

,R . D . Outlines of geo

logic history : 138-100 , 19 10 .

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY AND PHYS IOLOGY OF THE

UNIONIDAE .

V . STERK I .The Un ionidae are not on ly the most conspicuous part of our

mol lu scan fauna ,bu t also the most interesting . Som e of their

anatom i cal and physiological features h av e com e t o our knowledge only recently , and in few groups of animals

,h av e the last t en

t o fif t een y ears brought su ch radi cal changes of classificat ion .

Up t o 1900 ,the genera were general ly based upon the shells : those

w ith complete (regardi ng the fam i ly)hinges were cal led U1170 ,

those wi th more or less defective hinges were A lasmi donta , or

xlf argart tana ,and those withou t hinge teeth were Anodonta . Con

ch ologist s general ly know that the groups and genera are now

established prin cipal ly on the soft parts , mainly the branchiae,

not exactly coincident with the for mation of the shells . Thebranchiae

,or gills

,of this group of mol lusca ,

h av e three verydifferent functions : respiration ,

nutrition (as food gatherers), andas brood chambers for the oy a and embry os .

The general morphology and anatomy of the fresh—watermussels is well known , bu t the special features are frequently not

m entioned , or very fragmentarily ,in text books on zoology ,

and

not even in recen t special works on mol lu sca . Our lowest form ,

at least in one group , and in one direction , the smal l Anodontaimbeci lli s Say ,

is herm aphrodite,that is : part of the gonad is

ovary,another is testis . Other Anodontae hav e not been su ffi

cient ly examined in this respect . The balance of our Unioni dae

are typical ly uni sexual , yet among Quadrula ,and even Lampsi li s

(parva ,Barnes), bisexual individuals are occasional ly found .

Presented at t h e Akron meeting of t h e Oh io Academy of Sc ience ,

November 25 , 1910 .

3 3 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . X1, No. 6 ,

I t i s known that the oy a ,from the !ovary ,

pass through an

ovidu ct on each side into the branchiae , where they develop intoembryos , the so-call ed glochidia . The glochidium , of abou t thesize of the ov um ,

h as a two-valved shell,very different from the

postembryonal shel l , and also of markedly different formation inthe several groups , and a very prim itive formation of th e softparts , withou t al im entary canal , ganglia , branchiae , etc .

The formation of the femal e reprodu ctive branchiae is vari edand fu rni shes principal characters for classificat ion . In som e of

the groups , the Uni oni h ae (Un io,Pleurobema

, Quadrula), also theAnodontinae (Anodonta,

Alasmi donta , Gymphyn‘

ota,

thebranchiae which receive the ov a ,

in their whole extent,show

on ly slight and macroscopical ly barely noticeable differences fromthe male branchiae , and the non—receptive of the fem ale . In a

stil l higher group , on ly a part of each of the outer branchiae i snoticeably differentiated

,the so—cal led marsupium

,consisting of

ovisacs , their number being very different in the several groups ,and approximately constant in adu lt individuals of each species .

Also their configurat ion shows differences , when barren , and muchmore so when charged . This is the group , or subfam i ly Lamps il inae

,and , with som e differences , P roptera . In P tychobranchus

(e . g . phaseolus Hi ldreth), the ou ter branchiae are differentiated intheir whole extent , and of a formation marked ly different fromthat of the others , when gravid .

In the lower forms , there are no or slightly marked differencesof the shells between males and femal es . With the appearance ofthe marsupium which , wh en filled and distended , proj ects moreor l ess over the general contour and the lower edge of the branchiae ,there com es a corresponding distension of the shell in the female

,

not or sligh t ly marked in som e forms,strongly so in others , e . g .

,

m ost of the species of Lampsi l is . I t reaches its highest grade inTm ncz

’

lla,where that part of the female shel l is not on ly greatly

d i stended bu t also of a form ation and scu lp ture different fromthe rest of the mu ssel .These di fferences , gradations , of both soft parts and shel l , are

naturally not in a straight line , the sam e as in other groups of

an imals , but wi th ram ificat ions and gaps,which latter wou ld

probably be bridged over b y extinct forms , and possibly by su chas are living in other 2 0 0 -geographical provinces .

In connection wi th the different formation of the gravidbranchiae , there are also different ways of discharging the embryos .

In the Uniom’

nae the young are expell ed upward from the broodchambers into the suprabranchial canal and from there out intothe water through the anal siphonal mantle opening . Bu t in theLampsi linae ,

each ovisac Opens , at i ts int erior end , and

the contents,coherent as a cake makes i ts exit

through that rent , and ou t either through the branchial siphonal


3 34 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 6,

o f which we hav e about a hundred species,now known

,in North

Ameri ca ,and well worth being studied , are of much smal ler size

,

the mussels being t o 20 mi l l . long when mature ; their hingesare more complete ; the mantle is less open and th e siphons arec losed ,

and tubes ; the four branchiae are di fferently arranged ; t h eyoung are developed in a special , brood pouch on t h e inside of

the inner branchiae on each side ; the young , when matur e,are

mu ch larger than the glochidia of the Unionidae and ful lydeveloped .

New Ph i ladelph ia , Ohio .

THE OCCURRENCE OF APPLE BLOTCH IN OHIO .

W . O . GLOYER .

In the early part of September of this year there came an

"inquiry t o the D epartm ent of Botany of the Ohio Agricu lturalExperim ent Stat ion from an orchard grower of Sharon , NobleCounty ,

seeking advice in regard to t h e blotched appearance of

som e of th e apples found in his orchard . Exam ination of thespecimens , by M r . Arzberger , of this department , revealed t h epresence of the Apple B lot ch ,

P hyllosticta soli taria,E . E . This

disease was reported by Scot t * in 1909 as being qui te prevalentin our sou thern states , causing a great deal of damage in theorchards infected . Investigations in the orchards in the Vicini tyof Wooster showed its presence on a local variety of apple knownas Bu tter Apple .

” All the trees of this variety in the orchardw ere infected t o abou t sixty per cent of t heir crop

,while other

trees under sim i lar conditions were immune .

Inqu iries and inspection of the orchards in our sou therncoun ties revealed the fact that the apple blotch was qu ite preyalent in sprayed as well as unsprayed orchards . Usual ly one

variety in an orchard su ffers t o a great degree while the remainderof the orchard is not infected . In one orchard ,

for instance,

twenty barrels of Pippins w ere infected t o abou t ninety per cent,

while the other vari eties were immune . The investigations inLawrence , Gallia and Jackson Counties showed that P hyllostictasoli tam

’

a occurred frequently on Sm i th’

s Cider , Baldwin ,Ben

Davis , Stark ,Pippin ,

and Rom e Beau ty . Often ,as was the case

with the Pippin ,the entire crop was ru ined by this disease . The

disease h as also been found in Wayne , Noble , and Athens Counties .

The fungus i s not on ly found on the fruit , bu t i ts presence isalso noted on the leaves and twigs ; nevertheless , t he disease is notsuspected in the orchard un less the disease has made itself evidenton the apples . The dark-brown stellar spots (Figs . 1 and

U . 8 . Bull . 144 ,Bureau of P lant Industry .

April , Occurrence (j Apple Blotch in Ohio. 33 5

formed by t h e fungus are irregu lar in shape . varying from a quart er of an inch to an inch in diam eter . Howey er , they may coalesceand cover a larger portion of the apple . Not un t i l the final stagesdoes the fungus penetrate more than a few m i l limeters below theepidermi s where it gives the infected portion a dry pu lpy texture .

F IG . 1 . Apple b lotch (Phy l losticta sol i taria), sh owmg t h e nature oft h e d i sease .

F IG . 2 . Py cnida of P . so l itaria and sunken areas of infected ti ssue .

F IG . 3 . A group of Sm ith ’

s cider apples show ing t h e typical b lotches .

F IG . 4 . Cankers of P . sol itaria on app le twigs .

At the tim e the apples are about t o be harvested the blotches arem ost prevalent and at this tim e the pycnidia begin t o appear inthe diseased spots below the epiderm is (Fig . They are not

found in any defini t e position , bu t general ly they are on ly seen inthe older infected tissue at the center . In the m ature pycnidiaare found the one-cel led , ovoid ,

hyaline spores varying som ewhatbut usually 9 X 6 m i crons . In certain cases we h av e transversecracking of the infected areas which is soon fol lowed by a generald ecay .

3 36 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 6 ,

The fungus is also present on the water sprou t s (Fig . 4)andfru it spurs where it forms t an—colored cank ers . These cankers onthe water sprouts are variable in si ze , often attain ing a length of

two inches , and a width of about one-half inch . The cankers onthe fruit spurs are smaller , being usual ly about a quarter of an

inch in diam eter . However , the cankers are m ore numerous t hanon the water sprou ts and often give th e fru it spurs a very rough

,

ragged appearance due to the cracking of the cankered tissue .

Som etim es the cracks may entirely separate the infected fromhealthy tissue , and then the canker wound will be healed by thegrowth of the new tissue which crowds away the infected bark .

The pycn idia are found scattered over the ent ire canker surfaceand the spores therein are sim i lar t o those found on the fru it .

The leaves,when infected w ith P hyllostieta soli taria

,show

small yellow spots abou t a sixteenth of an inch in diam eter . In

the center of these irregu lar spots there u sual ly can be found one

or more pycnidia which contain the spores . The presence of thespots on the leaves are often lacking

,especially when the foliage

h as been protected by propef spraying .

From the trees observed in this state,i t is evident that very

little infection com es from the infected l eaves , but the perennialcankers on twigs , with their num erous pycn idia , are the greatsource of infection . The blotches

,which give the apples their

unsightly appearance,begin t o appear late in Ju ly or in the early

part of August and increase in si ze unti l harvesting (Fig .

These apples when kept 111 storage soon decay,because

,through

their injured epiderm is other fungi enter .

As t o the control of the apple blotch,i t is reported by several

of the fru it growers that spraying will control this disease . How

ever,i t h as been observed that the blotch was prevalent t o a great

degree on certain trees that were well sprayed . The blotchedapples in such cases wou ld tend t o discredit the use of sprays wereit not for the fact that th e trees were u sually not well pruned ,

and hence the cankers were al lowed t o send forth their sporesunhindered . I t appears that spray treatment must extendthroughou t the season after the manner of sprays for bitter-rot .

Thus i t is clearly seen that while spraying is a great factor in thecontrol of the apple blotch

,pruning plays just as important a

role in checking a d isease which is costing many bushels of apples ,and which

,if not checked ,

will ru in some of the choice crops inthis state .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , Ap ril 3 , IO”.


338 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO1. XI, No. 7 ,

dorsal l ine crown the summ i ts of prominent coni cal proj ect ionswhich

,like t h e rest of the dorsum , are close-set with short radiat ing

black bristles . The second of these proj ections from the m iddleline on each side i s about one-third as large as the first and situatedon the succeeding fold . These transverse folds are cont inuedlateral ly into distinct V—shaped prom inences which with those ofot her segments form a zig—zag longitudinal carina along each sideof the body . The third spine from the m iddl e-line on each sideis situated at the apex of this V ; the fourth at the apex of a similar ,

underlying lateral cone or V ; in front of which a smal l y entrally-proj ecting fold form s two smal ler spiny prom inences bearing the fif th and sixth bristles . These form the lateral borders ofthe larva and give t o i t a very irregu lar ou tline of sharp angu larproj ections .

On the ventral part of the first segm ent are situated the mouthparts and dorsal t o these the antennae . The mou th—parts consistof two jaw-like pieces working longitudinally and at the sides ofthese three pairs of mou th-hooks adapted t o work transversely

(Fig . The jaws are continu ed internal ly into a tube-likeoesophagus or gu l let . A l l the parts are black and firmly ch i t inised .

The antennae are very smal l consisting of a single fleshy jointwith two m inu te rounded segm ents side by side at i t s apex .

Surrounding these parts are a dozen or more smal l sensory papillae .

In the m iddle of the third segment is a pair of anterior spiracles .

These are light brown , coni cal , with a sem i -circu lar sl it near theapex (Fig .

On the anterior part of the dorsum of the last segment is sit

uat ed the posterior breathing organ (Figs . 2,b This consists of

two closely apposed,

short , cylindri cal breathing—tubes , uni tedalong the m iddle line , slightly divergent at the tip . They are

hard ,black ,

firm ly ch i t inised str uctur es , each w ith three slit—likespiracles raised on radiating carinae . Anteriorly near the m idd l eline each is m arked by a smooth circular plate ; and the surface ofthe appendages between the spiracles bears several sharp irregu larridges . The alim entary canal opens ventral ly on the last segm ent .

The int egum ent of these larvae is exceedingly tough bu t transparent . The entire dorsal and lateral surfaces are beset withnu merous ,

m inu te , short black bristles . The ventrum is bare .

A long the m id—dorsal line for the greater part of i t s length thedorsal blood-y essel is visible through the body-wal l . I t i s a

poorly—defined ,dark line with fiv e or six lateral expansions .

This fly is on ly tolerably common about Columbu s . I wasable t o find the young fairly common in the autumn of 1909 ; but

they were rare in 19 10 ,owing perhaps t o the greater scarcity of

their food the latt er season . From the observations made it isprobable that the larvae of the autumn generation of this fly do

not appear before the last week in September or the first of Octo

May, Two Species of Syrphidae. 3 39

ber . The m iddle of Sept ember none were to be found . On

October 10 ,19 10 ,

four larvae of this species were col lected fromSycamore . E ight days later one of them pupated . I hav e not

determ ined accurat ely the duration in the larval s tage .

The larvae of D idea f uscipes live in the colonies of the largeaphid

,Longistigma (Lachh us)caryae Harris which appear so

abundantly in fal l on the under sides of the lower horizontalbranches of the Sycamore (P latanus occi dentali s I h av e alsofound the larvae on a Basswood tree (Ti lia americana L .)affectedwith these plant li ce . They are apparently closely restri cted infood-habits t o the body flu ids of this one kind of aphid and may beexpected wherever Longi stigma caryae occurs with any regularity .

They are rather sluggish and probably often spend their entirelifetim e among the parti cu lar group of plant-li ce in which theyhatch .

When feeding the larva seizes an aphid w i th the hooks of it s

mouth—parts . The body—wal l i s punctur ed and the ju i ces,which

alone are eat en ,are slow ly su cked ou t leaving the body-wal l

shrunken and crumpled . These dried -up skins can frequently befound on the branches where larvae h av e fed . I t is m y beliefthat these flies destroy large enough numbers of the aphids t o beof considerable econom i c importan ce in keeping them in check .

The excrement of the larva is dark purplish in color and leavesconspicuous blotches on the white sycamore bark . The moistexcrem ent seem s t o be of use in helping the larva to cling t o thesurface of the bark .

I hav e discovered no habits of protection in the larval stagemore than that deri ved from the surrounding colony of aphids .

They are certain ly not conspicuous when so located . The location on the under side of the twigs is no doubt a protection fromthe weather and from some birds ; bu t this i s , I think ,

entirelyincidental t o the sim i lar location of their prey . The covering of

spines and especial ly the conspicuous bristly prom inences maybe defensive .

I h av e found no parti cu lar enem ies of this stage .

PUPA .

The pupa i s concealed in the hardened , slightly inflated,

sub—cylindrical,last larval skin , within which the changes t o the

adu lt form take place . As the larva approaches m etamorphosisit attaches i tself usual ly t o a som ewhat protected place on theunder surface of the limb . The anterior segments are retracted ,

the skin becom es inf lated filling ou t the wrinkles characteri sti c ofthe larva . I t rounds ou t anteriorly and dorsal ly , the point m idway between the fourth and fif th segments com ing t o li e at theanterior pol e , the mou th being shun t ed backward on the ventralside

3 4 0 The Ohio Naturali st. [Vol . XI, No. 7 ,

Length 9 5 — 10 mm .,width —5 mm .

,height abou t mm .

Color , Roman sepia,a li ttle darker than the larva . The puparium

is broadest a li ttle back of the sixth larval segm ent,is ni cely

rounded in front , and tapers gradual ly t o the last segm ent whichremains som ewhat flat t ened , especially at the sides . The covering of smal l black bri stles i s retained and the black coni cal prominences becom e even m ore conspi cuous owing t o the inflat ion

(Figs . 6,

The posterior breathing appendages are retained .

The date of pupation was abou t the m idd le of October . Indoorsthe duration in the pupal stage was abou t 20 days .

I h av e made no observations which would indicate that thelarvae crawl far before changing t o the pupae . I h av e foundpupae 0 11 the under sides of the horizontal branches of the Sycamore not far from the colonies of plant li ce among which they fed .

The shining brown color together w ith the black, spiny

,

coni cal proj ections on the dorsal side give t o th e pupa of Dz

’

dea

f uscipes a characteristic appearance easi ly distingu ished fromthat of the other Syrphidae I h av e seen . The pupae are protectedby the indurated puparium and som ewhat by the sheltered position on the bark taken up by the larvae .

I hav e found the pupa late in Noy ember and it is probablethat the fly passes the w inter in this stage .

The adu lts h av e been taken from the m iddle of M ay t o thelast of September . I hay e studied on ly the au tumn generationof larvae .

Th e adu l t s emerge by bursting off a circu lar lid of the pupacase (Fig . This is accomplished by expansion of the lowerpart of the face

ADULT .

Q ,Length 11— 15 mm .

Descr1pt ion ,slightly modified from Williston . Bu l l . U . S .

Nat . M us , No . 3 1,89 Face yellow ,

with a smal lelongate brownish spot on the tubercle . Front yel low , withtwo brownish spots above the antennae

, or ,in the female ,

w i th an inverted V-shaped brown stripe connected with theblack of the upper part of the front . Eyes bare . Orbitsthickly yellowish pol linose , posteriorly w ith a fringe of yellowishwhitish pile . Antennae black

,the third joint at the base som e

times reddish ,elongate oval , obtusely pointed at the tip ; arista

reddish . Thorax shining greenish black ,on the meso ptero and

sterno—pleurae yellow ,thickly covered with sim i lar colored pollen

and pile . Scu t t elum light yellow , translucent . Wings grayishhyaline

,the base before the hum eral cross-y ein and the stigma

brown ; the remainder of the sub-costal cell and the costal cellmay be brownish ; third y ein rather deeply curved near the m iddl eof the first posterior cell . Legs brown

,the posterior tibiae and all

the tarsi blackish ; sometimes the legs are luteous , the base of


3 4 2 The Oh io Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 7 ,

ou tlined extending practical ly the fu l l length and varying inwidth . At the approach t o m etamorphosis these adipose massesincrease in extent som etim es covering nearly the entire dorsumexcept the blood-y essel . At times also the body fluid invadesm ore or less the fatty bodies appearing as ou tlying pu lsatingpockets .

This fly is abundant in this region and has been taken fromApri l 1 to September 10 . The stages h av e not been fol lowedthroughout the year and the egg h as not been studied .

Th e au tumn generat ion of larvae appears on cabbage affectedby plant lice usually during the latter half of September , becoming abundant from the first t o the m idd le of October . Duringthe fal l of 1909 the study was not taken up unti l abou t the m idd leof October . At this tim e larvae were plentifu l and were found at

the University farm unti l the first of November when the hostplants were rem oved . “Then the writer returned t o Columbu sthe m iddle of September , 19 10 ,

y ery few aphids or larvae of

Syrphidae were t o be found and none of Syrphus torvus . Thelatter appeared after those of other species

,not becom ing abund

ant unti l the first week in October . They were stil l fairly plentifu l the m iddle of October .

I h av e not determ ined the duration in the larval stage . Som elarvae taken Oct oy er 15 and kept on sparse diet remainedunchanged December 3 , showing th eir great tenacity of life .

The larvae live on cabbage and related plants crawling abou ton the surface of the ou ter leaves and as far inward as is accessiblewithou t boring . The food of the larvae is usual ly the body juicesof the cabbage plant-louse -4ph is brassz

’

cae I h av e foundsome of this species on Sycamore feeding on Longi st igma caryae

bu t they are much more abundant on cabbage . Confined larvaereadi ly change t o the latter kind of food in absence of the cabbageaphids . The larvae are som etim es found on plants on whichthere are no aphids ; bu t u sual ly there is an abundance of prey at

hand .

The lou se is seized by the hooks and jaws of the mouth of thelarva and held in the air whi le the ju i ces of i ts body are sucked ou t .

I h av e found no parti cular enem ies of this stage . They are oftenwel l protected from birds among the inner leaves .

PUPA .

In changing t o the pupa the larval skin contracts t o form a

puparium . The body becomes shorter,more oval , expanded

dorsal ly in front and of a darker color . Length 8 mm .

,

width mm .

,height —4 mm . Testaceous brown ,

naked ,smooth except for slight remains of the transverse wrinkling of

larva . (Fig . Broadest in front of the m idd le , n i cely roundedin front

, descending rapidly at the posterior end to the proj ectingcaudal spircales (F ig .

May, Two Species cy‘Syrpht

'

dae. 3 43

ADULT .

Length , 07‘ 9 10—125 mm .

Description,slightly modified after Osten Sacken . Proe .

Bost . Soc . N . H .,XVI I I

,139

Female (Fig . 9) Face and cheeks yellow with a very slight bluish reflect ion , covered with fine scattered y ellow and black pile ; afaint grayish spot on the cheeks under the eyes ; oral margin infront narrowly brownish . Front and ver t ex shining black withblack pile ; the front on both sides along the eyes w ith a broadborder of yellow ish pol len sometimes m eeting the sim ilar borderof the opposite side . This pollen continues in di lu te form . downthe sides of the face crossing narrowly beneath the antennae .

Eyes pubescent (in many specimens the pubescence is verymuch rubbed off and very difficu lt t o perceive)posterior orbitscovered with white pile and pol len . Antennae inserted beneatha double arched ledge of front . The dark color of the frontbegins imm ediately above their root form ing a blackish brownarch with a proj ecting angle in the m iddle . Antennae darkbrown ; third antennal joint below and the bare arista som etimesmore or less reddish . Face in profile perpendicu lar beneath theantennae p rodu ced bu t little below the eyes , slightly concavebeneath the antennae t o oblique tubercle , receding below (Fig .

Thorax du l l greenish w i th bu t li ttle lustre ; in well preservedspecim ens with th ree faint dorsal longitudinal darker stripes ,

divergent posteriorly ; scutellum du l l yellowish with a slightblu ish reflect ion . The black pile of scu tel lum and dorsum of

thorax changes t o yellow on the sides of the latter where it is alsomuch thicker and longer . Wings large considerably longer thanabdom en . Third longitudinal y ein nearly straight ; anteriorcross-y ein a third of the way from base t o apex of the d iscal cell ;anterior outer angle of first posterior cel l acute . Entire sub

costal cell brown ; root of wings as far as humeral cross—y ein and

the costal cell slightly tinged w i th brown . Legs slender ; coxaeand basal third of femora black ; on the hind pair the black reachesbeyond the m iddle of the femora ; hind tibiae often with a brownish ring ; four anterior tarsi brown the root of the first joint oft enreddish ; hind tarsi dark brown .

Abdom en oy al slightly broader than thorax ; about twice as.

long ; with three prom inent yellow cross bands , the first interrupt ed in the m iddl e , all attaining the lateral margins . Firstsegm ent entirely black ; second segm ent with a yellow ellipticalspot abou t the m iddle on each side prolonged u sual ly as a narrowneck which reaches forward and tou ches the margin . Tb ird and

fourth segm ents each with a yellow cross-band on its anterior half ,the hind margins of these bands very gently biconvex with a veryshallow sinus at the m iddle ; on each side the cross bands are

344 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, No. 7 ,

at t enuat ed and curved forward so as t o reach the anterior marginof the segment . The band on the fourth segm ent also touches itsant erior margin in the m iddle , while that on the third is moreremote from the anterior margin ; t he black interval between the

bands is twice as broad as the bands . The fourth and fif th segm ents h av e yellow posterior margins , the fif th usual ly with twoyellow spots on each side at t h e anterior margin .

M ale .

“

Sim ilar t o the female but abdom inal cross bandsbroader

,the biconvexity on their hind side stronger

, and thesinus in the m iddle deeper ; the gray spot on the cheeks under theeye often 1arger , somet imes occupying a considerable port ion of

the cheek ; t he brown ring on the hind t ibiae usual ly expanded so

as t o reach the tip of the tibiae . The eyes (contiguous)are moredist inctly pubescent , the front is beset with yellow pol len except anarrow black space above the antennae .

EXPLANAT ION or PLATES X VI AND XV I I .F igures 1—8 , D idea f uscipes Loew .

Adu lt fema le 116 .

Larva about s ix t imes natural s i ze ; a , anterior spirac le ; b , cauda lspirac les .

Antero-ventra l v iew of head and mouth-parts of larva , enlarged ;(1 , upper jaw w ith a smal l pai r of hook lets at t h e side ; 11 , lowerJaw ; c and d , latera1 hook lets ; e , antenna ; f , sense papi l lae .

R ight anter ior spirac le much magnified .

Posteri or breath ing organs enlarged ; a , one of t h e radiatingsp irac les .

Dorsal v iew of puparium a l ittle more than fiv e times natural size ;a , caudal sp iracles .

Puparium from t h e s ide sh owmg arrangement of spines and l ine of

c leavage f or escape of adu lt .

Head of ma le 1n profile .

F igures 9—16 Syrphus torens Loew .

Adu lt male natura l S 1ze and en larged .

Larva natural S i ze and enlarged ; a , anterior spirac le ; b , posteriorsp irac les .

Antero-ventra l v iew of head and mouth-parts much enlarged ; aand upper and lower Jaw partia l ly separated ; c , outer pair of

m outh-hooks ; d and e , two inner pairs of mouth-hook lets ;f , antenna ; g , anterior spirac le ; h , sense papi l lae .

Anterior spiracle of lary a high ly magnified .

Posterior breath ing appendages much en larged ; a , one of t h e s ix

caudal spirac les .

Pupar ium from above natura l s ize and enlarged ; a , posteri orsp irac les .

Puparium from side show ing l ine of cleavage for escape of adu lt .

Head of female in profile .


OH IO NATURAL I ST .

Plate X VI ] .

METCALF on“ Species of Syrph idae .

May, Evaporation Gradient in a Woodlot . 34 7

A NOTE ON THE EVAPORATION GRADIENT IN A

MALCOLM G . D ICKEY .

The subj ect of evaporation has received much attentionwithin the past few years . Very significant resul ts h av e beenobtained from the standpoint of plant physiology

,and ecology as

well as m eteorology . The qu estion in general,as t o it s relation

t o plant societies,h as been discussed in connection with an earlier

paper on evaporation in a local bog hab it at frM ore recently

,further work h as been carried on in the sam e

habitat t o ascertain the evaporation at differen t h eigh t s ,I and inthis connection

,i t was thought desirable t o obtain sim i lar data as

t o the evaporation gradient in a wooded area .

Owing t o the intimate relation between forests,climate

,and

wat erfiow,and the important bearing of the subj ect upon our

national conservation pol i cy,forest m eteorology has been made

the subj ect of a very carefu l study . Of especial value are theresu l ts of investigations

,extending over a number of years ,

condu cted by the German Forest Service . A summ ary § of theseresu lts reveals the fact that the average evaporation from theground within woods is abou t 44% of that within the fields .

This reduction of evaporation is accounted for by a greater relativehum idity due t o lower temperatu re by shade

,breaking of winds

,

and the protection of the soi l litter . The forest,though perhaps

l ess effective in adding moisture t o the air than som e other types ofvegetation formations

,gives off a more un iform supply

,and con

t inues t o do so when elsewhere the saturation deficiency of the airi s relatively high .

A lthough,som e general conclusions h av e been presented as t o

the vertical gradient of temperature and hum idity in the forest,

there seem t o be no sim i lar data for evaporation . The experiment,

discussed here,was undertaken w i th a View to gain ing som e light

on this phase of the subj ect . The station selected was located ina woodlot abou t t en m i les north of Colum bu s . The predominat ing species is beech , (Fagus am ericana), with a m ixture of

white oak, (Qu ercus alba), maple (Acer Saccharum), and hickory

(Hi cori a ovata). The stand is fairly dense,and the ground is

*Contribution from t h e Botanica l Laborator ies of Oh io State Universi ty , No . 63 .

TD ICKEY , M . G . Evaporation in bog hab itat . OHIO NATURAL I ST 1017—23 . 1909 .

IDACHNOW SKI , ALFRED . Vegetation of Cranberry I sland (Oh io), and i t sre lation t o t h e substratum , t o temperature , and evaporation . Bot . Gaz .

51 . 1911 .

§HARRINGTON , M . W . Rev iew of forest met eorolog 1cal observations . In

Forest Influences . U . S . D ept . Agr . Div . of Forestry . Bu l l . 7 . 1893 .

348 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XI, No. 7 ,

well shaded . The undergrowth is qu i te sparse and the soi l iscovered with a thick layer of leafy litter .

The instruments were the porous cup atmom eters sim ilar t ot hose used in previous experiments . A graduated cylinder servedthe purpose of a reservoir . The cups were loaned by the CarnegieDesert Laboratory at Tu cson . Four instrum ents were installed

,

one on the ground,at the three—inch level

,one at one foot above

the soil,another on an upright support at 0 feet

,and a fourth

resting 0 11 a light fram ework which was raised t o a height of

thirty—fiy e feet . The instruments were set up on M ay 28,and

weekly readings were begun on M ay 30,and continued unti l

June 27 . At this time,the cups at the one foot

,and six foot levels

were removed,and returned t o the laboratory t o be used in other

investigations . The remaining instrum ents were read for threeweeks longer . The sixth reading

,June 27 t o Ju ly 12

,is for a

period of two weeks,and cannot be compared with the other

readings . I t was the intention t o supplement the evaporationreadings with the temperature

,and hum idity data

,bu t un fortu

nat ely ,the instrum ents were not avai lable at the time . The

data are indicated in the fol lowing table :

TABLE To SHow THE EVAPORATION GRAD IENT IN A WOODLOT .

DATE 3 INCHES 1 Poor 6 FEET 35 FEET

M ay 28—30

M ay 30 t o lune 6

June 6—13

June 13—20 . 154 0 126 0

June 20—27 116 0

june 27 t o ju ly 12 . 198 0

Ju ly 12—18

I t w il l be seen by comparison of the readings at the variouslevels

,that the greatest evaporation h as occurred in every case at

the six foot level,pointing t o a decrease in relative hum idity from

below upwards . The thirty-h y e foot reading exhibits a modifica

tion of this relation,which is due t o the moisture given off in the

transpiration of the leaves in the forest crown . Contrary t o

resu l ts obtained from sim i lar investigations on Cranberry Islandat Buckeye Lake

,1. c . 2 and also to the observations of Yapp in an

English marsh f"< the data do not show a uniform increase of the

*YAPP,R . H . Oh S t rat ificat ion 1n t h e vegetation of a marsh , and i t s

re lat1ons t o ev aporat 1on , and temperature . Annals of Botany —320 .

1909 .


3 50 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, No. 7 ,

Mycena cyaneobasis Peck . Pi leu s 7—20 mm ., coni cal to sub

campanu late , often deep blue or brown ish blue when young,

u sual ly fading t o gray or dingy white when older or in drying,

margin striate . Lam ellae white or grayish,close

,narrow

,adnexed .

Spores white,subglobose

, 6—8 m i crons . St ipe as much as 11 cm .

long,whitish above

,pal e brownish below

,mycelium at th e base

oft en blue . The plants were growing in leaf mold in woods . M ay .

M arasmius semih irtipes Peck . P ileu s 1—2 cm .

,reddish

brown becom ing alutaceous,glabrou s

,margin sometim es striate .

Lam ellae white , narrow ,subdistant

,adnate . St ipe 3—5

mm .,brown or reddish—brown ,

velvety-tomentose at base t o nearlyglabrou s above . Growing among old l eaves and grass . June .

M arasmius scorodonius Fr . Pi leu s 1 cm .

,bay or reddish

brown,convex then plane , dry ,

glabrous,ey en . Lamellae whit

ish,narrow

,subdistan t

,interspaces venose . Stipe 2— 3 cm . long

,

s lender,horny

,dark brown below t o pal lid at apex

,hol low

,

smooth,poli shed . Growing in grass at base of pine tree . May be

readi ly recogn ized by its odor of garlic when fresh . ju ly .

Hard in h is mushroom book (p . 144,Fig . gives an excel

lent illustration of this species . He also describes Ru ssu la ochro

ph y lla (p . 187)and M arasm iu s semh irt ipes (p . In noneof these cases , however , does he state that the plants were col

lect ed in Ohio . I t h as been thought advisable,therefore

,to report

them at this time as m embers of the Ohio flora .

AN OHIO STATION FOR M ITREMYCES CINNABARINUS .

WILMER G . STOVER .

During the early part of April , M r . B . W . Wells brought intothe laboratory several specim ens of M it remyces cinnabarinus

Desy . which he h ad col lected near Gibsonville,Hocking County .

A specim en in the state herbarium shows that the species had beencol lected near the same place , Apri l 5 , 19 10 ,

by Prof . R . F . Griggs .

The plants were growing in leaf mold in a deep ravine amonghem locks

,tu lip—trees and undergrowth .

M organ* refers all the Am erican plants of this genus t o M .

lutescens Schw .

,bu t h ad no Ohio specim ens . Lloyd ]

L states thatits range is from M assachu setts t o Florida and that it does notextend into the M ississippi basin . Hardi gives an i l lu strationbu t says that while he has seen i t growing in the mountains ofWest Virginia he h as never col lected i t in Ohio . So this is thefirs t the plant h as been found in the central. West .

M organ , A . P . North American Fungi . Jour . Cin . Soc . Nat . H ist .

1889 .

TLloy d ,C . G . Th e Genus M i t remyces . Myc . Notes 1905 .

IHard , M . E . Mushroom s , Ed ible and Otherwise . f . 481 , p . 563 .

May, Ohio Species of Uncinula. 35 1

The plant is somet im es known as Calostoma cinnabarinum .

The t hick root ing base is made up of a number of anastomosing ,somewhat gelatinous , cordlike fibers . The frui ting portion of th e

plant is subglobose and has two coat s . The outer coat (exoperidi um)is gelatinous when wet and at matur ity breaks into piecesand falls away . The inner (endoperidi um)is t hin and bright redwhen fresh but soon fades . The mouth is a radiate opening

,red

on t he inner margin and with the border raised . Lining th e

endoperidium is a special m embrane which contains the spores .At matur ity

,this is said to contract so as t o force the spore mass

ou t through the rayed mouth . The spores were shed from all

our specimens bu t are said t o be elliptical and 0—8X 10—20 m i cronsin S i ze .

This find extends the range of this species and adds t o thenumber of known Ohio Gastromy cetae .

TWO UNREPORTED OHIO SPECIES OF UNCINULA .

WILMER G . STOVER .

In the OH I O NATURAL I ST for May ,19 10

,W . C . O

’Kane* l isted

and described six Ohio species of Uncinula . Recently,in working

oy er material col lected at Oxford,Ohio

,in 1908 and 1909 , the

writer has found two other species of that genu s . Though doubtless col lected by others

,this seem s t o be the first published notice

of their occurrence in the state . Specimens h av e been placed inthe State Herbarium .

In the descriptions which fol low,the writer has drawn rather

freely from Salmon’

s paper on the Erysiphaceae . 1L

Uncinula parvula Cooke Peck . Amphigenous ; myceliumevanescent ; cleistothecia u sual ly hypophyllou s

,scattered

,

m i crons in diam eter ; appendages 50—160 , one—half t o three—fourthsthe diameter of the cleistothecium ,

simple,colorless

,nonseptate

,

smooth,3—4 m i crons wide , apex simply uncinate ; asci 5- 8 , broadly

ovate ; spores 4- 7 . On l eaves of Celti s occidentalis . Oxford, 0 .

October,1908 .

Uncinula geniculate Gerard . Epiphyllous ; mycelium thin,

form ing definit e patches or more or l ess effu sed,som etim es evan

escent ; cleistothecia som ewhat gregariou s on the patches or scatt ered

,90— 120 m i crons in diam eter ; appendages 24—46 , one and

one—fourth t o twice the diam eter of the cleistothecium, 3

—4 m i cronswide

,som e usually abruptly bent or geniculate

,simple

,colorless

,

*O’

KANE W . C . Th e Oh io powdery m i ldews . OH IO NATURAL I ST 10pl . 9

—10 . 1910 .

. TSALMON , ERNEST S . A monograph of t h e Ery s iphaceae . M emoir Torr .

Bot . C lub —292 . pl . 1—9 . New York . 1900 .

35 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XI, NO. 7,

nonseptate , smooth or m inu tely roughened at th e base,apex

simply uncinate ; asci 5—8,broadly ovate ; spores 4—6 . On l eaves of

M orus rubra . Oxford,0 . October

,1909 .

These species may be distingu ished from other Ohio species bythe narrow

,colorless appendages and the 4—7 spored asci ; from

each other,by the number and length of the appendages .


ORTON HALL, Ian . l 6 th ,

19 11 .

The m eeting was cal led to order by the president,Dr . Dach

nowski . The m inu tes were read and approved . Dr . William E .

Henderson then favored the society w ith an interesting and

instructive address on“

Som e Recent Theories of Solution and

Osmosis and Their B iological Significance . He gave an exposi

t ion of the kineti c theory and contrasted i t with the recent solution theory of Kahlenberg . The importance of possessing tru eand defini te conceptions concerning osmoti c phenomena whenattacking physiological problem s

,was made very evident by

th e speaker .

After a discu ssion of the address,the society listened t o a

report of the Am eri can Association m eeting at M inneapoli s,by

Prof . Barrows and a report of the m eeting of Am erican physiologist s at Yale Un iversity by Prof . Seymour . In the short business meeting Prof . T . M . Hi lls was elected a m ember of thesociety . No further business being presented

,the society

adjourned .

ORI ON HA LL , Feb . 13th , 19 11 .

The president,Dr . Dachnowski , cal led the m eet ing t o order .

The m inu tes were read and approved . The first of a series of

papers on the history of biology was presented by B . W . Wells .

The early history of biolog i cal science was covered down to thetim e of Galen . M r . B . B . Fu lton gave a descri ption of HockingCounty as a col lecting ground , setting forth the wild and prim itiveconditions that stil l obtain in this locali ty . M r . J . L . King presented a paper on Insect Photography ,

”in which he outlined the

essentials necessary for success in this special line of work and

discussed the m ethods u sed by experiment stations in i l lust ratingtheir entomological bu l letins . A number of lantern slides

,made

from photographs by the speaker , were of much interest .

A short business meeting was held in which M r . A . R . Shadlewas elected a member of the club

,after which the society

adjourned .

BERTRAM W . WELLS, S ecretary .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , May 9 , 19 11.


The Ohio Naturali st. (Vol. XI, No. 8

Hya poria fuscescens (Schw .)Murril l,N Am . Flora 9 : 3 .

1907 .

S i stotrema f uscescens Schw .

General ly known as Irpex fuscescens Schw . and I . cin

namomeus Fr . This species is whol ly resupinate,with a

narrow,sterile border . The tubes are at first very short

but soon become elongated and irpiciform . The color is adark yel lowish brown . Rather common on dead branchesof oak and sugar trees

,over the state .

Fuscoporia f erruginosa (Schrad .)Murril l,N Am . Flora

9 : 5 . 1907 .

Boletus f erruginosus Schrad .

Known as Poria ferruginosa (Schrad .)Fr . On dead deciduous wood . Not common .

Fomitiporia ob liquif ormis Murril l,N . Am . Flora 9 : 9 . 1907 .

Col lected near Cincinnati on hardwood logs by M organand referred t o Poria obliquus Pers

,a European species .

Common .

Fomit iporella inerm1s (Ellis EV .)Murril l,N Am . Flora

9 13 . 1907 .

P oria inermi s Ellis EV .

On deciduous wood . Not common .

M elanoporia nigra (Berk)Murril l,N Am . Flora 9 15 . 1907 .

P olyporus niger Berk .

Characterized by a black hym enium . On oak wood .

Probably rare .

Irpiciporus mol li s (Berk . Curt .)Murril l,Bull . Torr . Club

32 : 471 . 1905 .

I rpex mo lli s Berk . Curt .

Also known as I . crassus Berk . Curt . On dead deciduous wood . Not common .

Irpiciporus lacteus (Fr .)M urril l,N Am . Flora 9 15 . 1907 .

S i stotrema lacteum Fr .

Common ly known as Irpex tu lipifera Fr . The mostcommon of all the resupinate form s . I t i s found on all

sorts of dead deciduous branches , frequently with the mar

gin reflexed on both sides .

I l lustration : Hard, p . 448 , f . 370 .

Poronidulus conch if er (Schw .)Murrill,Bul l . Torr . Club

3 1 : 426 . 1904 .

Boletus conchtf er Schw .

Known as Polyporus conch ifer Schw . and as P . y irgineus

Schw . This species i s a very pecu liar one . The youngplant is a sterile

,cup

—shaped body about 1 cm . in diameter,

varying in color from pure white t o dark brown ,and marked

June, The Known Polyporaceae of Ohio. 355

with dark concentric rings . The pileu s develops from theunder side of this cup ,

which often entirely disappears .

The pileus is fan-shaped and general ly narrowly at tached .

The species is easily recognized by the sterile,coneen

t rically zoned , cup shaped stru cture . Very common on

fal len elm branches,from September un t il wint er .

Coriolus vers icolor (L .)Quel . Eri ch . Fung . 175 . 1886 .

Boletus v ersicalor L .

Commonl y known as Polyporu s versicolor (L .)Fr . Themost common and variable of all the Polypori of this region .

The writers ’ specim ens include several col lections from diff erent localities and no two of them are alike in their combinat ions of colored zones . I t is frequently found encirclingsmal l twigs in a spiral manner . I t may be found fromJu ly until December on all kinds of deciduous wood

,in the

woods,fields

,yards

,or along the roadsides . I t is frequent ly

found on the li lac and i s said t o cause a seriou s disease of

that plant . Readily recognized by its thin,coriaceous

,

mult izonat e,pileu s .

I l lustrations : Hard, p . 143 , f . 343 ; Sow . Eng . Fungi

, pl . 229

Coriolus h irsutulus (Schw .)Murril l,Bu ll . Torr . C lub 32 643 .

1906 .

P olyporus hi rsu tulus Schw .

This plant is closely related t o C . versicolor and may bebut a variety of that species . On dead deciduous wood .

Common .

Coriolus pubescens (Schum .)Murri ll , Bu l l . Torr . C lub32 : 045 . 1906 .

Boletus pubescens Schum .

Common ly known as Polyporu s pubescens (Schum .)Fr .

The entire plant is white or yellowish and the pileu s i spubescent but becom es glabrou s with age . The hymeniumhas a silky luster and the walls of the pores are som etim eslacerated . The writer h as seen rotten beech logs entirelycovered with this fungu s . Found from September unti lwinter

,on dead wood

,especial ly beech .

I l lustration : Hard, p . 4 10 . f . 339 .

Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw .)Murril l,Bull . Torr . C lub

32 : 469 . 1906 .

Boletus nigromarginatus Schw .

Known as Polyporus hirsu tu s (Wu lf .)Fr . This is a verycommon species in this region . I t is very variable

,espe

cially in the character of the pileus . The typical form israther thick

,hirsu te

,and concentri cally zoned

,and has a

dark colored margin . The hym enium varies in color from

3 56 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, No. 8,

white t o brown,bu t the mouths of the tubes are always

regu lar and h av e thick dissepiments . Found on all sorts ofdead deciduou s wood throughout the year .

I l lu stration : Hard, p . 4 12

,f . 342 .

Coriolus biformis (Klot zsch)Pat . Tax . Hymen . 94 . 1900 .

P olyporus bif ormi s Klot zsch .

A very constant species foun d on logs and stumps fromSeptember until winter . The hymenium is at first porousbut soon becom es lacerate and irpiciform and dries ou t to a

light bay color . It i s frequently found much imbricat edand laterally confluent

,sometimes for several feet along

the log . Common .

I l lustration : Hard, p . 4 12

,f . 341 .

Coriolus prolificans (Fr)M urri l l,N . Am . Flora 9 : 27 . 1907 .

P olyporus prolificans Fr .

A lso known as P . pergamenus Fr . A variable speciesquite common on sugar maple

,elm

,wild cherry

,and other

deciduou s wood . The mou ths of the tubes are a beautifu lpurple color when the plant is young , bu t they fade ou t t o

bay or almost white . The hymenu im becom es irpiciformat an early stage . The purple colored hym enium will servet o identify this species . I t i s found from Ju ly until winter .

I l lustration : Hard, p . 4 15 ,

f . 345 .

Coriolellus s epium (Berk)Murril l,Bu ll . Torr . C lub 32 : 48 1 .

1905 .

Trametes septum Berk .

Common on fen ce posts,dry rails

,pickets

,and old stru e

tural timber . The single pilei are never m ore than 1 cm . in

l ength bu t they are often found lateral ly confluen t and

som etim es almost wholly resupinate . The species can bereadily di stingu ished by i t s si ze

,habitat

,and by the pores

,

which are y ery large for such a smal l plant .

Coriolellt s s erial i s (Fr)Murrill,N Am . Flora 9 : 29 . 1907 .

P olyporus seri al is Fr .

General ly known as Tram etes serialis Fr . This specieswas reported by M organ

,bu t is probably rare in this state .

On deciduous wood .

Tyromyces guttulatus (Peck)M urri ll,N Am . Flora 9 : 3 1 .

1907 .

P olypam s gu ttulatns Peck .

A doubtfu l species for Ohio . On coniferous wood .

Tyromyces spraguei (Berk . Curt .)M urri ll,N Am . Flora

9 : 33 . 1907 .

P olyporus Spraguet Berk . Curt .

The writer h as col l ected this species bu t twice , both col

lections being taken from beech logs . The whole plant


3 58 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. XI, No. 8,

Known as Polyporu s adustus (Willd .)Fr . A very abundant and rather variable species

,common on dead decid

uous wood,especial ly of the beech and elm . The pileus is

white or pal lid and the hymenium is smoke-colored in theyoung plants

,bu t becomes black in older specim ens . I t is

som etim es found partly resupinate and always much imbricat ed . From August until winter .

I l lustrations : Bu ll . Herb . Fr . pl . 501 , f . 2 ; Sow . Eng .

Fungi pl . 23 1 .

Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers .)Karst . M edd . Soc . Faun . F l .

Fenn . 5 : 38 . 1879 .

Boletus f umosus Pers .

Known as Polyporus fumosus (Pers .)Fr . This plant isclosely related to the preceding species

,bu t i s larger and

thicker . The hymenium is lighter in color and the mou thsof the tubes are larger and more irregu lar . On willow and

elm. Common .

Bjerkandera puberula (Berk . Curt .)Murri ll,N Am .

Flora 9 : 4 1 . 1907 .

Daeddlea puberula Berk . Curt .

M ore commonly known as Poly poru s puberu la Berk . 8:

Curt,and P . fragrans Peck . This plant can be easi ly recog

nized by i t s fragrant odor which persists even after theplant h as been dried . The tubes are dark colored ; themouths are large

,unequal

,and becom ing lacerate at matur

i ty . Found most frequently on dead elm wood,from Octo

ber until December .

Tramete s suaveolens (L .)Fries , Gen . Hym en . 11 . 1836 .

Boletus suav eolens L .

Also known as T . odora Fr . The willow tree is the onl yhost of this species . Probably rare in Ohio .

I l lustrations : Hu ssey,I l l . Bri t . M yc . pl . 43 ; Sow . Eng .

Fungi pl . 228 .

P iptoporus suberosus (L .)Murri ll . Jour . M yc . 9 : 94 . 1903 .

B oletus suberosus L .

Generally known as Polyporus betu linus (Bull .)Fr .

Common in the northern part of the state on birch trees .

I llustrations ; Bu ll . Herb . Fr . pl . 3 12 ; Sow . Eng . Fungi

pl . 2 12 ; Hard, p . 408

,t . 337 .

Porodisculus pendulus (Schw .)Murril l,N . Am . Flora 9 : 47 .

1907 .

P ezi za pendula Schw .

Also known as Polyporus pocula (Schw .)Berk . Curt,

and as P . cupulaeform is Berk . Curt . Found on chestnutand sumac bushes . Rare .

June, The Known Polyporaceae of Ohio. 559

Hexagona alveolaris (DC .)Murril l,Bu l l . Torr . C lub 3 1 327.

1904 .

Merulius alv eolari s DC .

Also known as Fay olus canadensis Klot zsch,

and F .

europaeu s Fr . This is the on ly species that we hav e inwhich the pores radiate ou tward from the point of at tachment of the pileus . The color of the pileus is reddish brown

,

due to radiating fibrils of that color . The fibrils disappearwith age and the pileus becomes pal lid and glabrous . Thepores are large . The stipe is som etimes well developed

, but

more often it i s short or altogether wanting . When presenti t i s always lateral . The plan t is common on dead deciduous wood

,especial ly hickory

,and is found from early

spring unti l w inter .

Hexagona striatula (Ellis Ev .)Murri ll, N Am . Flora

9 : 48 . 1907 .

F av olus stri atulus E l lis EV .

C losely resembles H . alveolaris,bu t distinguished by it s

smal ler pores . On wood of the birch and the beech . Rare.

Polyporus polyporus (Retz .)Murril l,Bul l . Torr . C lub

30 : 33 . 1904 .

Boletus polyporus Retz .

Known as P . brumalis (Pers .)Fr . A common and beautiful species found in the fal l

,and often persisting far into

the winter . The pores are angul ar,somewhat resembling

those of Hexagona ,and the pileus i s general ly umbili cate

I l lu st rations : Bull . Herb . Fr . pl . 469 ; Hard, p . 406 , f . 335 ;

Atk . Stud . Am er . Fung . f . 186 .

Polyporus arcularius (Batsch)Fries , Syst . M yc . 1 342 . 182 1 .

Boletus arculam’

us Batsch .

This species is closely related t o the preceding one,but

t he pores are larger and more decurrent and the pileu s isless umbilicate . I t occurs more abun dantly in the springon all kinds of dead deciduous wood .

I l lu strations : M icheli,Nov . PI. Gen . pl . 70 , f . 5 ; Hard ,

p . 407 , f . 336 .

Polyporus caudicinus (Scop)Murrill,Jour . M yc . 9 : 89 .

1903 .

Boletus caudicinus Scop .

The sam e as Polyporus u lm i Pau let,and also P . squamosus

(Huds .)Fr . I t i s a large wound fungu s found on elm and

maple trees . Not common .

I l lustrations : Schaeff . Fung . Bay ar . 3 : pls . 101 , 102 ; Sow .

Engl . Fungi pl . 266 ; Bull . Herb . Fr . pls . 19 , 114 .


Polyporus elegans (Bul l .)Fries , Epic . M yc . 440 . 1838 .

Boletus elegans Bul l .This plant resembles t h e next species in color and form

,

but i t is very much smaller and has smaller pores .

'

Thest ipe is black at the base . Abun dant in som e parts of thestate

,on dead deciduous wood .

I llu strat ions : Bul l . Herb . Fr . pl . 124 ; Pat . Tab . Fung .

f . 137 .

Polyporus fissus Berk . Lond . Jour . Bot . 6 : 3 18 . 1847 .

This plant has been general ly known to Am erican m ycologist s as P . picipes Fr . I t is very common from Sept emberunt i l December on dead deciduou s wood

,especially hickory

and elm . I t is easily recognized by t h e reddi sh brown ,l eat h

ery,pileus

,which is depressed or infundibul iform ,

and by thestipe

,which is black at the base . The pileus som etim es

reaches a width of 20 cm . or more,and the stipe is eccent ri c

or lat eral .I l lust ration : Hard , p . 388

,f . 3 19 .

Abortiporus distortus (Schw .)Murril l,Bul l . Torr . C lub

3 1 : 422 . 1904 .

Boletus di stortus Schw .

Known as Polyporu s distortus Schw . A very variablespecies found in the late fal l around stumps of deciduoust rees

,especial ly of the ash . It is normal ly stipitate and

alutaceous in color,bu t specim ens in the writer ’s col lect ion

named by M r . Murril l are entirely resupinate and pure whit ein color . Common .

Scutiger radicatus (Schw .)M urri ll,Bull . Torr . Club 30 : 430 .

1903 .

P olyporus radi catus Schw .

This species is characterized by having a black,rooting

st ipe . I t grows on th e ground and is found from Septemberuntil December . The stipe is central and the tubes are

decurrent . The pileus reaches a width of from 5—9 cm . and

the stipe is about 10 cm . long . Not common .

I llustrations : Ohio M yc . Bu l l . 10 : f . 46 ; Hard , p . 400 ,f . 329 .

Grifola poripes (Fr .)M urril l,Bu ll . Torr . C lub 3 1 : 335 . 1904 .

P olyporus poripes Fr .

A lso known as P . flay oy irens Berk . Ray . On the groundin woods . Probably rare .

Grifola sumst inei Murril l,Bu l l . Torr . C lub 3 1 : 335 . 1904 .

This plant was col lected by M organ and referred t o P .

giganteus (Pers .)Fr .

,and has been known under that

name . According t o M r . Murri l l,P . giganteus 1s a Euro

pean species to which our plant is closely related . I t is not


The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI, NO. 8,

bar red both on the pileus and on the hymenium,although

the pileu s fades ou t with age . The fungu s is qu ite common

on dead wood of th e wi ld cherry,sugar

,et c . From August

until December .

I l lustration s : Jacq. Fl . Austr . pl . 304 ; Bull . Herb . Fr . pl .

501 , f . 1 ; Hard, p . 409 ,

f . 338 .

Aurant iporus pilotae (Schw .)Murri l l,Bul l . Torr . Club

32 : 487 . 1905 .

P olyporus pi lotee Schw .

A very rare plant in this state and i s said to grow on oak

and chestnu t wood .

Laetiporus speciosus (Batt .)Murril l,Bull . Torr . Club

3 1 : 607 . 1904 .

Agartens speciosus Batt .

Known as Polyporus sulphurus (Bul l .)Fr . Polyporuscincinnatu s M org . i s the sam e plant . Easily recognized byt h e color of the hym enium

,which is a bright sulphur yel low .

The pileus varies in color from yellow t o reddish orangeand specim ens in the writer ’s col lection are faded t o almostwhite . I t frequently occurs as a parasite and i s said t o

cau se mu ch damage t o forest trees . I t i s always foundmuch imbricated and often subst ipi tat e . Common fromAugu st unti l November

,on stumps and trunks of oak

,

locu st,etc .

I l lu strations : Batt . Fung . Hist . pl . 34 ,f . B ; Bull . Herb .

Fr . pl . 429 ; Gibson , pl . 20 ; Hard, p . 397 , f . 326 .

Cerrenella farinacea (Fr .)Murrill,N . Am . Flora 9 74 . 1907 .

I rpex f arinaceus Fr .

Ohio is almost ou t of the range of this species,which is

more common farther sou th . On dead deciduous wood .

Coriolopsis rigida (Berk . M ont .)Murrill , N . Am . Flora9 : 75 . 1907 .

Trametes rigida Berk . 8: lVl ont .

A sem i—resupinate form found on dead wood,especial ly of

the sugar-maple . The pileus is never more than 2 cm . in

width,and is often entirely wanting . The hymenium is

wood-colored . Common .

Funalia stuppea (Berk)Murrill . Bull . Torr . Club 32 : 356 .

1905 .

Trametes stuppeus Berk .

Easily recognized by the very villous pileus , the darkcolored hym enium ,

and the large angular pores,which are

about 1 mm . in diameter . M ost frequently found on poplarand cottonwood logs , but also on willow . Probably rare

,at

l east in the southern part of the state .

June, 7he Known Polypom eeae of Ohio. 36 3

Hapa10pilus rutilans (Pers .)Murri ll , Bu ll . Torr . Club 3 14 16 . 1904 .

Boletus ru ti lans Pers .

The sam e as Polyporus nidu lans Fr . Not common . On

dead deciduou s wood .

Hapa10pilus gilyus (Schw .)Murrill,Bull . Torr . C lub 3 1 418 .

1904 .

Boletus gi lvus Schw .

Known as Polyporus gily us Schw . Common on deaddeciduou s wood , especial ly beech . In very young specimensthe pileu s is often covered with a purplish tomentum whichdisappears with age . The pileus is general ly rough and of a

tawny color . The hymenium i s darker in color than thepileus . The plant is general ly found imbricated but isfrequently found singly .

Ischnoderma fuliginosum (Scop .)M urrill , Bul l . Torr . C lub3 1 : 606 1904 .

Boletus f uliginosus Scop .

Known as Polyporus resinous Schrad . A handsomefungu s with dark pileu s . When young the plant is soft andflesh y and filled with a colored juice . As the plant getsolder the pileus becomes harder . The pore surface is pal lidand turns imm ediately to brown when touched . Thepores are very m inute . Common from October unt i lDecember on dead deciduou s logs .

I l lustrations : Fries , Ic . Hymen . pl . 483 , f . 2 ; Hard , p .

403 ,f . 33 1 .

Antrodia mollis (Sommerf .)Karst . M edd . Soc . Faun . F1.

Fenn . 5 : 40 . 1879 .

Daedalea mo llis Sommerf .

Known as Tramet es moll is (Sommerf .)Fr . and as T .

cery inus Pers . A sessi le or resupinate form on dead wood .

Not common .

Inonotus h irsutus (Scop .)M urril l,Bul l . Torr . C lub 3 1 : 594 .

1904 .

Boletus hirsu tus Scop .

Reported by M organ as Polyporus endocrocinus Berk .

Also known as P . hispidu s (Bul l .)Fr . On trunks of deciduou strees . Rare in Ohio .

I l lu strations : Bu ll . Herb . Fr . pl . 2 10 ; Sow . Eng . Fungip l . 345 .

Inonotus dryoph ilus (Berk)Mur ri ll,Bul l . Torr . C lub 3 1 :

597 . 1904 .

P olyporus dryophi lus Berk.

Very rare . Always found on oak wood .

364 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 8

Inonotus perplexus (Peck)Murril l,B ull . Torr . C lub 3 1 596 .

1904 .

P olyporus perplexas Peck .

This species is a very variable one . When fresh and

growing it is spongy and tomentose,bu t becomes qu ite

glabrou s with age . The mouths of t he pores are grayishbrown

,becom ing darker . A common fungu s on dead wood

,

especial ly of the beech , from September unt i l December .

I l lustration : Hard, p . 401

,f . 330 .

Inonotus radiatus (Sow)Karst . Rey . M yc . 3 19 . 1881 .

Boletus radiatus Sow .

Known as Polyporu s radiatu s (Sow)Fr . Found on the

alder . Rare .

Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.)Murrill,Bu ll . Torr . C lub

3 1 : 343 . 1904 .

Boletus cinnamomeus Jacq.

The sam e as Polyporu s subsericeus Peck and Polystictuscinnamomeus Jacq. The distinguishing characteristic of

this species is i ts thin,shining pil eus

,bright cinnamon in

color and marked by silky striations . It is a smal l plant,

with a slender,central stipe

,and u sual ly grows on mossy

ground . The pileus is always som ewhat depressed at the

center,and sometim es very much so . A rare plant. as far as

the writer ’s col lecting goes,bu t i t is smal l and easily over

looked .

I l lustrations : Atk . Stud . Am . Fungi f . 187 ; Hard , f . 344 ;Jacq. Coll . 111. 2 ; M yc . Notes f . 200 .

Coltricia perenni s (L .)M urril l,Jour . M yc . 9 : 9 1 .

Boletus pereh m'

s L .

Known as Polyporu s perennis (L .)Fr . Very sim ilar t othe prcceding species but lacks its shining zones . Probablyrare . C11 ground in woods .

I llustrations : Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 192 ; Bull . Herb . Fr .

111. 28 .

Coltricia focicola (Be rk . Cur t .)M urrill . N Am . Flora9 : 92 . 1907 .

P olyporus f ocz'

cola Berk . Curt .

Known as Polyporus connatus Schw . On ground in

woods . Not common .

Coltricia obesa (Ellis EV .)Murrill,Bull . Torr . Club

3 1 : 346 . 1904 .

P olystictus obesus Ellis EV .

This fungus was collected in the M iam i Val ley by Lea and

referred t o P . montagnei Fr . by h im . Rare . Oh groundin woods .


The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, No. 8 ,

Pyropolyporus igniarius (L .)Murri l l,Bul l . Torr . C lub

30 : 110 . 1903 .

Boletus igniarius L .

Fom es nigricans Fr . is the same plant . A large perennialfungus with a woody pi leus which becom es black and rimosewith age . Occurring on deciduou s trees

,bu t not common .

I llustration : Gi l l . Champ . Fr . pl . 290 .

Pyropolyporus fulvus (Scop .)Murri l l,Bull . Torr . Club

30 112 . 1903 .

Boletus f ulv us Scop .

Li sted by M organ as P . supinus Fr . Also known as Fomesfu lvu s (Scop .)Gi l l . and F . pomaceus Pers . Found on ly .on

plum trees . Frequent .

Pyropolyporus ev erh artii (Elli s Gal l .)Murrill Bu l l . Torr .

C lub 30 1 14 .

.Mucronoporus ev erharti i Ellis Gal l .Known as Fom es ev erhar tii Ellis Gal l . General ly

found on oak wood . Not common .

I l lustration : Jour . M yc . 5 : pl . 12 . 1889 .

Pe polyporus rob iniae M urril l , Bull . Torr . C lub 30 : 1 14 .

1903 .

General ly known t o Am erican mycologists as Fom esrimosus Berk . A wound parasi te found on ly on l ivingtrunks of Robinia pseudacacia . I t i s qu ite a large fungu s

,

and the pileus becomes black and rimose with age . Thehym en ium i s tawny . Common .

I llustrations : Rep . M o . Bot . Gard . 12 : pl . Hard,

p . 4 18 ,f . 347 .

Pyropolyporus conch atus (Pers .)M urril l,Bull . Torr . C lub

30 : 1 17 . 1903 .

Boletus conchatus Pers .

Commonly known as Fom es conch atus (Pers .)Fr . Thisspecies is a very variable one

,general ly found whol ly resupi

nate on the under side of dead deciduous logs , especial ly . theoak . I t is perennial and the hym enium is a dark chestnu tbrown . In the pileate form s the pileu s is concentrical lyzoned and black . Comm on .

I l lustration : Fries,Ic . Hymen . pl . 185 , f . 2 .

Porodaedalea pini (Thore)Murrill,Bu ll . Torr . C lub 32 : 367 .

1905 .

Boletus pini Thore .

Commonly known as Tram etes pini Fr . A parasiti c,

perennial fungu s,easily ident ified by the black

,ungu late

surface and yellowish brown hymenium,with more or l ess

labyrinthiform pores .

June, The Known Polyporaceae of Ohio. 36 7

Globifomes grav eolens (Schw .)Murril l,Bull . Torr . Club

3 1 : 424 . 1904 .

B oletus graveolens Schw .

Known as Polyporu s conglobatus Berk . and Fomesgraveolens (Schw .)Cooke . A very pecu liar fungus

,form ing

an imbri cated , cylindri cal mass of overlapping pil eoli .General ly found on beech logs . The color while growing isa rusty brown

,bu t the old plants becom e black . Found in

September and October . Not common . Commonly cal ledsweet knot” on account of i ts fragrant odor . The writer ’sspecimens were col lected in a growing condition

,but no

odor was noticeable .

I llustrations : Ohio M yc . Bu l l . 9 : f . 41 ; Hard, p . 405 , f . 334 .

Elf v ingia fomentaria (L .)Murri l l,Bu l l . Torr . C lub 30 : 298 .

1903 .

Boletus f omeh tarius L .

Comm only known as Fom es fomentarius (L .)Fr . On

beech and birch . Rare .

I llust rations : Gi l l . Champ . Fr . pl . 467 ; Sow . Eng . Fungi

pl . 133 .

Elf v ingia lobata (Schw .)M urri l l,Bull . Torr . C lub 30 : 299 .

1903 .

F omes lobatus Schw .

Known as Fom es reniform is M org . An annual fungus,

which,however

,frequently revives

,but the second year ’s

grow th com es out below that of the previous year .

This point distingu ishes i t from the next species,which it

resembles . Rather common about the bases of old stumps .

Elf v ingia megaloma (Ley .)Murrill,Bull . Torr . C lub 30 300 .

1903 .

P olyporus megaloma Ley .

Known as Fom es leuc0 phaeus M ont . and incorrect lycal led Polyporus applanatus Pers . I t is perennial and inpoint of size is perhaps the largest of all that are found inthe state . A specimen col lected at Oxford

,Ohio ,

in June of1909 m easures 50x30x30 cm . I t frequently grows imbricat ed ,

bu t more often i t i s found single . Very common

throughou t the year on all kinds of dead deciduou s logs andstumps

,and frequently on living trees . I t is general ly

found near the ground,but the writer has seen specim ens on

a living sugar tree,40 feet above the ground . At certain

seasons of the year the pileus is covered with the browncon idia which are produced on the upper surface . Whenfresh

,the hym enium turns brown when rubbed .

The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XI, No. 8

Ganoderma curtisu (B .)M urrill,Bull . Torr . C lub 29 : 602 .

1902 .

P olyporus curti si i Berk .

C losely related t o the next species,but probably rare in

this state . Said to grow on ash and maple wood .

Ganoderma sessile Murri ll,Bul l . Torr . C lub 29 : 604 . 1902 .

This species has always been known t o American col

lectors as Polyporus lucidus (Leys)Fr . Col lectors shouldhav e no trouble in identifying i t

,as i t is th e only species

with a varnished pileus that is at all common here . I toccurs both with and without a stipe

,but when the st ipe i s

present it is always lateral . Common at the bases of stumpsof different deciduous trees .I llu st rations : Atk . Stud . Am . Fung . p . 192 , pl . 72 ; Hard .

p . 404 ,f . 332 .

Cerrena unicolor (Bull .)Murril l,Jour . M yc . 9 : 9 1 . 1903 .

Boletus unicolor Bul l .Known as Daedalea uni color (Bul l .)Fr . The col lector

wh o finds this plant for the first tim e is very likely t o decideimm ediately that it belongs to the genus Coriolus

,as t he

thin,leathery

,pileus and irpiciform hym enium wou ld

indicate . But the hymenium is at first plainly labyrinthiform

,and on ly becom es irpici form with age . The hymenium

is at first white but later takes on a darker color . Thepileus is densely strigose—vil lous

,mu lti—zonate

,and frequently

covered with a green alga . Common on all kinds of deaddeciduou s wood . The writer frequently finds specim enswhich hav e continued their growth the second year from themargin of the first year ’s growth .

I llu strations : Bu ll . Herb . Fr . pl . 408, 501 ; Bolt . Hist .

Fung . app . pl . 16 ; Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 325 .

Daedalea quercina (L .)Pers . Syn . 500 . 1801 .

Agaricus quercinus L .

On dead oak wood . Said t o be common in some parts ofthe state .

I l lustrations : Sow . Eng . Fungi, pl . Bull . Herb . Fr .

pl . 352 ; Hard, p . 428 , f . 357 .

Daedalea conf ragosa (Bolt )Pers . Syn . 5 00 . 180 1 .

Boletus conf ragosus Bol t .

Trametes rubescens Fr . is a thin form of this plant . I t i sthe only species of the genu s that is at all common here .

Various conditions of the hymenium are found,grading

from stri ctly poroid to labyrinthiform and lam ellate,som e

tim es all stages being found in one plan t . The hymeniumchanges from white to reddish brown when touched . Foundfrom Augu st unti l D ecember , on dead willow wood .

I l lustrations : Bolt . Halifax Fung . Suppl . pl . 160 ; Alb .

Schw . Consp . Fung . pl . 11 , f . 2 ; Hard, p . 429 , f . 358 .


The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XI, NO. 8

Ganoderma curt isu (B .)M urrill,Bul l . Torr . C lub 29 : 602 .

1902 .

P olyporus curti si i Berk .

C losely related t o the next species,bu t probably rare in

this state . Said to grow on ash and maple wood .

Ganoderma sessile Murri l l,Bul l . Torr . Club 29 : 604 . 1902 .

This species has always been known to American col

lectors as Polyporu s lucidus (Leys)Fr . Col lectors shoul dh av e no trouble in identifying i t

,as i t is the only species

with a varnished pileu s that is at all common here . It

occurs both with and without a stipe,but when the stipe is

present i t i s always lateral . Common at the bases of stumpsof different deciduou s trees .

I l lu st rations : Atk . Stud . Am . Fung . p . 192 , pl . 72 ; Hard .

p . 404 ,f . 332 .

Cerrena unicolor (Bul l .)Murri l l,Jour . M yc . 9 : 9 1 . 1903 .

Boletus unicolor Bul l .Known as Daedalea unicolor (Bul l .)Fr . The col lector

who finds this plant for the first tim e is very likely to decideimm ediately that it belongs to the genus Coriolus

,as the

thin,l eathery

,pileu s and irpiciform hym enium wou l d

indicat e . But the hym enium is at first plainly labyrint hiform

,and only becom es irpiciform with age . The hymenium

is at first white but later takes on a darker color . Thepileus is densely strigose-villous

,mu lti—zonate

,and frequently

covered with a green alga . Com mon on all kinds of deaddeciduous wood . The writer frequently finds specim enswhich h av e continued their growth the second year from th e

margin of the first year ’s growth .

I l lustrations : Bull . Herb . Fr . pl . 408 , 501 ; Bolt . Hist .

Fung . app . pl . 16 ; Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 325 .

Daedalea quercina (L .)Pers . Syn . 500 . 180 1 .

Agartens quercinus L .

On dead oak wood . Said to be common in some parts oft h e state .

I l lustrations : Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . Bul l . Herb . Fr .

pl . 352 ; Hard, p . 428 , f . 357 .

Daedalea conf ragosa (Bolt )Pers . Syn . 500 . 1801 .

Boletus conf ragosus Bolt .

Tramet es rubescens Fr . i s a thin form of this plant . It i sthe only species of the genus that is at all common here .

Various conditions of the hym enium are found,gradi ng

from stri ctly poroid to labyrinthiform and lamellate,som e

tim es all stages being found in one plan t . The hymeniumchanges from white t o redd ish brown when tou ched . Foundfrom Augu st unti l December

,on dead willow wood .

I llustrations : Bolt . Halifax Fung . Supp l . pl . 100 ; Alb .

Schw . Consp . Fung . pl . 1 1 , f . 2 Hard, p . 429 , f . 358 .

June, TheKnown Polyporaceae of Ohio. 36 9

“

86 . Daedalea aesculi (Schum .)Murri ll,Bull . Torr . C lub 32 : 89 .

1905 .

Boletus aesculi Schum .

Comm only known as D . ambigua Berk . Very common in

some part s of t h e state . The whol e plant is pure whi te .

On dead deciduous wood .

I llu stration : Hard, p . 427

,f . 355—356 .

Lenzites betulina (L .)Fries , Epicr . M yc . 405 . 1838 .

Agartens betulinus L .

Because of i ts lam el late hym enium,this plant is oft en

given under the white spored Agarics . I t is very common

on dead deciduous wood . The lam ella are thick and oftenanastamose . The pileu s i s mu lt i-zonate and variouslycolored . M ay be found at any time of the year

,on all

kinds of deciduou s wood .

I llustrations : Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 182 ; Hard, p . 230 , 23 1 ,

f . 184,185 .

Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers .)Murri l l,Bull . Torr . C lub

3 1 : 605 . 1904 .

Agartens trabeus Pers .

Known as Lenzites y iali s Peck . A common species overthe state

,occurring on dead wood .

I l lustration : Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 182 .

‘

89 . Gloeophyllum h irsutum (Schaeff .)Murri ll,Jour . Myc . 9 94 .

1903 .

Agartens hi rsutus Schaefi‘

.

Sam e as Lenzites saeparia Fr . Found on ly on pine wood .

Not common .

I llustrat ion : Sow . Eng . Fungi pl . 418 .

9 0 . Cyc10porus greenei (Berk)Murril l,Bul l . Torr . C lub 3 1 :

423 . 1904 .

Cyclomyces greenei Berk .

A curious fungus with the pores arranged in concentri ccircles . Grows on the ground . Rare .

I l lustrations : Lond . Jour . Bot . 4 : pl . 11 ; Hard, p . 430 ,

Besides t he above species,there are a few which hav e not been

provided for in M r . Murrill’

s classificat ion . His work on thespecies with the gelatinou s hymenium and on the Porias whichh av e a whit e hym enophore

,has not yet been published . The

following is a list of those recorded from Ohio :

91 . Fistulina h epatica Fr . Not common .

92 . Fistulina pallida Berk . Ray . Rare . On chestnu t and oak

wood .

93 . Polyporus rh ipidium Berk . Not common .

3 70 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XI, No. 8,

Polyporus dich rous Fr . Common . Has a reddishhym enium .

Poria purpurea Fr . Not common .

Poria attenuatus Peck . Not common .

Poria rufa Schrad . Rare .

Poria xanth oloma Schw . Perhaps common .

Poria contiguus (Pers .)Fr . Common .

Poria unita Pers .

Poria bombycina Fr .

Poria cinerea Schw .

Poria vu lgaris Fr . The sam e as P . pu l chella Schw .

Poria obducens Pers .

Poria mollusens Fr .

Poria viridans Berk . Br .

Poria gordoniensis Berk . Br .

Poria v aporarius Fr .

Poria tenuis Schw .

Poria callosa Fr .

Poria spissus Schw .

M erulius tremellosus Schrad . Common .

M erulius rubellus Peck . Common .

M erulius h imantioides Fr .

M eru lius corium Fr .

M eru liu s molluscus Fr .

M eru lius porinoides Fr .

M erul ius lach rymans Fr .

B IBLIOGRAPHY .

ALBERT IN I, J . B . DE

,and SCHWE IN ITZ ,

L . D . VON . ConspectusFungorum in Lusiatae superioris Agro N1sk1ens1 Crescent lum .

I—X X IX . 1—376 . pl . 1—12 . Lipsiae . Sumpt ibus Kummerianis .

1805 .

ATK INSON,GEOR GE F . Mu shroom s , Edible , Poisonou s , et c . ed . 2 .

I—VII . 1— 322 . f . 1— 250 . pl . 1—86 . New York . Henry Hol t 85Company . 1903 .

BATTARRA,ANTONIO . Fungorum Agri Arim inensis Historia . ed .

2 . I—VI I I . 1—80 . pl . 1—40 . Fay ent iae . Typ . Ballanti . 1759 .

B OLTON,JAMES . An History of Funguses growing about Hali fax .

I—XVI . 1—182 . f . 1— 200 . pl . 1—5 1 . Huddersfield . 1788—179 1 .

BULLIARD,P IERRE . Herbier de la France . pl . 1

—602 . 1780—1793 .

(Consisting of plates on1y .)COOKE

,M . C . Praecusores ad Monograph ia Polyporum . Grey .

14 : 1—136 . London . William s and Norgate . 1885—1886 .

FR IES ELIA S . Systema M ycologicum . 1 : I—LVI I . 1—520 . 182 1 .

2 1—620 . 1822 . 3 1—524 . 1829 . Gryph iswaldiae . Ex officina

Berlinquiana .



M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— V . Th e

Genera Crypt oporus , Piptoporu s,Scu tiger and Porodiscus .

Bul l . Torr . C lub 30 : 423—434 . 1903 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— VI . The

Genus Polyporus . Bu l l . Torr . C lub 31 : 29—44 . 1904 .

M URR ILL, W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— VII .

The Genera Hexagona , Gri fola,Romellia

,Coltricia and

Coltricella . Bul l . Torr . Club 31 : 325—348 . 1904 .

M URR ILL, W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— VI I I .

HapalOpilus , Pycnoporus and New M onotypic Genera . Bull .

Torr . C lub 31 : 415—428 . 1904 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— IX .

Inonotus,Sesia and M onotypic Genera . Bul l . Torr . Club

3 1 : 593—6 10 . 1904 .

M URR ILL, W . A . A Key t o the Perennial Polyporaceae of North

America . Torreya 4 165—167 . 1904 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— X .

Agaricus,Lenzites

,Cerrena and Fay olus . Bu l l . Torr . C lub

32 : 83—103 . 1905 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North Am erica— X I . A

Synopsis of t h e brown pileate species . Bul l . Torr . C lub32 : 353—371 . 1905 .

M URR ILL , W . A . The Polyporaceae of North Am erica -X II . ASynopsis of the white and bright colored pileat e species .

Bu l l . Torr . C lub 32 : 409—493 . 1905 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North America— X I I I .

The Described Species of Bjerkandera ,Tram etes and Cori

olus . Bu ll . Torr . C lub 32 : 633—656 . 1905 .

M URR ILL,W . A . The Polyporaceae of North Am erica . N Am .

Flora 9 New York . The New York Botani calGarden . 1907 .

PATOU ILLARD,N Essai Taxonom ique sur l es Fam i lies , et les

Genres des Hymenomycetes . 1—184 . Paris . Lucien declum e .

Lons-Le—Saum ier . 1900 .

PATOUILLARD , N . Tabu lae Analy t icae Fungorum . 3 fascicl es .

f . 1—700 . Poligny . Ju l es Gindre . 1883 .

PERSOON,D . C . H . Synopsis M ethodis Fungorum . I—XXX .

1—706 . Got t ingae . Henricum D ieterich . 180 1 .

QUELET ,L . Enchiridion Fungorum . I—X I . 1—352 . Lu tet iae . Ex .

Typ . Renaudet .

SACCARDO ,P . A . Sylloge Fungorum . 6 : 1—928 . Patay ii . Typis

Sem inarii . 1888 .

SCHAEF F ER, J . C . Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palat inatu circa

Rat isbonam nascunt er i cones . ed . 1 . pl . 330 . Regensburg .

1762—177/

SCHRENK ,HERMANN VON . A D isease of the B lack Locust . Rep .

M o . Bot . Gard . 12 : 26—3 1 . pl . 1—3 . St . Louis , M o . 1901 .

J line, The Known Polyporaceae of Ohio. 3 73

SCHRENK , HERMANN VON . A D isease of the White Ash caused byPolyporu s fraxinoph ilus . Bull . U . S . Dept . Agr . P1. Ind .

32 : 9—20 . pl . 2—5 . Washington ,D . C . The Government

Printing Office . 1903 .

SOWERBY , JAMES . Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushroom s . pl . 1

—440 . London . Davis . 1797—1809 .

SPAULD ING , PERLEY . A Disease of B lack Oaks caused by Polyporus obtusu s Berk . Rep . M o . Bot . Gard .

—116 .

pl . 13—16 . St . Louis

,Mo . 1905 .

3 74 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XI, No. 8

TW0 SPECIES OF DIPTERA OF THE GENUS DROSOPHILA .

H . R . N I SWONGER .

The m inute flies of the genus Drosophila are especially abundant abou t decomposing vegetables , and fermented fru it , aroundcider refuse , wine vats , Vinegar , etc . ; attracted t o these substancesfor food and as places of oviposition

,since the larvae live in

decaying organi c matter . The two species under consideration are

Drosophila busckii Coq. and Drosophila funebris Fab .

The species of this genus are of a dusty red,yellow or black

,

and som ewhat plump appearance . The feathered or comb-likearista of the antennae

,the distinct oral vibrissae

,and the pecu liar

venation of the wings are especial ly characteristi c . The arista i splumose or feathered on both sides mostly on the upper from them iddl e on . The wings are longer than the abdom en

,the distance

between the anterior and posterior cross-veins less than the thirdsegment of the fourth longitudinal vein . The second basal cel lis united with the discal cell and consequently seem ing t o beabsent . The costa reaches t o the fourth longitudinal vein .

Drosoph ila busckn Coq. This species is recorded as rearedfrom rotten potatoes and from the burrows of “

Chion cinctus

one of the long-horned beetles whose larva tunnel in the solidwood of hickory trees . The writer succeeded in having this species oviposit in decayed fru it , bu t was unable t o carry the lifehistory any farther than the egg stage . Decaying vegetablesseem t o be the ch ief breeding places . The exact period of thedifferent stages was not determ ined

,bu t abou t two weeks are

required for the developm en t from the egg t o the adu lt . Theeggs are laid in the decaying matter and the entire larval periodis passed within this . Abou t the tim e the larva enters the pupalstage it leaves the decaying m aterial and pupates near by withinthe old larval skin . The adu lt em erges in a few days .

D escription of insect : Egg,Fig . 1c . The egg is elongated in

form and white in color . Near the cephali c end are slenderappendages varying in number from three t o h y e . The egg withappendages is abou t h y e-tenths m illim eters in length

,and the

whole surface is ornamented with a net - like pattern .

Lary a . Fig . 1d . The larva is a slender white maggot and whenfu l l grown measures abou t four (4)m il lim eters in length . I t iswidest near the m idd le and tapering toward each end

,more

toward the cephal i c end than the caudal . The main t rachael

trunks are visible,the cephalic spiracle prom inent

,compound

,

consisting of several , u sually eight divisions , each division openingseparately

,Fig . l f . This compound spiracle may be exerted qu ite

a distance ormay be withdrawn into the prothoracic segm en t . Twocaudal spiracles proj ect prom inently backward . Caudal segment


376 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI, NO. 8,

B IBL IOGRAPHY .

Drosophi la buscki i , Coq .

Coqu i llet , Ent . News X I I . 18 .

Howard , Proe . Wash . Acad . Sc i . , I I . 590 .

Drosophi la funebris Fab .

Howard , Proc . Wash . Acad . Sci . , I I . 590 .

Sch iner , Fauna Aust r . , I I . 278 .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV I I I .F ig . 1 . Drosoph i la buscki i .

1a . Head from t h e s ide .

1b . Antenna en larged .

1c . Eggs with appendages .

1d . Fu l l grown lary a-dorsa l View .

l e . Pupa— dorsa l v iew .

If . Compound sp iracle , magnified .

F ig . 2 . Drosoph i la funebris .

OH IO NATURAL IST . Plate X V111

NISWONGER on Two Species of D iptera o f th e Genus Drosoph i la .

3 78 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XI, N0 . 8

POLLINATION NOTES FROM THE CEDAR POINT REGION.

WM . BEMBOWER .

An extrem ely interesting phase of the study of Ecology in thevicini ty of the Ohio State Lake Laboratory is that of pollination .

There are variou s reasons for this : the plants range from purelyHydrophytic t o qu ite X erophytic

,with num erou s interm ediate

groups,and there are represented self—poll inated as well as all of

the various classes of cross-pol linated plants .

Another interesting feature is that during the summ er termonly one specimen of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifica)was taken

'

on

Cedar Point . The supposition is that there are no colonies of thebees 0 11 the Point and that the occasional visitor cam e over fromthe mainland

,three m i les distan t . A common pol linator is thu s

elim inated from the Cedar Point list .

Of the self-pollinated types of flowers,as found on Cedar

Point,there are the cleistogamou s flowers of the violet which are

fertilized before the buds Open , as well as the various types inwhich self—pollinat ion is inevitable from the situation of the stigmati c surface below the discharging anthers .

In the cross-pol linated types we find m ost of the differentgeneral classes represented ; as , w ind ,

pol linated,insec t -pol linated

,

bird-pol linated,snai l -pollinated

,and water-pol linated flowers .

The wind-pol linated flowers are easi ly recognized by theirinconspicuousness ; by the absence of any particu lar attraction foranimals

,such as odors

,food

,etc . ; and by the abundance of pollen .

The water-pollinated type is represented by the Eel Grass (Vallisneria Spiralis)in the coves on the south shore of the Point .

Of the bird-pol linated plants on ly a few observations were made .

The Humm ing B ird was observed to Visit the Pi ckerel Weed(Pontederia cordata)and the Buttonbu sh (Cephalanthus occi

dentalis)abou t the 20th of Ju ly,at abou t which tim e this bird is

recorded t o pu t in its appearance each year on the Point . This ispresumably after the nesting season

,after the young hav e flown

from the nest,and as in the two plants m entioned seeds which

were approaching maturity were observed previous to this datethe conclusion i s that the bird may aid in pollination but is not

essential t o it .

Turning now to the Entomoph ilus or insect—pol linated plantswhich comprise the largest class on the Point we find many adaptat ions between plants and insects . Many ingenious theorieshav e been devised to explain why certain insects are attracted t ocertain flowers and considerable experimentation has been carriedon in attempts to prove these theories . For the most completework on thi s subj ec t we hav e referred to a three-volum e work byKnuth .

1

Quotations will be made from this work hay ing ref

lKnu t h , Dr . Paul . Handbook of F lower Pol l ination . 3 v ols . Translatedby J . R . Amswor t h Dav is . Oxford . 1906—1909 .


3 80 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. XI, No. 8 ,

and to one side of the anthers . The stigmat i c surface furni shes aconvenient lighting place for insect visitors when they first

arrive,thu s affec t ing cross-pol linat ion .

Visitors : Diptera; P h thiria sulphurea ,Lucilia caesar; Cole

optera; D isonycha. pennsylvanica ; Hymenoptera;Agapostemon splendens ,

M onarda maculata . ABombus , probably B . americana

,was observed

but not taken .

Rosaceae (Rose Fami ly).Rosa carolina. A not uncommon plant around the edge of the

marsh or aroun d ponds and swampy places .

Visitors : D iptera; Eri stali s americana,Eristalis tenax

,Allo

grapta obligua ; Hymenoptera; Agapostemon radi

ant s .

Cactaceae (Cactu s Fam i ly).Opuntia rafinesquii . This cac tus

,a true X erophyte

,h as. a yel

low flower that attrac ts many insects which may effect either selfor cross-pollination . The filam ent s are sensitive t o m echani calstimu lation . They incline inwards on being touched by insects

,

or even spontaneou sly ,and thickly cover the stigmas with pol len .

Autogamy thu s regu larly takes place and is always effective .

4

In observing the opening of a bud i t was noted that within t enm inutes after the petals began t o separate a visitor (Cerat inadupla)appeared and began delving into the base of the stamens .

Here,as well as among som e of the other flowers observed

,it was

noted that while a given insect is visiting certain flowers theyusual ly confine themselves t o that species alone

,this of course

being advantageou s in effecting cross—pol lination .

Visitors : Coleoptera ,Trichius piger , S trigoderma arboricola

,

Centrinus scu tellum-album; Hymenoptem ; M76 1 0bembex monodonta , Agapostemon radiatus , Bom

bus americana,Vespa berealis

,Ceratina dupla .

Cornaceae (Dogwood Fam i ly).Cornus amomum .

“ Here the flowers are homogamous withexposed nectar

,secreted by a ring su rrounding the style . The

stam ens and stigmas develop simu ltaneously . The anthers are

introrse and at the sam e level as the stigma,though som e d istance

from i t . Larger insects wil l effect cross-pollination while smal lflies and beetles

,owing to their errati c movements

,will sometimes

effect cross som etimes self-pol lination .

”5

Visi tors : D iptera ; Luci lia caesar,P olem

’

a m elts; Coleoptem ;Cyrtophorus v ewucosus

,Cryplorhopalum tri ste,

‘

Hymenoptem ; Elis plumpies , P oli stes pallipes ,X ylocopa v irginica ,

M i crobembex monodonta .

4See Op . ci t . ,11 . 458—459 .

5Op . C1t . , I I . 518—519 .

June, Pollination Notes . 3 8 1

Rub iaceae (Madder Fam i ly).Cephalanthus occidentalis (Bu tton Bush . This curious plant

wi th flowers arranged in a sperical clust er offers nectar to severalspecies

,the on ly one taken being Eristalis tenax . The Humm ing

B ird previously recorded was also a Visitor .

Compositae (Composite Fam i ly).Cirsium arv ense (Canada Thistle). Num erous visitors were

col lected on this Composite , as fol lows :Visitors : Diptera; Odontomyia v i rgo,

Luci lia sericata, S trat

i omyia lati v entri s , Helophi lus chrysostomus , Syr

pkws americanus, M uscina assimi li s , Eri stalis

fiam'

pes , Eri stali s teh ax, S tomoxys calci trans ;

Lepi doptem ; Chrysophanus thee, Argynni s cybele .

Apocynaceae Dogbane Fam ily).Apocynum hypericif olium . (C lasping- leaved Dogbane).

Visitors : Diptera ; Chrysopus moereus,P hormia regina ,

Em’

s

tali s dimidiatus , S tratiomy ia lati v entri s,‘ Lepidop

tera; Argynm’

s cybele , Chrysophanus thoe, Hari

S ina americana ,Atypi a octomaculata ; Coleoptera;

Donacia pusi lla; Hymenoptem ; M icrobembexmonecionta .

Asclepiadaceae (M i lkweed Fam i ly).In the sub—fam i ly Cynanchatae the fiv e filament s are broad

ened,generally fused into a tube

,and provided with external

appendages,

pollen aggregated into pollinia,attached in

pairs to the clip glands of the large capitate stigma . The clipsgrasp the legs of the insect-visitors when the nectar-secreting spotsare on the sam e radii as the stam ens (Asclepias), or the proboscisit these spots al ternate with the stam ens . The clips arethu s drawn ou t of their recesses by the legs or proboscis of visitors

,and transferred t o other flowers . (Pinch—trap Flowers). The

extrem ely specialized flower m echanism s are adapted t o insectvisitors in a very perfect manner

,so that a compari son m ay be

made with orchids,though in this case there is nothing like the

sam e variety .

”6

Asclepias . Pinch t rap Flowers .

Pol lination is here effected by the legs of insects .

Asclepias syriaca. This plant bears flowers of a kind adaptedt o bees , the claws of which becom e entangled in the clips and

carry of f t h e pol linia t o be introduced into the stigmatic chambersof other blossom s . An odor of honey is exhaled . The petaloidappendages of the anthers are in the form of fine fleshy nectarpockets

,which alter nate with the clips . From the bottom of each

GOp . c i t . ,

‘


o f the nectar pockets arises a curved horn-shaped process thatb ends inwards over the stigmati c disc .

“An insect searching for nectar slips about on the smooth

flowers which make up the umbel un ti l i ts feet get a firm hold inthe lower part of a slit . When i t wishes t o go and draws up theleg the claws are gu ided upwards in the slit so that the clip becomesattached t o the foot . During the subsequent movem ents thepol linia are introduced into one of the slits of another flower

,and

e ffect cross-pollination ,while at the sam e tim e another clip affixes

i tself .The developm ent of the pol linia was investigated by Corry .

He also found that flowers are infertile not on ly with their ownpol len

,bu t also with that from plants rai sed vegetatively from

the sam e stock . Pol lination is ful ly effective only when it takesplace between flowers belonging t o plants grown from the seeds ofd ifferent stocks . Stadler worked ou t the histological detai ls of

the secretion of nectar and found that this is produced,not onl y

in the petaloid cu cu l li , bu t also by internal nectaries on the innerwal l of the stigmatic chamber . The approximated lower edgesof the slits serve as nectar—covers for the latter .

7

The fact of the plants being infertile to their own pol len as

w el l as to pol len from plants raised vegetatively from the sam estock probably explains the smal l number of ferti le pods observedlater in the season as compared with the large number of flowersoriginal ly observed .

Visitors : D iptera ; P ollenia m di s,Luci lle caesat

, Chr ysopusmoereus ; Lepidoptera; Harri sina americana; Hymenoptem ,

‘ M'

icrobembex monodmzta .

Asclepias incarnata (Swamp M ilkweed).Visitors : D iptera ; P eletem

'

a robusta , M i das calv atus,P har

m ia regina ,Luci lia sericate

,P h thiria sulphurea;

Lepidoptera; Anosia plexippus , S atyrodes eurydice

,Argynni s cybele,

‘ Coleoptera ; Donacia pusi llaH ymenoptera; hf tcrobembex monodonta .

Asclepias tuberosa (But t erfiy -weed).Visit ors : Lepid0ptem ; Harri si h a americana , A h osia plex

ippus ; Hymenoptera; hf icrobembex monodonta,

X ylocopa v irginica .

B ignoniaceae (Bignonia Fam i ly).Tecoma radicans . In making col lections on this plant it was

found that m ost of the visitors h ad little to do with pol linationbu t were bu sy collecting som ematerial from the calyx . The nectar

,

which is secreted at the base of the long corolla-tube is av ailable t o certain insects on ly . The arrangement of the stamens

7Op . c i t . , 111 . 93—94 .


384 The Ohio Naturali st . [V01. XI, NO. 8,


ORTON HALL,March 7

,19 11 .

The m eeting was cal led t o order by the President,Dr . Dach

nowski , and the m inutes of the preceding m eeting read and

approved . The President then introduced Dr . Wm . M cPh erson,

of the D epartm ent of Chem istry who addressed the society on

The Form at ion of Carbohydrates in P lants . The address was a

review of the speaker ’s recent paper in Science on this subj ect .

He gave a summary of the theoretical and experim ental resultsaccomplished up t o the present time and emphasized the necessityof the botanist and chem ist working conjointly in the solu tion of

the intri cate problem s presented . The address was followed by a

lively and interesting discu ssion .

The next topic of the evening was the second of a series of

papers on the Hi story of Biology . The period from Galen t o

Lamarck was treated in a very interesting manner by M iss M arieM cLellan .

No bu siness being presented the society adjourned .


ORTON HALL,April 4

,19 11 .

The President,Dr . Dachnowski

,cal led the m eeting to order

and the m inu tes of the preceding m eeting were read and approved .

Dr . R . Seymour then read a paper on A Theory of NerveActivity

,in which he presented an interesting theory proposed by

Herring . This theory supposes the nerve fibres to be qualitativelyand inherently di fferent . The hypothesis was discussed in itsvarious aspects and i t was pointed ou t that while not yet proventhe theory had no weighty arguments against i t .

M r . C lel l L . M etcalf,fol lowed w ith the third of a series of

papers dealing with the history of biology,discussing the period

from Cuvier t o Pasteu r . His paper was parti cu larly valuable inthat it made prom inent a number of the less well known biologistsof that period .

M r . A . R . Shadle reported that he had observed a pair of

evening grosbeaks on M arch 19 th,at D elaware Ohio . This

,it

appears , is one of a number of observations made this year of thiswestern bird in the eastern M ississippi Val ley and New England .

N0 business being presented the society adjourned .


Dat e of Pu b licat ion , J une 2 , IO”.

um 18PUBLI SHED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Unif v ers ity .

V olume X II. NO VEMBER . 19 11. No . 1 .


F i NK and LANTIS— Cl i rnat ic Cond itions and P lan t Growt h in Sou th western Oh io .

METCALF—Li fe-H i stories of Sy rph i dae IIGoeTz—Fluctuat ing Ch aracteri stics of

CLIMATIC COND ITIONS AND PLANT GROWTH IN

SOUTHWESTERN OHIO IN 1908 AND 1909 .

BRUCE P INK and VERNON LANT I S .

The spring of 1908 was cold ,wet and backward

, and i t wasalmost impossible t o plant early in helds or gardens . I t rainedor snowed nearly every day in April . The sky cleared beforenoon on the second day of M ay ,

and there was no further precipi t at ion of moisture at Oxford , Ohio ,

where the observations givenin this paper were made, until the twentieth of June

,except two

showers that barely laid the du st . jul y second ,th ird and four th

gave showers , which altogether wet loose soi l down one t o two

in ches . Simi lar showers cam e on the fourth and fif th of Augustand again on the twelfth and seventeenth of the month

, bu t at

no t im e was loose soi l wet down more than two inches . A rainon the twenty-eighth of September wet down one inch

,and another

l ike it cam e during the last week of October . From the m iddlet o the last of November , we h ad several light showers t hat setthe grass growing . The soi l of cultivated fields was watched forthree days after each shower or series of showers , and for sixmonths

,from the second of May t o the mi ddl e of Noy ember , i t

was at no time wet by rain t o a depth greater than two inches .

The total number of light rains during the six months was nine .

The drought that occurred during these six months was probablythe most severe and disast rous known in this locality since itssettlement .

The precipitation for M arch and Apri l,1908 , was excessive ,

and the governm ent M onthly Weat her Review for both months

put us in the area of four to six inches . We were also pu t in thearea of four t o six inches precipitation for May ,

1908 ; bu t this isvery likely an error of compilation from few st ations for a largearea , since so much precipitat ion probably did not occur before

'*Contributions from t h e Botanica l Laboratory of M iam i University . VII .

3 86 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , No. 1 ,

noon of the second day of the month . For June we were pu t inthe area of 2 t o 4 inches

,with a considerable area of 0 t o 2 inches

a short distance north of us , extending from I l linois t o the Atlanticcoast . This is an error

,and we shou ld have been included in the

latter area . For Ju ly we were near the border of a smal l areamarkedinches . We were in this area again in August and September ;

and the area gradual ly increased until it covered a large portionof the Uni ted States east of the M ississippi River

,and there was

inaugurated one of the most extensive and severe droughts everexperienced in the region . The area was stil l larger in October ,extending from the Gu lf of M exico far north into Canada withprecipitation ranging from 0 t o 2 inches and m arked aboutinches for our area . The dry area changed form in November

,

the northern and sou thern portions of it receiving more precipi t at ion

,bu t we were stil l in the area with precipitation not exceed

ing one inch for the month . The map for December showsanother change of form of this area

,bu t our region is still included

with 0 t o 2 inches precipitation .

Pu tting together our local observations of showers,which

were careful ly recorded , and the governm ent reports , i t is certainthat however the areas of drought changed from the first of M ay ,

1908 , until the first of January , 1909 ,our area where observations

were made , at Oxford ,was always included . In Chart X I of

the M onthly Weather Review for M ay ,1909 ,

our area is includedin the on ly one in the M ississippi valley having a deficiency of

precipitation as high as 10 inches for the year 1908 . The area isa smal l one coveri ng about one-fourth of southwestern Ohio and

extending westward t o Indianapol is . The Ohio portion of thearea extends t o the south boundary of the state at Cincinnati .This Review says that the Ohio y alley experienced one of them ost disastrous droughts in the m eterological history of thedistrict . The drying up of the stream s and springsgreatly inconvenienced farm ers in procuring water for theircattle and dom estic supplies , and the supplies to cities and townswere greatly redu ced . The occurrence of this droughtrather late in the season of crop growth and developm ent did not

resu lt in su ch widespread disaster t o agri cu ltural interests as.

m ight h av e resul ted h ad i t occurred slightly earlier .

” Theabove quotation expresses well the conditions in towns and in thecountry as seen in October and Noy ember

,1908 ,

while botani zingin the M iam i val ley . However

,the drought was on at Oxford ,

and at l east in other portions of Butler County ,by the last of

M ay so that vegetation suffered more severely here than in mostother portions of the country that suffered from drought in 1908 .

One of the writers visi ted northern I llinois the latter part of

September,and central Kentucky amonth later . All of the region

covered was reported very dry,but the region of dead grass

scarcely extended forty m i les from Oxford ,either southeast or

northwest .


3 88 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI I , No. 1,

bearing of this excess on our studies of vegetation w i l l be seenlater . I t is remarkable that

,though the month of Augu st showed

num erou s heavy storms in southern Ohio and the northern halfof Kentu cky , with rainfalls of more than 3 inches in twenty-fourhours , and in two instances more than 4 inches

,the station at

Cincinnati showed a record below norm al . In spite of thisrecord

,August , 1909 ,

was a very wet month over the portions ofOhio and Kentucky nam ed .

The year 1908 was regarded a very dry one for Ohio general lyand the fol lowing year a wet one . In order that the conditionsendured by vegetation in sou thwestern Ohio may be comparedwith the average conditions endured over the state

,the precip

i tat ion records for the two years are given below :

PRECIP ITAT ION RECORDS F OR OH I O IN 1908 and 1909 .

1908 1909

January inches inchesFebruary 5 39

M archApr11 .

M ay .

JuneJu lyAugu st .

SeptemberOctober .

November .

December .

Tota ls

The m ean annual precipitation for the state for twenty-sey enyears ,

according t o the m eteorological summaries published bythe Experim ental Station at Wooster is inches . Thismakes 1909 little less above the average for total precipitationthan was 1908 below ,

the deficiency for the latter year beinginches . This deficiency is t o be compared with one of 10 t o 12

inches or more endured by vegetation in sou thwestern Ohioin 1908 .

The monthly mean temperatures for 1908 and 1909 are as

follows in degrees Fahrenheit :

JanuaryFebruaryM archApr1l

M ay

Ju ly .

AugustSeptemberOctober .

NovemberDecemberYear

Nov .,

Climatic Condi tions and P lant Growth . 389

From the t abulation it is seen that the year 1908 wasdegrees warmer than 1909 ; but what is more t o the point

, th e

warm growing months from Apri l t o September inclusive averageddegrees warmer in 1908 than in 1909 . This higher temper

ature made the drought more disastrous for plant life .

A porous cup atmom eter was Operated near Oxf ord,by

Professor S . R . William s,through the months from June t o Sep

tember,1908 ,

inclu sive . The work was done for M essrs . Bur ton

E . Livingston and Forrest Shreve , who hav e kindl y given us t h e

figures for use . Withou t correcting for depth ,the figures are

valuable in showing the atmospheri c condi tions under whi chvegetation existed here for these months

,and in making possible

comparisons with those obtaining in other portions of the country .

The porou s cup atmom eter records the evaporating power of t h eair as this affects th e water layer covering the moist clay sur faceof the cup . This surface is in many respects comparable t o thatoffered by transpiring foliage under the influence of air conditions .

The cups were operated dur ing the sam e months at a large numberof selected stations in various portions of North Am eri ca

,and

the resul t s obtained near Oxford may be compared readi ly withthose found elsewhere . The average weekly evaporation in theVicinity of Oxford was as fol lows : June , 132 cc . ; Jul y , 182 cc . ;

August , 2 11 cc . ; September , 2 12 cc . The evaporation for Juneover the region east of the 100th m eridian was somewhat morethan 100 cc . per week . In Ju ly there was a local area coveringnortheastern Ohio ,

eastern M i chigan and a large part of Pennsylvania and New York that showed a weekly average of about200 cc . The conditions remained about the sam e over this areaduring August . Comparison proves that we were

,during all of

this time,in a region of very dry atmospheric condi tions where

the evaporation was high ,compared with records for other portions

of eastern North Am eri ca .

The evaporation from the porou s cup atmom eter is independentof soi l moisture and depends upon the atmospheric condit ions .

Therefore , conditions of soi l moisture can not be deduced fromevaporation figures , but must be worked ou t separately . Our

study of soi l m oisture conditions began early in October,1908 ,

when the drought was at i t s height and the cum ulative effect onthe soil was marked . The study was continued for nine months

,

extending into July,1909 . The resul ts wou ld hav e been more

valuable,h ad the study begun h y e months earlier . Below is

given the table of soi l moisture :


3 9 2 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII , No.

In the soi l studies , two samples were t aken from the same

place and the sam e depth at t h e sam e time in order that eachm ight serve as a check upon the other . In order t o compare soi lmoisture for different locations , determ inations were made of soi lt aken from both places on the same day and at about the same

:

dept h . In order t o decrease the chances of error,a considerable

amount of soi l was taken in each sample . The drying processwas continued until several weighings made at intervals of four .

or fiv e hour s , gave exactly the sam e resul ts . In no case was thet emperature allowed t o rise to 100

°

C . The instruments usedwere a shovel

,a h oe ,

a m eter rule,a number of quart t in cans

,

and an ov en . The geotome was not u sed because the amount or

soil taken for each sam ple made this instrum ent impract i cable .

The location of a station once decided upon ,all the soi l was

qu i ckly removed t o th e depth at which the two samples were tobe taken . I f any loose soi l roll ed into t he excavation before thesamples were secured ,

it was carefu l ly removed,so that t h e

samples wou ld be entirely of the soi l at the depth decided upon .

The excavations were made large enough so that a surface of

abou t two square feet wou ld be exposed . Th en a layer of soilnot exceeding one inch in depth was loosened carefully so as not

t o get any soi l from a higher level m ixed with it , pu t into the cans ,and the lids tight ly seal ed . The cans were taken t o the laboratory

,where they were weighed . The lids were then removed

and the drying process begun . In som e instances the dryingextended over a period of four days

,the cans being kept where

they would be undisturbed and at a temperature below 100°

C .

so that no humu s wou ld be burned . After the drying was com

plet ed ,th e cans were weighed again and the percentage of moistu re

for both moist and dry soi l cal cu lated . For instance in the first

sample in the table (853 — 125 05)gives t h e

proport ion of moisture relative t o the weight of the moist soi l .This reduced to per cent gives For getting the per cent drysoi l weight for the first sample we used (853

The h y e stations were selected main ly t o represen tdifferent types of. soi l , as the red clay of station number one

,th e

m ixture of red and white clay of station number 2,the loam and :

white clay of station number 3 and the loam of station number 4 .

Stat ions numbers 1 and 2 were in the Open and heavily soddedfiA large elm stood 16 feet from the first station . There were notrees within 100 feet of the second station . Stat ion 3 was amongapple trees planted in Apri l of t h e sam e year . A poor crop of

oats had been harvested ; and the ground h ad been seeded t o

clover and timothy,which fai led because of drought . Th e

ground was hard and dry at the surface,and h ad not been stirred

since sowing t h e grain in April ."

Station 4 was a ri ch,black loam

that h ad been carefu l ly worked all summer, up t o the tim e when

Nov . , Climatic Condi tions and Plant Growth . 3 93

the first samples were taken . Stat ion 5 was of th e beech foresttype . The surface is nearly level at all of the stat ions . Stations1 and 2 are 35 rods apart , and stat ions 3 and 4 are 15 rods apart .

Stations 3 and 4 are 656 feet lower than stations 1 and 2 ,and

abou t one-third of a mi le distant . Stat ion 5 is a few rods distantfrom station 2 .

The diffi cul ties of studies of soi l moisture are very great owingt o dai ly variations of temperature , of evaporation rate at di fferenthours

,and other variable factors . While we hav e given the per cents

of water based both on moist soi l and dry soi l , we shal l use in t h ediscussion on ly the form er . A given per cent of wat er in one soi lmay mean a very different condition for the plant than the sam eper cent in another soi l , and a given per cent in any soi l affectsdifferent plants different ly . C lay soi ls wi ll ho ld approximately40 t o 50 per cent of water ; and most land plants can not securewater from clay when the per cent fal ls below 9 or 10 ,

while few ifany can secure water from such soi l containing less than 6 per cent .

Loam s and humus w i l l hold approximat ely 50 t o 65 percent of

water ; and most plants cannot extract water when t h e percen tfal ls below 10 ,

and .few if any when i t fal ls below 6 . Sand wil lscarcely hold more than 15 per cent of water bu t most plant s canstil l obtain water from sand when t he per cent fal l s below one .

Plants that can obtain sufficient water on ly when the per cent ishigh are hydrophytes

,those that can obtain it when the per cent

i s moderate are mesophytes and those t hat can sti l l obtain i t

when the per cent is low are xerophyt es .

I t w il l be seen from the table above that the soil moisture onOctober 8 , 1908 ,

at station number 1 h ad reached the point wherem esophytes

,which include most of the land plant s of the region

,

whether w i ld or cu ltivated ,wou ld hav e great di fficul ty in securing

water from the clay at a depth of 36 cm . At station number 2on October 15 ,

1908 ,mesophytes cou ld secure water from the clay

at depths of 56 and 41 cm .

, but not at a depth of 13 cm .,where

even xerophytes m ight fai l utterly t o secure soi l moisture . At

station number 3 , on October 2 1 , 1908 ,m esophyt es coul d secure

soi l moisture at 50 and 26 cm . deep,bu t with some difficul t y .

Bu t at the sam e station , on Ju ly 8 ,1909 ,

mesophytes wou ld hav eno difficul t y in securing abundant soi l moisture at these depths .

At station number 4 , on November 6 ,1908 ,

garden plants shou ldbe able t o obtain soi l moisture

,though probably wi th som e

difficulty . But in this station,on July 8 ,

1909 , garden plant swou ld h av e no difficul ty in securing su fficient soi l moisture . At

station number 5 ,in the heavy beech woods , most plant s woul d

not be able t o secure soi l moisture from the clay soi l at depths of29 and 40 em . on December 23 , 1908 , while moisture cou ld besecured easily at such depths on Apri l 19 , 1909 . Hundreds ofstat ions and dai ly t est ings throughout the season would be meces

394 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XI I , NO. 1 ,

sary t o give resu lts as accurate as possible , bu t our figures indicateth at most plants wou ld fai l to secure soi l moisture or wou ld secureit with difficulty at the depths tested on th e dates on which thesamples were taken in 1908 . Our data are valuable only whencorrelated w ith the observations below regarding the characterof plants that were able t o remain green above ground throughou tt h e season of 1908 .

Related to the lack of rain after M ay 2 ,1908 ,

stands the factthat corn planted after the m iddle of M ay came up very uneven l yand in some h elds scarcely at all . Mu ch of the corn fai led t o

produ ce ears and dried up in August . Other h elds , often near thepoor ones , made a good showing of ears . The difference was duein part t o difference in tending as w ell as to local climati c and soi lconditions . The crop reports probably overestimate the amountsharvested in Butl er County in 1908 ; bu t the bushels p er acrereported for some of our principal crops for 1908 and 1909

respectively,are w inter wheat , and 16 , oats and 33 ,

corn and 34 , potatoes and 73 . Winter wheat was a veryunprom ising crop in the fal l of 1908 , and much that was sown didnot germ inate until the fol low ing February . In som e fields theseed failed completely in the fal l . Bu t a heavy snow came inJanuary , 1909 ,

and when this disappeared early in February , theseed had germ inated ; and in many places the fields were greenwith wheat about an inch h igh . Frost killed much of this , and

the prospects were very poor . Bu t the spring rains cam e,and the

wheat stooled so that 25 and 30 stalks from one kernel w erereported by reliable agri cu l turists . Thu s , fields that were so

thin in early spring that i t seemed scarcely worth while t o l etthem stand produced abou t a normal amount of straw ,

bu t too

many stalks from a single kernel for a good yield . So the effect ofthe drought of 1908 was felt in the wheat crop of 1909 as wel l asin that of 1908 . Of the other three crops , the average for 1908was little more than hal f that for 1909 ,

according t o the statisti csfor the two years .

The pastures were brown and the grass dead above groundfrom the m iddle of June until late in Noy ember . The timothyand blue grass of the h ay fields were dead above ground soon

after the h ay was cu t . From the m iddle of August until November

,the coun try

,except cu ltivated fields

,presented the appear

ance of a desert with scattered vegetation consisting of xerophytesw ith su ccul ent stem s

,deeply penetrating roots

,tough exteriors , or

mi lky jui ce . In open fields ,along roadsides and in yards and

gardens were seen conspicuously resisting the drought , dandelion

(Taraxicum officinale), mul lein (Verbascum thapsu s), mothmul lein (Verbascum blattaria), wi ld carrot (Dau cus carota), m i lkpurslanes (Euphorbia maculata and E . preslii), amaranths

(Amaranthu s ret rofiexus , A, blitoides and A . graecizans), ast ers


The Ohio Naturalist. [VOL XII, No.

previous year showed abundant fol iage . Botrydium wallrothi i

and Cyatl ms v erm'

cosus appeared on black loam of gardens and

fields in su ch abundance as is seldom seen . In 1908 Botrydium and

Anthoceros coul d not be found in sufficient quantity for class use ;but in 1909 ,

the latter,like the former

,was remarkably abundant .

I t cou ld be found in the average woods of the region,wherever

soi l was bare , in fiv e minutes . This is remarkable since inordinary years , Anthoceros is rarely seen here and only alongshaded clay banks . The fleshy fungi were also very abundantin 1909 . At Beechwood Camp

,in August

,students brought

in such an array of Russulae,Lactariae, Amani lae

,Boleti , and

other forms as i s seldom seen in these days of depleted forestlands . Contrasted with this ,

there was almost a total absence ofthese fungi during the sam e m onth in 1908 . Of the Boletaceae,on ly a few specim ens of Su i llellus lari das were seen in 1908 ,

whileGyropom s castaneas , Tylopi lus f elleus , T . indeci sas , Ceri omyces

auriporus , C . retipes , C . miniato-oliv aceus ,C . bicolor

, C . f umosipes ,

C . communi s , Su i llellus luridus,S trobi lomyces s trobi laceus and

Boletinellus merulioi des were all col lected in 1909 .

To have accomplished resul ts of great ecologic value,i t wou ld

have been necessary t o keep several operators at work during twoyears , obtaining data regarding precipitation ,

temperatur e,light

,

evaporation ,soil , and vegetation conditions in a lim ited area and

at the level of vegetation . Though it was not possible t o carryou t the work with such detai l and accuracy , it is believed thatour resul ts are valuable for record for the locality and the state .

Nov . ,Lif e—Histories of Syrphidae II. 3 9 7

LIFE-HISTORIES OF SYRPHIDAE II.

C . L . METCALF .

Paragus b icolor (Fabricius).Larva .

Length abou t 8 mm ., height abou t mm .

,width mm .

(Fig . In superficial appearance som ewhat suggesting larvaof B i ded f asciata f uscipes .

*

E longate—oval in ou tline , somewhat fiat t ened-dorso-ventrally ,

attenuated gradually t o the obtusely poin ted anterior end slightlyto the truncate posterior end . The color of the integum ent islight yellowish brown , bu t i t is sem i—transparent and variou stints of Visceral organs show through ,

making a light line alongeach lateral carina lim ited m edial ly by darker . The mid-dorsalregion surrounding the black pul sating blood-vessel is a lightbri ck-red color abou t one-third the width of the larva

,due t o

underlying fatty bod ies . On each side of this for a third theremaining width j et-black vi sceral matter shows through tre

quently in pul sating pockets . This is lim i ted lateral ly by a

l ittle wider band of yellowish white as contrasted W ith the narrowremaining margin and the coni cal elevations Which appear drab .

However , the color varies considerably Wi th d ifferent larvae andat different tim es in the sam e larva .

The integum ent is tough but pliable thrown into numeroustransverse folds ; papillose bu t bare .

There are apparently twelve body—segments the anterior threestrongly retractile so that when the larva i s at rest segm ent fourusual ly form s the anterior ou tline of

'

the body . Each of thesesegments except the first few and the last is marked by aboutfour lateral wrinkl es or folds and bears , as in B i ded ,

twelve coni calelevations each w ith a spine or bristle at the summ i t . (Fig .

For convenience of reference we may nam e these segm entalspines and the elevations on which they are borne accordi ng t otheir position . Begi nning at the mi d-dorsal line on either sidet hey are in order : m edian , dorsal , dorso-lateral , lateral and twoventro-laterals , a posterior ventro-lateral and an anterior ventrolateral

,as one is in front of the other . This will be made clear by

refrering t o Figures 27 and 28 where these spines are indi cated on

the puparium . The four th and fif t h body—segm ents in P aragas

bi color have the median , dorsal , dorso-lateral and lateral elevations of abou t equal size (see Fig . The third and the sixthto the eleventh segm ents , inclu sive , have the dorsal ones verymuch shorter

,abou t one—sixth as large

,almost obscure

, and sit

uat ed on the su cceeding fold of the integum ent . The dorso

*Th e Ohio Natural ist , Vol . X I , No . 7 , pp . 337—344 , 2 p lates , M ay , 1911 .

398 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII, No. 1,

lateral elevations are continuous at their base wi th two of thetransverse folds in each segm ent and these are so produced as t o

make a distinct , zig-zag ,longitudinal carina along each si de of

the body . The lateral elevations make a sim ilar underlyingcarina less pronounced . The ventro-laterals are smal l

,situated

on proj ecting folds antero-ventral t o the laterals . Ventrally insegments fiv e t o eleven ,

there are seven pairs of smal l roundedbare elevations of the integum ent which serve as pro-legs .

The other appendages consist of mouth—parts , antennae and

anterior and posterior spiracles . The mouth-parts are term inal ;they consist (Fig . 32)of two beak—like jaws (Fig . 23 ,

d and f),working vertically , and four pairs of mouth-hooks (Fig . 23 ,

a and e). The upper jaw is a V-shaped chitinous piece Withslender arms

,sharply pointed at the apex ; the lower one sl enderer

,

more hooked ,of solid chitin nearly t o the base where there is a

spur-like proj ection ventral ly on either side . Three pairs of themou th-hooks are at the sides of the jaws ; slender

,the bases

embedded in the flesh for half their length,the ou ter one broader

distal ly and Wi th a lateral spur ventrally ; the fourth pair consistsof two triangular hooks well separated from the other parts alongthe side of the first segment . The mouth parts are all black

,

firmly chitini zed and the jaws are continuous internally withbroad chitinous plates surrounding the oesophagus (Fig . 23 ,

Just dorsal t o the m ou th-parts is the pair of short antennae eachWith a basal sub -con i cal flesh y piece and two rounded term inalsegm ents . (Figs . 2 1

,a

,and 23 , c). On the anterior part of the

third body-segrnent i s a pair of very smal l spiracles (F ig . 2 1 b). Theseare difficult t o see clearly but apparently consist of a crescentshaped sli t guarded by seven rounded teeth-like lobes (F ig .

The posterior respiratory organ (Fig . 2 1,0)consists as in other

species of two short cylindri cal appendages fused along them iddle line and each bearing on the end three slit-like spiraclesradiating from a dorsal circul ar plate . The appendage in

P aragus bi color (Figs . 25 ,i s slightly longer than broad , the

length being from mm . t o mm .,the width to mm .

Abou t rnid-length is a slight constri ction beyond Which theappendage is strongly chitini zed and the surface smooth , test aceous brown ; proximal t o the constri ction the surface of thetube is roughly papi llose and nearly black . The spiracles are

wel l elevated above the sur face of the appendage and are

noti ceably curved in their extent . (Figs . 25 and 26 ,b).

The inter-spiracu lar spines* are inconspicuous bu t the one

m edian t o the rather inconspicuous circu lar plate (Fig . 26 , c), islarge , spoon-shaped

,broad dorso-ventrally

,narrower from side

t o side and concave lateral ly (Figs . 25 and 26 ,a).

Inter-sp iracu lar sp ine , a prolection o f t h e ch itinous surface betweenany two of t h e sp irac les on t h e posterior resp iratory organ .


4 0 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [V01. XII, No. 1 ,

The only particu lar enem y not ed is a smal l I chneumonidparasite (Bassus sp .)which oviposits t hrough the skin of the larva .

The parasiti c larva does not prevent the formation of a more or lesscomplete puparium , but emerges as adul t about four weeks afterpupation of host by gnawing a smal l irregu lar hol e in t he anteriorend of the puparium (see Fig . The first indication of thepresence of the parasite is usual ly a failure of the pupal envelopeto inflat e com pletely

,remaining less rounded up dorsal ly and often

with the an terior segm ents bu t little retracted ventral ly . Verysoon the pupa becomes darker in color than normal

,in this species

becom ing purplish instead of testaceou s brown . These characters shoul d be easi ly told and one with a very little experiencem ight do great good by destroying all such parasitized pupaebefore the hymenopteron has time to em erge .

Papa .

D imensions , average of t en : Length mm ., height mm . ,

width mm . Pupation takes place within the induratedlarval skin which becom es inflat ed dorsal ly and anteriorly ,

retracted ventral ly so that the mou th comes t o li e wel l back on

the ventral side . As seen from above (Fig . 27)the puparium isnear oval in ou tline bu t With sides som ewhat straightened and

with the breathing appendages giving a more extended ou tlineposteriorly . From in front the puparium is almost circu lar inoutline . As seen from the side (Fig . the ventrum is nearlystraight

,di pping down slightly anteriorly and posteriorly , thence

rounding up strongly t o the dorsum . In many specim ens theanterior end of the larva has been more strongly retracted ventral lyand the anterior and posterior ends more equally rounded upthan i s shown in Fig . 28 .

The color varies from brown-pink t o darker som etim es w ithobliquely transverse banding of testaceous brown and blackish .

The long segmental spines contrasted with the short-dorsals ,or their apparen t absence on the principal segments , and theshort posterior respiratory appendage with its prominent spoonshaped spurs at the end ,

dorsal ly,shou ld serve easi ly t o ident ify

the sp ecies .

Date of pupat ion : Columbu s , June 6 th and later ; Lakeville ,June 23 t o 26 ; Sandusky ,

Jul y 3 and later ; Kelley’

s I sland ,Lake

Eri e,Ju ly 8 t o 13 . The durat ion in the pupa stage was from

5 t o 15 days with the majori ty abou t 12 days .

The pupae are t o be found lodged and fastened among theflowers in the spike and .the axils of the leaves , or on the upperside of t h e leaves of the host plant . They are stuck t o the leavesby their post erior end . Prot ective colorat ion may be of some

importance to the pupae as well as to the larvae .

The adult emerges by pushing off a circular operculum from theanterior end of the pupa-case.

Nov . ,Lif e—Histor ies of Syrphidae H. 4 0 :

Adult .

Genus P aragus Latreille.

Description sl ightly modified from Williston . Bu l l . U . S . Nat .

Mus ,No . 3 1 , 89 , p . 17 . Smal l nearly bare Species

,

abdom en curved downward at the tip black or green ish blackwith yellow on the face and reddish on the abdom en . Headbroader than thorax ; antennae abou t as long as the head ,

first and

second joints short third longer than first two together ; aristabefore the m iddle bare . Face convex wi th an obtu se tubercle .

Eyes pilose,narrowly contiguou s and often wi th an area of

enlarged facets on the upper anterior part in the male . Abdom enas wide as thorax and twice as long of nearly equal width throughou t

,a shallow transverse depression on each segm ent

,the distal

end ben t downward . Hind m etatarsi much thickened as long as

the remaining joints together . M arginal cel l of wing Open ,third

longi tudinal vein straight , anterior cross-vein near the base of

di scal cell , the last sect ion of fourth vein sinuate , term inating in a

right angle on the third vein at a considerable di stance before thet ip .

Paragus b icolor (Fabriciu s).6‘ 9 Lengt h 5— 6 mm . Eyes pubescent

,the pile mostly grouped

in two v ertical stripes separated by a distinct v ert ical glabrous stripe

(Figs . 29 ,Face in the femal e white pi lose with a shining

black stripe reaching from antennae t o the oral margin,narrower

below ; i n the male wholly pure light sulphury yellow w ith yellowpile . Oval margin and cheeks shi ning black . Antennae blackwith som e whitish pollen ,

the under side of the third joint reddish .

F f ont of f emale narrowed abov e,not more than half as wide at t h e

vertex as at the base of the antennae (Fig . shining blacknarrow ly dusted with whitish on the sides below , the latter notquite reaching the light color on the sides of the face ; frontaltriangle sulphur yellow

,the eyes touching m idway

,and for about

one-fif t h the d istance,between the anterior ocellu s and the base

of the antennae ;“ vertical triangle black light pol linose in‘ front .

Thorax black ,a li ttle shining with yellowish pile

, in f ront wi th twowhi ti sh polli nose stripes . P leurae si lvery White pilose . Scutel lumwith a whitish border not extending t o the anterior angles .

Abdom en ch iefly red, but variable in color ; first segm ent black ;

second segment , often whol ly black som etim es m ore or less redbehind

,som etim es onl y black on the sides . The black usual ly

extends narrowly along the sides of the third segment , som etim esof the fourth and fif t h also ; rarely , the third segment h as a blackishband . Pi le on the sides of the segments in front and on the lateralmargins

, and on the fif th segment,white

,elsewhere obscure .

Legs variable,frequ ently the basal portion of the front and mi d

dle femora and the hind femora except the tip are black ,elsewhere

yellowi sh . Wings , nearly hyal ine ; stigma,dilutely yel lowish .

4 0 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII, No. 1

Paragus t ib ialis (Fallen).Larv a .

Length about mm .,width 2 to mm .

,height mm .

S im i lar in superficial appearance t o the previously describedP aragas bicolor but slenderer and smaller . Color markingsvariable . Ususal ly the heart line is rather prom inent as is also a

sim i lar looking dark line along each side of the body abou t underthe dorsal segm ental spines . The reddish color is of much l essextent than in P . bicolor and i s largely replaced by a su lphuryellow tinge . In som e specimens the general color is uniform lightyellowish brown . The segm ental spines are shorter and situatedon smal ler coni cal elevations than those of P . bicolor (Fig .

but the dorsal one in segments 6 to 1 1 is l ess reduced proportion.ately

,being about one-third as long as the median and dorso

lateral ones . (See Fig .

The most convenient means of separation of the two speciesin the larval stage is in the length of the posterior breathingappendage . This in P . tibiali s ranges from about mm . t o

or mm .,with an average of about mm . as compared

w ith P . bi color where the length is near mm . The width at

the tip is about t o mm . as in P . bicolor . The appendagebesides being distinctly longer is som ewhat more bifurcate at t hetip in P . ti biali s and the general surface is slightly more depressedbetween the spiracular elevations . This will be made clearer byreference t o Figs . 25 ,

26 , 33 and 34 .

Larvae were taken from common Burdock (Arctium m inusSchk .)at Lakeville , Ohio ,

June 2 l st °

at Sandu sky , Ohio , fromJu ly 30 t o August 5 ; and at Kelley s I sland , Ju ly 8th . Theyw ere found on the upper , but ch iefly on the lower side of t h e

leaves of Burdock parasiti c in colonies of aphids (species undet erm ined)the body fluids and viscera of Which they devour inthe usual m anner .

They were found parasitized t o a slight extent by theh ymenopteron B assus sp.

P apa :D im ensions , average of fiv e : l ength mm .

, Wi dth mm .,

height mm . Ni cely rounded out anteriorly and dorsally ,flat t ened t o the surface of the leaf ventrally and attenuatedstrongly t o the posterior respiratory appendage both by depressionand by compression (Fig The posterior appendage i s veryfrequently turned to one side or other from t h e m iddle line .

General color uniform pal e brown t o darker , the six spiracu lare l evations black .

Compared Wi th P . bi color the puparium is less rounded upposteriorly , more attenuated (Fig . 35

,cf . Fig . The characters

o f the posterior , breathing appendage and the segmental Spines


4 0 4

F ig . 21 .

F ig . 26 .

F ig . 27 .

F ig . 28 .

The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII, NO. 1

EXPLANAT ION OF PLATE X IX .

F igures 21—30 P aragas bicolor (Fab )M ature larva x 10 ; a , antenna ; anterior sp iracle ; c , posteriorresp iratory organ .

A segmental spine of t h e larva x 40 .

Antero-latera l View of mouth-parts of larva ,much enlarged ;

a,outer pair of mouth hooks ; b ,

broad chitinous p lates sur

roun ding t h e oesophagus ; c , antenna ; (1 , upper jaw ; e ,three.

pairs of latera l mouth-hooks ; f , lower jaw .

R 1gh t anterior sp irac le h igh ly magnified .

Dorsa l View of posterior resp iratory organ x 60 ; a , t h e dorsalspine ; one of t h e radiating spirac les .

End View of posterior respiratory organ x 70 ; (1 , i t s dorsa l spine ;17 , a spirac le ; c , t h e c ircu lar p late .

Dorsal v iew of puparium X 5 ; a , posterior respiratory organ ;m edian segmental spine of s ixth larva l segment ; 6 , dorsa l

and d , dorso-lateral sp ines of sixth and seventh larva l segments ,respective ly .

Lateral v iew of puparium x 5 ; a , posterior respiratory organ ;median sp ine ; d , dorso- lateral sp ine ; e , lateral spine ; f , pos

t erior ventro-lateral ; and g ,anterior ventro-lateral .

Adu lt male about seven times natural size .

Front View of head of fema le x 12 .

F igures 31—38 P aragus ti bialis Fa l len .

Posterior part of a y oung larva from t h e side greatly enlarged .

Segmenta l sp ine of a fu l l grown larva x 40 .

Dorsal View of posterior resp iratory organ of larva x 60 ; a , t h e

dorsal sp ine ; I), one of t h e pai red rad iating spirac les .

End v iew of posterior resp iratory organ x 60 ; 0 , i t s dorsal spine ,

b ,a spirac le ; c , t h e c ircu lar p late .

Latera l View of puparium x 5 ; a , posterior resp iratory organ .

Puparium wh ich h as been parasitized by '

h y rnenop t eron ,Bassus

sp . showing typical form and t h e irregu lar ho le through wh icht h e paras ite h as escaped .

Outl ine drawing of adu lt male from t h e side x 8 .

Head of female x 12 .

O H IO NATURAL IST .

P late X IX

M ETCALF on Li fe-H istories of Syrphidae I I .

40 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII, No. 1

FLUCTUATING CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLES .

C . H . Goerz .

In taking up the study of fluctuat ing characteristics in apples,

the intention was t o show in h ow far there was a fluctuat ion of

characteristics in apples . The work was carried on at Pu l lman,

Washington , during the years 1909 and 19 10 .

In the fal l of the year as t h e apples ripened in the orchard of

the Washington State Col lege,there was gathered from the trees

of fif t y different varieties of apples , enough fruit t o make one

hundred apples of each variety,for u se in the investigation .

These apples w ere taken prom iscuously from the trees . Theywere stored in boxes in the cold storage

,each box being marked

with nam e and number .

During the winter the apples were cu t up for investigation and

study . One—hal f of them were cu t l engthwise for a study of thelongi tudinal ou tline form ; for size ; shape , form and size of tube ,for shape of core line ; depth ,

si ze and form of cavity and basin :for posi tion of stam ens

,and length of stem .

The other hal f of the apples were cu t in to cross sections for thestudy of the core line or fibro vascu lar bundles ; for si ze

,shape and

nature of cavities ; for cross-section outline ; for position form and

nature of core .

These halves of the apples were as near as possible true halves .

They were inked with indelible pencil on the face in such a way as

t o have them make clear cut and true impressions of the form and

variou s characteristics of the apples as they were pressed uponpaper .

Two impressions were made . Th e first impression was madeon an absorbing paper , making a very strong impression . Thiswas u sed for making a tracing of the apples . The secondimpression was made on a fine grained paper , t o be used forfurther study .

The investigation of the fluctuat ing characteristi cs of theapples brings ou t the fo llowing :

1 . That there is a more or less fluctuat ion in certain characterist ics and that this is tru e more of certain varieties of applesthan of others .

2 . That certain varieties of apples show a tendency toward a

constancy of characteri stics , while others have a great tendencytoward fluctuat ion .

Perhaps the most fluctuat ing characteristic in all apples isfound in si ze

,shape and appearance of the seed cavities .

Second to this comes the fluctuat ion in the length of thepeduncle in any variety .


4 0 8 The Ohio Naturali st. [V0 ] . XII, NO. 1 ,

Tb ird in line,is the form

,si ze and outline of the apple

, and

also the core line .

Fourth in rank of inconsistency is the tube , while t he stamens ,apical and lower basins fluctuat e least .

As far as cou ld be observed there is very litt le fluctuat ion in

shape,size or form of the calyz in any variety of apples .

In general,while there are no two apples exactly al ike in any

one variety , yet there is a cer tain sim i larity running thr ough one

variet y that makes the apples look alike .

On the fol lowing pages is shown in percentages the amountof fluctuat ion of each vari ety along the various parts of the applesThe per cent indi cated shows the per cent of fluctuat ion while

the negative amount is the per cent of constancy .

In conclusion i t m ight be said that the investigation,i f it were

cont inued with all the different varieties of apples that we h ave,

would probably bring ou t the sam e facts as have been broughtou t in the study of these fif ty varieties .

There is a slight possibility that where onl y one variety isgrown in an orchard there may not be such a great tendencytoward fluctuat ion of characteristi cs as there wou ld be in an

orchard like the State Col lege of Washington orchard where thereare hundreds of different varieties of apples .

B IBL IOGRAPHY .

THE AMER ICAN FRU IT CULTUR I ST , John J . Thomas .

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY , F . A . Waugh .

PRINCIPLES OF FRU IT CULTURE , Bai ley .

ENCYCLOPED IA OF AGRICULTURE , Bai ley .

THE APPLES or NEW YORK , Beech .

LlI’

Cl ISPUBL ISHED BY


Volume X l I. DECEMBER , 19 11 . No . 2 .


SCHAFFNER— Th e Classmcat i on o i Plants ,VII

M ACCOUGHEY—Th e Bi rd s o f Darke County Oh io

FOX—Oh lo Grown Peml la

THE CLASS IFICATION OF PLANTS , VII .

1


There can be little question as to the general importance of acorrect taxonomy ; for the views of all botanist s

,whether they

deal direc t ly with classificat ion or not,must be more or l ess

influenced by the schem e of supposed relationships which theyfollow . On the arrangement accepted must depend one

’s ideasof what are high and low plants , and this again must have i tseff ect on one

’

s views about derivation and evolution . Thus onefinds the argum ents advanced by various au thors based verylargely on the classificat ion followed . The viewpoint mustcertainly be fundimentally different When , on the one hand

,

prim itive form s are recogni zed in such remarkably specializedtrees as Casuarina ,

or, on the other , in a general type like M agnolia .

Ecological adaptat ions must be explained on the sam e basis .

One must determ ine whether anemophilou s and hydrophilousflowering plants are the more prim i tive or those that are entomoph ilous ; whether the bisporangiate or monosporangiat e flowers

represent the original type ; whether vestigi al organs are to beregarded as being derived from normal ones and thus as indicat

ing lines of evolu tion .

When a correc t series is established , t here is often a remarkableparall elism between the evolu tionary developm ent and specializat ion of the flower and the completeness of the ecological adapt at ion . Thus in the lowest A lismales the plants are aerial withshowy bisporangiat e flowers having num erou s parts in spiralsand u sually possessing nectar glands , while the most special i zedspecies are completely aquatic with reduced monecious or d ieciousflowers without perianth and with hydrophilous pol lination .

1 . Contributions from t he Botanica l Laboratory of Oh io StateUniversity , 64 .


Such a sequence can be traced more or less completely in otherhydrophytic groups .

Anemophily h as also been developed independently in num erous groups ; nearly always accom panied by the monosporangiate

condition ,loss of part or all of the perianth

, and general reductionof the flower and the inflorescence .

Pecul iar morphological conceptions of developm en t are fre

quently formu lated on the basis of an improper taxonom y,and

transformations and re-creations are either tacitly or Openl yadvocated

,the acceptance of which wou ld requ ire a credul ity

greater than a belief in an innum erable series of special creations .

Even the interpretation of the geological history of plants dependssom ewhat on our schem e of classificat ion ; since the geologicalhistory of plants , so far deciphered

,i s exceedingly incomplete

and mu st stil l be interpreted through the morphology of l ivingspecies .

Three general system s of plant classificat ion have been in

vogue : ( 1)the art ificial system , (2)the so-called natural system,

and (3)the phyleti c or evolu tionary system . For the largergroups , the old natural system is stil l largely in use ,

and in thedetai led arrangem ents of genera and species

,one can stil l detect

much of the art ificial m ethod . The natural system was not basedon evolutionary principles , and probably prevented many of itsfollowers from accepting the doctrine of descent becau se of theimpossible transformations which would have been required to

obtain genetic continu ity in the series of plant form s expressedin th e classificat ions of the tim e .

To reconstru ct classificat ion on a phyletic basis will requi remuch shifting , not only of the larger phyla and classes bu t alsoof orders

,fam i li es

,genera

,and species . Bu t we may safely

formu late a principle of procedure which,although not always

giving final resu lts at present,will eventually lead to a true “

nat

ural classificat ion and will give us a more or less reliable presentation of the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom .

In tracing derivative relationships between two groups of

plants, one of the essential considerations is the possibility of

the transformation of the structures of the one into the other .

Every morphological structure of the entire organism mu st bereasonably derived from som e ancestral type

,and the fact kept

constant ly in m ind that one organ may be evolving or speciali zingrapid ly while another is undergoing little change. In d iscussionsof this nature carried on by those who do not follow the phyleti cidea but divide plants arbitrarily by som e more or less constantpecu liari ty ,

whi ch may or may not indicate relationship ,th e

resul t often becom es so artificial that whole groups of normal organs are derived bodily from the most extreme vestiges . So longas we do not see t h e course of evolution proceeding from vestigial


4 1 2 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII, No. 2 ,

The Alismales and Ranales lead in the two classes,Monoco

tylae and Dicotylae . The Helobiae do not represent the mostprimi tive leaf and st em arrangements because of num eroushydrophyt i c adaptations . These adaptations are

,however

,direct

modificat ions of prim itive types . But the flowers in the lowestAlisimales and Nymph aeales are by far the most prim i tive t o befound among M onocotyls . However , the frequent di chotomousvenation of certain species is very suggestive of prim itive seedplants and ferns . The more prim i tive leaf and stem arrangementst o be found among the Monocotyls are preserved in such groups ast h e palm s , screw-pines and yuccas .

Following the synopses , a complete classificat ion i s given of

t he phyla,classes and subclasses , w ith a slight improvem ent over

th e schemes published in former papers .

S YNOPS I S OF THE SUBCLA SSES AND ORDERS OF ANTHOPHYTA .

HELOBIAE .

Usually aquatic or marsh herbs w ith hypogynous or epigynou s ,actinomorphic , Spiral or cyclic , b isporangiat e or monosporangiat e

flowers ; flowers sol itary , axillary , racemose , or occasional lyclosely clustered ; perianth frequently with prom inent corolla ,

som etimes undifferentiated , vestigial or absent ; carpels in thelower form s numerous and free , in the higher few and united ;sp erms in the pollengrain two .

Synopsi s .

I . F lowers hypogynous or som ewhat perigynous ; carpels free or

united , Spiral or cycli c .

1 . P lants normal , with chlorophyll .a . Hypocotyledonary expansion , if present not lobed or

on ly slightly notched ; ovu les usual ly anatropous or

campylotropous ; l eaves often narrow ,not peltate

and not with a narrow basal sinu s but som et im essagit at e , or deeply cordate . Ali smale s .

b . Hypocotyledonary expansion parted into two lobes ordeeply notched ; ovu les orthotropou s ; aerial or floating leaves peltate , with a deep basal sinu s , or if somewhat sagitat e then with carpels numerous and

united . Nymphaeales .

2 . Smal l yellow ish or reddish phagophy t es . Triuridales .

I I . Flowers epigynous ; carpels united , cyclic . Hydroch aritales .

SPADICIFLORAE .

Trees,herbs

,or climbing plants , usual ly with clustered flowers ;

t he inflorescence being a crowded panicle , spike or spadix , rarelyredu ced ; flowers hypogynou s , often monosporangiat e , the periant hpresent or absent , not definit ely differentiated into calyx and

corolla and common ly inconspicuou s ; carpels 4—1 , usual ly 3 , freeor united .

Dec . ,The Classification of P lants, VI] . 4 1 3

Synopsis .

I . Inflorescence not a typical spadix .

1 . Leaves u sually plicate and more or less split at maturity .

a . Carpels free or un ited , u sual ly 3 ,form ing a uni locular

or pluri locu lar ovu lary with one ovul e for eachcarpel . Palmales .

b . Carpels un ited ; ovu lary unilocul ar wi th num erousseeds on 2 or 4 parietal placentae . Cyclanthales .

2 . Leaves linear or sword-shaped ,not plicate and not split t ing

at maturity ; flowers monecious,spikat e or capitate .

Pandanales .

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix , with or without a spathe ; orm inu te plants without leaves float ing free , the flowers few

or solitary on the modified stem . Arales .

GLUM IFLORAE .

Usual ly grass—like herbs or rarely woody plant s with hypo

gynous , inconspicuou s flowers ; carpels unit ed , with 3—1 stigmas ;perianth of 6 - 2 chaffy segm ents , or none ; inflorescence usuallyconsisting of spikelets or spikes ; endosperm m ealy or starchy .

Synopsi s .

I . Ovulary 3— 1— locu lar ; ovu l es solitary in the cavities , orthot ropous , pendu lou s . Restionales .

I I . Ovu lary uni locu lar , 1—ov u led,ovu les anat ropou s , erect or

ascending . Graminales .

LILI IFLORAE .

Herbs,sometimes shrubs

,lianas or trees , usual ly with prom

inent flowers,with showy petals or stam inodes

,hypogynou s or

epigynous , soli tary or clustered ; carpels 3 or som etim es 2 , united ;flowers pentacyclic and trimerou s or some modificat ion of t histype

, u sual ly bisporangiat e but occasional ly monecious or diecious ,actinom orphic in the lower and prom inently zygomorphic in thehigher types ; endosperm m ealy ,

fleshy , or horny ,sometimes none .

Synopsi s .

Flowers hypogynous , seeds wi th endosperm . Li liales .

Flowers partly or com pletely epigynou s .

1 . Seeds w ith endosperm .

a . F lowers mostly regu lar . Iridales .

b . Flowers very irregu lar , usual ly zygomorphic .

Scitaminales .

2 . Seeds without endosperm,very numerou s and m inute ;

flowers u sual l y i rregu lar and zygomorphic . Orch idales .

4 1 4 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOL XII, No. 2

THALAM IFLORAE .

Herbs or woody plants with hypogynous , choripetalous or

apetalou s flowers , calyx commonly of distinct sepals and inserted,

with the other parts of the flower , directly on the floral axis .

Synopsi s .

I . Carpels many to one,spiral or cyclic

,u sual ly free or only

slightly united ; stam ens u sual ly numerou s . Ranales .

I I . Carpels more_

or less united , cyclic .

1 . Herbs with insectivorou s leaves ; carpels 5—3 . Sarraceniales .

2 . Herbs or woody plants with normal leaves,

not

insectivorous .

a . Carpels 2 or more with parietal placentae ; periant hu sual ly with an even number of segments

,the

flowers common ly isobilateral . Brassicales .

b . Carpels mostly 5 .or 3 ; stam ens mostly 10 or 5 , or a

redu ction from 10 ovu les pendu lou s . Geraniales .

c . Carpels many t o 3 ,ovu les few ; stamens indefinit e ,

monadelphous , branched or clustered,or by reduc

tion separate and few ; sepals valvate . Malv ales .

d . Carpels 2 or more , commonly with parietal p lacentae ;stam ens usual ly indefini te ; sepals and petals usual ly5 ,

sepals imbricated or convolu te . Gut tif erales .

CENTROSPERMAE .

M ost ly herbaceou s plants with hypogynou s syncarpou sflowers ; usual ly apetalou s except in the lowest fam i lies ; ovu laryusual ly with a central basal ovu le or With many ovu les on a

cent ral placenta .

S ynopsi s .

I . Perianth present consistmg of a calyx and corolla or of a

calyx only .

1 . Embryo curved ,coi l ed , or annular , fruit not an achene .

a . Frui t a capsu le , berry , or anthocarp ; calyx present ;corol la present or absent . Caryophyllales .

b . Fru i t a u tricle ; calyx present , corol la none .

Ch enopodiales .

2 . Embryo straight or nearly so fru it an achene . Polygonales .

Perianth none or vestigial ; ovul es usual ly orthotropous .Piperales .

CALYCIFLORAE .

Perianth and stam ens usually borne on a perigynous disk or

hypanthium which is sometim es united with the ovu lary ; carpelsfree or united ; calyx u sual ly of united sepals , petals when presentseparate .


4 1 6 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOL XII, No. 2

MYRTIFLORAE .

Epigynous plants usually with large showy flowers ,with or

withou t a prominent hypanthium ; more commonly choripetalou s,

bu t sometim es sympetalou s or completely apetalou s ; ovul escommonly num erou s .

Synopsi s .

Fleshy u sual ly prickly and spiny plants with jointed stem s andredu ced l eaves ; perianth segments u sual ly very numerous .

Cactales .

Herbs,shrubs or trees not spiny like the preceding ; calyx

segm ents rarely more than 5 .

1 . Petals u sually present , choripetalou s ; sometimes apetalousor sympetalou s .

a . Flowers usual ly b isporangiat e , placentae usual ly axileor apical , rarely basal . Myrtales .

b . Flowers bisporangiat e or monosporangiat e ; placentaeu sually parietal ; mostly herbs or herbaceou s Vines .

Loasales .

2 . Petals usual ly absent ; i f present either choripetalous or

sympetalous .

a . Ovu lary with several cavities,

usually 6— locular ;herbs or vines . Ari stolochiales .

b . Ovu lary uni locu lar ; mostly parasi t i c herbs or shrubs .

Santalales .

HETEROMERAE .

Low,of ten evergreen , shrubs , trees , or herbs usual ly wi t h

hypogynous flowers which are usual ly sympetalou s but somet imeschoripetalous ; perianth u sual ly regu lar or nearly so inserted on

the floral axis ; stam ens united with the corol la or free,usual ly as

many or twice as many as the corol la—lobes ; carpels u sual ly 5—3 .

Synopsi s .

I . Ovu lary mostly unilocu lar and u sually with a free centralp lacenta ; stam ens opposite the petals or more num erou s

,

united with the corolla ,mostly herbs . Primulale s .

I I . Ovulary m ostly 2—or more locular or with parietal placentae ;herbs

,shrubs

,or trees .

1 . Stamens mostly free from the corol la , alternate With itslobes or tw ice as many ; seeds m inu te ; flowers bisporangiat e ,

hypogynou s , som etimes choripetalous . Ericales .

2 . Stam ens united w ith the corolla ,opposite it s lobes or

tw ice as many or more seeds u sually solitary or few ,

u sual ly large ; flowers hypogynous or som etimes epi

gynous , som etim es choripetalou s . Ebenale s .

Dec. ,The Classification (f P lants, VII.

TUBIFLORAE .

Herbs , shrubs , or trees with hypogynous , sympetalou s , occasionally choripetalous or apetalous flowers ; flowers normallyt et racycli c , u sual ly with two united carpels ; stam ens united withth e corol la , as many as its lobes and alternate

, or fewer .

Synopsi s .

I . Corol la not scarious ,nerved .

1 . Fru it u sual ly a capsu le , folli cle , berry ,drupe

, or samara ;carpels common ly several—t o—many —seeded .

a . Corol la regu lar ; stamens usually of the same numberas the corol la lobes .

(a)Leaves alternate or opposite ; ov ularies not

separating . Polemoniales .

(b)Leaves u sual ly opposite ; ov ularies frequentlyseparating below , with a common style ; i fnot separating , u sually with two cavities.or two placentae . Gentianales .

b . Corol la mostly irregu lar or obliqu e ; fertile stamen scommon ly fewer than the corol la lobes .

ScrOphulariales .

2 . Fru it indehiscent bu t usually splitting and form ing 4

nu tlets around the style ; carpels 1—2—seeded . Lamiales .

I I . Corolla u sual ly scariou s , nerveless ; calyx and corol la 4-lobed .

Plantaginales .

INFERAE .

Mostly herbs , occasionally shrubs,trees , or lianas ,

w ith epi

gynou s , choripetalou s or sympetalous , or rarely apetalou s flowers ;stam ens u sual ly as many as the petals or corol la lobes and alternate with them ; carpels two or more , united ; calyx often vestigial .

Synopsi s .

I . Anthers separate .

1 . Corol la choripetalou s ; flowers u sual ly in umbels or cym es .

Umbellales .

2 . Corolla sympetalous . Rub iales .

I I . Anthers , w i th few exceptions , uni ted ; corol la sympetalous .

1 . F lowers not in involu crate heads . Campanulales .

2 . Flowers in dense involu crate heads ; gynecium of two , or

rarely three , united carpels , uni locu lar ; seed one .

Compositales .

PHYLA , CLA S SE S , AND SUBCLASSES OF PLANT S .

Phylum I . SCHIZOPHYTA . Fission P lants .

Class 1 . Cyanophyceae . Blue-green A lgae .

C lass 2 . Glaucocyst eae .

C lass 3 . Sch izomycet ae . Fission Fungi .C lass 4 . Myxosch izomycet ae . Slime Bactera .

4 18 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII, NO. 2

Phylum I I . MYXOPHYTA . Slime M olds .

C lass 5 . Plasmodiophoreae . (P)C lass 6 . M yxomycetae .

Subclasses , Acrasieae .

Myxogast reae .

Phylum I I I . ZYGOPHYTA . Conjugat e Algae .

C lass 7 . D iatomeae . D iatom s .

C lass 8 . Conjugatae .

Phylum IV . GONID IOPHYTA . Zoospore Plant s .C lass 9 . Pleurococceae .

C lass 10 . Prot ococceae .

C lass 11 . Archemycetae .

C lass 12 . Hydrodictyeae .

C lass 13 . M onob lepharideae .

Class 14 . Siphoneae . Tube Algae .

C lass 15 . Conferv eae .

Phylu mV . PHAEOPHYTA . Brown Algae .

C lass 16 . Phaeosporeae .

C lass 17 . Cyclosporeae .

C lass 18 . D ictyot eae .

Phylum VI . RHODOPHYTA . Red Algae .

C lass 19 . Bangieae .

Class 20 . Florideae .

Phylum VII . CHAROPHYTA . Stoneworts .

C lass 2 1 . Chareae .

PhylumVI I I . MYCOPHYTA . Higher Fungi .C lass 22 . Zygomycet ae .

C lass 23 . Oomycetae .

C lass 24 . Ascomycet ae . Sack Fungi .Subclasses , Hern iascae . Intermediate Sack Fungi .

Aspergilleae . Tuber Fungi .Discomycet ae .

Discolichenes .

Pyrenomycetae .

Pyrenolich enes .

Exoascae .

Deut eromycet ae . Imperfect Fungi .C lass 25 . Labou lben ieae . Beetle Fungi .C lass 26 . Teliosporeae . Brand Fungi .C lass 27 . Basidiomycetae . Basidium Fungi .

Subclasses ,Protobasidiae .

Hymenomycetae .

Hym enolich enes .

Gast romycetae .


4 2 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII, NO. 2

THE BIRDS OF DARKE COUNTY, OHIO .

VAUGHAN MACCOUGHEY .

The fol lowing is a list of the birds of the Darke County regi on ,

in sou t hwestern Ohio . During the years 1902—1904 , inclu sive ,while the au thor was a lad in High school

,the observations

leading t o this list were made . His companions in many pleasantrambles were M r . Robert Boi ce , deceased , and M r . Walter Sawyer

,

and ident ificat ions by one were commonly checked by the othertwo .

Darke County is a distinctly agricu ltural region , a large port ion of the land being under the plow . There are many scatteredwoodlands , and m eandering m eadow—land stream s or

“ creeks ”.

There are no coniferou s forests , no marsh formations , and no.

“ rough lands worthy of m ention .

The sequ ence and nom enclature is that of Chapman’

s Handbook of B irds of Eastern North Ameri ca .

1 . Green-W inged Teal , Anas carolinensis Gmel . Seen April 4 ,

1903 .

Pintail Duck, Dafila acu ta (Linn). Seen Sept . 5 ,1903 .

Lesser Scaup Duck, Aythya affinis (By t). Seen Dec . 27 , 1902 .

Canada Goose , Branta canadensis (Linn). Seen April 29 ,1903

American Bittern , Botau ru s lentiginosu s (Montag). Firstseen , Apri l 27 ,

1903 ; May 6 ,1904 . Summ er resident ,

Apri l t o September .

Great B lue Heron , Ardea herodias Linn . Seen April 2 ,1904 .

Little Green Heron , Ardea virescens Linn . First seen M ay1 1 , 1904 . Summ er resident , M ay to October .

VirginiaRai l , Rallu s V irginianus Linn . Seen April 4,1903 .

Sora Rail , Porzana carolina (Linn). Seen Sept . 28 ,1903 .

American Coot , Fu li ca americana Gmel . Seen April 14 ,1903 .

AmericanWoodcock , Philohela m inor , (Gmel). Seen April 16 ,

1903 ; M arch 20 ,1904 .

12 . W ilson ’

s Snipe , Gallinago delicata (Ord). Seen Apri l 28 ,1903 .

M arch 24 ,1904 .

13 . Semipalmated Sandpiper, Ereunet es pusi l lus (Linn). SeenApril 29 ,

1903 .

14 . Yellow-leg s , Totanu s flav ipes (Gmel). Seen Apri l 30 ,1903 .

15 . Solitary Sandpiper, Tot anu s solitarius (Wi ls). First seenApril 29 , 1903 , 1904 . Transient visitant Apri l , M ay ,

and August , September .

16 . Spot ted Sandpiper, Actitis macu laria (Linn). First seenM ay 7 , 1903 ; M ay 11 , 1904 . Summer resident , M ayto September .

01

po

go

77

9°

Dec. ,The Birds of Darke County, Ohio. 4 2 1 .

Killdeer, Aegialitis vocifera (Linn). First seen March 10 ,

1902 ; M arch 2 ,1903 ; Feb . 29 ,

1904 . Summ er resident ,M arch to Nov ember .

Bob-Wh ite , Colinus v irgianus (Linn). Permanent resident .

M ourning Dove , Zenaidura macroura (Linn). Permanentresident , comm on ,

except in w inter .

Turkey Vulture , Cathartes au ra (Linn). First seen ,M arch

20 ,1904 . Summ er resident , M arch t o October .

Cooper’

s Hawk , Accipiter cooperi (Bonap). Permanentresident .

Red-tailed Hawk, Bu teo borealis (Gm el). Permanentresident .

P igeon Hawk , Fal co columbariu s Linn . Seen Aug ,22 . 1903 .

Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparv eriu s Linn . Permanent resident .

Fish Hawk , Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gm el): Firstseen

,M ay 7 , 1903 ; Apri l 16 ,

1904 . Summer resident,

April t o Sept ember .

Sh ort-eared Owl , Asio accipit rinus (Pal l). Seen Nov . 2,1902 .

Barred Owl , Syrn ium nebulsoum (Forst). Seen Apri l 12 ,1902 .

Screech Owl , M egascops asio (Linn). Permanent resident .

Great Horned Owl , Bubo V irginianu s (Gmel). Seen Apri l 261903 .

Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzu s am ericanu s (Linn). Firstseen , M ay 2 1 , 1904 . Summ er resident

,M ay to Sept .

Black-bi lled Cuckoo, Coccyzus ery t h roph t halmu s (Wi ls).First seen

,M ay 17 , 1902 ; M ay 7 ,

1903 ; May 23 ,1904 .

Summ er resident , M ay to September .

Belted Kingfish er , Ceryle alcyon (Linn). Permanentresident .

Hairy Woodpecker, Dryobat es villosus (Linn). Permanentresident .

Downy Woodpecker, Dryobat es pubescens (Linn). Perma

nent resident .

Yellow-bel lied Sapsucker, Sphyrapicu s v arius (Linn). Firstseen , M arch 2 1 , 1903 ; April 2 ,

1904 . Transient visitant ,M arch

,Apri l and September , October .

Red-h eaded Woodpecker, M elanerpes ery t h rocephalus

(Linn). Perm anent resident .

Red-bel lied Woodpecker, M elanerpes carolinus (Linn).Permanent resident .

Flicker, Colaptes auratus (Linn). Permanent residentWh ip—poor-Wh i ll , Antrostomus v ociferus (Wi ls).

M ay 10 ,1903 .

Nigh t-hawk, Chordeiles V irgini anus (Gmel). First seen ,

Apri l 24,1902 ; M ay 25 , 1904 . Summer resident ,

Apri l t o October .

4 2 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. XII, No. 2,

Ch imney Swif t , Chaetura pelagica (Linn). First seen ,April

19 ,1902 ; Apri l 11 , 1903 ; Apri l 16 ,

1904 . Summerresident

,Apri l t o October .

Ruby-th roated Humming-b ird , Trochi lus colubris (Linn).First seen

, M ay 7 ,1903 ; M ay 11

, 1904 . Summ erresident , M ay t o September .

Kingb ird , Tyrannus tyrannu s (Linn). First seen,May 2

,

1902 ; Apri l 29 , 1903 ; M ay 20 ,1904 . Summ er resident ,

April t o September .

Great Crested Fly-catch er, M yiarchu s crinitus (Linn). First

seen, M ay 18 ,

1902 ; M ay 4 ,1903 ; May 24 ,

1904 . Summ erresident .

Ph oebe , Sayornis phoebe , (Lath). First seen ,M arch 14 , 1903

M arch 20 , 1904 . Summ er resident , M arch t o October .

Wood Pewee , Contopu s Virens , (Linn). First seen ,May 12 ,

1903 ; M ay 11 , 1904 . Summ er resident , M ay t o October .

Least F lycatch er, Empidonax m inimu s Baird . First seen,

Apri l 27 ,1902 ; M ay 9 ,

1903 . Summ er resident , Apri lt o August .

Horned Lark , Ot ocorus alpestris (Linn). Winter visitant ,Nov ember to Apri l .

Blue Jay , Cyanocitta cristata (Linn). Permanent resident .

Crow, Corvus am ericanus Aud . Permanent resident .

Bobolink , Doli chonyx oryziv orus (Linn). First seen , May 12 ,

1903 ; M ay 11 ,1904 . Summ er resident .

Cowb ird , Molothru s ater (Bodd). First seen ,Apri l 23 ,

1902 ;M arch 14 , 1903 ; April 4

,1904 . Summ er resident

,

M arch t o October .

Red-winged Blackb ird , Agelaiu s phoeniceus (Linn). Firstseen

,April 12

,1902 ; M arch 13 , 1903 ; M arch 8 ,

1904 .

Summ er resident .

M eadowlark, Stu rnella magna (Linn). Permanent resident .

Balt imore Oriole , I cterus galbu la (Linn). First seen ,April 23 ,

1902 ; Apri l 28 ,1903 ; Apri l 25 , 1904 . Summ er resident ,

Apri l t o September .

Rusty B lackbird , Scolecoph agu s carolinus (Mu l l). Transientvisitant , September and October .

Bronzed Grackle , Qu iscalus qu iscala aeneu s (Ridgw). Firstseen

,M arch 1 , 1902 ; M arch 16 ,

1903 ; April 4 ,1904 .

Purple Finch , Carpodacus purpureu s , (Gm el). Wintervisitant , October t o April .

Eng l i sh Sparrow , Passer dom esticu s (Linn). Permanentresident .

American Goldfinch , Spinus tristis (Linn). Permanentresident .


4 2 4 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII, N0 . 2

Purple Mart in , Progne subis (Linn). First seen,April 18 ,

1902 ; April 19 , 1903 ; Apri l 10 ,1904 . Summ er resident ,

April to August .

Barn Swallow, Chelidon ery throgast er (Bodd). First seen,

M ay 2,1902 ; M ay 2

,1903 ; April 29 , 1904 . Summer

resident,April to September .

Bank Swallow, Cliv icola riparia (Linn). First seen ,Apri l 30 ,

1903 . Summer resident,April t o September .

Rough -winged Swallow, St elgidopt eryx serripennis (Aud).First seen

,M ay 19 ,

1902 ; Apri l 29 ,1903 ; Apri l 30 1904 .

Summ er resident , April to September .

Cedar Wax-wing , Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill). First seen ,

M ay 2 1 , 1902 ; April 14 , 1903 ; May 24 ,1904 . Summ er

resident,Apri l to October .

Loggerh ead Sh rike , Laniu s ludov icianus Linn . Firstseen

, M arch 23 , 1902 ; M arch 22 ,1903 ; March 23 ,

1904 .

Summer resident , M arch to September .

Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo oliv aceus (Linn). Fal l m igrant ,September .

Ph iladelph ia Vireo , Vireo philadelphicu s (Cass). Veryrare fal l m igrant ; September .

Warbling Vireo, Vireo gily us (Vieill). First seen , Apri l 28 ,

1903 ; May 11 ,1904 . Summ er resident , Apri l t o Sept .

Yel low-th roated Vireo, Vireo flav ifrons Vieill . First seen ,

M ay 7 ,1903 . Summ er resident , M ay t o September .

White-eyed Vireo, Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel). Seen May12

, 1904 .

B lack and White Warbler, Mniot ilta varia (Linn)Firstseen

,M ay 1 , 1902 ; M ay 4

,1903 . M igrant , M ay and

September .

Blue-Winged Warbler, Helmin th oph ila pinus (Linn). Firstseen

,April 28 ,

1903 ; Apri l 29 ,1904 . M igrant , April-M ay

and September .

Yel low Warbler , Dendroica aest iv a (Gm el). First seen ,

M ay 1, 1902 ; Apri l 18 ,

1903 ; Apri l 23 ,1904 . Spring

m igrant , April—M ay .

B lack—throat ed B lueWarbler, Dendroica caeru lescens (Gm el).First seen , M ay 4 , 1903 . M igrant , M ay and Sept-Oct .

Ye llow—rumped Warbler , D endroi ca coronata (Linn). Firstseen

,Apri l 26 ,

1903 ; M ay 20 ,1904 . M igran t , April-M ay

and Sept .

-November .

M agnolia Warbler, Dendroica macu losa (Gm el). Firstseen

, M ay 15 ,1902 ; M ay 11

,1904 . M igrant , M ay and

August .

Chestnut-sided Warb ler, Dendroica pennsylvanica (Linn).Seen September 20 ,

1903 .

Dec. ,The Birds of Darke County, Ohio. 4 2 5

Blackpoll Warbler, D endroica striata (Forst). Seen M ay 11 ,1904 .

Blackburnian Warb ler, Dendroi ca b lackburniae (Gm el).First seen

,Apri l 29 ,

1903 . M igrant , Apri l and Sept .

Black-th roated Green Warb ler, Dendroi ca Vi rens (Gm el).First seen , October 12

,1902 ; September 20 , 1903 .

M igrant , September—October .

Yellow Red-poll Warb ler, D endroi ca palmarum hypoch rysea R idg . Seen M ay 3 ,

1903 .

Oven—Bird , Seiu ru s aurocapillus (Linn). Seen only in

September .

Water—Th ru sh , Seiurus noveboracensis (Gm el). First seen ,

M ay 17 , 1903 . Seen on ly in M ay .

Louisiana Water-Th rush , Seiurus motacilla (Viei ll). SeenM ay 11 ,

1904 .

Kentucky Warbler, Geothlypis formosa (Wils). First seen,

September 13 , 1903 . Seen only in September .

Maryland Yellow-th roat , Geothlypis trichas (Linn). Firstseen

,Apri l 1902 ; April 29 ,

1903 ; Apri l 29 , 1904 .

Summ er resident , Apri l t o September .

Yellow-breasted Chat , I cteria Virens (Linn). First seen,

M ay 1,1902 ; M ay 9 ,

1903 ; M ay 11 , 1904 . Seen onlyin May .

Canadian Warbler, Sylvania canadensis (Linn). Seen M ay11

,1904 .

American Redstart , Setophaga rut icilla (Linn). First seen ,

M ay 4 ,1903 ; M ay 11 , 1904 . M igrant , M ay and Sept .

American P ipit , Anthus pensilv anicus (Lath). First seen,

October 4 ,1902 . Seen only in October .

Catb ird , Galeoscopt es carolinensis (Linn). First seen ,April

27 ,1902 ; April 29 ,

1903 ; Apri l 28 ,1904 Summer resident ,

April t o October .

Brown Th rash er, Harporynchus rufu s (Linn). First seen,

April 17 , 1902 ; Apri l 4 ,1903 ; April 5 , 1904 . Summ er

resident , April t o September .

Carolina Wren , Th ryot horus ludov icianus (Lath). Per

manent resident , uncommon in winter .

Bewick’

s Wren , Thryot horus bewickii (Aud). First seen,

M ay 18 ,1902 . Summ er resident , M ay t o October .

House Wren , Troglodytes aedon Vieill . First seen ,M ay 1 ,

1902 ; April 4 ,1903 ; April 2 ,

1904 . Summ er resident .

Winter Wren , Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill . First seen,

M arch 19 ,1903 ; April 5 ,

1904 . Recorded in March ,

April , M ay , September , October .

Short-billed M arsh Wren , C istothorus st ellaris (Licht).One record , Apri l 1902 .

4 2 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII, No. 2

Long-b illed Marsh Wren , Cistothorus palust ris (Wils).One record , October 11 ,

1902 .

Brown Creeper, Certhia fam iliaris americana (Bonap).Winter resident

, October t o Apri l .Wh ite-breasted Nuthatch , Sitta carolinensis Lath . Per

manent resident .

Red-bellied Nuthatch , Sitta canadensis Linn . M igrantApril and September-October .

Tuf ted Titmouse , Paru s bicolor (Linn). Perm anent resident .

Ch ickadee , Paru s at ricapillus (Linn). Permanent resident,

most abundant , September to M ay .

Golden—crowned Kinglet , Regu lus satrapa Li cht . Firstseen

,M arch 19 ,

1903 ; M arch 29 , 1904 . M igrant , March,

and Apri l , October and Nov ember .

Ruby-crowned Kinglet , Regu lu s calendu la (Linn). Firstseen ,

Apri l 18 ,1903 . M igrant , April .

Blue-gray Gnatcatch er, Polioptila caeru lea (Linn). Firstseen

,M ay 17 , 1902 ; Apri l 14 ,

1903 ; May 11,1904 .

M igrant , April-May and Sept ember .

Wood Thrush , Tu rdu s must elinus Gmel . First seen,

M ay 3 1 , 1904 . M igrant , May and September .

Veery , Turdus fu scescens Steph . First seen , April 7 1903 ;M ay 11 , 1904 . Spring m igrant , Apri l-May .

Oliv e-backed Th rush , Turdu s ustulatu s swainsonii (Cab).First seen , M ay 10 ,

1904 . M igran t , M ay-June and

September .

Herm it Th rush , Tu rdu s aonalaschkae pal lasii (Cab). Firstseen

,Apri l 3 ,

1903 ; Apri l 17 , 1904 . M igrant , Apri l-M ayand September-October .

Rob in , M eru la m igratoria (Linn). Permanent resident ,uncommon in December and January .

Blue-b ird , Sialia sialis (Linn). Permanent resident ; uncommon in D ecember and January .

In all cases dates given are inclusive . First seen means t h efirst record of the year for the species mentioned . Unfortunately ,my records do not contain the dates of departure for m igratoryspecies .

I t shou ld be distinctly understood t hat the above records arethose of a lad interested in bird-lore , rather than the field-resu ltsof a mature and experienced ornithologist . The determ inationswere all made in the field , with the aid of opera—glasses .

Th e Col lege of Hawai i , Honolu lu .


4 2 8 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII, NO. 2,

good sound seed . M any of the seeds were light . Comparedwit h the original Japanese seed , Ohio grown seed is fu l ly 19%l ighter in weight per equal volume .

According t o Lewkowi t sch (Oi ls , Vol . 3 , p . Peril la oil

occurs to the extent of 36% in the nutlets of Peril la ocimoides .

In our own sample of japanese perilla , we found ,by extraction

with benzol , 45% oil . Ohio grown peri l la from sam e seed,by the

sam e m ethod , gave 41% oil . Ohio grow peril la oil is mu ch darkerand thinner than oil of Japanese origin , and when first extract edretains the strong odor of the growing plant .

Peril la oil when exposed t o warm air ,drys rapidly to a film .

In Japan ,the boi led hot oil i s applied by m eans of brush or cloth ,

t o the common paper sun shades and the treated articles exposedt o the sun for h y e hours .

The drying qualities of peri l la oil is said by authorities t o beinferior on account of the tendency of the oil to gather in dropsduring the spreading operation . We do not find this t o be thecase . Japanese peri l la oil and linseed oil agree very closely intheir spreading

r qualities . In their drying qual ities they differ ,linseed oil drying mu ch faster . Perilla oil , however , gives a smoot hfilm . Film s are equal in toughness and strength .

With paper , duplication of Japanese umbrel la test,linseed

shows t o the better in giving a perfectly dry coating in mu chshorter tim e than peril la . Quality of coatings practically thesame . In the sam e test , Japanese oil gave better resu lts than theOhio oil . This poor showing may be due t o the newness of theseed . Old fiaxseed oil or tanked linseed oil dries much better thannew oil . Ohio oil , however , is mu ch m ore flu id than oil of Japaneseorigin . This

,also ,

m ay be due t o the presence of the naturalst earopt eneor peril la camphor found in the fresh plant .

Compared with flax ,the crop with which it wil l compete

,we

get this data : An acre of flax yields 9 bu shels or 504 pounds of

seed containing pounds gal lons)of oil , m aking , at 90cper gal lon , an oil value of per acre . To this must be addedthe retu rns from two valuable by—produ cts

, oil—cake and fibre .

An acre of peril la w i l l give 400 pounds of seed containing 164pounds gallons)oil , m aking , at 70c per gal lon , an oil valu eof per acre . Peril la stem s are worthless for fibre or fodder

,

and the valu e of the press cake for cattle food or fertili zer isunknown . . It is possible that the cake residue cou ld be directedtowards a supply of bread stuf f and that the essential oil or camphorcou ld be obtained on the sam e lines as the pepperm int oil industry .

Assum ing that the cost of production is the sam e , and that otherconditions are equal , facing a loss of per acre , it is hardlyprobable that this new crop will supplant flax as an Ohio crop . On

the other hand ,the argument presented points t o the substitu tion

of flax for peril la in Japanese agri cu lture and in the old opiumfields of the new Chinese Republi c .

Akron ,Oh io .

PUBL ISHED BY


Volume X II. JANUARY , 19 12 . No . 3 .

TAB LE O F C O NT ENT S

F OERSTE—Th e Arnh eim Format ion w i t h in t h e Areas Trav ersed b y th e Ci ncinnat i( i v an t icli ne

SCHAFFNER—New and Rare P lants of Oh ioMETCALF—Meetings o f t h e Biological Club

THE ARNH E IM F O RM AT I ON WITHIN THE AREASTRAVERSED BY THE CINCINNATI GEANTICLINE .

By AUG . F . FOERSTE.

CONTENTS .

Subdivisions of t h e Arnheim . .

Eastern Kentucky , from M ay sv i lle toStanf ordCentra l Kentucky , from Stanford t o Lebanon .

Western Kentucky , from Ne lson t o Trimble CountiesIndiana .

Oh io . .

Nodu lar t op of Arnheim in OhioArnheim inc ludes first advent of R ichmond faunaAdair Coun ty , w ith outcrops in M arion and Casey Counties ,Kentucky .

Western TennesseeSouthern Kentucky , a long t h e Cumberland R iver “

G lobu lar bryozoans in Casey and Lincoln Counties , Kentucky .

Diastroph ic movements during t h e deposition of t h e Arnhe imOrigin of t h e Arnheim fauna

1 . Subdiv isions of th e Arnh eim .

Along the east ern l ine of outcrop of the Ordovician format ionsin Kentucky , and in th e imm ediately adjacent parts of Ohio ,

thelower part of the Arnh eim m ember of the Ri chmond is comparat iv ely unfossiliferou s , while th e upper part is abundantly suppliedwith fossils . The transition is sufficient ly abrupt t o be t racedreadily in the field . In fact

,the line of separation between the

lower , comparatively unfossiliferous division and t h e upperri chly fossi liferou s part of the Arnheim may be traced morereadily

,w ith greater exactness

,and for a great er distance than any

other hori zon in the R i chmond along i t s eastern l ine of ou tcrop .

For this reason ,the line of separat ion between the upper and lower

Arnh eim is more defini t ely known than any other hori zon in theRi chmond of eastern Kentucky ,

and i t has been found convenient

43 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII, No. 3,

t o give special designations t o these divisions ; the upper Arnheimbeing cal led the Oregonia division , and the lower Arnheim

,the

Sunset di vision .

The ease with which the two divisions of the Arnh eim may betraced is due largely t o the fact that the Oregon ia division includesa characteristi c fauna which may be iden t ified readily even by a

beginner in the study of fossi ls . This fauna includes Di h orthi searleyi , Rhyh ehotrema dentata v ar .

,Leptaena richmondem i s y a

and P latystrophi a ponderosa . .nIn Ohio and Indiana D inorthi s carleyt

’

recurs in a slightlydifferent form at the base of the Blanchester division of theWaynesvil le m ember ; Rhynchotrema dentata is found in theB lanchester division of the Waynesville member and near theupper part of the Whitewater m ember ; and Leptaeh a ri chmondeh

si s ranges from the C larksvi lle division of the Waynesvil le t o thet op of the Whitewater . Bu t none of these fossi ls is found associat ed with P latystrophi a ponderosa anywhere except in the lowerpart of the Oregon ia d ivision of the Arnheim . I t is this associationof fossils which gives them such great value as horizon markers .

M oreover , i f attention be confined t o Kentucky,then Di h orthis

earleyi and Rhyh ehotrema dentata here occur onl y in the Oregon iadivision

,and within this lim i ted t erritory they are stri ctly charac

t erist ic of the upper Arnheim .

TABLE OF SUBD IVIS IONS OF C INC INNAT IAN STRATA .

ElkhornWhitewaterSaluda

LibertyWaynesv i l le

R ichmond Laughery B lanchesterClarksw l le

Fort Ancient

Arnheim

M oun t AuburnM cM i llan Corryw lle

M aysw l leBe l levue

Fairview {FairmountM ount Hope

Eden Eden

C t h C t h [Nicho lasa ey s a ey s

IGreendale


43 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII, No. 3 ,

South of M aysville , however , the l ithologic differences betweenth e upper and lower Arnheim become even more striking .

Abou t a third of a mi l e southwest of Sunset , and two mi lessouthwest of Hillsboro ,

in Fleming county,Kentu cky

,the Sunset

division,13 feet thick ,

consists of a rather uniform section of

dense , argillaceous , dark blue limestone , nearly unfossi liferous ,but containing a few specimens of P latystrophia ponderosa aboutthree feet below the t op . The overlying Oregon ia division containsconsiderable clay ,

interbedded w ith fossiliferou s limestone whichh as weathered into a limestone rubble .

East of Wyoming , four m iles sou th of Sunset , the lower Arnheim

,15 feet thick , presents the same lithological appearance as

at Sunset . Occasional specimens of P latystrophi a ponderosa

occur at different elevations . A variety of Leptaena ri chmondensi s

and one of Rhyh chotrema dentata are found at the base of theOregonia division .

The dark blue argi l laceou s limestone phase of the lower or

Sunset division of the Arnheim bed may be traced as far sou th as

Howards M i ll , fiv e m i les east of M ount Sterling , Kentucky . Eastof the m i ll , i t is 18 feet thi ck and contains occasional specimens ofP latystrophia ponderosa near the base . The overlying Oregoniadivision consists of rubble lim estone With num erous bryozoans .

Sou th of Howards M il l , the lower division of the Arnheimbecom es more shaly and weathers into a more sandy rock . P latys

trophia ponderosa disappears , sou thward , from the lower d ivisionbut becom es more abundant in the upper di vision . Half a mi l esouthwest of Howards M il l , the lower division ,

14 feet thick,

consists of rather unfossiliferous , brown , shaly ,sandy rock

,

weathering t o a sandy clay . In the overlying Oregonia division,

Rhyh ehotrema dentata is rather rare and Heterospongia submmosa

occurs . P latystrophz'

a ponderosa is abundant .

At the mouth of the Red river , at M erritts Ferry , P latystrophia

ponderosa is abundant in the lower 8 feet of t h e Oregonia division .

Leptaena m’

chmondensi s is found at the base , and Rhyh chotrema

dentata occurs one foot above the base of this di vi sion . The t opof the lower div ision is formed by a very fine grained

,bluish

limestone , containing smal l gasteropods , ch iefly Lophospi ra .

Traces of this limestone are found as far northward as IndianF ields , eight m iles northeast of M erritt s Ferry .

The sam e lim estone , blue , fine grained , and containing gast eropods , occurs one m ile east of Col lege Hill , four mi les sout h of

M erritts Ferry . Here the upper layer of l imestone is one foott hick ,

the lower layer is a foot and a half t hick , and the underlyingshaly part of t h e lower Arnheim h as a thickness of 11 feet . In theOregonia division ,

P latystrophia ponderosa is confined t o a sect ionabout two feet thick , two feet above the base of the division .

J an ,19 12 ] The Arnheim Formation. 4 3 ;

At Cobb Ferry , 6 m i les sou th of the mouth of the Red river ,only the upper third of the shaly part of the lower Arnh eim i sexposed . The fine grained

,blue limestones , with gasteropods , at

the top of this division forms a section abou t 4 feet thick . In

descending order this section consists of one foot of lim estone ,two feet of sandy shale with several thin lim estone layers , and one

foot of lim estone , underlaid bV the upper third of the characteristi cshaly section . The Oregoma division here appears practi cal lyunfossiliferou s .

East of the reservoir , two and a half mi les east of R i chmond ,

Kentucky ,the shale bed form ing the major portion of the lower or

Sunset division of the Arnheim , is 1 1 feet thick . It is overlai dby very fine grained blue lim estone , one foot thick ; thin layers ,poorly exposed ,

having a total thi ckness of two feet ; and harddense lim estone , two feet thick , probably forming the t op of thelower Arnheim division . The basal part of the Oregonia divisionconsists of very dark shaly rock ,

one foot thick , Thi s is overlaidby hard blue limestone , 4 feet thick , contain ing fossil s ; spal lingclay rock

,two feet thick ; and light colored clay , blu ish or greenish

in tint,assumed t o form the base of the Waynesville or the top of

the Arnheim section . According to this interpretation , the thickness of the Oregonia division of the Arnheim here is abou t 7 feet .

The light colored clay ,which occur s at the t op of the Arnh eim

section east of Ri chmond , is seen also east of Col lege Hil l , where thethickness of the Oregonia division i s estimated at 11 feet . At

M erritts Ferry,there is a layer of light blue clay sixteen and a hal f

feet above the base of the Oregonia division . At Ophelia ,four

m i les north of R i chmond , the light colored clay is 11 feet above t h ebase of the Oregon ia division . These data suggest a local thinn ing of the Oregon ia division sou thward as far as R i chmond ,

accompanied by a dim inu tion of it s fossi ls content .

North of Ophelia , on ly the upper part of the lower Arnheimd ivision i s wel l exposed . The lower part of the exposure

, 5 feetthi ck , consists of rather shaly lim estone . The imm ediately overlying part of the section ,

4 feet thick,consisting of fine grained

limestone more or less interbedded w ith clay shale,is regarded as

form ing the top of the lower Arnh eim . Two of the com ponentlimestone layers contain smal l gasteropods . The lower part of

the Oregonia division ,six and a half feet thick

,consists of rubble

limestone , containing P latystroph ia ponderosa ,Leptaena rich

mondensi s ,and Rhynchotrema dentata . This more fossi liferou s

part of the section i s overlaid by 4 feet of argi llaceous stratacontain ing S tromatocerium in the lower half .

S tromatocerium occur s in the upper half of the Oregonia division also at M erritts Ferry

,at the mou th of the Red river . Here

i t is found 9 feet above the base of this division , above the richlyfossi liferous hori zon ,

and 7 feet below the top of the Arnheim .

4 34 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII, No. 3,

S tromatocerium occurs also four and a half mi les sou th of PaintLi ck

,or 15 m i les sou thwest of R i chmond . Here it occurs about

8 feet above the base of the Oregonia division . The ri chly fossiliferous part , containing P latystrophia ponderosa and Leptaeh am

’

chmondensi s,form s the lower fiv e and a half feet of this division .

The t op of the lower Arnheim consists of fossiliferou s dove coloredlimestone

, 5 feet thick , representing the fine grained limestonelayers containing gasteropods , as seen at Cobb Ferry , Col lege Hi ll ,and at the mou th of Red river . Below the dove colored limestone ,the characteristic shal e bed of the lower Arnheim

,13 feet thick ,

is found .

The unfossili ferous shaly layers,characteristi c of the lower or

Sunset division of the Arnheim ,may be traced with confidence as

far west as Stanford . At three localities along the southwesternborder of Garrard county , the thickness of the shaly layers variesfrom 16 to 17 feet , and that of the overlying dove colored limestones

,at the t op of the lower Arnheim , from four t o fiv e and a

half feet . These local ities are : half a m i le east of the northern end

of Preachersville ; three m iles southeast of Lancaster , a few hundr ed yards west of the pike , along Gi lbert creek ; and two and a

hal f m i les southwest of Lancaster , west of the pike to Stanford .

Farther westward,apparently ,

the shaly part of the lower Arnheimthins rapidly . Two mi les northeast of Stanford , and also two and

three-quarter m iles north of Stanford ,along the road to Lancaster ,

the thickness of the shaly section i s reduced to 7 feet , the overlyingdove—colored limestone , at the t op of the lower Arnheim

,measur

ing three and fiv e feet respectively .

The t erri tory between Stanford and the mou th of Red rivermay be regarded as representing a distinct phase of the Arnheimsedimentation . Within this territory the lower Arnheim ischaracterized by an unfossiliferou s shaly rock overlaid by a thinnersection of dove colored lim estones . The basal part of the upperArnheim division contains Leptaeh a fl ehmondensi s and Rhyneho

trema dentata ,the latter at a slightly higher elevation whenever a

difference in elevation is noted . The overlying part of the upperArnheim section u sual ly is ri chly fossiliferous ,

and contains amongother fossi ls rather num erous specim ens of P latystroph ia ponderosa .

At the t op of the Arnheim section there is a layer of l ight coloredclay

,one or two feet thick ,

frequently containing num erou sspecimens of bryozoans . This clay layer has been assum ed t o

form the base of the Waynesville bed , bu t it may be necessary t orevise this classification when the fauna is bett er known . I t isprobable that most of these features may be detected as far northas Howards M i ll

,in the eastern part of M ontgom ery county .

The territory from M ontgom ery county t o M ason county ,

already described ,includes another phase of Arnheim sedim enta

tion . Here the lower Arnheim consists of a rather uniform


4 36 The Oh io Naturali st . [Vol. XII, NO. 3 ,

One of the most instructive sections in this connection i s thatexposed along the lower part of Wal loway creek

, opposite the homeof J . W . Isaacs , in M arion county . The locality may be reachedby going one m i l e west of R il eys station and then fol lowing a roadsou thward almost two m i les . The section i s described in descending order .

Arg i l laceous nodu les and g lobular bryozoan 1 f t . 10 i n .

Interva l w ith various fossd s 3 f t . 6 in .

R ich ly f oss ih ferous horizon w ith P tatys troph ta ponderosa 6 f t . 6 in .

Lep/aena richmondenszs at various leve ls , bu t rare except at base 5 f t . 6 in .

Arg i l laceous l imestone , fossi ls few 3 f t . 6 in .

Large branch ing bryozoans resembl ing Be los toma 1 f t .

Same large bryozoans and t h e g lobular bryozoans resemb l ingP rasopora

Argi l laceous l imestone W i th t h e same large branch ing bry ozoans 1 f tArg i l laceous rock , toss1ls f ew . 3 f t .

Dove co lored l im estone W ith P latys troph ia ponderosa “ 5 f t .

Oppos i te home of J . F . Crews , remainder of section down streamnot v is ited .

In this section,the Leptaeh a hori zon is regarded as the base

of the upper or Oregonia division of the Arnheim . G lobu larbryozoans occur at two horizons ; at the t op of the Arnheim section ,

associated with argillaceou s nodu les ; and a short distance belowthe Leptaena hori zon in strata Which may belong t o the lowerdivision of the Arnheim bu t whose exact stratigraphical equ ivalentcan be determ ined only after further study . I t i s possible

,for

instance,that the lower Arnheim practical ly thins out west of

Stanford . The two horizons for the Pm sopom u sually may bedistinguished readily . At the upper horizon , argillaceous nodu lesfrequently are present , and both the globu lar bryozoans and thenodu les occur in a whitish or light colored clay which is regardedas the stratigraphical equ ivalent of the light colored clay at thebase of the Waynesville section northeast of Stanford as far as themouth of the Red river . This hori zon is always above the highestlayers containing P latystrophia ponderosa . The lower horizonwith the globu lar bryozoan occurs at the t op of a section consistingof dove colored lim estones and usual ly is overlaid by a smal lsection of strata contain ing P latystrophia ponderosa . Near thebase of this upper P latystrophi a ponderosa horizon ,

Leptaenari chmondensi s and Rhynchotrema dentata occur at num erou slocal ities , bu t where the latter species are found

,the globular

bryozoan is not needed as a horizon marker .

The globu lar bryozoan has a fair distribution at both theupper and the lower hori zon . At the upper hori zon i t occursfrom the Vicinity of Lebanon as far east as Scrubgrass creeksou thwest of M itchellsburg in Boyle county

,and a m i le east of

Harveyton ,in Casey coun ty . Southward i t is known as far as

Rush Branch ,in the sou theastern corner of M arion county . At

th e lower horizon ,i t i s known at numerous locali ties southwest of

J 1912 ] The Arnheim Formation. 4 3 7

Rileys , in M arion count y ,and thence sou thward to Ru sh Branch

and eastward to Gravel Switch in M arion county ,and Ellisburg

, in

Casey county . At severa l localities , among these the one abouta m i le east of Harveyton

,in Casey county ,

the globu lar bryozoanoccurs apparently immedi ately above the horizon containingLeptaeh a riehmondensi s and Rhynehotrema dentata .

At most of the localities in M arion , Boyle , and Casey counties ,at which Leptaeh a richmondensi s and Rhyh chotrema dentata occur

,

the latter are found abou t 16 t o 18 feet below the t op of the upperhori zon at which the globul ar bryozoans

,associated with the

argillaceous nodu les occur . Below the Leptaeh a horizon ,within

a moderate distance , dove colored l im estones are found . NearLebanon ,

these dove colored lim estones occur su fficient ly far

below the Leptaeh a horizon t o suggest their equivalence t o strataelsewhere assigned t o the upper Corryville . In the area betweenHankla

,in Boyle county ,

and the locali ty sou thwest of Stanford,

within which Leptaeh a ri chmondeh si s and Rhynchotrema dentata

are unknown ,these dove colored limet sones appear to lie nearer the

lower P rasopom or globu lar bryozoan hori zon , suggesting a thinning of the lower Arnheim and the absence of the M ount Auburnalong this axial region of the Cincinnati geanticline .

4 . Western Kentucky , from Nelson to Trimb le Counties .

Between Lebanon and Cox Creek , seven m i les north of Bardstown , a total distance of 25 m iles , the Arnheim hori zon h as not

been studied . North of Cox Creek ,on the pike to M ount Wash

ington and Louisville , Leptaeh a is associated with P lastytrophia

ponderosa . Seven m iles farther northward ,in the sou thwestern

corner of Spencer county , between High Grove and Smi th v illle

Leptaena richmondeh si s and Rhynchotrema dentata occur in theArnheim member . The exposures here are so evidently relatedlithological ly t o those near M ount Washington

,in Bu lli tt county ,

abou t five m i les farther , toward the northwest , that they wi l l bediscussed in the same relation .

Sou thwest of M ount Washington ,along the pike t o Sm ithville

and Bardstown ,the fol lowing section is exposed :

Argi l laceous l imestone w ith P latys trophia ponderosa and Con

s tellam’

a polys tomella . . 2 f t . 8 in .

Hard fossi l iferou s l imestone form ing a sma l l fal l near t h e home

of F . C . Porter , where a fence crosses t h e creek 2 f t . 6 in .

R ich ly foss i l iferous argi l laceous rock w ith P tatys troph ia ponderosa a foot and a half from t he t op and with Leptaenarichmondeh szs near t h e base 5 f t . 4 in .

Argi l laceous rock and th in l imestone , richly fossi l iferous , w ithLeptaena rzchmondensis a t variou s int ervals . P latys trophiacypha-conmdi occurs rather abundantly . Rhynchotremadentata is present at t h e base , on t h e eastern s ide of t h e

creek , W here a wagon road crosses t h e creek near t h e leve l485 feet above sea . 14 f t .

438 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 1. XII, No. 3

Interval W i th Leptaena richmondens is rather common in t h e

upper part , t h e lowest spec im ens occurring near t h e home

of j . D . Stansbury . 10 f t .

Strong ly cross bedded , rather coarse grained l im estone lay ers ,

form ing crescent i c sweeps of strongly incl ined lim se t one

lam inae ,s t r1k1ng in a general way North 40° West . Th e

concave s ides of these crescentic curves face t h e southwest .

Th e length of t h e curves averages about 20 feet . Th e tota lth ickness of th is crossbedded sect ion i s not known ; i t can

not be less than 6 feet and m ay equa l 12 f t .

Th e base of t h e strong ly cross bedded section i s d irectly east oft h e most northern farm house seen on t h e western side of

t h e creek .

The most striking featur es of this section,sou thwest of M ount

Washington ,are : The presence of Leptaeh a ri chmondensi s

throughou t a vertical range of 24 feet , with Rhyh chotrema dentatanear the m idd l e of this range . The presence of P latystrophia

ponderosa for a distance of 10 feet above the Leptaeh a horizon .

This strongly cross bedded lim estone is regarded as equ ival ent t othe lower Arnheim elsewhere . I t suggests the presence of shallowwaters with strong currents and in this respect is in rather strongcontrast with the exposures so far described . Possibly the thickness of the strata containing Leptaeh a, and the thickness of theunderlying cross bedded lim estone section have been greatlyexaggerated ,

in attempting t o estimate their thickness alongthe creek .

Abou t two and a half m iles sou theast of M ount Washington,

Leptaena m’

chmondensi s h as a vertical range of 14 feet . P latys

trophia cypha-conradi is common . Dinorthi s carleyi occurs at the

base . P latystrophi a ponderosa occupies a section about 4 feetthick

,at a distance 10 feet above the Leptaeh a hori zon . Cross

bedded limestones occur at the base of the Arnheim section, bu t

some of the layers near the top also are coarse grained .

The greatest thi ckness of coarsed grained,cross bedded lime

stone at the base of the Arnh eim section is seen about a m i lenorthwest of High Grove , in the sou thwestern corner of Spencercounty . Here it is 12 feet thick , and is imm ediately overlaid bystrata contain ing Leptaena richmondeh si s and Rhyh ehotrema

dentata . The vertical range of Leptaena has not been establishedhere .

About a m i le southeast of Sm ithville , along the pike to Bardstown ,

coarse grained limestone , 5 feet thick ,occurs below layers

containing Leptaena m'

chmondensi s and Dinoethts carleyt’

. Loosespecimens of Rhynchotrema dentata also are found . The exactsuccession h as not been established beyond doubt .

Abou t a m i le west of Sm ithville , on the north side of Salt river,

the coarse grained lim estone in the Arnheim section is abou tthree and a hal f feet thick . P latystrophia ponderosa occurs at

a higher level .


440 The Ohio Naturali st . [Vol. XII, No; 3 ,

Frankl in county ,al though this is the only one of the fossi ls charac

t erist ic of the basal part of the upper or Oregonia division of theArnh eim which h as a fairly general geographic distribution in thearea designated . In most of this terri tory ,

the Arnheim consistsof argi llaceous lim estone , and indurated clay layers interbeddedwith much larger quantities of soft clay . The lower Arnheimdoes not differ li thologically from the upper part .

The chief characteristic of the Arnheim in Franklin and Unioncounties , in Indiana ,

i s the presence of a variety of Dalmcmella

jugosa in rather large numbers . Northwest of the hom e of WilliamBauman , two m i les sou thwest of Brookville , Dalmanella h as a

considerable vertical range above the Di h orthi s earleyi hori zon .

At New Trenton , Indiana ,Dalmah elta h as a considerable verti cal

range below the Di h orthis carley i layer ; in fact , i t occurs even as

low as the M ount Aubu rn . North of Brookville , as . far as thenorthern boundary of Franklin county , Dalmah ella ranges fromseveral feet above the D inorthi s carleyi horizon t o at l east 10feet below that level .

6 . Oh io.

Dalmanella h as a considerable vertical range in the Arnheima lso in the western half of Ham ilton and Butler counties , in Ohio .

Farther eastward ,as far as Adam s county , on the Ohio river ,

D almah ella is restricted,in the Arnheim , t o a vertical range of onl y

a few inches , at or imm ediat ely above the P latystrophia ponderosahori zon ,

and distinctly beneath the Leptaeh a richmondeh si s and

Dinorthi s earleyi horizons . Wherever,

at these more easternlocalities , Dalmanella h as a considerable vertical range

,i t i s known

to characteri ze the Waynesville member . The resu lt is that,

farther eastward ,Dalmah ella may be u sed t o identify readily the

Waynesville m ember , especial ly the lower part , where other conspicuous characteristic fossils are not common . while in the westernpart of Butler and Ham i lton counties

,and in Franklin county

,

this species may prove m isleading if only a superficial study begiven to a line of outcrops .

A most pecu liar section ,differing in som e respect s from any

o ther known , occurs abou t a m ile north of Col linsville , or eightm i les northwest of Ham ilton , Ohio . The t op of the Arnheimi s not exposed .

Nodu lar argi l laceous l imestone near t h e t op of t h e 2 f t .

Interval w ith Byssonychia and Rafinesquina common . 11 f t . 6 in

C lay with Dalmanella and w ith a s ing le loose specimen of

D inorthis carleyi which may have come from thi s hori zon . 3 f t . 6 in .

C lay and l imestone . Topmost lay er wave-marked . 7 f t . 4 in .

Dalmanella abundant in c lay and th in l imestone . 6 f t . 8 in .

C lay interbedded with l imestone 6 f t . 9 in .

Argi l laceous rubble l imestone . 2 f t . 9 m .

H ighest Leptaena richmondensis horizon .

Interval w ith P latystrophta ponderosa at various levels l f t . 9 in .

Leptaena richmondensis .

Interval 1 f t . 8 in .

P latys trophia ponderosa just above creek leve l .

Jan. , 1912 ] 7he Arnheim Formation. 44 1

Lithological ly ,the rock from the creek l evel as far up as the

argil laceou s rubble limestone above the highest Leptaena horizonresembles the rock form ing the M ount Auburn m ember in most ofOhio and adjacent Kentucky . M oreover , there is a considerableinterval between this part of the section and th e Dinorthi s carleyt

hori zon . However , Leptaeh a t ichmondensi s is unknown in theM ount Auburn member from any of the num erou s exposureswhere this hori zon h as been definit ely ident ified . Hence , theCol linsville section may be m erely an Arnh eim exposure in whichth e interval between the P latystrophi a ponderosa hori zon and theDinorthi s carleyi hori zon i s represented by an unu sual thicknessof strata .

As a rul e , Leptaena ri chmondensi s occurs in the Arnheim of

Ohio on ly a short distance below the Dt h orthi s earleyi hori zon .

The interval rarely exceeds h y e feet,and frequen tly is reduced t o

onl y a few inches .

At t h e Blacksm ith hol low ,a short distance north of the railroad

station,at Oregonia

, Ohio ,six m il es northeast of Lebanon , the

fol lowing section is seen :

M ass ive nodu lar argi l laceous l imestone . 5 f t . 6 in .

One specimen of S trophomena concordens is .

Rubble c lay rock w ith some argi l laceous l imestone . 15 f t .

D inorthi s carleyi common .

Rubb le c lay rock w ith Dmorthis at various interva lsRubble c lay rock w ith Rafinesguina

Dinorthi s carleyi comm on and one specim en of L eptaenarichmondens is in thin l imestone .

Interva lD inor/hi s carleyi , one specimen .

Leptaena richmondens is common l f t . 6 in .

Rubble c lay . 1 f t . 6 in .

P latys trophta ponderosa rare .

Rubble c lay rock , W ith Cyclonema humerosum ,Rafinesguina

loxorhy tzs , and Zygosptra modes ta

Interval no t exposed .

Estimated leve l of base of Arnhe im . No exposures here

A sim i lar su ccession of strata is found near the home of G . W .

Robertson ,at the mouth of Li ck run , opposite the mouth of

Caesar creek,l ess than three m i les north of Oregonia :

Nodu lar l imestone , form ing smal l fal ls .

Interva l .

D inorth i s carleyi at various interva lsL eptaena richmondensis common

Interva l .

Strong ly wave marked l imestone lay er ,trend of r i dges about

north and south .

IntervalP latys trophia ponderosa rather common .

A sim i lar su ccession of strata is seen three m i les northeast ofGoshen ,

at th e m iddle part of the northern edge of Clerm ont

4 4 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [V01. XII, No. 3,

county . Here Dinorthi s carleyi , Leptaena richmondeh szs, Dal

manella jugosa ,and P latystroph ia ponderosa are found in descend

ing order .

The typical exposure of the Arnheim bed is located on Straightcreek

,abou t a m i le sou th of Arnheim ,

and fiv e m i les northeast ofGeorgetown ,

in Brown county :

S trophomena concordens zs near t op of blue ,nodu lar c lay rock

L 1mest one interbedded w ith much c lay .

Strongly wave-marked l imestone .

Limestone i nterbedded W i th c lay 7 f t .

Dmorthis carleyi rare .

Thin l imestones and c lay , with Leptaena richmondensi s and

Rhynchotrema dentata

Limestone and c lay w ith Leptaena richmondensis .

C lay with layers of nodu lesTh in l imestone W ith Leptaena richmondensis abundant .

L im estone and c layP tatys troph ia ponderosa abundant in l im estone .

Dalmanella jugosa v ar . , abundant , largest spec imens 22 m i l l imeters w ide ,

associated W i th P latys troph ia ponderosa , rather

Poorly exposedCoarse grained , cross bedded l imestone ,

w ith wave-markedlay er fiv e inches above t h e base

Limestone and c lay i nterbedded .

Rafinesguina very abundant “

L1mest one W ith bryozoans and other foss i lsM oun t Auburn t op , consi sting of c layey 11mestone w ith P laty

s trophia ponderosa rather abundant . . 3 f t . 9 in .

Wave—marked l imestone layer .

At Eddies run,one m il e east of t he line between Brown

Adam s counties ,and about six m iles west

“

of West Union ,

fol lowing section is seen :

S trophomena concordens is common in nodu lar c lay rockIntervalLeptaena richmondensis rare .

Interval .

Leptaena richmondensis abundantIntervalP latys trophia ponderosa and Dalmanella 7z¢g0 5 a V .ar assoc iated

1n t h e same layers “

Hal f a m i le east of M anchester , the Beasl ey fork pike t o WestUnion crosses Island creek ,

and a m i l e northward the Moun tAuburn bed is exposed . A quarter of a m ile farther northward ,

northwest of the hom e of A . H . Foster , Leptaeh a ri chmondeh si s isexposed fiv e feet above layers containing Dalmah ella jugosa v ar .

and P latys trophta ponderosa . S trophomena concordensz’

s occursfarther up stream .

About three m i les sou th of Maysvil le , in Kentucky , the deepcut at the highest point reached by the rai lroad exposes thefo l lowing section :


444 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII, No. 3 ,

a quarter . At the Frank l in Chau tauqua ,i t is three feet . Abou t

four m i les west of M iddletown , or two and a hal f m iles sou th of thesou theastern corner of Preble county ,

the thickness of the massiveargil laceou s limestone at the t op of the Arnheim section i s twofeet three inches . These data suggest a thinning of the lumpylim estone section westward ,

and indicate why it is so difficult t oidentify the so—cal led nodular lim estone at the t op of the Arnheimsection sti l l farther westward .

At the locali ty on the Dry fork of Elk run,four m i les west of

M iddletown ,the fol lowing section is seen :

M ass ive arg i l laceous , more or less lumpy , l imestone 2 f t . 3 in .

Interval w ith Anomalodonta gigantea , Rafinesguina loxorhytis , and

Cyclonema humerosum at various interva ls .

D inorthis carleyi . .

The interval between Di h orthi s carleyi horizon and the lumpylim estone may have been considerably greater than 12 feet sincei t was measured along the creek which here h as a very low gradient .

Two and a quarter m i les northwest of Ham i lton, and also a

m il e sou thwest of M cGonigle ,or seven m iles a little north of west

from the center of Ham i lton , the base of the Waynesvi lle bedconsists of very coarse grained , cross bedded lim estone , fiv e feetthick at the latter locality . In this limestone

,Dalmanella jugosa

i s abundant . Sou thward from these localities,in the western

parts of Bu tler and Ham i lton counties,i t is difficult t o draw an

exact line between the Waynesville and Arnh eim beds,although

the approximate position of this line is indicated by the first

appearance of l im estones w ith Dalmah ella,which on weathering

tend t o take a reddish hue . The Dalmah ella bearing beds at theArnheim horizon appear not to be inclined t o take this tint

,and

are more likely to change to yellowish or brownish colors .

S trophomena concordensz’

s appears lim ited t o the lumpy limestone hori zon at the t op of the Arnheim bed , but i t is not knownfarther west than the southeastern part of Butler county , or

farther north than Lebanon and Oregonia,in Warren county .

Southeastward from these localities , S trophomena concordensz’

s isfound at practical ly every exposure of the t op of the Arnheim as

far as Maysville and Concord ,in Kentu cky . As a ru le , the lumpy

limestone section is abou t fiv e feet thick ,and S trophomena con

cordensi s often ranges throughou t the entire section . Sou th of

Arnheim ,in Brown county ,

the lumpy limestone is about six feetthick

,and the S trophomena occurs ch iefly near the top . The

lumpy argil laceous character of the l im estone continues throughAdam s county nearly as far as the Ohio river . Tb ree m i les southof the Ohio ri ver

,at M aysville , S trophomena concordeh si s occur s

in a lim estone , weathering reddish and containing numerousspecim ens of Dalmanella jugosa , difficul t t o distinguish lithologically from the overlying Waynesvi lle section .

Jan. ,1912 ] The Arnheim Formation. 44 5

Along the creek directly east of Concord ,Lewis county ,

Kentucky , S trophomena concordeh si s is confined to an argillaceou srock ,

sim i lar to the lumpy lim estone , and a foot in thickness . Thisexposure is un ique among all those known in Ohio , Indiana ,

Kentucky ,and Tennessee , in containing S treptelasma canadensi s

and Opi sthoptem casei fiv e and a half feet below the S trophomena

concordensi s hori zon ,and S treptelasma canadensi s and Columnaria

alv eolata fiv e feet above this S trophomena layer .

The only other locali ty at ,which Columnar ia alv eolata is knownfrom the Arnheim is at C li fton , on the T ennessee river , in westernTennessee

,where i t i s associated wi th D i h orthis carleyi , Rhym

chotrema dentata ,Leptaena richmondens is ,

and a variety of Dal

mah ella jugosa .

8 . Arnh eim includes first adv ent of Richmond fauna.

The presence of S trophomena coneordeh sis , S treptelasma canadensi s

,and Columnari a alv eolata at the t op of the Arnheim bed ,

at Concord ,Kentu cky ,

suggests the advent of the R i chmondfauna . In fact , the nodul ar or lumpy lim estone , at the t op of theArnheim section as originally defined , cou ld with propri ety beremoved to the Waynesville m ember of the Ri chmond . However ,Leptaena richmondensi s ,

Rhynchbtrema dentata,

and D inorthis

carleyi , near the base of the upper or Oregonia division of theArnheim

,also suggest the advent of a Ri chmond fauna , and

although lim ited t o only a part of the Oregonia division ,the latter

also may be added t o t h e R i chmond section . The Sunset divisionis included in the Ri chmond on ly for the reason that southward ,

in Kentucky , it represents a period of diastrophic movem ent,

the nearest thing t o a sandstone sedimentation found in this partof the Cincinnatian section

,and i s regarded as inaugurating a new

period of sedimentation rather than closing a former period . I tis quite in keeping with this view

,that northward ,

where no

simi lar diastrophic movements are recorded,there shou ld be no

evidence of a faunal break su fficient to demand the separation of

the lower or Sunset division of the Arnheim from the M oun tAubu rn m ember .

Before d iscussing this subj ect further , some of the moresouthern exposure of th e Arnh eim ,

in sou thern Kentucky ,and in

Tennessee ,shoul d be noted .

9 . Adair County with nearest outcrops in M arion and CaseyCounties , Kentucky .

The most sou thern localities , in the widespread Ordovicianarea including central and northern Kentucky

,southwestern

Ohio and sou theastern Indiana , at which the characteristi c faunaof the Arnheim has been found

,occur along the Sou th Fork of

Rol ling Fork . In the sou theast ern corner of M arion county ,

446 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII, No. 3 ,

abou t three-quarters of a m i le sou thwest of Rush Branch post office ,

Leptaena m’

chmondeh sis and Rhyh chotrema dentata occur at thebase of several feet of argi l laceous limestone containing P latystrophia ponderosa . On the Steele Knob road from Chilton postoffice t o Liberty

,abou t a mi l e south of South

‘Fork of RollingFork

,near the northwestern edge of Casey county

,Leptaeh a

1’ i 6 h7n0 7t d6 718i 5 occurs three feet below strata contain ing P latystrophia ponderosa .

Near the northeastern edge of Adair county,abou t a quarter

of a m i le sou th of the road from Dunnville t o Neatsville , alongDamron creek

,twenty m il es south of the localit ies on the South

Fork of Rol ling Fork ,Leptaeh a ri chmondeh ms and P latystrophia

cypha-com edi occur in the fol low ing section :Greenish c lay shaleIrregu lar hard c lay nodu lesGreenish c lay shaleArgi l laceous l imestone rubb le interbedded with 1rregu larindu

rated fossi l iferous c lay masses and cons iderable softer c lay ,

containing Leptaena richmondens is , P latystrophia cyphaconradi , Anomalodonta gigantea , Byssonychia radiate , Heber

tella occidentalis and other foss1lsSpal l ing c lay rock . .

Shaly mat er1al weather ing into smal l fragm entsArgi l laceou s l imestone .

Argi l laceous rock , sp l itting into 1rregu larthin lay ers and breaking up into sma l l fragments ow ing t o v ert 1cal cracks

Interva l , coveredDamron Creek .

P latystrophta ponderosa is exposed at a lower hori zon ,farther

up the creek ,in hard

,fine grained

,blui sh lim estone

,apparently

corresponding t o the dove colored limestones below the Arnheimhori zon in Lincoln , Garrard ,

and Madi son counties , northward .

10 . Western Tennessee .

Nearly a hundred m i les sou thwest of Dam ron creek ,nearly

four m i les north of Gallatin along the railroad toward SouthTunnel , Leptaena m

’

chmondensi s associated with P latystroph ia

ponderosa occurs at the Arnheim hori zon in a section about 12 feetthick . In the lower half of this section consisting of argil laceou slim estone , both species are common . In the upper part , consistingof more coarse grained l im estone , on ly occasional specim ens of

Leptaena occur . At th e very t op of the section,smal l specim ens

of Dalmah ella are found . P latystrophia ponderosa continuescommon for t en feet below the lowest strata at which Leptaenaoccurs .

Rhynchotrema dentata is common in the Arnheim eight m i lesnortheast of Goodlet sv i lle

,abou t t en m i les west of Gal latin ,

in

Tennessee . I t occurs in the Arnheim ,associated wi th Dalmah ella

jugosa v ar . and an occasional specimen of P latystrophia ponderosa ,


448 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII, No. 3,

above strata in which P latystrophia'

ponderosa is rare . I t is important to remember that the globular bryozoan frequently referredt o P rasopora in this d iscussion has not been subj ected to m i croSCOpic investigation ,

so that i t s real affinit ies remain t o be determ ined .

Northwest of Ellisburg , P rasopom occurs eleven feet below a.

light blu e clay layer containing clay nodu les . In the lower partof the intervening section , interpreted as upper Arnheim , P latys

trophia ponderosa occurs . P rasopora i s abundant on the hil lsupporting the stand-pipe northwest of M cKinney ,

in Lincolncounty ; also along the rai lroad ,

a short distance sou th of M oreland .

Abou t a m i le sou th of Shelby City ,where the pike crosses Knob

Li ck branch,P rasopom occurs below strata containing P laty s

troph ia ponderosa . The locality at the former site of the cream ery,

three and a hal f m i les sou thwest of Stanford has been m entioned .

All of these localities belong t o the territory in which Leptaeh arichmondensi s and Rhynchotrema dentata are absent . EvenP rasopora is not present at all of the exposures regarded as belonging t o the Arnheim hori zon ,

at l east approximately . In itsabsence

,the ident ificat ion of the Arnheim becom es difficu lt

,in

the territory under discu ssion .

Possibly the difficu lty of identifying the Arnheim in someparts of Casey and Lincoln counties may be due t o a thinning outof this member of the R i chmond sou theastward . This m ightaccount also for the disappearance of the Leptaena and Rhyh cho

trema fauna at all the m ore southern exposures in Kentucky,

w ith the single exception of the exposure along Dam ron creek,in

the northeastern corner of Adair county .

13 . D iastroph ic movement s during deposit ion of th e Arnh eim .

The Arnheim peri od of deposition apparently began with a

slight diastrophic elevation on the sou theastern side of the Arnheimsea . This gave rise t o the thin bedded , unfossiliferous

,argil la

ceou s strata form ing a characteristic part of the Lower or Sunsetd ivision of the Arnheim ,

in Kentucky , from Lincoln county northward beyond the mouth of the Red river . I t produced apparentlythe pau city of l ife in the argi llaceous lim estones form ing theLower Arnheim farther northward , from the vicin ity of HowardsM i l l to the Ohio river at M aysville . Still farther northward

,

there was a sudden extinction of the great P latystrophia ponderosa colonies which characteri zed the Mount Auburn in manyparts of Ohio . In Indiana

,there is no evidence of any consider

able change either in the character of the sedim entation or of theenclosed fauna on passing from the M ount Auburn to the LowerArnheim .

Possibly the lower Arnheim thins ou t sou thward also on thewestern side of the Cincinnati geanticline , at least local ly . The

Jem. ,19 12 ] The Arnheim Formation . 449

coarse grained ,more or less cross bedded limestones at the base

of the Arnheim section,in the sou thern part of Jefferson county

,

in Kentucky ,and thence southward t o the northern part of Nelson

county ,suggest the presence of strong , irregu lar currents , but

do not necessarily indicate an elevation of the sea bottom .

These coarse grained limestones may represent in part the lowerdivision of the Arnheim , east of the Cincinnati geanticline .

The sudden influx of Leptaeh a ri chmondens i s , Rhynchotrema

dentata ,and Di h orthi s carleyi during the deposition of the lower

part of the upper or Oregon ia division of the Arnheim,suggests

the lowering of some barrier which for long geologic periods h adkept any representatives of this group of species from Cincinnatianareas . The most aston ishing feature of this faunal

’

imm igrationis it s great geographical range compared with its extremely shortduration . What were the favorable conditions which in a brieftime perm itted this fauna t o reach poin ts as remote as sou thernTennessee and sou thwestern Ohio ? What were the unfavorableconditions which with equal suddenness caused the disappearanceof this fauna ’ Where was the basin from which this faunaentered the Cincinnatian areas ?

14 . Origin of Arnh eim faunas .

These quest ions are easier asked than answered . For instance,

the general geographical distribution of D i h orthi s carleyi in southwestern Ohio ,

sou theastern Indiana , and western Kentucky,as

far sou th as Nelson county , suggest its origin from some northernsour ce , unti l i t i s remembered that this species occurs also at

C lifton ,in sou thwestern Tennessee . The northern origin of

D inorthi s carleyi i s favored also by the greater abundance of thisspecies and by its greater ver t i cal range in sou thwestern Ohio com

pared with i ts occurrence in southeastern Indiana,western Ken

tu cky,or sou thwestern Tennessee . M oreover , the species attains a

larger si ze and the valves are thicker as a ru le in Ohio . In mostof Kentu cky ,

and at almost all localities in western Tennessee ,

from which the Arnheim is known ,D inorthi s carleyi is absent .

These facts suggest that the conditions were mu ch more favorablefor the growth of this species northwards , rather than sou thwards .

As a matter of fact , however , the Arnh eim is absent also alongLake Huron and Lake Ontario

,and no trace of it has been recorded

from Wisconsin or M innesota on the northwest , nor from Pennsy l

vania or New York on the northeast . Di h orthi s carleyi is so

closely related t o Dinorthi s retrorsa from the Bala group of Walesthat i t certainly must be regarded as a derivative

, but by whatpath did i t enter Cincinnatian areas ? Bi l lings figured a specimenof D inorthi s retrorsa from the Trenton in the vicin i ty of Ottawa ,

in Canada,but this species is not mentioned by Dr . Am i

,in any of

his more recent studies from this locality .

4 50 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII, NO. 3,

The species of Dalmanella ,which occurs so abundan t ly in the

Arnheim of southwestern Ohio , is found also in the adjacent partsof Indiana . Sou thward , i t is absent until the exposures at Newsomand C lifton ,

in western Tennessee are reached . There may havebeen a connection between southwestern Ohio and Tennessee bya path farther west than any now expos ed . The origin of theDalmanella found in the Arnheim of southwestern Ohio and theadjacent part of Indiana , however , may have been indigenous .

In Franklin and Dearborn counties , in Indiana,Dalmah ella

occurs at variou s levels in the Arnheim , being quite abundant in thelower half . I t occurs in the sam e area also at variou s levels inwhat is ident ified as the M ount Auburn . Near Brookvill e

,i t i s

very abundant in the Corryvill e , and it occurs in m oderate numbersalso in the more northern exposures of the Corryville in OhioNot all of the specim ens of Dalmanella found in the Fairmountbelong t o Dalmanella fai rmountensw That species has a ratherrestricted geographical range . A derivative of Dalmanella

multi secta is rather widely distribu ted at the S trephomena planeeo77v exa hori zon ,

and it is from the Eden Dalmah ella multisecta thatthe Arnheim species may have evolved . The vertical distribu tionof Dalmah ella is l im i ted t o the lower part of the upper or Oregoniadivision of the Arnheim sou theast of Bu tler and Ham i lton counties

,

in Ohio ,suggesting an entry into this area from the northwest

,

from Indiana .

Leptaeh a 7'7chm0 77de773 7

'

5 is one of the most widely distributedspecies found in the Arnheim . I t occurs almost over the entirearea investigated ,

both north and sou th , wherever the Arnheimis known . I t is a typi cal eastern R ichmond species

, and was

certainl y not derived from Leptaeh a 777776 0 5 ta, the western R ich

mond form . I t i s the latter species which has varied most fromthe prim itive form . Leptaena ri chmondeh sts i s least abundant insou theastern Indiana ,

and is entirely absent in sou thern Kentucky,

along the Cumberland river . I t is most abundant in sou thwesternOhio and in central Kentucky . Probably the latter areas wereonce connected by Arnheim deposits which since have beeneroded away

,since there is a smal l area in western Lincoln and

eastern Casey and Boyle counties ,in Ken tucky , from which

Leptaena is absent . Rhynchotrema dentata is absent from the sam earea ,

in central Kentu cky ,and may hav e used the same hypo

thetical passage a moderate distance northward .

Rhynchotrema dentata is much more abundant sou thwards,in

Kentu cky ,than northwards ,

and in Ohio and Indiana it is confinedt o the most sou thern exposures . Certainly , it would be difficultt o imagine a northern ori gin for this species

,as far as its entry

into the Arnheim is concerned . M oreover , it occurs also at

Goodlet sv ille ,Newsom ,

and C lifton ,in western Tennessee . As

in the case of D7770 7'th7'

s carleyi , and Leptaeh a ri chmondensi s , i t h ad


4 52 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXII, No. 3

tocertum is present in the Mount Auburn bed . In southernKentucky ,

along the Cumberland river,i t occurred already

dur ing the‘

upper Fairmount,often in great num bers . During

t h e deposition of the Waynesville and later deposits of the Ri chmond ,

the species h as a mu ch wider geographical di stribu tion .

In the table of C incinnatian strata,the term Laughery is used

to include the Waynesville and Liberty m embers of the Ri chmond,

the Saluda being regarded as deposited du ring one of the moreimportant diastrophic movements during this period . The typicalexposures occur along the Laughery creek

,in R ipley county

,from

the Vicinity of Versai l les t o Osgood,Indiana .

On the accompanying charts , the letters designate the localitiesat which the wri ter found the species in question . The lett ershave the fol lowing significat ion :

D— Dinorth is carleyi .

R— Rhynch ot rema dentata— arnh eimensis .

If — Lept aena richmondensis— precursor .

P— Plat yst roph ia ponderosa .

A— Dalmanella jugosa ,v ar

S— St romatocerium huronense .

PlatystrOph ia and Leptaena occur also 10 m i les sou th of thesouthern margin of the area covered by these charts , in Adaircounty

,Kentucky

,as indicated by the direction of the smal l

.arrow on the charts . (See plates XX ,XX I .)

Jan. ,1912 ] The Arnheim Formation. 453

F ig . 1 .

F ig .

F ig .

F ig .

F ig .

Fig .

F ig .

F ig .

F ig .

01

PLATE XX I I .

Dalmanel la jugosa . A , B ,pedice l valves ; C , D , brach ial va lves .

E , F , G , interiors of brach ial valves ; H , inter ior of ped ice l valve .

Arnheim bed , south of Arnhe im , Ohio .

He t erospong ia subramosa-knot t i . Lateral v iew show ing oscu lumsurrounded by rad iating channe ls . Arnhe im bed ,

northwest of

home of Col . J . B . Wathen , about a m 1le west of Lebanon , Ky .

Plat y s t roph ia cyph a-conradi . A , pedice l valve ; B , C , anterior

v iews . Arnhe im bed , ha lf a m i le south of Sm ithvi l le ,in Bu l l itt

County , Kentucky . These figures , in t h e order named , representother v iew s of t h e spec im ens i l lustrated by figures 14 A , 7 B ,

and

7 A , on P late IV , in Volum e XV I , of t h e Bu l letin , Sc1ent ific

Laboratories , Den ison Un iversity , 19 10 .

P lat y s t roph ia w ith ou t l1ne of P1. c larksv 1llens is , bu t t h e prom inentmed ian fold on t h e brachial va lve h as t h e two m edian p l ications much more consp icuous ly elevated than t h e latera l ones on

t h e fo ld , as in P1. cyph a , t o wh ich 1 t i s c lose ly re lated . Arnheimbed , south of Arnheim , Ohio .

P lat y st roph ia cyph a . Anterior View of specimen represented byF igure 5 , on P late I I I , Bu l letin , Denison Univers ity , 1910 . Arn

heim bed , three m i les south of M ay sv i l le , Kentucky , in deeprai lroad cut .

P lat y s t roph ia walloway i . A , brach ia l valve ; B , C ,posterior v iews ;

D,anterior view ; E , latera l v iew w ith t h e beaks d 1rec t ed down

ward . Arnheim bed , on Wal loway Creek , two m i les south of

R i ley s , in M arion County , Kentucky . Horizon , 15 feet above t h elowest strata containing Lep t aena r ichmondensis . A g lobose formw ith rather strong growth striae in t h e majori t y of spec imens .

Lep t aena r ichmondensis-precursor . Brach ia l va lve . Arnhe im bed ,

one m i le south of P isgah ,in t h e southeastern corner of Butler

County , Ohio .

D inor t h i s car ley i . A , brachia l va lve ; B , C , ped ice l va lves ; D ,

interior of pedice l valve . Arnhe im bed , Oregonia , Ohio . In

D inort h i s retrorsa , of Wales , t h e med ian part of t h e brachia lva lve i s figured as more angu lar in 1t s e levation , with somewhatflat t ened latera l S lopes .

Rh ynch o t rerna dentata-arnh eim ens is . A , ped ice l yalve ,from

Arnhe im , Oh io , from same spec im en as F ig . 12 , P late IV , Vo lume

X IV , Bu l letin , Denison Uni v . , 1909 . B,lateral view , of spec imen

from M ount Wash ington , Bu l l itt Coun ty ,Kentucky . Arnhe im

bed .

St roph emona concordensis . A , interior of brachial va l v e , threem 11es south of M aysv i l le , Kentucky ; B , interior of ped ice l va lve ,

more abruptly thickened a long t h e anterior and latera l marginthan in t h e great majority of specimens . Arnh eim ,bed ,

on Eddies

Run , in Adam s County , one m i le east of C lermont County ,a long

t h e p ike from West Union t o Decatur , Oh io .

Plat y s t rOph ia ponderosa . Pedice l va lve ,rather strong ly water

worn , w ith holes bored by some other animal . Arnheim bed ,

south of Arnheim , Ohio .


Foerste on Th e Arnheim Formation .

Jan,19 12 ] New and Rare P lants of Ohio. 4 57

NEW AND RARE PLANTS OF OHIO .


The fol lowing interest ing plant s have been added to the OhioState Herbarium during t h e year 19 11 . Several species show a

considerable extension of the range hitherto known :

Lycopodium clav atum L .

South B loom ingville , Hocking Co . R . F . Griggs .

Ch enopodium v ulv aria L . Fetid Goosefoot .

Columbia Stat ion , Lorain Co . Sent by E . L . Ful lmer ; collect ed by Rev . E . H . Thompson .

Acnida concatenata M oq. Glomerate Wat er-hemp .

Columbu s , Frankl in Co . John H . Schafi’

ner and Forest B .

H . Brown .

Acnida tamariscina (Nutt .)Wood . Western Water—hemp .

Columbus , Franklin Co . John H . Schaffner and Forest B .

H . Brown .

M agnolia tripetala L . Umbrella M agnolia .

On Turkey Creek ,near Portsmou t h , Scioto Co . Edmund

Secrest .

Fragaria v esca alba (Ehr .)Rydb . White Strawberry .

Big Pine Creek ,Hocking Co . R . F . Griggs .

Opunt ia humifusa Raf . Western Prickly—pear .

Adam s County , Ohio , opposite Vanceburg , Ky . M r . and

M rs . Jesse B . Hyde .

Pyrola rotundif olia L . Roundleaf Wintergreen .

Sou t h B loomingville , Hocking Co . John H . Schaffner .

1Presented at t h e meeting of t h e Oh io Academy of Science ,Columbus ,

D ecember 1 , 1911 .

4 58 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLXII, No. 3


ORTON HALL , May 1 , 19 11 .

The m eeting was call ed to order by t he President,Dr .

Dachnowski , and the minu tes of t he previous meeting read and

approved . The major paper of the evening was by Prof . J . H .

Schaffner , who gave an interesting and inst ru ctive address on

The Classificat ion of t h e Flowering Plant s ,” presenting. in

general ou tline his own syst em of classificat ion and arrangement .

He emphasized the importance of working from a stri ctly ev olu

t ionary st andpoint ou t of which a natu ral phylet ic arrangementof the variou s large groups is bound to com e . The actual workingou t of the phyletic groups is a most difficul t problem but t hisshou ld not in the least m inim ize its importance . Concerningplant organs and structures as a basis for classificat ion

,attent ion

mu st constantly be given t o their progressive development ,segregation of parts , degeneration and their degree of specialization .

The season m ade it possible for the speaker to i l lu strate hisaddress wit h num erous flowers both cu lt ivat ed and wild .

The next paper of the evening was by M r . Wencil J . Kost ir onEvolu tionary Thought in the Nineteenth Centu ry Thespeaker gave a very concise yet thorough resum e of the rise anddevelopm ent of modern evolu tionary conceptions and presentedthe present day ideas relative t o the importan t factors of t he

evolu tionary process . This paper was the last of a series cont inued through the year on t h e History of Biology .

A short bu siness m eeting was held in which ,on mot ion by

Prof . Schaffner , the president was directed t o appoint a nom inatingcomm ittee of three t o select editors for the OH IO NATURALIST

for the ensu ing year . No fu rther business being presented t hesociety adjourned .

BERTRAM W . WELLS,Secretary :

ORTON HALL, October 2 ,

19 11 .

The Biological C lub met with President Dachnowski , presiding .

C . L . M etcalf was appointed secretary pro t em . M essrs . M etcal f,

King and Fu l ton were nam ed as a comm ittee t o nom inate a stafffor the Ohio Naturalist . The reading of the m inutes of theprevious m eeting was postponed . On motion the chair appointedProf . Hine , M iss Detmers and M r . Kostir a comm itt ee to nominateofficers for the C lub .

The program of the evening consist ed of reports of summerwork or observations . Prof Schaffner gave a short discussion of

nu tation habits of plants . Prof . Hine spoke of the Sou thern


4 6 0 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII, NO. 3

Vi ce—President Hi lls then took the chair and the society wasfavored with an address by the retiring President

,Dr . Al fred

Dachnowski . Prof . Dachnowski spoke on“

M odern Tendenciesin Science and their Relation t o the Individual . ”

He pointedout the restless activity of industry and the international organizat ion of scient ific work . The quest ion was raised whether weare fit t ing men for institu tions or institu tions for men and whetherwe are proceding in biological sciences and in politics

,comm er

cialism ,etc .

,on the principle t hat all t hings are made for man

,

sovereign over inanimate things .

C . L . M ETCALF, S ecretary .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , January l 9 , 1912 .

um 18

PUBL ISHED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Unhv ers ity .

Volume X 11. FEBRUARY, 19 12 . No . 4 .


WALTON—Symb iotes du ry i , a New Species of Endomych idae .

L INNELL—Th e Mal lows of Oh io

Fox—Anoth er Oh i o Grown RubberCLAASEN—Plant s Not Recorded in th e Oh io L ist from Cuyah oga and Lake Counti esFULLMER—A Prel im inary L ist of t h e Myxomycetes o f Cedar PointFULLMER—Add i t ions Made to th e Cedar Point F lora Du ring t h e Summer of 1911

SCHAFFNER—Th e Diu rnal Nodd ing o f t h eWi ld Carrot and O t h er P lan t sCLAASEN—P lant s Recogn ized on aDump ing Grou nd at Foot o f Ninth St . , Clev eland , 0 .

SYMBIOTES DURYI, A NEW SPECIES OFENDOMYCHIDAE.

1

L . B . WALTON .

(Contributions from t h e B iological Laboratory , Kenyon Co l lege , No .

The genu s Symbiotes of the fam i ly Endomychidae belongingt o the Coleop t era h as prior t o the year 1908 ,

been unrepresentedby any described species from North Ameri ca although Lecont eand Horn (1883)erroneou sly referred Rhymbus ulhei Crotch ,

and

Rhymbus 777777 0 7 Crotch , to this genu s in their classificat ion of theColeoptera of North Ameri ca .

Consequently it was with mu ch interest t hat the writer inNovember

,1907 ,

coll ected two specimens at Gambier, O . , which

through acquaintance with th e European representatives of

Sym biotes were imm ediately referred t o that genus . Thisoccurred only a few days prior t o the annual Thanksgiving m eetingof the Ohio Academy of Science at Oxford , presided over by thePresident

,M r . Charles Dury

,of Cincinnati , an indefatigable

col lector of Col eoptera as well as a keen student of nature . I ttherefore seem ed most appropriate that the name duryt shoul d beconf erred upon the species which h ad so opportunely presenteditself

,an idea which was carried into effect at the meeting

,the

specimens also being exhibited .

This was noted in the Proceedings of the Academy for 1907

(mail ed abou t June 1 , B latchley,

after comm un icating with the writer as t o the systemati c arrangement of the

1Read before t h e meeting of t h e Oh io Academy of Science , Co lumbus ,D ecember 1 , 1911 .

4 6 2 The Ohio Naturalist [V01. XII, No. 4 ,

Endomych idae and the generi c characters of the genu s Symbiotesfor his forthcom ing paper 0 11 the Col eoptera of Indiana

,gave a

description of“

Symbiotes duryt Wal ton MS (p . 536)in thatm ost excellent report . The collection and study of representativesof the genu s however

,had not at that time proceeded su fficient ly

so that the description is of value in differentiating this speciesfrom the several oth er species of Symbiotes occurring in NorthAmeri ca .

FIG . 1 . Symbiotes duryi n . sp . (x25).ls= long i tud1nal su lcus . ss= sub sut ural

stria .

The genu s was founded by Redt enbach er in 1849 for the reception of S latus the generic nam e being based on the suppositionthat the species was myrmekoph ilous . Whi le at times 5 . latus as

well as other European forms appear t o have been found in association with ants

,it is evidently not characteristi c in general of the

species and the actual habitat is rather one of association with thelower form s of fungi on the spores of which the individuals feed ,

as noted in another part of the presen t paper .

Only six species of Symbiotes have thus far been described,

three from the European region ,two from Japan

,and one from

Sou th Am erica .

The two representatives of the species which have been foundwere taken under a slightly decayed hardwood log near the southside of the “

Hotel Hi l l”road bridge at Gambier , the log being

partial ly covered with one of the lower form s of fungi , on the sporesof which the Symbiotes feed . In accordance w ith other representatives of the genus ,

the species is exceedingly smal l , being lessthan 2 mm . in length . The drawings below (Fig . 2)indicate certain anatom i cal detai ls . The description fol lows :


464 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII, No. 4

was found t o contain a mass of m inu te spores each som ewhatoval in form and 10 mic . in l ength . The entire t ract from t h e midport ion of the m etathorax was fil led wi t h the spores , and bycount ing the number in a given area , an approximation of t h e totalgave for the number in the tract . Unf ortunat ely thefungu s with which t he species was in association was not col lect ed ,

so even the fam ily t o which it belonged cannot be noted wit hcertaint y .

It seem s certain t hat Sym biotes wi l l be found widely dist ribu t edin North Ameri ca .

B IBL IOGRAPHY .

REDTENBACHER , L . , 1849 . Fauna Austriaca . Die Kafer nach der Analytischen M ethode bearbe itet . Wein .

GERSTAECKER , A . , 1858 . M onograph ie der Endomych iden . Leipz ig .

LECONTE AND HORN , 1883 . C lass ificat ion of t h e Coleoptera of NorthAmerica .

WALTON , L . B 1907 , Proceedings of t h e Oh io State Academy of Science ,

Vol . V , pt . 1 .

BLATCHLEY , 1910 . Co leoptera or Beetles of Indiana . Bull . Ind . Dept . Geol .

Feb . ,1912 ] The Mallows of Ohio. 46 5

THE MALLOWS OF OHIO .

M ARY B . L INNELL .

MALVACEAE M al low Fam ily .

Mu ci laginou s , innocent herbs or shrubs with alt ernat e , palmately-veined leaves and smal l deciduou s stipu les . Flowershypogynou s ,

regular , often large and showy ,u sual ly b isporangiat e

caly x usual ly of 5 sepals more or less unit ed , ,of t en with bracts at

the base ; corol la of 5 petals , convolu te ; andrecium of num erou sstam ens , the filament s un ited into a tube around t h e gyneciumand also united w ith the base of the petals ; ovu lary with severalcavities , styles united below ,

distinct above ; st igmas u sual ly as

many as the cavities of the ovu lary . Fru it a capsul e with severalcavities ; the carpels fal ling away entire or else locu l icidallydehiscent .

Synops is of Genera .

I . Stamen -column anther—bearing at t h e t ip ; carpe ls 5—20 in a r ing arounda prom inent centra l ax is from which they separate when ripe .

A . Carpel s 1-seeded .

1 . F lowers b i sporangi at e .

( 1)Stigmas l inear , on t h e inner face of t h e sty les .

a . Invo lucre of 1—3 bracts .

(a)Carpe l s beak less ; petals obcordate . Malva .

(b)Carpels beaked ; petals truncate . Callirrhoe .

b . Involucre of 6—9 bracts . A l thaea .

(2)Stigmas t erm 1nal , capitate . S ide .

2 . F lowers monosporang iat e , d 1ec ious . Napaea .

B . Carpels 2— severa l seeded . Abuti lon .

I I . Stamen—co lumn naked at t h e 5-toothed t ip ; carp\els form ing a locu l ic idal capsu le .

A . Involucre of many bracts . Hibiscus .

Key .

F lowers without an invo lucre . 2 .

F lowers w ith invo lucre below t h e calyx . 4 .

Leaves not lobed ; flowers b isporang i at e . 3 .

Leaves deep ly lobed ; flowers d ieC1ous . Napaea .

Leaves broad ly cordate ,abruptly acummat e . Abuti lon .

Leaves ovate-lanceolate , acute . S itta .

Stamen—column anther-bearing be low t h e entire or 5-toothed summit ;invo lucre of numerous l inear bracts . Hibiscus .

Stamen—column anther-bear ing at t h e summ it . 5 .

Invo lucre of 6—9 bracts un ited at t h e base . A lthaea .

Involucre usual ly of 3 free bracts . 6 .

Carpels beak less ; petal s obcordate ; leaves div ided or only s l ightlylobed . Malv a .

Carpels beaked ; petals truncate ; leaves parted or d iv ided . Call i rrhoe .

M alv a L .

Pubescent or glabrat e herbs with dentate,lobed

,or dissected

leaves , and axil lary or term inal , solitary or clust ered flowers .

Carpels beakless , arranged in a circle , indehiscent ; cavities of

ovu lary several or num erous , 1-ov ul ed ; seed ascending .

4 6 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [V01. XII, No. 4,

1 Leaves w ith shal low roun ded lobes ; flowers c lustered i n t h e ax i ls . 2 .

1 Leaves deep ly 5—7 lobed or p innat ified ; flowers only in t h e upper ax i ls . 4 .

2 Stem s procumbent ; root perennial ; petals 1—2 times t h e length of t h ecalyx .

2 . Stem s erect , annual or b ienn ial . 3 .

3 . Leaf m arg ins not much cri sped ; b i enn ia l ; petals 24 times t h e length of

t h e ca lyx . M . sylv es tris .

3 Leaf margins very much crisped ; annual ; petals 1-2 times t he length of

4

4

t h e calyx . 1M . crispa .

Stem leaves 5-parted ; t h e div isions p innat ified into l inear lobes , carpe lsdowny , c left , t h e d i v isions broad . 1M . moschata .

Stern leaves deep ly 5— lobed , carpe ls smooth . M . alcea .

1 . M alva sylve stris L . High M al low .

B iennial , erect or ascending , pubescent with spreading hairs ;leaves obicular and reniform , truncate or cordate at the base ;flowers reddish purple , carpels abou t 10 . In waste places and

along roadsides . Auglaize , Cuyahoga Co .

2 . M alva rotundif olia L . Round leaf M allow .

Annual or biennial , procumbent and spreading leaves orbicu larreni form ; blades 2 inches w ide , petioles abou t 6 inches long ;flowers clustered in the axils ,

petals pinkish white with 3 reddishnerves

,carpels abou t 15 . In fields and waste places . General .

3 . M alva cri spa L . Curled Mal low .

Annual , glabrou s ,or nearly so ; leaves nearly orbicul ar with

shal low , angular , crenate lobes w ith wrinked crisped margins ;blades 5 inches wide ; petiol es 5 inches long ; flowers V3 inch long ,inch in diam eter . In waste places . No specim ens .

4 . M alva alcea L . European M al low .

Perennial , procumbent , pubescent . Stem leaves onl y once5-7 parted or cleft

,the lobes dentate or incised , blades 3 inches

long , inches wide , pet iols 1% t o 4% inches long ; flowers

inches in diam eter . In waste places . Escaped in Cuyahoga Co .

5 . M alva moschata L . Musk M al low .

Perennial , pubescent with long hairs . Basal leaves orbicularwith broad

,rounded ,

dentate lobes ; st em leaves deeply divided intolinear or crenate , pinnat ified or cleft segm ents ; stem leaf blades2 inches long

,2 inches wide

, pet iols inches long . Flowers IVZt o 2 inches in diameter . In waste places . North ern part of theState as far sou th as Mu skingum Co .

CALLIRRHOE Nu t t .

Herbs with lobed or divided leaves and showy flowers . Bractsof the involucre 1-3 , separate , or none . Petals cuneate , oftentoothed or fimbricat e . Carpels beaked ,

10-20 ,form ing an ovu lary

with equal num ber of cavities . Cavities 1-ov u1ed and 1-seeded .


468 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXI I , No. 4,

Napaea dioica L . Glade-mallow .

Stem s and l eaves glabrous , or nearly so,leaves 5—9 lobed , lobes

incisely cu t and acu te , leaf blades 8—20 inches wide , 4— 10 incheslong ; flowers white , dieciou s . Defiance , C lark , M adison

,Franklin

,

Fairfield and Highland Co .

ABUTILON Gaertn .

Ours annual herbs ,soft pubescent with cordate leaves ; in

v olucre none ; carpels u sual ly 10— 15 un ited , each cavity 3—9

ov uled ,dehiscent at maturity .

Abut ilon abut ilon (L .)Rusby . Velvet—leaf .Annual , stou t , 6 feet high , densely velvety pubescent ; l eaves

long petioled ,cordate , orbicu lar , dentate or nearly entire ; blades

3— 9 inches wide , 3—9 inches long . General and abundant .

HIBISCUS L .

Herbs or shrubs w ith dentate or lobed leaves and showycampanul ate flowers . Bracts of the involucre num erou s and

narrow ; gynecium of 5 united carpels,ovulary 5—locular with

3 or more ovu les in each cavity , capsu l e 5—Valved .

1 . Leaves lobed . 2 .

1 . Leaves deep ly d iv ided . H . 1770 7777777 .

2 . Leaves ovate , no t prom inent ly lobed , obtuse at t h e base ; stem and

lower surface of leaves pubescent . H . moscheu tos .

2 . Leaves commonly ha lberd-form ; three- lobed , truncate a t t h e base ;stem and leaves g labrous . H . mi li tan s .

Hib iscus mosch eutos L . Swamp Rose-mal low .

Erect,leaves ovate or ovate—lanceolate , cordate or obtuse at

the base , acute or acum inate at the apex , sometimes lobed at them iddle

,palmately veined , dentate or crenate

,l eaf blades 3V2—4

inches wide,4—5% inches long , petiol e 2— 2% inches long ; flowers

6 inches in diam eter . Ashtabu la , Cuyahoga,Eri e

,Wayne

,

Li cking, and Perry Co .

Hib i scu s mi litaris Cay . Halberd-leaf Rose—mal low .

Erect,nearly glabrou s , leaves ovate in ou t line , acu te or acu m

inat e,cordate or truncate at the base , margins dentate-crenate

,

the lower or all of them hastately lobed , leaf blades 3% incheswide at the base , —4 inches long , petioles - 3 inches long ;flowers 2% inches in diam eter ; reddish pink in color . Lu cas

,

Defiance , Pau lding , Auglaize , Shelby , and Franklin Co .

Hibi scu s trionum L . B ladder Ketm ia .

Annual , pubescent ; l eaves ovate or orbicul ar in outline , 3—7lobed or divided ,

lobes obtuse , dentate—crenate or cleft , leaf bladesNA inches wide

,1—2 inches long ; fr uiting calyx inflat ed ,

mem

branous , 5-winged . General .

Feb. ,1912 ] Another Ohio Grown Rubber . 4 6 9.

ANOTHER OHIO GROWN RUBBER .

1

CHAS . P . Fox .

Of the many kinds of crude rubber,the botan i cal fam i ly ,

Apocynaceae , produ ces its share of good grades . M angabeira

(genu s Hancornia in Brazil), Benguela root rubber (Landolphia)and Funtumia ,

both Africans , are notable examples .

The Apocynaceae are trees,shrubs

,and herbs , with a m i lky

acrid ju i ce , numbering som e 1000 species , grouped into 130‘

genera ,inhabiting sub—tropical areas . This fam i ly of plants

produces a varied line of econom i c produ cts ,su ch as edible fru its ,

dyes , drugs , fibres ,or nam ental plants and caou tchou c . The

M adagascar Ordeal P lant , whose seed con tains the most powerfu lpoison known ,

and Eden’

s Forbidden Frui t,register here .

Several members of the type genu s Apocynum,of this fami ly ,

are common t o the United States , the so-cal led Indian Hemp ,

Apocynum cannabinum and A . androsaem ifolium . Du ring th epast summer , I h av e examined the latex of the latter species forquantity and quality of its rubber . The resul ts of this investi

gat ion show that the latex of this plant gives a smal l quantit y of

good grade rubber .

The latex is white , V iscous , ,neu t ral or slightly acid , and h as the

st rong acri d odor pecul iar t o this plant . The latex reacts withthe u sual coagu lating reagents , in the fol lowing manner :

Acids do not coagulate ; latex becomes thin .

Alhalies do not coagul ate ; restore the viscosity ; change thecolor from white t o browni sh yellow .

Boiling coagu lates slightly and slowly .

Aceto77 e in proportion of 1 10 volum e , coagu lates immediatelyand completely ; liqu id is colored chocolate red .

Formaldehyde coagu lates readi ly ,

'

bu t is much slower thanacetone .

P henol coagulat es'

t h e latex , bu t gives a soft produ ct .

Salt 5 017 270 77 coagu lates slowly ,giving a finely divided precip

i tat e,hard t o coal esce . Boiling th e saline solution gives a soft

product ; not successfu l . Of the above m ethods , the use of

ace tone or al cohol,and formalin

,are the on ly ones recomm ended .

Of these two ,acetone is preferred .

The latex of Apocynum differs from that of Asclepias in t hat i tcoagu lates spontaneously , even i f it is kept in closed containers .

The spontaneously coagulated lat ex gives :

Liqu id portionCheese (wet)

1 . Presented at t h e Twenty -first Annual M eeting of t h e Oh io Acad . o f

Sci . ,Dec . 1 , 1911 , Co lumbus .

4 70 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII , No. 4 ,

The liqu id is white,slightly acid and acrid odor . This li qu id

fai led t o coagulate after addition of more acid . S light excess ofalkal i increased i ts viscosity

,changed its color from white t o

brownish yel low , bu t did not coagu late or precipitate i t . Boilingh ad no effect . Excess of acetone gave a finely divided precipitatethe parti cles of which were not cohesive . Evaporation of them ixture , after washing with water and treatm ent with boilingacetone , gave a smal l quantity of black

,soft rubber

,destitute of

strength . The cheese was composed ot z

Water .

RubberResin .

Working up this cheese of the plant in the usual manner withsolvents , strain ing through gauze t o remove dirt

,evaporating ,

w ith low heat,the excess of solvent adding an excess of precipitant

,

washing the precipitant and dissipating the precipitating agent,

gave a good grade rubber .

The rubber obtained in this manner is black,firm

,not tacky

,

odorless and strong . In quality it is mu ch better than the productobtained from its neighbor

,M ilkweed . The qualities of this

rubber confirm the old adage “ that blood is thicker than water,

”

and proves a more apt one ,that Apocynaceou s rubbers are good

rubbers .

”

M i lkweed latex,however , is richer in rubber than that of

Indian Hemp . The proportion of rubber in the entire plantremains on the same ratio as the amount of latex remains equal

,

and in both cases is entirely t oo smal l t o be profitable . Oi thetotal rubber present in the latex

, 96% of i t is won in the cheeseform ed by the natural coagu lation of the latex . Ninety-sixper cent of the total rubber found

,ranks as Grade A ,

and fourper cent grades as C .

The resin is mahogany red,transparent

,m edium hard

,slight

characteristic odor and tasteless .

During this investigation we have found that the soi l conditions under which the plant was grown

,

“

exerts an influence uponthe amount of rubber in the latex .

' Plants grown upon dry ,

sandy soil of West Akron ,gave a latex containing rubber

and resin . The latex of plants grown upon the wet swampsoi South Akron ,

contained rubber and resin .

Rubber from dry grown plants is of better qual ity than that ofwet grown plants .

Natural latex from dry land Apocynum contains :

Water .

Solids .

Ash .


4 72 The Ohio Naturali st. [V0 ] . XII , No. 4

A PRELIM INARY LIST OF THE MYXOMYCETES OF

CEDAR PO INT .

1

E . L . FULLMER .

Eight species were represented by specim ens in theCedar Point at the beginning of the present season ,

Arcyria nu tans (Bul l .)Grey .

D ict ydium cancellatum (Batsch)Macbr .

Diderma crust aceum Peck .

Lachnobolus globosu s (Schw .)Rost .

Lindbladia effusa (Ehr .)Rost .

Mucilago spongiosa (Leyss .)Morg .

Phy sarella oblonga (B . C .)M org .

Trichia inconspicua Rost .

Specim ens representing the fol lowing fou rteen species wereadded to the herbarium during the summer of 19 11 .

Arcyria cinerea (Bu l l .)Pers .

Arcyria denudata (L .)Sheld .

Badham ia orbiculata Rex .

D idym ium squamulosum (A . S .)Fr .

D idym ium crust aceum Fr .

Hem it rich ia intorta List .

Lycogala epidendrum (Buxb)Fr .

Ly cogala flav o-fuscum (Ehr .)Rost .

Oph ioth eca wrightii B . C .

St emoni t is fenestrata Rex .

St emoni t is m axim a Schw .

St ernoni t is sm ithii M acbr .

Tilmadoch e alba (Bu l l .)M acbr .

Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch)M acbr .

1 . Presented at t h e meeting of t h e Ohio Acad . of Sci . , Dec . 1 , 1911

Feb. ,1912 ] Addi tions to the Cedar Point Flora. 4 73

ADDITIONS MADE T0 THE CEDAR POINT FLORA

DURING THE SUMMER OF

E . L . FULLMER .

Additions made t o the Cedar Point Flora during t h e summero f 19 11 :

Lithospermum arv ense L .

At the edge of a recent lagoon near the Breakwat er , andgrowing in the Juncu s association , June 28 ,

19 10 . O . E .

Jennings . Seed very likely reached this place by means ofwater transportation .

Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng)Coul t .

On sandy banks of newly form ed lagoons near the Breakwat er . 0 . E . Jennings , June 26 , 19 11 . Prof . M oseley hadknown of the occu rrence of this species here in previou s yearsbut evidently h ad not reported it . Probably introduced bywater-transportation frojm the upper Great Lake region .

Archangelicc

a atropurpurea (L .)Hoffm .

In marshy v egetation su rrounding a lagoon near theBreakwat er . O . E . Jennings

,June 26 ,

19 11 .

Dipsacus sylv estris Huds .

In wave-washed debri s along the shore of the Bay abou ttwo m i les sou th of the Laboratory . 0 . E . Jennings

,Ju ly

13 , 19 11 .

Triadenum Virginicum (L .)Raf .

Around the shore of the Li ly Pond ,northwest of the

Breakers Hotel . 0 . E . jennings , July 18 ,19 11 . The sudden

appearance of this Species around the pond in a narrow stripof vegetation , which had been thoroughly surveyed theyear before

,suggests that birds mu st have brought in the

seeds .

M iss B lanche M cAv oy did som e work upon the Grasses andS edges of Cedar Point and as a resul t of her work the fol lowingthree species are added t o the list :

Panicum ov ale Ell . June 23 ,19 11 .

Panicum v i llosissimum Nash . June 23 ,19 11 .

Scirpus occidentalis (Wats)Chase . June 27 ,19 11 .

1 . Presented at t h e meeting of t h e Ohio Acad . of Sci . , D ec . 1 , 1911 .

4 74 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XII , N0 . 4,

THE DIURNALENODDING OF THE WILD CARROT AND

OTHER PLANTS .


M any plants exhibit periodical movem ents during the twentyfour hours of a day . Among the more interesting of su ch movem ents is the dai ly nodding in the evening

,shown by a number of

species common along the roadside .

During the past summ er the writer obtained considerablepleasure in making observations on som e of the common plan ts of

Columbu s . One of the most stri king in this respect is the wildcarrot (Dau cu s carota L .)In thrifty plants there are u sually a

number of branches which all begin t o nod at an early age and

continu e the habit unti l the plant is in fu ll bloom . The best tim et o study this pecu liar phenom enon is from the m iddle of June t othe m iddle of Ju ly . The long peduncles

,bearing the young

umbels nod before the sun goes down , the curving being prom inentby six o

’clock . The various branches nod in a radial mannerou tward from the central axis of the plant . The length of tim etaken t o develop the curve was not ascertained bu t i t wasobserved that the pedun cles are erect in the morning and remainso during the day . Late in the afternoon , the curving begins andcontinu es until in som e cases the peduncle describes nearly a

circle . The nodding is most stri king ju st before the bloomingperiod in plants with num erous long peduncles . At thi s periodthe umbel frequently moves through an angle of overFrequently the upper face of the um bel touches the side of thepeduncle . The diam eter of the curve in a medium sized peduncleis abou t two inches . The cu rved peduncle is qu ite rigid and shou ldshow an interesting cel lu lar condition i f properly studied . Thediurnal nodding of the peduncle stops at the tim e of anthesis ,

although there are subsequent interesting movem ents in the raysof the umbel itself at a later period .

The common Dogfennel (Anthem is cotu la L .)also has t h e

d iurnal nodding habit . I ts num erous lateral branches bearingheads of flowers nod in the evening and at night and becom e erectagain early in the morning . The nodding takes place in thesam e radial manner as in the wild carrot .

In Lactu ca hirsu ta Muhl . , before and during anthesis a decideddrooping or nodd ing of the large flower clu ster occurs , the mainaxis bending about six inches from the tip . The stem s werefound erect in the morning . Euphorbia nu tans Lag . , as it s

name indicates , also h as a nodding of the tips of the stem s eachevening and a return t o the erect position in the morning .

One may well ask as to the purpose of the nodding habit soprom inently developed in the wild carrot . Is the cau se of the


4 76 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII , No. 4

Papi l ionaceae , L .

M ed icago sativa , L .

M e l i lotus alba , Desy .

M e l i lotus ofiic inal is , (L . )Lam .

Trif ol ium pratense , L .

Trif ol ium repens , L .

Oxalidaceae , Lindl .

Oxal is s t r1ct a , L .

Euphorbiaceae , J . S t . Hi t .

Euphorb ia macu lata ,L .

Af alz'aceae , Neck.

M alva rotundifo l ia , L .

Onagraceae , Dumort .

Onagra b ienni s , (L .)Scop .

Umbellif erae , B . J uss .

Anethum graveo lens , L .

Daucus carota ,L .

Conv olv ulaceae , Vent .

Convolvu lus sep1um , L .

Verbenaceae , J .. S t . Hi t .

Verbena hastata , L .

Labiatae , B . J uss .

Nepeta cataria , L .

Solanaceae , P ers .

Datura Stramon i um , L .

Lycopers1cun1 Lycopers1cum ,

(L .)Karst .

Phy sal is pruinosa , L .

Dat e of Pu bl icat ion , Feb ruary 16 , 19 12 .

Solanum carol inense , L .

Solanum nigrum . L .

So lanum tuberosum , L .

Serophulartaceae , L indl .

Verbascum thapsus , L .

P lantaginaceae , Lindl .

P lantago major , L .

Cichoriaceae , Reichenb .

Lactuca canadens is , L .

Lactuca Scariola , L .

Ambros iaceae , Reichenb .

Ambrosia ar t em i siaefol ia , L .

Xanthium canadense , M i l l .Composi tae , Adans .

Ach i l lea m 1llefolium, L .

An them i s cotu la , L .

Arctium Lappa , L .

Artemi sia b ienn is , L .

Aster pan icu latus , Lam .

B idens cernua , L .

B idens frondosa , L .

Carduu s arv ens1s , (L .)Rob s .

Carduu s lanceolatus , L .

Erigeron annuu s , (L .)Pers .

Erigeron canadensi s , L .

Erigeron ramosu s , (Walt .)B . S . P .

Eu t h arn ia gram ini fo l ia , (L .)Nutt .Galmsoga parv iflora , (Cav .)DC .

Hel ianthus annuu s , L .

Sol i dago canadens is , L .

LlI’

Cl ISPUBL ISHED BY


Volume X I I . MARCH, 19 12 . No . 5 .


METCALF—L i fe-H istori es o f Syrph i daeSCHAFFNER—A Rev i sed Taxonomy of t h e Grasses .

H INE—Oh i o Moles and Sh rews

LIFE-HISTORIES OF SYRPHIDAE I I I .C . L . METCALF .

I

Syrphus Americanus Wiedemann .

This is one of the mos t common species in the state,the adu l ts

especially abundant abou t all kinds of blossom s in ju ly and August ,as wel l as very early in the spring . The larvae are active and

greedy and found preying on a number of different aphids in largenumbers . I t wou ld seem t o be one of the most important speciesof Syrphidm in the state from an econom i c standpoint

Egg .

Elongated-ovate in ou tline , sub -cylindrical,narrower and

truncate at m i cropylar end,ni cely rounded off at the opposi te

end,broadest in front of the m iddle (Fig . som ewhat flat

tened t o the surface t o which it is attached , slightly humped or

rounded up above (F ig . Length abou t mm .

,diam eter at

m idd le about mm . Color chalk white , hence conspicuous onthe darker surface of l eaf or twig on which it is u sually deposited .

The entire exposed surface of the egg is beautifu l ly scu lpturedexcept a smal l region around the dark m i cropyle . This sculpturing consists of m i croscopic proj ections of the surface arranged inl ines running longitudinal ly-obliqu ely around the egg . Eachproj ection consists of a long , slender , irregu lar body (seven or

eight tim es as long as broad)som etim es bent , with abou t twelveto twenty slender arm s reaching ou t in all directions from it . Thespace between these bodies i s roughly a hal f wider than the bodyitself . Into these spaces the arm s proj ect

,most of them m eeting

sim i lar proj ections from the sam e or another body,many branching

so as to form a deli cate network of sl ender white arm s between th elarger bodies . F ig . 43 is a fair representation of a smal l part ofthe surface of the egg-shell , highly magnified . The proj ectionsare chalk white , the depressions between them shaded ,

appearing

477

4 78 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXII , No. 5 ,

grayish or y ellowish . The bodies are of such a size that one maycount abou t 25 the length of the egg and abou t 50 around it .

transversely .

Eggs of this species were deposited on braches and l eaves ofapple at Colum bu s , the spring of 19 11 , from abou t May 8 t o M ay15 . As this was a late season , however , oviposition for the first

spring generat ion may usual ly be expected som ewhat earlierTwo females taken on M ay 8 ,

abou t blossom ing apple oviposit edlat e the sam e day and on the iollowing day . 35 t o 40 eggs weredeposited by each femal e . Oviposi tion ,

although rapid at t imes ,extended over part s of two days . Apparent ly at tim es the hindlegs assisted in deposition of the eggs . They are deposited singlysom et im es not over a m inu te apart but usual ly som e lit t l edistance away .

At Cedar Point , Ohio , eggs were found on Phragm ites fromJune 20 t o ju ly 10 . At Lakeville , Ohio ,

on Dock (Rumex sp .)June 15—20 .

Duration in the egg stage indoors at a t emperature of abou t90

° Fahr . was from 55 t o 60 hours .

On apple these eggs were laid on the smal ler,tenderer shoots

and on young leaves , the parts most affected by plant li ce . On

dock they are placed on l eaves , on buds , in l eaf-axils , or on thest em s . On Phragm ites the eggs were found on both the under andth e upper side of the leaves . On B lack Willow along the smal lerout er twigs .

The eggs are deposited on the surface of th e twigs and l eaves .

‘

They lie flat and ai e glued rather firm ly so that sometimes theybreak before being dislodged . Flies imprisoned in glass jarsoviposi t mostly on the surface toward the light although twigs orleaves enclosed receive som e eggs .

The eggs of Syrph 1dae so far as known to me have a rather charact erist ic appearance . The shape and white color may serve t odistingu ish them from eggs of many other insects . I know of no

naked eye characters that are specific . The size of th e egg and

nu mber and characteristics of the m icroscopic ,sculptured bodies ,

as described above , may serve to distingu ish those of Syrphusamericanus .

I have noted no m ethods of natural protection un l ess i t be thesheltered positions in which they are som etim es placed ; nor haveI discovered any egg parasites .

Larva .

There is a considerable change in appearance and characterist ics during the growth of the larva . Just after hatching thecharacters are as fol lows (Fig . Length mm .

,width 0 . 2 to

mm . Shape sub-cylindrical,smal ler

o

anteriorly,not enlarged

m edial ly . Color , light yel low or with a greenish tinge . Body


4 8 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , No. 5 ,

a smal l rounded mass ; runs in a narrow m edian l ine back to segment 5 ; forks around the first division of the heart line ; and thencethe forks extend as broader and broader lines t o the posterior endof the body . In each segm ent back of 5 these forks are connectedby a whitish bar , already m entioned ,

just beneath the two mediansegmental bristles ; and more or less by scattered brown ish globu lesbetween the dorsal segm ental bristles .

These bund les of fat , and consequently the amount of browncolor

,vary considerably in exten t in different individuals

, or at

different tim es in the sam e individual . Frequently they cover theentire dorsum except the blood-vessel in segments 10 ,

1 1,12 .

Usual ly anterior to this the black body-flu id appears again nextt h e surface in the lateral pockets

,already described

,entirely

surrounded and som ewhat interrupted by the adipose mass . Thesides of the body appear yel lowish white .

When magnified the entire dorsum of the larva is seen t o becovered with short

,close set black spines . The segm ental bristles

are larger , bu t light in color and not conspicuous,abou t equal in

si ze,situated on slight elevations . Ten of the body segments

show twelve su ch bristles,si tuated as previously described in

P aragus bi color .

*

The posterior breathing appendages on the dorsum of the lastsegment , (Figs . 46 , c ; 49 ; and 50)are short (0 2—0 25 mm . long)and nearly twice as broad mm); divergent for half theirlength ; the dorsal spiracu lar spines (Figs . 49 and 50 , a)moderatelylong

,sharply con i cal

,with a very smal l lateral sub -basal spur .

The six elongate Spiracles (b)are irregu larly and considerablycurved

,abou t 0 2—0 25 mm . long ,

the m edian one on each sidenearer to the ventral than t o the dorsal one .

The anterior prothoracic spiracles on the third segm ent

(Figs . 46 ,b ; 47 ,

a)are smal l , sub-crescent shaped,the lip of the

Spiracle marked by n ine rounded ,tooth—like lobes , (Fig .

The head segm en ts bear antennae, (Figs . 46 ,

a ; 47 ,b)and

mou th parts (Fig . 47,e , d ,

e). The antennae are short,fleshy ,

rudimentary . The mouth parts consist of the usual pair of beaklike jaws (c ,

d)and three pairs of mou th-hooks (e). The jaws areV-shaped

,sharp

,slightly hooked at the tip

,som ewhat shorter than

u sual,the dorsal extending slightly beyond the ventral when

apposed . The latter has a ventral ly proj ecting basal spur on

each side . The mou th hooklets are unequal in size the ou ter pairlargest ; the other two pairs are situated close beside the jaws ,the dorsal ones heavier , the ventral pair smal l

,sl ender .

To the mouth parts is attached internal ly a complex systemof strong muscles and a broad

,chitinous

,oesophageal framework

(F ig . 5 1 , d).

* Th e Oh io Natural ist , Vol . X I I , No . 1 , p . 397 , Nov . , 1911 .

Mar . , 1912 ] L if e-Hi stories of Syrphidae III. 48 1

The ventrum of the body is bare ; seven pairs of ventral foldsof the body-wal l making fairly wel l -defined prolegs .

The larva em erges from the egg very slow ly . The anterior endof the egg splits and the sides Spread under the contractions and

expansions of the larva . Then by stretching ou t and clinging t osom e obj ect it pu l ls i tself ou t little by little . The egg shell istough rather than rigid and yields t o the contortions of the larva .

When first hatched the larvae are inactive and w il l l ie qu ietlyfor hou rs if undisturbed . I f an aphid is forced upon them theyw i l l often attack it and attempt to eat it frequently with the resu ltthat they are carried away by the larger insect and finally dis

lodged . However , after the lapse of eight or t en hours the larvaebegin active crawling movem ents in search of food . Apparentlytheir prey is located not by a chemotropism bu t by thigmotropismas they frequently pass by an aphid so closely as almost to tou chit and go on in search of others . The characteristi c movem ents ofthese larvae when searching for food are fam i liar t o m any and havebeen described for another species (Z. Frequently the larvaegrasp first a leg or antennae of the aphid and cling t o i t until theycan reach the thorax or abdom en .

A young,onerday

-old larva barely a m i llim eter and a half longlooks preposterous attacking an aphid fu l ly three tim es i t s size .

Yet so firm ly does the larva cling or becom e cem ented t o the surfaceby it s posterior end that the aphid is unable t o escape .

These younger larvae do not eat rapidly . I have at varioustimes observed them in one place sucking the ju i ces of a single aphidfor from a half to two-and-a—hal f hours . Som etim es the aphidscontinued t o struggle for an hour or more .

Grow th is rapid . By the end of the second day some of thespecim ens h ad reached a l ength of 7 or 8 mm . and a w idth of

mm .

In order to determ ine something of the capacity of these insectsfor devouring plant li ce and hence their degree of econom i cimportance , the writer tried feeding them with cabbage aphids

(Aphis brassicce . Linn .)The aphids were touched to the mou thof a larva which h ad not been kept from food . A four day old

larva devoured the first aphid in m inu tes, a second ,

third,

fourth, and fif t h smal ler than the first in 2 ,

1,1

, and m inutesrespectively . The sixth a larger one was retained for m inu tes .

These were very thoroughly eaten ,all the viscera and body

flu ids being picked and sucked out . After this the lice tenderedwere not eaten so closely , bu t ki l led , a seventh in 2 m inu tes aneighth in m inutes and a n inth in m inu tes .

On another occasion the sam e test was made w i th an olderlarva which devoured a dozen or two before the writer

’

s patiencebecame exhausted . The tests were su fficient

,however

,to establish

the voraciousness of the appetites of these larvae .


I t i s,of course , not probable that any larva wou ld ever norm

al ly devou r aphids so rapid ly . Yet when plen ty are at hand the“

number eaten by a larva during its life of eight days to two weeksor more mu st be very considerable . I t shou ld be kept in m indalso that it i s not the actual individuals eaten ,

alone , that determ ines the amount of benefit from these insects ; bu t the fact thatin this way the produ ction of enormou s numbers of aphids may beprevented . I f as Reaumour h as cal cu lated

,and others have

substantiated , one aphid may be the progeni tor of over000 ind ividuals during her existence of a month or six weeks

,we

can see at once the important benefit that must arise from thedestru ction of one or two of these aphids early in the establishm ent of the colony . I t is a fact that the eggs of Syrphidae areoften deposited on the host-plant very early or even in anticipationof the arrival of the aphids .

The great factor in determ ining the duration in the larval stageseem s t o be the abundance or scarcity of food . Indoors withplenty of food at hand the larval period from emergence fromegg t o formation of puparium was 8 t o 9 days . When less foodwas supplied this period was extended frequently to two weekssom etim es as mu ch as 20 days . The larvae are very tenacious oflife

,som e of them existing for over three weeks with very little

food .

Ou t -of—doors th e larvae seem t o be little affected by climaticconditions so long as food is avai lable . They endure very wetweather and I have seen them in Autumn survive several periodsof cold freezing weather .

In my experien ce these larvae may be expected whereveraphids or other soft-bodied insects occur in colonies . They are

not restricted t o one kind of prey . I have found them most abundant ly on cabbage and som e other cru ciferae at Columbus the lat terhalf of May in an open greenhouse , and ou t—oi -doors in Autumn.

from the latter part of September t o the m iddle of October ; andon Phragm it es at Cedar Point from the last week in June t o the firstweek in August .

Ou cabbage they are very destructive t o Aphis br‘

ass7cae Linn .

On Phragm i tes they were predaceou s in large numbers on a very"

abundant unident ified aphid . I have also found them common lyon apple feeding on the European grain aphis (S iphocwyne av enae

’

Fab .)during M ay . Occasional ly on curled Dock (Rumex cm’

spus‘

L .)and broad~leafed Dock (R . obtus7f ol7us L .)among Aphi s’

7 7777776 775 Linn . the first of June . One of these larvae was observeddevouri ng a Syrphid larva (P araga s bico lor Fab .)from the same

host plant . On B lack Willow the larvae parasitized coloni es of

t h e Willow Grove Plant-house (M elanoxah thus sol7e7t7 Harris .)onthe University campus t h e first half of October .


484 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII , No. 5,

Q Length 6 mm . Head , thorax ,base and tip of abdom en

,

hind tarsi , base and lower m idd le of hind tibiae black ; four anteriorlegs

,posterior coxze

,femora

,and often tips of tibia tip of abdom

inal segm ent 1,whol e of 2 and 3 and more or less of 4

,ru fous;

anterior orbits,mou th ,

tegu lae,spot in fron t , l ine beneath ,

cuneiform spots on m esonotum ,

scu tellum , post-scu tellum ,and band

on posterior tibiae white .

02 — D iffers on ly in having the face

,scape beneath and a stripe

on pleura yellowish white .

As previously pointed ou t for P aragus b7col0 7 (l . c .)the presence of the parasi te is usual ly indi cated at the time of pupation bya fai lu re of the puparium t o inflat e completely anteriorly and

dorsal ly ,and retract on the ventral side , and also by its darker

color . The fol low ing are the average dim ensions of 15‘

pupariafrom which Bassus laetat0 7777$ h ad emerged : l ength 6 mm .

,height

mm .

,w idth mm . Compared with the dim ensions of

an equal number of unparasitized individuals as given below,i t

wil l be seen that these are slightly less in all dimensions than thenormal ones , with a li ttle more difference in height than in l engthor width . The difference in shape is more conspicuou s thanthese figures wou ld indi cate (See Fig . 56)and together with thedifference in c olor m akes them rather easy t o distingu ish whenonce the characteristics are learned .

As suggested in the previous paper it ought to be easy t o

accomplish a great deal of good by destroying these parasitizedpuparia before the parasite emerges .

P 77750 7777777 .

D imensions,average of 15 : length mm . , height mm .

,

width mm . (F ig . Pupation occurs within the induratedlarval skin after shortening and dorsal and lateral inflat ion especially at the anterior end . The head segments are retractedventral ly so that segm en ts 3 t o 5 l ie at the anterior pole and the tipof the mou th-parts (terminal in the larva)are about cm .

,back

on the ventral side . The wrinkling of the skin,characteristi c in

the larva is largely lost , due t o the inflat ion . The vestitureremains as in the larva ,

the segm ental spines inconspicuou s , butthe exposed parts of the wrinkles of the larva , densely coveredwith very small

,short

,sharp

,black spines . Sometimes this gives

a rather prom inent transverse banding of black where the spinesare thickest .The posterior three segments are proportionately less inflat ed

than the m iddle ones . Shape from dorsal aspect ovate with thelast segm ent and its respiratory appendage proj ecting ; verys lightly broadest in front of the m idd le , n i cely rounded ou t in

front . From the side (Fig . 56)the anterior and dorsal inflat ion

Mar.,1912 ] Lif e-Hi stories of Syrphi dae III . 485

i s evident ; the puparium i s not strongly elevated posteriorly ,

being convexly depressed gradual ly from abou t the m iddle . From

in front the puparium appears nearly circu lar in outline , veryslight ly flat tened ventral ly .

The posterior breathing appendage (F ig . 55 ,a)is as in the larva

bu t entirely black ,the segment inflat ed beneath i t . The anterior

spiracles remain visible external ly ,antero-dorsal t o the tip of the

mou th-parts,w ith parts of the tracheae leading from them Visible

flattened against the inside of the puparium (Fig . 5 1 , Thelarval mou th parts also becom e flat t ened against the puparium on

their right or left side . (Fig . 5 1 , b, c, At first the pupashrinks away from these parts bu t later as the adu l t head developsfills up the space again . A line of weakness develops in t h e

puparium running from the apex of the m ou th-parts dorsal lybetween segm ents 6 and 7 . The expanse of the ventral part ofthe face then forces off a circu lar Operculum along this line for theem ergence of the adu lt . Posteriorly part of the large trachealtrunk s remain in connection with the spiracles .

Color of the puparium ,empty : pale brown , transparent ; with

pupa enclosed : variable , darker brown , strongly tinted withsalmon . A day or two before em ergence the prom inent colors oithe adu l t becom e plain ly visible .

P apa .

The coarctate pupa (Fig . 54)is covered with a deli cate transparent m embrane (0)with pockets encasing the developing legs ,wings

,etc . The changes visible external ly are gradually produced

and give l ittle indication of the radical internal histolysis and

histogenesis .

At an early stage (Fig . 53)when the dorsal part of the abdom eni s simply a mass of fatty granu les as in the larva with theposition of the dorsal blood vessel indi cated and the head and

thorax irregu lar,angu lar masses ; the legs , or the cases enclosing

them (Fig . 53 , a ,b,e)have already reached their fu l l size ; although

there is no vestiture developed on them and thei r ou tline and

segmentation are indefinit e . The wing-pads,also

, are as

large as they will becom e before em ergence but show no signs ofthe venation which is prom inent at a later stage . They are foldedventral ly abou t the sides of the body .

The mou th—parts are visible as long,cylindri cal

,flesby buds (e).

The eyes are not ind i cated external ly except as irregu lar oval‘

areas abou t hal f the size of the adul t eye antero-dorsal in position ,

bounded by a slightly elevated ri dge .

A considerably later stage shows the abdom en st i l l cylindri calwithout color and with only a l ittle vestiture , the segm ents faintlyindi cated by constrictions , the fat ty granu les gone . The head is.

486 The Ohio Naturali st. [Vol . XII , No. 5 ,

well developed,the eyes pale bu t fu l l si zed , the facets faintly

marked . The ocelli are white , rounded projections . The antennae fu l l—si zed bu t colorless , bent ventral ly ,

arista pale extendinglateral ly . The thorax is hardly fu l ly expanded

,pale fleshy

,the

vestitur e very faint . A decided fiexure at the junction of thoraxand abdom en throws the scu tellum beneath the anterior partof t h e abdom en .

The mou th-parts are short , thick ,fleshy cylinders . The eyes

approach each other at the lower part of the head more closelythan in the adu lt . The legs are definit ely segment ed and of

definit e ou tline the vestiture and claws pale . The femora extendantero-lateral ly ,

the fore and m idd le tibiae and tarsi posteromedial ly paral lel to the femora . The hind tibiae however developsa st rong flexure (Fig . 52 ,

a). This leg is bent up under the wing

pad and back ,the tarsu s proj ecting t o the tip of the abdom en on

the median ventral line . The tibia is bent beyond the m iddle atan angle of 150

° thus shortening the extent of the leg posteriorly .

The wings are pale and flesh y bu t show the development ofthe adu lt venation . There is a prom inent U-shaped loop aboutthe m iddle of the costal margin and the rest of the wing is verymu ch crumpled and folded .

In a later stage (Fig . 54)very shortly before emergence , thedark reddish-brown color of the eyes and the black and yellowband ing of the abdomen showed clearly ; the vestiture was w el ldeveloped and the shape and segm entation that of the adu l t withthe following exceptions : The scutellum is broader and flatterthan in the adu l t condition ,

the thorax flesh y ,w ithou t any of the

adu lt coloring ,bu t w ith the vestiture well developed , show ing

three longitudinal bands . The mou th-parts are flesh y ,flat t ened ,

unextended . W ings mu ch as in the earlier stage bu t w i th hairson the margin ,

veins b lack . The two w ing m embranes are not

apposed and mu ch corru gated ,blue-gray in color .

Since the generations are considerably confused during anyseason ,

the date of pupation can be stated on ly in a general way .

This m ay be inferred from the dates given for the occurranceof the larvae . In experim ents indoors from the first eggs depositedin spring

,I secured pupae on M ay 22 . W

'

inter is som etim espassed in the pupa stage bu t whether this is the only m ethod of

wintering I cannot say .

This stage is for the most part passed in the sam e location as

the larval . I h av e found puparia glued by the posteri or seg mentt o leaves of cabbage and am ong flower and leaf-axils of Rumex

crispus . Som e of the specim ens kept on potted cabbage , werefound as pupae bu ried under a hal f inch or more of the soi l in the

pot . The puparium becom es very hard and more or less impervious .


4 88 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , NO. 5 ,

are usual ly black ,w ith a yellow tip ; sometim es there is a trace of

yellow at the base ; hind tibiae u sual ly with a brown ring in them idd le .

The adu lts have been taken in large numbers abou t blossom ingwillow sp .)as early as the last few days of M arch and thefirst of Apri l , and again abou t blossom ing apple and pear , the .

first of M ay . They are abundan t in m id-summ er and can betaken abou t all kinds of blossom s .

They are pol len and nectar feeders and doubtless of considerable im portance as po llen i zers of fru i t trees and other plants .

For this , and their work in checking aphids , they are worthy everyprotection that can possibly be afforded them .

EXPLANAT ION OF PLATE XX I I I .

Egg from t h e s ide x 17 .

D orsal V 1ew of egg x 17 .

A sma l l part of t h e surface of egg-she l l show ing scu lpturing ,

h igh ly magnified .

Adu lt cf'about 5 t imes natura l s ize .

Larva just hatched x 50 ; (7 , pos t er1or resp iratory appendage .

Fu l l-grown larva x 7 ; a , antenna ,b, anterior sp irac le , c ,

posterior resp 1rat ory appendage .

F ig . 47 . Anter ior View of larva , much enlarged , show ing mouth-parts ,antennae , e t c . ; a , r ight anteri or sp i rac le ; b , antenna ; 0 , upperjaw ; d , lower jaw ; e , t h e three pa i rs of mouth-hooks .

Dorsal Vi ew of r i ght anterior sp i rac le ,h igh ly magnified .

End or posterior v iew of posterior respiratory organ x 55 ; a ,

dorsa l sp 1racu lar sp ine ; 0 , one of t h e three pairs of s l it-h kesp i racles .

F ig . 50 . S i de or dorsa l v iew of posterior resp i ratory organ x 55 ; let t er ingras in F ig . 49 .

F ig . 51 . Appearance of a part of t h e pupari um externa l ly 1n t h e reg ion of

t h e m outh-parts much enlarged ; a , right anterior sp iracle w ithshort p iece of trachea attached ; lower jaw of larva ; 0 , upperjaw of larva ; d , chit inou s oesophageal framework ; e

, mouthhooks of larva .

H ind leg of pupa sh owmg flexure of t ib ia at a .

An early pupa l stage from t h e S 1de ; a , b , and c, deve lop ing legs

d , wmg-pad ; e ,mouth-parts .

F ig . 54 . A much later pupal stage ,ventral View ; a , t h e de l icate investing

membrane .

Dorsal v iew of puparium x 5 ; a , poster ior respiratory organ .

Outl ine of pupar ium from t h e side . Th e dotted outl ine i s givent o show t h e typica l shape of a paras itized puparium .

Lateral v iew of head of fem ale x 7 .

Larva of paras1te ,Bassus Zaetato77775 , mouth-parts at a , ventral View .

Pupa of B . taetat0 77775 , ventra l View .

53 , 54 , 58 ,and 59 each about 5 times natural s i ze .

OH IO NATURAL IST .

P late

M etcalf on Li fe—H istories of Syrph idae I I I .

490 The Ohi o Naturalist .

A REVISED TAXONOMY OF THE GRASSES .

1


Having had occasion to study the grass flora of Ohio in connection with the preparation of a forthcom ing catalog of Ohio plantsand having paid considerable attention t o the phyleti c arrangement of the flowering plants , i t soon became evident t o the writerthat the u sual arrangem ent

,as given in recent systematic works

,

reverses the order of nature and the rational m ethod of presentation . To begin the grass series with plants having such specializedst ru ctures as one finds in Zea , Coix , and Tripsacum ,

is to intimatethat the grasses have been evolving from the speciali zed to theunspeciali zed , from the uni que t o the normal

,from the particu lar

t o the general .I f one makes a general study of t h e spikelet and flower

,the

order of progress is indicated in a remarkably clear manner by a

long seri es of degenerations and vestigial parts . The evidenceis incont rov ertable t o anyone who can en tertain any modernviews on the doctrine of evolution as applied t o these plants . Th e

conclu sion seem s inevitable— the bamboos and arundinarias are

the most prim itive grasses while gama-grass,Job

’s-tears , and

Indian corn are among the most extreme speciali zations to be

found not alone in the Gram inaceae but even in the whol e group offlowering plants .

In order t o present the arrangem ent clearly t o student s of

systematic botany ,a brief descriptionof the t erm inology

,with a

synopsis of the tribes u sual ly recognized and a systemati c li st ofth e local genera

,is given below .

TERM INOLO GY OF THE GRASS INFLORESCENCEThe inflorescence of a grass is made up of compact flower

bearing branchlets known as spikelets . In general , the spikelet .of a grass is of the same importance in ident ificat ion as the flowerin most other groups . The spikelet usual ly h as two bracts at t hebase which are cal led t h e empty gl77777es . These may be dist inguished as the o7t te7 and 77777e7 empty glumes . Each flower is alsonormally inclosed in two bracts , called the flowe7777g glumes . Th eouter of these glum es is called the lemma the inner the palet . Allof these bracts can thus be cal led gl77777es col lectively . Throughredu ction of the spikelet and degeneration of the flower , part ofthe glum es may be absent or vestigial

, or ext ra glumes maybe present . Usual ly there are 2 (sometimes 3)m inu te bract s orscales at the base of the flower

,within the flowering glumes . These

l Cont ribu t ions from t h e Botanical Laboratory of Ohio StateUniversity , 67


4 9 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , No. 5,

Spikelets w ith bu t one perfect flower , or monosporan

giate ; always in pan i cles or racemes ,not in rows .

a . Spikelets w ith 4 or more glum es .

(a). Third glum e enclosing a perfect flower justabove the empty glum es ; palet of the perfectflower usual ly 2—nerved . Tribe

,Ag7 0 5 t7dece .

(b). Fifth glu me enclosing a perfect flower on thet op of the spikelet ; palet of the perfect floweru sually 1—nerved or nerveless .

Tr1be,P hala770

’

em

b . Spikelets usual ly with but 2 glum es,or the lower

empty glum es reduced ; spikelets often mono

sporangiat e . Tribe , O7yzece .

. Spikelets u sual ly 2-flowered or by degeneration 1-flowered ;rachilla articu lated below the empty glum es which are thusdeciduou s w ith the flowers ; spikelets more or less dorsal lycompressed ; aerial stem s annua l .

Subfam i ly ,Panicatae .

1 . F loweri ng glum es , at l east of the perfect flowers ,sim i lar in

texture t o the empty glum es , or frequ ently coriaceous or chartaceou s (indurated), never thinand hyaline .

a . Flowering glum es of the perfect flowers chartaceous orcoriaceous

,very different from the em pty glum es .

Tribe,P a777cece .

b . Flowering glum es m embranou s .

(a). Inflorescence pani cu late,spikelets deciduous

singly from the u ltim ate branches ; first emptyglum e usually smal ler and narrower than the rest .

Tribe,T77steg7

'

77e(e .

(b). Inflorescence spikat e ; spikelets deciduous singlyor in groups ; first empty glume u sual ly largerthan the rest

,the second one often spiny .

Tribe,Z oys7ew.

Flowering glum es thin and hyaline , mu ch more delicate instru cture than the thick-m embranou s or coriaceousempty glum es .

a . Spikelets in pairs , one u sual ly sessile the other pedicellate , the sessile spikelet with a perfect flower ,

the pedi cellate one w i th a perfect,stam inate , or

sterile (vestigial)flower ; lemmas of the perfectflowers u sual ly awned . Tribe

,And7 070g0 77ece .

b . Spikelets monosporangiat e ,in separate infiorescences

or in different parts of the same i nfloresence , thecarpellate portion or inflorescence below , thestam inate above ; lemmas awn less .

Tribe , M'

aydece.

Mar.,1912 ] A Rev ised Taxonomy Qf the Grasses.

SER IAL L I STS OF THE LOCAL GENERA OF GRAS S E S .

Danthon ia .

Arrhenatherum .

Trisetum .

Avena .

Homalocenchrus .

Z i zan i ops1s .

Sorghum .

Sorgh as t rum .

Tripsacum .

Coix .

F estueece .

Av eh eaz.

H0 7dew.

Ch10 77dece .

Ag7 0 3 t7dece .

P hala7 7'

dece .

O7yzece .

P a777cew.

A77d7 0p0g0 77ew.

M aydew.

Ph leum .

Muh lenbergia .

Brach y ely t rum .

M i l ium .

Ory zops i s .

Stipa .

Aristida .

Anthoxanthum .

Z i zan ia .

M anisur is .

Andropogon .

49 3

4 94 The Ohio Naturalist. [VOL XII , No. 5

OHIO MOLES AND SHREWS .

11 5 . S . HINE .

The Ohio m embers of the Order Insect ivora,commonly cal led

moles and shrews , have been quite extensively collect ed i n thestate and som e things in regard t o their hab i ts and distributionmay be said . The moles are easily d istingui shed from the shrewsby their larger size and wider front feet . Three of each have beentaken and there i s a possibility that other speci es. of shr ews existwithin our territory

,at l east the adjoining states that have pu b

lished l ists of mamm als all enumerate more than three, but as

Ohio is between the East and the West from t he faunal standpoin tone i s not surprised when som e of the species listed from Pennsylvania and Indiana are not taken .

The common or short tai led shrew , B larina brevicauda ,i s the

most abundan t species of the order in the state . Trappi ng inany section and under variou s conditions is sure t o reveal thisspecies at the outset and i t continues t o appear in the traps dayafter day unti l the col lector

, who i s always desirous of variety ,feels more or l ess disgusted and reso lves t o try another locality

,on ly t o find the sam e condition of things . Deep woods

, openhelds , high or low grounds seem t o attract i t , in fact , one i s notable t o nam e a single place where it may not be found .

This little an imal i s near th e size of the common house mouseand is largely carniv erous in its feeding habits . Som e au thorsstate that habitual ly it never takes vegetable food . Insects of

various kinds are taken in large numbers ,angle worm s and snai ls

are eaten common ly and smal l rodents , like m i ce of som e species ,often lose their lives t o satisfy i t s insatiable appetite . Shul l hasgiven a very fu l l account of the short-tail ed shrew in the AmericanNaturalist from observations taken at Ann Arbor and one shou ldread this paper in order t o know the ecomonic value of the species .

Since m i ce and in jurious insects are so often used as food by it the‘

amount of good done is considerable and since it is not known t o

eat anything of special valu e we shou ld consider this shrew almostwhol ly beneficial and worthy of consideration .

The shrews do not have the habit of heaving the ground t o thesame extent as the mol es and consequ ently are not consideredparti cu larly in jurious from that standpoint . A lthough thecommon shrew is so abundant and found in every section of thestate it is not seen u sual ly by people who are not looking for i t .

I ts retiri ng and more or less nocturnal habits prevent it from beingseen often

,and the odor which is associated w i th it is more or l ess

of a protection from som e animals which wou ld otherwise prove


4 9 6 The Ohio Naturali st . [VOLXII , NO. 5

Cuyahoga,Ri chland and other counties , and i f the facts were

known I suspect it occurs throughou t northern Ohio,at l east

wherever sui table conditions are t o be found .

The hairy -tai led or Brewer mole,Parascolops breweri , i s

abundant in som e parts of eastern Ohio where i t s injuri es t o lawnsand gardens compare favorably with the work of the prairiemole in the western part of the state . Records of the occu rrenceof the species are at hand from Cuyahoga , Summ it , Frank lin and

Adam s coun ties which so far as known marks what h as been con

sidered som ewhere near the western l im it of the range of the species,

although recently Hahn m entions it in his M ammals of Ind ianaand says that the occurrence in that state is not beyond the rangeof possibili ties . I wou ld l ike to know of any records which extendthe known distribution of this mole westward from the lineindicated by the counties named .

I t develops therefore that the known records of Ohio molesgive each species a somewhat defini t e distribution in t h e stateand that so far no locality is known to have all three although twoare known from various places .

Dat e of Pu bl icat ion , March IS, 19 12

LlI’

Cl ISPUBL ISHED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Uniwers ity .

Volume X 11. APR IL, 19 12 .

TA B LE O F C O NT ENT SSCHAFFSYER— Th e North American Lycopods w i t h ou t Term inal Cones 497

CONGER—Some Entomoph i lou s F lowers of Cedar Point , Oh io . 500

SCHAFFNER—Key to t h e Fru i t s of th e Genera of Trees of t h e North ern Un i ted S tat es , 506METCALF—Meeting of t h e B iolog

'

cal Club 512

THE NORTH AMERICAN LYCOPODS WITHOUT

TERM INAL CONES .


There h as been som e hesitancy among fern students in recognizing the validity of Lycopodium poroph ilum Lloyd and Underwood as a species . By som e i t i s regarded as a vari ety or form ofL . lu cidu lum M X . This i s probably due t o the interm ediatecharacter of the juveni le forms . M ature plants of L . poroph ilum ,

however , as determ ined by the writer resemble L . selago L . moreclosely . In Ohio one can col lect either form withou t difficultyand numerou s specim ens have been sent t o the Ohio State Her

barium . The species was reported for Ohio by the wri ter in thespring of 1905 (OH IO NAT . 5 : 30 1)as occurring in Fairfield county .

In D ecember , 1906 ,while in New York the matter was discussed

with Dr . Underwood him self and a carefu l exam ination was alsomade of the original specimens at the New York Botani c Garden .

Since that tim e the Ohio plants have been L . poroph i lum to thewriter and the species a good species .

Underwood’

s description in“

Our Native Ferns and theirA lli es , Sixth Edi tion ,

R evised”defines the typical Ohio specim ens

very well and also gives the characterization of the two relatedspecies correctly in t heir typical form , although it does not emph asize the character of the general habit . Condensations of thespecies

,descriptions are as fol lows :

Lycopodium poroph ilum . Leaves flat t ened at their basesand u ltimately more or less reflexed . P 7 ost7 0 te p0 7 t70 77 of stemssh0 7 t , abundantly rooting , curving upwards

, then d7ch0 t0 7770 uslyb7a770h777g 1

—5’times to f 0 7 777 a 7athe7 dense tuf t (2—4 777 . h7gh)of

v e7 t7'

eal stems , densely clothed 707th sp7 ead777g 0 7 7 eflexed leav es ; l eavesentire or very m inutely denti cu late . Sandstone rocks .

498 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII , No. 6 ,

Lycopodium lucidu lum . Leaves flat t ened at their bases andu l t imately more or less reflexed . Prostrate portion of stem longer

,

frequently rooting , curving upward , and d i chotomously branching1—3 times to form a loose cluster 4—8 777 . h7gh . M argin (of leaf)erose denticulate above the m iddle

Lycopodium selago . Leaves hol low at their bases and appressed . P 7ost7ate po7 tio77 of stem v e7y sh0 7 t , abundantly rooting ,soon curving upward and dichotomously branching to f 0 7 777 compacttuf ts (2

—7 777 . high)of v e7 t7cally placed b7anches te7th dense f ol7age;l eaves more or less appressed , or at least upwardl y directed ,

entire .

F ig . 1 . Ly copodium lucidu lum , Hock ing County , Oh io .

F ig . 2 . Lycopodium poroph i lum , Fai rfie ld County , Ohio . PhotographbV Forest B . H . Brown .

The accompanying figures are given as representative specim ens of the three species . The L . lucidu lum was col lected in

Hocking county ,while the L . porOph ilum comes from Fairfield

county . L .lu cidu lum is success iv ely dichotomous in habit at 7 athe7

7 eg7710 7 777 te7 v als} L . poroph ilum is several t7777es d7ch 0 t0 7770 773 777

close succession w ith long 777707 0 77ched branches . The leaves agreewith Lloyd and Underwood

’

s descriptions .

There h as been som e question as to whether the Ohio form sreferred t o L . poroph ilum m ight not be L . selago . In order t o gain

an insight into the character of the European L . selago , the specim ens at the United States Natural Herbarium were studied .

Tbrough the kindness of M r . W . R . M axon ,an English specimen

and an Alaskan specimen were loaned to the writer for special study .


50 0 The Ohio Naturalist . [Vol. XII, No. 6 ,

SOME ENTOM OPHILOUS FLOWERS OF CEDAR PO INT,

OHIO .

ALLEN C . CONGER .

In a region with su ch a d iverse flora , and where even thecasual observer is struck by . the great numbers of Hymenoptera(bees)and D iptera (flies), it is bu t natural that the study of thoseflowers depending upon insects for pol lination shou ld proveinteresting and instructive . The observations which form thebasis for this article were made during the summ er of 19 1 1 underthe direction of Dr . 0 . E . Jenn ings , Instru ctor in P lant Ecologyat the Lake Laboratory , Cedar Poin t , Ohio , and his suggestionshave been of great aid . Referen ce has been freely made t o booksat hand , especially t o the “

Hand—book of Insect Pol lination ”

by Knu th .

Sir john Lubbock and Hermann Mueller state that blu eflowers are the favorites of bees and the occurrence in this regionof a fauna ,

rich in Hym enoptera , especially the sol itary form s ,and a flora marked by many blu e and Violet flowers ,

especiallyin or near the sandy spots chosen by the bees for their burrowswou ld tend t o confirm this theory .

Labiates and others alike show a remarkable sim i larity in therelative positions of stam ens and stigma . The majority of typesunder consideration possess two pairs of stamens of unequallength

,the outer pair being the l onger : In nearly all cases t he

anthers are found in t h e upper lobe of the two-l ipped corolla ;this beingr the most advantageous posi tion for scattering pollenupon the insect Visitor . In addition , su ch a position makesdifficu lt the stealing of pol len by unwelcome Visitors

,especially

the creeping form s . The styles , especial ly in the Labiates werefound to elongate with age and undoubtedly in som e cases selfpol lination cou ld occur as the stigmatic surface was being pushedpast the anthers .

The species , with one exception are found in Knu th ’s C lass 4 ,

Flowers w ith Concealed Nectar . This class of flowers showsmuch zygomorphism

,thus indicating a high degree of flower

specialization . Reds,blu es , and Violets are the predom inating

colors as Opposed t o the whites and yellows of the flowers withmore exposed nectar . The higher degree of specialization in theflowers cal ls for a corresponding advance in the specialization of

their Visi tors . The nectar can be conveniently sipped by shorttongu ed bees and long—tongued wasps , as well as by certain of theD iptera (Bomby lidae and Syrphidae)and a number of the Lepidopt era . This is more difficult for the shorter tongu ed flies

(Muscidae)and for the sam e reason the beetles are very inf re

April , 19 12 ] Entomophi lous F lowers of Cedar Point . 50 1

qu ent Visitors . A comparison w i th the observations of Bem

bower,made in the summ er of 19 10 , shows a remarkable bu t not

un expected contrast in the type of insect Visitors noted . Theshorter-tongued flies and the flower beetles (Donacia and Dia

brot ica)were not observed on the flowers under consideration inthis report , while in the white and yellow forms studied by Bembower these were almost invariable Visitors . Undoubtedl y someof the flowers under consideration are hymenOpt erid flowers , thatis

, flowers modified especial ly for the Hymenoptera . Knu thstates (Hand—book of Insect Pol lination , Vol . I

, p . 1 17)that inthe case of flowers w ith completely concealed nectar

,accessible

t o bees , sim ilarly colored species are in flgyver; Thiswas especial ly noteworthy in the case '

of Stachys ,Teucrium ,

Verbena , and M imu lus , as described below .

Nearly all the species observed were found t o be protandrous ,

which appears t o be a common method for preventing self—pollination in entomophilou s flowers .

Lab iatae (M int fam i ly .)Bleph ilia ciliata.

Found here,growing in communities closely associated with

Nepeta cataria (catnip)this blu ish-pu rple flower , though smal l insize

,the corol la tube being abou t 9 mm . in length

,is conspicuou s

because of the dense , globose whorls of the inflorescence . Thecorol la is nearly equally two-l ipped the upper lip entire

,the lower

three—cleft , the lateral lobes rounded and longer than the m iddleone . The throat of the corol la tube is di lated and here are foundthe style and anthers , the former slightly exceeding the latterin lengthVi si TORs— D iptera ; Syrit t a pipiens ; Hymenoptera ; M icro

bembex monodonta ,Agapost emon radiatus , A . splendens

, Odynerus form inat a , Bombus Virginicu s , B . ferV idus , M egachile latimanu s : Lepidoptera ; Pieris rapae .

S tachys tenuifolia, v ar. aspera.

Found along the shores of the coves and marshes , closelyassociated with Teucrium . The l ilac or pinkish corol la is bilabiate , the upper lip arched and entire , the lower lip longer andspreading , three-lobed ,

w ith the m idd le“

lobe entire and markedby a darker colored nectar gu ide . Nectar is secreted at the baseof the ovu lary and stored in the smooth lower part of the corollatube

,which is 8 mm . long . The flowers are protandrous . The

four stam ens are in two pairs of unequal length ,the ou ter deb is

cing first , fol lowed by the shorter , inner pair . The former t hendi verge so that they proj ect laterally between the lips of thecorol la . The style elongates with age , so t hat the stigma lobesare brought t o the mouth of the flower , thus receiving pol len fromt he dorsum of the larger insect Visitors .

50 2 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOLXII , No. 6 ,

Vi si TORs— D iptera ; SphaerOphora cylindrica : Hym enoptera ;M icrobembex monodonta , Agapost emon radiatus , Odynerus foram inata ,

Bombu s f erv idus , B . afiin is , Andrena carlini , M egachilelat imanus .

Teucrium canadense .

This species , which varies in co lor from cream t o pu rple,is

common along the shores of the coves in this region . I t wasobserved that the species was closely associated in habitat wi thAsclepias incarnata (swamp m i lk-weed), a flower of abou t thesam e hue , and insects were seen t o be attracted first t o the Asclepias , then later t o Visit the Teucrium .

The corol la is very irregu lar , the four upper lobes are approxi

mately equal in size , bu t so placed and directed forwards that thereappears t o be no upper lip , the lower lip is larger and forms a con

v enient landing-place for insects . The four stamens are unequalin l ength

,the ou ter pair exceeding the inner by abou t 3mm . The

style,which lies between the inner pair is approximately the

l ength of the ou ter pair , bu t curves less , so that withou t externalcauses self-pol lination wou ld not occur .

The larger bees alight on the lower corol la lobes and insert theproboscis at either side into the corolla tube . As the bee ’s headis pushed down into the corol la the ant hers are brought intocontact with the dorsal part of t h e Visitor ’s thorax , which in manybees is d istinctly pilose , and thu s pollen is du sted off . Since thi scoul d hold true for larger insects , the writer does not believe thatsmal ler Hym enoptera or D iptera are important factors in crosspol lination . Several small er species of Hym enoptera and Syr

ph idae were observed t o alight directly on the anthers,grasping

the filament s for support , and possibly in this way cou ld affectcross-pollination .

Vi si TORs— D iptera ; Syri t ta pipiens , Allograpta obliqua,Syr

ph us am ericana ,Eristalis tenax : Hym enoptera ; Agapost emon

radiatus , A . splenden s , Cerat ina dupla , Odynerus foram inata ,

M elissodes sp .

,Bombu s Virgini cu s , B . americanorum , B . affinis ,

Psit tyrus elatus , X y locarpa Virgini ca , Andrena carlini , Elis

plum ipes : Lepidoptera ; Papilio ph ilenor , Epargyreus t ityrus ,

Pieris rapae .

Acanthaceae (Acanthu s fam ily .)D ianth era americana.

A long the water ’s edge on the sand spits in Sandusky Bay ,

the water willow forms close communi ties . The corol la is twol ipped and spreading , the upper lip notched , the lower spreadingand three-parted . The anthers are bi -lobed , the lobes separatedand somewhat unequal , giving t o the genu s its nam e , since theseparated lobes appear like two anthers on each filament . Thestyles lies against the upper lip , its position being marked by a


50 4 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII , NO. 6

which are of two lengths , are united with the corol la tube for somedistance above the stigmatic surface . As the bee ’s proboscis isinserted into the flower i t pushes past the retrorse anthers t o thenectar at the base of the tube . As the proboscis is withdrawn , in

passing the anthers it bends them upward so that the dehiscedsurfaces , which normal ly lie downward and against the corol latube , deposit pol len upon the tip of the proboscis wet with nectar .

Shou ld insect Visits fai l , au tomatic self-pol lination may occurbetween the shorter stamens and the stigma , according t o Knut h .

V i sITORs— Lepidoptera ; Epargyreus t ityrus , Spragueia ona

grus ,Lycaena scudderi : D iptera ; Syri t t a pipiens , Allograpt a

obliqua , Sphaerophora cylindri ca ,Tropidia quadrata ,

Helophiluslat ifrons , Ph t h iria cyanoceps ; Hymenoptera ; M icrobembex mono

donta , Agapost emon radiatu s,Cerat ina dupla , Odynerus for

am inata ,M egachile lat imanus .

EXPLANAT ION OF PLATE XX IV .

B leph i l ia c i l i ata.

Stachy s tenu ifo l ia , sh owmg re lat 1v e pos it ion of anthers and st i gma .

Teucrium canadense , sh owmg re lation of anthers t o st 1gma .

D ianthera americana show ing separated anther lobes .

M imu lus ringens .

Verbena hastata .

Longitud ina l sect i on of V . hastata , show ing r ing of hairs in throatof coro l la , retrorse anthers W 1t h deh i scent surfaces downward and

against coro l la tube .

'OH IO NATURAL IST .

P late X X I V

CONGER on“Entomoph i lous F lowers .

50 6 The Ohio Naturalist. [V0 ] . XII , No. 6 ,

KEY TO THE FRUITS OF THE GENERA OF TREES OF THENORTHERN UNITED STATES .


Th e comp lete fru it at maturity , inc luding t h e pedunc le , is requ iredfor determ ination .

1 . Fru it a cone , a cone—like catkin , a compact aggregate , or an

ordinary catkin . 2 .

Fruit simple , consisting of a single carpel or set of unitedcarpels , not cone-like or catkin-like

,bu t often clustered . 22 .

Fru it dry at maturity . 3 .

Frui t flesby . 16 .

Fru it a globu lar aggregat e of flowers on a long slenderpeduncle . 4 .

Frui t not globu lar , except in some true cones , but ovoid or

cylindri cal,peduncle short or if rather long then thick

and rigid . 5 .

Fru i t an aggregate of dehiscent spiny-pointed capsu les with'

several seeds Liquidambar .

Frui t an aggregate of 1-seeded nutlets , not spiny—pointed .

Platanus .

Fru it a tru e cone with naked seeds , or an aggregate of closedcarpels showing stam en , petal and sepal scars on t h e

peduncle . 6 .

Fru i t a catkin or a cone—like catkin . 19 .

Seeds in closed carpels , the cone-like fru i t showing stamen ,

petal,and

'

sepal scars at the base on the peduncle . 7 .

Fruit a true cone with naked seeds , not showing stamen ,

petal , and sepal scars on the peduncle . 8 .

Carpels of the fruit form ing dehiscent fol li cles at maturity ;the fleshy seeds suspended from the pink or rose tissues of

‘

the fruit by slender threads . M agnolia.

Carpels samara-like , dry and indehiscent . Liriodendron.

Cones wit h numerou s ovu l iferou s scal es , more t han 15 . 9 .

Cones with 3— 12 ovu liferous scales . 12 .

Cones erect , their scales deciduous from the persist ent axis ;ovu liferous scal es orbicu lar or broad , obtuse . Ab ies .

Cones pendu lou s or proj ecting from the branch , the scales .

persistent . 10 .

10 . Cone scales woody and thickened at the ou ter end , elongated ,often with a rigid point , spine , or pri ckle . P inus .

10 . Cone scal es sub—orbicular or ov al , sometim es with erose or‘

emarginate tips . 11 .

11 . Cone w i th subu late leaf-scales at the base . Larix.

11 . Cone w ithou t subu late leaf-scales at the base , short andi

ovoid , u sually less than in . long . Tsuga.

1—4

90

£9

1“

C)!

$9

P

V’

WN


3 5 .

The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , No. 6 ,

Fru it or the peduncle prom inently w inged . 24 .

Fruit and peduncle not with wings . 30

Peduncle of the fruit cluster with a large Wing ; frui t a drydrupe . Tilia.

Peduncle not winged ; fru i t a true sam ara,or with 1 or more

prom inent wings . 25 .

Fru it w ith a prom inent spine-like beak at the tip and with2 or 4 wings ,

large . M oh rodendron .

Fru it not w ith a prom inent spine—l ike point . 26 .

Fru it double w ith 2 cavities and 2 large w ings . AcerSam ara w ith a wing all around or with a single wing at the

end . 27 .

Samara circu lar , ov al , or broader than long . 28 .

Samara elongated . 29 .

Wing extending around the fru it , very veiny ,g ;labrous long

=13eduncled , calyx not present or very inconspicuou s ;cavities 2 , 1 u sually empty . P telea .

Wing notched at the apex , u sual ly veiny ; fru it long-peduncled , calyx present ; cavity 1 w ith 1 seed . Ulmus .

Wing on the two sides of the fru it , w ith 2 stigmas at the apex ;fru it sessile

,small . Betu la .

Wing extending as far below the central seed as beyond it .

Ailanthus .

Wing term inal or extending along the sides of the seed butnot beneath i t . Fraxinus

Fruit a dehiscent bean,fol licle

,or capsu l e , usual ly wit h

several seeds . 3 1 .

Fru it an indehiscent nu t , achene , or dry drupe with 1 cavityand 1 seed ; often partly or completely enclosed in a cupOr husk . 47 .

Fru it a bean or legume With 1 cavity and 2 sutures ; seedsnot winged . 32 .

Fru it a capsu le ; i f bean-l ike then with 2 cavities . 35 .

Bean an inch or more broad , mostly with pu lp . 33 .

Bean about in . broad , withou t pulp . 34 .

Bean very hard and thick , seed in . long . Gymnocladus .

Bean not very woody , thin , seed less than in . long .

Gleditsia.

Bean with a prom inent ridge on each side of one su ture ,apex long—acute . Cercis .

Bean with the 2 sutures nearly alike , apex mucronat e , or wit ha slender point , sometimes bristly . Rob inia.

Bean usual ly irregu lar and som ewhat constricted into joints ,apex abruptly acu te , calyx containing long filament s .

Cladrastis .

Seed w ith wings or a tuft of cottony hairs . 36 .

April , 1912 ] Key to the Frui ts of the Genera of Trees . 50 9

Seed withou t w ings or hairs . 39 .

Seed with a tu ft of hairs , capsu le smal l . 37 .

Seed w ith w ings,the wings sometimes with a fri nge of

long hairs . 38 .

Capsu le with a l ittle cup at the base . Populus .No cup at the base of the capsu l e bu t 1 or 2 l itt le glandsmay be present . Salix.

Capsu le very long ,w ings of seed with a fringe of hairs .

Catalpa.

Capsu le short , wing of seed withou t hairs . Pau lownia .

Seeds very large , — 2 in . in diam eter . 40 .

Seeds much less than V2 in . in diameter . 4 1 .

Seed smooth w ith a large light spot at one end,w ithou t

ridges or angles . Aescu lu s .Seed w ith two or more verti cal ridges

,w ithou t a special light

spot— a nu t in an enclosing hu sk which may be m istakenfor a capsul e . Hicoria.

Seeds w ith a flesby , scarlet aril , capsu l e lobed . Euonymus .

Seeds w ithout an ari l . 42 .

Seeds 1 or 2 ,capsul e not bladdery . 43 .

Seeds several t o many . 44 .

Capsu l es smal l w ithou t a cup at the base . Xanth oxylum .

Capsu le woody ,in . long , with a prom inent cup at the

base ; seeds 2 ,ob long . Hamamelis .

Capsul e triocul ar , large , bladdery . 45 .

Capsu l e with 5— many cavities , small . 46 .

Capsu le 3 lobed at the tip , with 3 styles , usual ly widest at

the m iddle or t owarg the ou ter end S taphylea.

Capsul e w ith a long , acu te tip ,with a single style

,widest

below'

t he m iddle . Koelreuteria.

Capsu les mostly woody , oblong , puberul ent ; in corymboseor umbellate clusters . Rh ododendron .

Capsul es depressed—globose , som ewhat 5—lobed ; in corymboseor umbel late clusters . Kalmia.

Capsu les ovoid—pyram idal , 5 -angled ; in large panicledracemes . Oxydendrum .

Fru it a dry drupe ; or drupe—like exocarp softer than the bonyendocarp . 48 .

Fru it a nu t or achene , the peri carp not in 2 layers ; oftenpartly or completely enclosed in a cup or hu sk . 49 .

Fru it globose , M in . ormore in diam eter,on winged peduncles

Tilia.

Fru it obliqu ely ovoid ,compressed

,ridged on the back and

covered with prom inent soft processes . Planera.

Frui t subglobose , nearly symm etrical , in . long ,pubescent

or if not the stone striate. Rh us .

5 1 0 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII , No. 6

Fruit obliquely oblong or ov al , compressed , gibbouslong , reticu late-veined . Cot inus .

Nu t sharply 3-angled ; usual ly 2 together in the 4-Valvedbur . Fagus .

Nu t not 3 -angled . 50 .

Nu t less than M in . long ,somewhat compressed . 5 1 .

Nut large , more than in . long , or if not then circu lar incross-sect ion . 52 .

Nu t with ridges ; fruiting bract 3 -cleft and incised . Carpinus .

R idges of the nut let inconspicuou s,fru iting bract bladder

like . O strya.

Nut with 2 or 3 prom inent ridges , som etimes with roughwrinkles . 53 .

Nut not with ridges . 54 .

Nu t rugose or scu lptured ; husk indehiscent . Juglans .

Nu t smooth or angled , husk at l ength splitting into segments . Hicoria.

Nu t ovoid-oblong or subglobose ; cup wit h imbriact ed , moreor less united bracts . Quercus .

Nu t plano-convex or rounded ; bur globose and very prickly .

Castanea.

Seed ,which may be m istaken for a nu t , not showing a style ,

large and shining ; capsu le split ting into 3 valves .

Aesculus .

Fru it a pome , the carpels enclosed by an adnate , perigynou sd isk or hypanthium . 56 .

Frui t a berry , or berry—like , with several seeds . 60 .

Fru i t a drupe , or drupe-l ike,with a stone or pit and with

1 or rarely 2 seeds . 66 .

Ripe carpels of the pome papery or leathery . 57 .

Ripe carpels bony . Crataegus .

Pom e smal l and berry-like . 58 .

Pom e large , fleshy like the apple . 59 .

Pom e scarlet when ripe , cavities not more than 5 . Sorbus .

Pome purplish-red t o purplish-blue when ripe , cavitiesu sually 10 . Amelanch ier .

Seeds not more than 3 in each cavity ; pome tapering into thepeduncle ; flesh with grit—cells . Pyrus .

Seeds not more than 3 in each cavity ; pome sunk in at bothends , it s flesh w ithou t grit-cells . M alus .

Seeds many in each cavity , flesh of pome hard . Cydonia.

Berry large , very much elongated , green with yellow pu lpand large brown seeds . Asimina.

Berry ovoid or globose . 6 1 .


5 1 2 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XII , No. 6,

Stone , smooth , or if som ewhat roughened then with a prominent su ture all around . 73 .

Fru iting pedi cel mu ch thickened below the prominent calyxbase , red ; drupe oblong globose , blue . Sas safras .

Fru iting pedicel not thickened below the calyx or i f so thefruit not blu e . 74 .

Fru it light greenish-yellow ; flesh with a sickening-sweetodor and a sticky ju i ce ; embryo in a large kernel ; a gymnospermous seed . Ginkgo.

D rupe often large and sweet,stone with a suture all around ,

often flat t ened . Prunu s .Drupe w ith a 4— 6 lobed calyx ; oblong-ovate , blue ; endospermlarge with a smal l embryo in the center . Ch ionanthus .

Fruit real ly a smal l black berry ; seed shining , with the hilumat the base . Bumelia .

Stone with 2 cavities and 2 seeds , calyx 4-toothed ; drupe withstylar beak ,

red,white

,or blue . Cornus .

Stone with 1 cavity and 1 seed,grooved and som ewhat

cgm pressed ; drupe glabrous , blu e or nearly b lack .

Nyssa.

Fru it with prom inent nerves and ridges ,with 5 sepal-t ips ,

oblong-ovate , pubescent , nearly dry , nut—l ike . Symplocos .

Stone 1-seeded , som etim es flat t ened ; drupe with a prom inentstylar beak ,

blu e , black , or red . Viburnum .

M EETING OF BIOLOGICAL CLUB .

ORTON HALL , Dec . 4,19 11 .

The meeting was cal led t o order by the President , W .

~M .

Barrows . The m inu tes were read and approved . The C lub thenhad the pleasure of l istening to an interesting lecture by ProfHerbert Osborn on

“

Som e Col lecting Trips in West ern States .

The trips of which Prof . Osborn spoke carried h im through aboutforty states and territories . Their principal obj ect was the studyand col l ection of jassidae affecting various forage crops . Certainof these insects were found t o be strikingly adapted to conditionswhich must have prevai led for a long period of years . The talkwas i l lustrated with a number of excellent lantern slides and wasfollowed by an interesting discu ssion .

The meeting closed after a short bu siness session in whichM essrs . Schl opp ,

M ote , Busby and B ilsing were elected t o mem

bersh ip .

C . L . M ETCALF, Secretary .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , Ap ril 17 , I9 l 2 .

um lS

PUBL ISHED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Unisv ers ity .

Volume X11. MAY, 19 12 . No . 7 .


H INE—F i v e New Species of North American

DETMERS—A Prel im inary Report 0 11 a Ph ysiograph ic Study of Buckeye Lakeand Vicin ty

FIVE NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN TABANIDE .

JAS . S . HINE .

Tabanus floridensis n . sp .

Female , lengt h 10 m il limet ers . Size and general appearancesim i lar t o T . pum i lus from which it diff ers by the distinctly widerfront . Frontal collosity transverse , as wide as the front , shiningblack and with a smal l denuded marking above it . Antennanarrow , di st inctly narrower than in pum i lu s , first and secondsegment s pale wit h black hairs above , third segment nearly black ;face clothed with long white hair , palpi narrow ,

pointed,and

clothed with short white hair , proboscis dark , eyes naked .

Thorax dark gray above wit h lighter st ripes , wings hyaline ,furcation of t h e t hird vein without a fork , l egs dark reddish .

Abdomen dark colored , hind margins of t he segments,a series of

more or less plainl y marked m iddorsal triangles and a row of ratherlarge spots on either side gray .

Type female from Fort M eade , Florida , April 4 ,1909 . Twelve

other females taken at di ff erent places in sou t hern Florida in

April .Alt hough the species suggest s pum i lus it is entirely dist inct .

The front is mu ch wider , the antennae are narrower , the legs arecolored different ly and the gray spots on either side of the abdom en are

'

larger’

. It is distinct from sparus and frat ellus also , as

wil l be f ound by comparing these sam e characters .

5 1 3

OH IO NATURAL IST . P late X X V

1 . M erycomy ia mixta . 3 . Antenna of M . mixta .

2 . Antenna of M . gem inata . 4 . M erycomy ia gem inata .

H INE on North American Taban idae .


5 1 6 The Ohio Naturali st. [VOLXII,'

N0 . 7

Female much like the male bu t more reddish in ground coloreyes widely separated , front slightly widest below with a ratherextensive denuded patch bu t no distinct frontal callosity . Totall ength slightly less than the male m easurem ent .

The t ype male from which the accompanying drawing wasmade , was taken at Lyme , Ct .

, by B . H . Walden , and sent in byDr . W . E . Britton . The female was procured a

’

t Wheatlands ,Indiana ,

by Harold Morri son .

The widely separated localities at which t he specim ens weret aken indicat es that t h e species has an extensive distribution .

There does not appear t o be the least doubt bu t that the twospecimens in my possesion are sexes of the same species .

M erycomyia M ixta n . sp .

Femal e , lengt h 2 1 m il limet ers . General color reddish brown .

Eyes widely separated , front slightly widest below with an elongatedenuded patch which narrows t o a point above . Ocel li conspicuous . Thorax gray with darkened stripes above ; wings whol lybrown ant eriorly , veins widely margined with t h e sam e colorpost eriorly , legs brown . Abdomen reddish brown with t h e lateralmargins and a m iddorsal marking nearly black ,

venter ratherdark .

The type female from which the accompanying drawing wast aken was procured at Bainbridge

,Georgia , by J . C . Bradl ey ,

Jun e 2 , 19 11 .

St ibosoma flav ist igma n . sp .

Femal e , length 17 m ill im eters . A black species with apex of

the wings hyaline and a yellow marking including the stigma and

reaching from the costa t o the opposit e side of the discal cell .Front and face black ,

antenna with the basal process of th et hi rd segm ent mu ch produced . Tborax black , legs with all t he

t ibiae somewhat swol len,wing black , except the apex is hyaline

and a pat ch in t h e region of and including the st igma is yellow ;knob of the halt eres green . Abdomen black ,

narrow margins ofall of t he segm ents , both dorsal ly and ventral ly , gray .

Type female , taken in Vera Cruz , M exico ,by D . L . Crawford .

May, A Study Qf Buckeye Lake and Vicini ty . 5 1 7

A PRELIM INARY REPORT ON A PHYSIOGRAPHIC STUDY

OF BUCKEYE LAKE AND VICINITY.

FREDA DETMER S .

For the past three years , beginning with the spring of 1909 , Ihave been engaged in a st udy of the plant geography of BuckeyeLake .

'

An understanding of the physiography and of t he physiographic hi story of any region is essential t o a comprehension of

the development of the flora of that region ; t herefore as t he

physiographic study is so closely correlated with t h e botan ical , th etwo were carri ed on at the sam e tim e .

A careful inspection of the topography , and an exam inat ion of

the literature on the physiography of Buckeye Lake and itsVicini ty soon developed t hree topics of especial interest . Thesewere : I

,the exist ence or nonexistence of Lake Licking

, a post orinterglacial lake occupying the plains t o the sou th and southwestof Newark , including Buckeye Lake ; I I , t he physiographic historyof Buckeye Lake and I I I , t h e locat ion and ext ent of the Newark

river val ley,a preglacial val ley , from Newark westward t o t h e

Frank lin county line .

These three problems are discu ssed in t his paper in t he sameorder as presented above .

I . The existence or nonexist ence of Lake Li cking , a largepost glacial lake sou th and southwest of Newark .

In t he report on t he geological survey of Li cking county ,by

M . C . Read ,

1 the stat ement i s made that to t he sou th and sout hwest of Newark a lake of considerable size covered the surface“in t he latter part of t he glacial epoch .

” The statement givesopportunity for a very wide interpretation as to t h e possible orprobable age of t his lake and it makes no reference at all to it s

longevit y . As the region in question is covered by the I llinoian ,

t he early and the lat e Wisconsin drift-sheets,

2 ' 3 the lake mayhave been post glacial , that is : formed by the recession of t h e Lat eWisconsin i ce , or int erglacial and form ed by the advance or retreatof th e Early Wisconsin or ret reat of t h e I l linoian and stil l fal lwithin t he “ lat ter part of t he ent ire glacial epoch .

In another paragraph of the sam e report M r . Read4 says :The larger channels are now filled with water-washed pebblesresting ordinarily upon the old rocky bed

, but in places upon t he

remains of the original drift clay , by a succession of terraces andcorresponding water plains . Sou th and southwest of Newark

these water plains expand covering a large area .

” From t his

1 . Read M . C . Geology of L icking Count y , 0 . Geol . Surv ey 3 : 348—361 , 1878.

2 . Leveret t , F rank . Mon. 41 : U . S . G . S .

3 . Chamberlain, T . C and Sal i sbury , R . D . Geology . Eart h Hist ory . 2 : 3 : 1906 .

4 . Read M . C . Geology of Lick ing Count y , 0 . Geol . Survey 3 : 1878.

5 18 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , NO. 7 ,

s tat em ent I infer that the water plains according to M r . Readform the present surface of t he region and were the bed of theform er lake , presumably post ~Wisconsin , which must have existeduntil very recent t imes ; and that the present and recently drainedswamps oi. this region were remnants of the lake .

In June , 1894 , W . G . Tight5 published an art i cle in which severalpages are devoted t o the topography and present drainage of Li cking county . In this arti cle he says : The Sou th Fork of theLicking flows with a sluggish current over a broad al luvial plainwhich is covered with a black lacustrine deposit of several feet inthickness . This is especial ly tru e of that portion lying betweenthe Li cking Reservoir and Newark . We have suggested the nam eLake Licking for the body of water in which these deposits weremade and of which the original lake in the Reservoir was a part ,occupying a large kettle hole in the drift when the main body of

water was drained away .

The above statement by M r, Tigh t definit ely refers Lake Lick

ing t o post Wisconsin tim es ; as these“ lacu strine deposits and

Li cking Reservoir , the present Buckeye Lake , are at t he surfaceand must therefore lie on t h e dri ft .

B lack al luvial deposits indicat e river beds or swamps ratherthan lakes . M oreover black soi l does not prevai l throughoutt his area , bu t i s seen on ly in depressions , which have evidentlybeen shal low kettles .

The region t o the sou th and sou thwest of Newark i s charact erized by a mature topography ,

as an inspection of the countryor a study of the topographic sheets of the Thurston , Thornvil le ,Granville and Newark quadrangles clearly show . The hills are

low and rounded , with gentle slopes ; the st ream s flow in broadopen vall eys , which together with the hills are deeply covered witha drift mantle t o a maximum depth of 453 feet . The val leys areso deeply filled that the present highest elevations are bu t 200—2 14feet above the val ley floors . This extensive le v eling up has

convert ed the low lands into a region w ith the topography of

you th,charact erized by low wat ersheds separated by broad

plains and drained by num erou s smal l , shal low ,irregu lar stream s ,

many of which are wet weather stream s on ly ; and also by numeroussurface depressions varying in si ze from smal l kettles a few squareyards in extent t o swamps covering several hundred acres .

There is no well-defined either rock or morainal ri dge of hil l swhich cou ld serve as the rim of a large lake . The su rface cover ,except in the kettles and beds of stream s is unassorted glacial til l

,

consisting of clay containing many smal l sharp angled stones ,and with a srt iking absence of large bou lders . I can nowhere find

lake beaches,lake clays , sand or stream delta deposits . Glacial

5 . T i gh t , W. G . A cont ri but ion t o t h e knowledge of t h e preglac ial dra inage o f Oh io . Bul l .Den. Umv . 8 : 1 . 38 . 1894


May ,A Study of Buckeye Lake and Vicin i ty . 5 2 1

a tribu tary t o this lake . M oreover this lake if not with a largerou let than inflow of water must have existed for a long span of

t ime and wou ld have left unm istakable eviden ce of its presence inlake beaches ,

sands and clay deposited on i t s floor and deltas at

the mou ths of it s tribu taries .

Al l the records of gas wells in this region ,from which I was

able t o obtain details , show a thin mantle , in som e wells bu t 8—10feet thick , of glacial clay overlying a heavy bed of gravel . In one

su ch well close to the Baltimore and Ohio rai lroad tracks and 1Mm i les north of the lake the gravel is bu t 2 feet below the su rfaceand is 100 feet thick . In another well in the field west of the OhioE l ectri c rai lway and bu t a few rods from the north shore of t h e

lake , there was , according to the foreman’

s notes ,10 feet of loam

and 350 feet of sand and gravel . A l l the water wells near Bu ckeyeLake are in the gravel . In one at the Glass Hotel on the northshore , sand was entered at 10 feet below the surface , and the wellis in gravel at 75 feet . In som e of these wells sand lies above thegravel and in others beneath it . This thick stratum of gravel wasnot deposited in the qu iet waters of a lake . So massive a load canonly have been carried by the flood waters from a glacier . Thegravel is evidently an outwash deposit .

I I . The physiographic history of Buckeye Lake .

Bu ckeye Lake is situated in Li cking,Fairfield and Perry

counties,in Ranges 17 and 18 ,

Townsh ips 17 ,18 and 19 . I t is a

long irregular body of water with its longest diam eter from east towest . I t is approximately 73 m i l es long from the sou theasternmost extrem ity t o the western and varies in width from Mm il e inthe eastern portion t o 1Mm iles at the extreme western end . Thearea covered is estimated at acres . The lake is qu iteshal low ; the water over large areas does not exceed a depth of

6—8 feet at the normal water level ; bu t there are a few deeperdepressions . Soundings just off the sou th shore of Cranberryisland revealed a depth of 15 feet , and near Avondal e a depth of

25 feet , which M r . Bootin,the engineer of the Canal Comm ission

assures me is the greatest depth he h as found .

This basin was bu ilt in 1832 t o serve as a reservoir for the Ohiocanal . On M ay 2 1 ,

1894 , the General Assembly of Ohio passedan act reserving it for a public park and summ er resort t o be knownas Buckeye Lake .

The site of the reservoir was a more or l ess completely treecovered impassable swamp

,known t o the Indians and early

settlers as the “

Big Swamp ,

” “

Two Lakes ”or

“Big and Little

Lake .

” 7 I t lay diagonally across the sou theas t corner of Township 17 and almost hal f across the southern border of Townsh ip 19 .

In shape and area i t approximated the present lake . In the

7. Graham , A . A . H i st ory of L i cking Count y , 0 . Chap . XVII , p . 165 . 1881 .

5 2 2 The Ohio Naturali st . [VO] . XII , No. 7 ,

center of the swamp was , according t o the surveys of 1799 and

180 1 ,a long narrow lake fed by several smal l stream s . This lake

drained into the Sou th Fork of the Li cking R iver near t he “B lack

D iamond , M3 m i le sou thwest of the present Waste Weir .

The location seemed well sui ted for a reservoir . I t was a

qu ite extensive natural basin , lying on a plain , with a rim of hills tothe sou th , east and northeast immediately bordering the swamp ;so that no l evee wou ld be necessary along these margins . To th e

north and west of the present lake are low fields which very likelywere whol ly or at least in part included in the original swamp .

The swamp drained towards the north ,the lowest place in t he

rim is indicated on the topographic map of the U . S . G . S . by a

smal l stream , which apparently unites Buckeye Lake with theSou th Fork of the Licking R iver . This outlet , however , no

longer exists .

The so-cal led Old Reservoir was begun on t he morning of

Jul y 4,1825 , and was finished in 1828 . The swamp was not

deepened nor even cleared of trees . A levee,with a maximum

height of 18 feet at the “

B lack D iamond ”and decreasing some

what to the east and west , was bui lt along the north side from thepresent “

Park t o the western extremity and was continuedaround the west end . This latter served as the t ow-pat h of

the canal .The old reservoir did not furnish the canal with sufficient

water t o perm it the carrying of even half a load during the driersummer months , therefore an additional 500 acres on the west wereadded in 1832 . This addition was called the “

new reservoir .

”

An additional supply of water was also provided by a distribu taryfrom the Licking River , which taps the river just north of

Kirkersville and enters the reservoir 3 of a m il e north of thewestern exit of the canal .The old swamp lay in the preglacial valley of a tribu tary of the

Newark Val ley , a val ley now occupied in part by the west fork of

Jonathan creek . Just east of Thornville station the tracks of

the Newark and Shawnee Branch of the Baltimore and Ohiorailroad , which parallel the east shore of the lake , and the Zanesville and Western railroad from the sou th m eet in a cu t or gap and

continue eastward as paral lel tracks . The floor of this gap is butl ittle broader than the w idth of the two tracks .

A loop moraine was formed in Late Wisconsin time across thevalley at this point and completely blocked the then westwardflowing stream . The lower or westward portion of the val ley wasstil l filled with ice . As the ice receded ,

the water ponded behindthe moraine broke through forming the gap now occupied by therailroad tracks

, and flowed eastward down the val ley . This overflow gap is very distinct and was first referred t o by G . F . Wright ,

8

8 . Wrigh t , G . F . T h e g lamal boundary i n Oh 1o , Ind and Ky . 1884 .


May , A Study of Buckeye Lake and Vicini ty. 52 5

The ou t line is very irregu lar due t o many indentat ions and smal lfringing islands , and changes from year to year . This is due t othe frequent and extreme changes in water level in the lake . For

four years within my knowledge , the water was lowered everysumm er , over 6 feet in 1909 , so that repairs m ight be made . Thestorm winds of winter every year detach fragm en t s of the islandand sweep them away .

The vegetation is of pecul iar int erest ; for it consists of typicalbog plant s characteristic today of high temperate latitudes and

general ly accepted t o be relicts of early post—glacial times,stranded

and persisting and now surrounded by the normal vegetat ion of

the present climatic conditions .

The typical bog plants are several species of Sphagnum , t he

Cranberry (Oxycoccu s macrocarpu s), the Sundew (Drosera rotun

difolia), several species of bog sedges as Carex limosa and C .

filiform is,the Bu ckbean (M enyanthes tri loba)and Scheuchzeria

palust ris form ing a bog-meadow bordered by a zone of bog-shrubsof which the Poison Sumac (Rhu s vernix)the B lack Alder ( I lexverticil lata)and the Choke Berry (Aronia arbu tifolia and A nigra)are t he most characteristic

Soundings in t he bog revealed the presence of a sandy shel lmarl , a lake deposit

,at a depth of 28 feet . The marl was stil l

foun in som e places at the 18 foot level giving a dept h of 10 feetof shel l marl . The presence of marl may be taken as an indicat ionof Characeae or Cyanophyceae . Imm ediat ely above the marlwas a dark brown or black plastic deposit with fragments of

Pot amogeton and Scirpu s lacu stris . These are pond plant sgrowing in water not deeper t han 5M t o 6 feet . In anot hersounding the core from the 22 foot level showed a fine gradat ionbetween t h e marl and the pond deposit . At 15 feet the coreshowed a preponderance of sedge material , which indicat es wat erat l ess than 5 feet . At 7 feet the core contained Sphagnumm ixed with t h e sedge remains . At 0 feet the peat was looselymatted , coarsely fibrous bu t l ittle modified Sphagnum fragment swit h roots and stem s of cranberry and other plants . Large wat erpocket s were encountered near the su rface and even at a depthof 17 feet . At the bottom of this series containing evidence of

lake and pond deposit s is a fine grained blue clay . The blue clayvaried from the 28 t o the 40 foot level . Soundings deeper t han40 feet could not be taken as that was the maximum length of thesounding rod . This fine grained blue clay belongs I believe t o t h eI l linoian drift .

The records of these soundings sketch the history of the island .

At t he northern margin of t h e ancient lake species of Potamogetonand other aquatics form ed a more or less dense mat . The watergradual ly becam e more shal low through the accumul ation of siltand plant remains ; and the aquatics were succeeded by semi


5 2 8 The Ohio Naturalist . [VOL XII , No.

deep pre—glacial channel from the north enters the county a littlewest of the Sandusky Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rai lroad ,extending sou thward t o Newark and is now occupied by thenorthern branch of the Li cking River . At Newark it divides ,one branch turning directly t o the east in the val ley of Li ckingR iver , and one branch extending >k

nort hwest erly ,through what

was evidently at one period a broad lake , and in which now thesouth branch of the Li cking flows with a reversed cu rrent t o jointhe main stream at Newark .

The presence of this old val ley has been corroborated by W . G .

Tight 10 and Frank Leverett .

11

M r . Leverett 1 2 sketches the posit ion and extent of the old val leyin the fol lowing paragraphs :

Tight has shown that the greater part of the Muskingumdrainage system was form erly connected with the Scioto systemby a broad val ley leading from Dresden (a few m i les above Zanesville)westward past Newark t o the Li cking reservoir and thenceinto the Scioto Basin near Circleville . The present southwardcou rse past Zanesvil l e i s there a much narrower val ley than t he

old line leading westward t o the Scioto Basin ,and the rock floor

i s markedly higher along t he present course of the Muskingumt han along the old course .

“

At Hanover,an open val ley sets in which ext ends westward

t o the Vicini ty of the Li cking reservoir , where it is so fil led wi t hdrift as t o render its fu rther course di fficul t t o determ ine . Aseries of gas borings however , indicat e t hat it passes sou t hwardabou t t o Hadl ey Junct ion and then turns westward , passing nearCanal Winchester and Groveport and com ing t o the Scioto R iverabou t m idway between Columbu s and Circlevil l e , where it seemsto have joined the old Kanawha system .

I have quoted M r . Leverett at lengt h ,for his location of t he

val ley is in the main v erified by the data I have been able t o secure .

The mantle of drift throughou t this region is so thick t hat t h ebeds in the stream s lie in it , neither railroad cut s nor water wellscu t through t o the rock . The only data therefore which give theentire depth of drift must be obtained from gas wells , whichfortunately are very num erou s in this section . I obtained recordsfrom a large number of wells from Newark sou thwestward t o a

point on the Little Walnu t abou t 2M m il es east of Lockville .

*Nort hwest erly m ust be an error . Th e Sout h Fork of t h e Lick ing flows from t h e sout hwest t o

t h e nort h east across t h e plain,west and sout hwest of Newark . Nort hwest erly sh ould undoubt edly

read sout hwest erly .

10 . Tigh t ,W. G . Drainage modificat ions in sout h east ern Oh io and adjacent part s of W. Va .

and Ky . U . S . G . S . Prof . Paper . 13 .

11. Leveret t , Frank . Glacial form at ions and drainage feat ures of t h e Eri e and Oh ioBas ins . Mon. 41 : U . S . G . S . 155 , 1902 .

12 . Leveret t , Frank . Glacial format ions and drainage feat ures of t h e Erie and Oh io Basms .

Mon. 41 : U . S G . S . p

May , A Study of Buckeye Lake and Vicini ty . 5 2 9

From these logs the direction , location , depth and in many placeswidth of Newark val ley can be plotted qu ite accurately .

Beginning with the southwestern portion of Newark , a welljust north of the junction of the South Fork of the Li cking and

Raccoon creek and half way between the union of these stream sand the tracks of the Shawnee Branch of the Baltimore and Ohiorai lroad shows that the rock h as been excavated t o 527 feet abovesea l evel , 323 feet below the present river at that point . Fromthis point sou thwestern for a distance of 5 m i les the center of theold val ley lies a little t o the west of the Ohi o canal and the OhioE lectri c rai lway . I t t hen turns directly south to Bu ckeye Lake .

A well 2Mm i les northeast of Hebron shows the rock t o have beenexcavated t o 5 10 feet above sea level , which is 360 feet below thepresent surface . Here the width of the ancient val ley is clearlyshown by well defined val ley wal ls . To the west just north of

Luray on the Nat ional road the rock wal ls are 930 feet above sealevel ; but 30 feet below the present surface ; and t o the east a well

5 of a m il e north of t he Nat ional road and 300 feet east of theBaltimore and Ohio rai lroad tracks struck the rock at 920 feetabove sea l evel , but 40 feet below the present surface .

M easu ring from these points I find the val ley t o have been 4Mm il es wide along the Nat ional road . The greatest depth in this areawas found in a well in the field along the north shore of BuckeyeLake . Bed rock in t his well was stru ck at 430 feet below the presentsurface , 450 feet above sea l evel . Buckeye Lake lies along thesouthern margin of the val ley and not in the center . The trendfrom the lake is sou th and southwest t o Basi l and Baltimore .

Between the lake and Baltimore I found but few wells so that theval ley is not so clearly defined in this section , bu t it is muchbroader than immediat ely north of t he lake .

Gas wells are very num erou s at Basil , Baltimore and in t he

imm ediate Vicinity of the two towns . Here the val ley is at l east8 m i les wide , is open and level . At Basil it turns more directlyt o the sou thwest fol lowing in general the course of t he LittleWalnu t . I t crosses t he Franklin county line and connects withth e val ley mapped by Dr . Hubbard13 in Franklin county . Newark

val ley as I have traced it coincides qu ite closely with the one

described by Tight 14 and Leverett 15 except in the southern portion .

Among the well records of this section the greatest depth is recorded in f a well in Basil , which shows that the rock has beenexcavated t o 452 feet above sea l evel , 388 feet below the level ofLitt le Walnu t creek . I f this greatest depth was approximatelythe center of the val ley the stream was here farther north than theone mapped by Tigh t .

f 0

1

3Il

iéi b

z

bard , George D . The Geology of Columbus and vi cini t y . Bul l . 14 : Geol . Survey0 10 . 1

14 . Tigh t , G . W. Drainage mod i fica t ions in sout h east ern Oh io and adjacent par t s of West

Virginia and Kent ucky . U . S . G . 8 . Pro f . Paper 13 .

15 . Leveret t Frank . Mon. 41 : U . S . G . S . p . 410 .

OH IO NATURAL IST .


53 2 Th e Ohio Natural7st. [V0 ] . XII , NO. 7

SUMMARY

There seem s t o be sufficient evidence on which t o base theconclusion that no large lake occupied the plain t o the west andsouthwest of Newark after the recession of the late Wisconsint im e .

The heavy bed of gravel between the late Wiscons1n and

I l linoian clays cannot have been deposited in a lake .

Du ring the recession of the Wisconsin i ce sheet a loop morainewas form ed across the ancient valley of Jonathan creek just eastof Thornv ille station .

The wat er imponded between the ice and moraine convert edt he lower portion of the val ley into a lake .

The waters broke through the moraine form ing a well definedov erflow channel , not deep enough however t o complet ely draint he val ley .

This ancient basin i s now occupied by Buckeye Lake .

The evidence obtained from gas well records corroborat es thestat ements made by Read ,

Tigh t and Leverett of t he exist enceand establishes t he location and extent of Newark val ley a preI llinoian val ley from Newark ,

sou thwest t o the Frank lin count yline .

This work was done under the direct ion of Dr . George D .

Hubbard , now of Oberlin Col lege , t o whom I am much indebt edfor the assistance given in the field work and thru suggestionsconcerning and criticism s on this paper . I also take this opportunity t o acknowledge my obligation t o M iss Clara G . M ark fort h e excellent photograph and to M essrs . Boot in and Sawyer of theCanal Commission for information of Buckeye Lake .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , May 2 1, 1912.

LII’

CI IS

PUBL ISHED BY

The Biolog ical Club of the Ohio State Unicv ers ify .

Volume X l l . JUNE, 19 12 . No . 8 ;


METCALF—L i fe-H i stor ies of Sy rph i daeCLAASSEN— A lph abet ical L i st of Lieh ens Col lected in Several Coun t ies of North ern

METCALF—Meet ings o f t h e Biological C1u b . .

LIFE-HISTORIES OF SYRPHIDAE IV.

C . L . METCALF .

Allograpta obliqua (Say).(P late XXX ,

Figs . 6 1

Egg .

E longate oval in ou tline,narrowing slightly to the roundly-a

pointed ant eri or end and the truncate,posterior , m i cropylar end .

The egg is slightly inflat ed dorsal ly,flat t ened against the surface

to which it is attached ventral ly . Length about mm .,diame !

t er mm . (Figs . 6 1 and

Color chalk—whi te with the u sual mi crosc0 pic scul pturi ng . (F ig .

When hi ghly magnified ,sometimes tinted with yellowish in

the depressions between the sculptures . In this case thei

mainbodi es of the proj ections are broader than in Sy7ph775 0 7770 70 0 77773

(3 t o 4 times as long as broad); somewhat oval in shape, t h e arms

thicker and not so long as in S . 0 777e77ca777t s ; u sual ly about fif t eenaround each body . The space between the bodies is abou t twothirds as wide as the body . There are abou t 28 of these proj ectionsthe length of the egg , about 55 around it transversely at them iddl e .

Oviposition for the first Spring generation began about t hem iddl e of May . A female taken on May 17 laid 35 eggs on May22

,13 the fol lowing day , and by M ay 26 ,

when she di ed, h ad

deposited nearly 100 eggs . The first of these hatched the morningof the 25t h ,

a few others th e 26t h , making the duration in th eegg-stage (indoors)from t o days .

534 The Ohio Naturalist . [V0 ] . XII , No. 8 ,

In the field I have found eggs of this species on persimm on trees

(D7ospy7 0 5 v77g7777a770 L), at the University Campu s the last of

M ay ,and on cur led dock (Rumex 07737773 L .)at Lakeville , Ohio ,

June 16—18 . The eggs are deposited singly and laid flat on thesurface of the leaf , twig , or flower .

I know no way of distingu ishing these eggs from those of relatedSyrphidae except by the size , shape and the m i croscopic characterist ics of scu lpturing described above ; these may prove insufficientfor specific separation when the eggs of more species are known .

120 7 770 .

When ju st hatched (Fig . 65)the larvae have a length of mm .,

wi dth mm . They are irregular in ou tline , nearly cylindri cal ,broadest near the m iddl e ; feeble and inactive . Color whitish

,

with a yellowish or greenish tinge . The usual smal l, fleshy ,

coni cal elevations are present , twelve t o each segment , bu t thesegmental bristles were not discernible , apparently absent . Theposterior breathing appendages are rather prom inent , longer thanin a young larva of S ame77ca77us ,

and light in color like the rest ofthe body . Their tips are ,

at first , rather remote from each otherthough with subsequent growth and their greater elevation abovethe general body surface they become contiguou s . The two longitudinal fat bodies are discern ible as a white line on each side of thedorsal blood—vessel whi ch is more prom inent in the posterior hal fof the body . The skin i s faintly wrinkled transversely .

From this condition there seems t o be a gradual growt h un tilthe larva , when full -grown ,

has reached a length of abou t 8 mm .,

width 2 mm .,h eigth mm . I t may then be described as

fol lows : Shape elongate oval , but mu ch more pointed at theant erior end when extended . The outline is somewhat irregulardue t o folding and wrinkling of the skin . The posterior end isrounding , truncate except for the proj ections of the posteriorbreathing organ ; (Fig .

Color green ,very simi lar t o that of the cabbage leaf (on which

they occur commonl y)with two longitudinal white stripes . Thiscolor is due t o colored visceral bodies which show through thetransparent skin . A long the m id-dorsal l ine for two-thirds thelength can be seen the narrow , dark , pu lsating blood-vessel , itsprominence varying w ith different specimens . I t is irregularlylim ited at the sides by a narrow mass of greenish

,fatty globul es

changing gradually t o whitish . This whitish adipose matter form sthe two prom inent longitudinal white stripes , or mm . wideand extending t o within a few m i llimeters of either end where t hevbecome much attenuated . The rest of the body

,except the ap

pendages is green ,darker on the sides . The breathing tubes are

light brown ,black at the tips where the spiracles are located .


53 6 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII , No. 8 ,

The larvae have no defensive stru ctures so far as I am aware .

Their color is probably of a great deal of protective value t o them .

On cabbage and on dock they very closely resemble the color ofthe leaves . On cabbage they are frequently in a position amongthe leaves inaccessible t o predaceous enem ies ; on dock the underside of the leaf is not a conspicuous position ; and on persimm on

they are m ost commonly closely rolled abou t by the curling leaf .Num erou s larvae of the autumn generation on cabbage are

parasitized by the small I chneum onid,8 0 3 3 773 lwtat0 77773 Fabr f f

Papa .

D imensions,average of eight : Length about mm .

,max

imum breadth mm .,maximum height mm . This neglects

the breathing tubes at the posterior end of the body which mayproj ect mm . farther posteriorly or be directed more dorsal ly .

The puparium is broadest and deepest in front of the m iddl e,

the anteri or end bu lbous ; strongly and even ly depressed and com

pressed to the posteri or end ,the posterior elevation very gradual .

(See Figs . 69 and

The color in this stage changes very decidedly during the development of the nymph w ithin the translucent puparium . Thecolor is not resident in the pupal envelope bu t due almost entirelyt o the inclosed matter . Consequently at first the colors are thoseof the larva— l ight pea-green with a brownish remnant of the dorsalblood vessel and ,

at the sides of this,the two whitish lines . The

flat t ened posterior end of the puparium,including the breathing

tubes,however , is light testaceous brown ,

the tips abou t the spiracles black . M idway on the length of the breathing appendages isa dark brown ring .

As the pupa developes w ithin , the color changes , gradual lylosing all trace of the green and assum ing more and more the colorsof the adu lt . The first thing t o be noticed is the reddish browncolor of the eyes replacing the green in the anterior third of the

pupa . Later the black and yellow abdom inal markings becomeapparent .

The puparium is smooth,bare ; the segmental Spines incon

Spicuous . The breathing tubes as in the larva ,prom inent sub

cylindri cal , the tips around the spiracles becom ing black . Thewrink les of the skin often remain rather prom inent .

Pupae were found on persimm on June 1 t o 5 ; on Rumexmore orless continuously from the latter part of June , through Ju ly toAugust ; and on cabbage from September 15 t o October 15 . In

captivity a number of pupae were formed between September 2 1and October 1 .

TSee THE 0 1110 Nu cm u sr , Vol . X I I , No . 5 , pp . M ar . , 1912 .

June , Life-Histories of Syrphidae IV. 537

The duration in the pupal stage varied in captivity from to

days in the case of those taken from persimmon in the spring,

while in Au tumn in specimens from cabbage the duration in thepupal stage was in som e cases as much as 10 days .

These pupae are fastened by a Viscid substance secreted by theanal glands of the larva which ,

in drying,glues them t o various parts

of the host—plant of the aphids among which they live . Theyattach t o the flowers and in the curls of the leaves of persimmon

,

in leaf—axils , or flower spikes of Rumex and on cabbage among theouter leaves . In jars they attach t o the cloth cover , the glass , or

to leaves enclosed ,apparently with no d iscretion .

The body shortens and thickens and the larval skin inflat esand hardens in the usual manner . Within this puparium profoundchanges take place which cu lm inate in t he completely form ednym ph ,

which h as onl y t o spread its w ings and harden,after

bursting ou t of the pupa case , t o form the perfect fly .

Adult .

Description after Williston , Synop . N . A . Syrph , 96 , 1886 .

(See Fig . (71 Q Length , 6 t o 7 mm . Face yellow , oftenw ith a blu ish reflect ion , slightly brownish on the tubercle . Frontaltriangle yellow ; front in the female shin ing black on t h e vertex

,con

t inued as a broad stripe (broadest below)t o the antennae ; on thesides the yellow of the face continu es up along the eyes nearly t othe ocelli . Antennae reddish—brown ,

blackish on the upper partof the third joint . Thorax deep shining green

,on the sides w ith

a yellow stripe , reaching from the humeri t o the su tur e , where it i ssharply truncate ; post-alar callosity also yellow . Scu tellum whol lylight yellow

,faintly reddish on the di sk ; pile black . Abdomen

black,or brown ; first segment , except a slender transverse spot on

each side behind,yellow ; second segment with a slender yellow

anterior fascia , and a broader one in the midd le , about a third of

the w idth of the segm ent , straight and bu t slightly widened at thesides ; third segm ent w ith a broad arcuate band ,

not qu ite touchingthe posterior angles on the sides ; fourth segm ent with two slenderparallel stri pes , leaving a slender black stripe between them , on

each side a broader,oblique

,oval spot

,tou ching

,or narrowly

separated fron the anterior end of the yellow longitudinal stripe,

and reaching t o the posterior angles ; fif t h segm ent sim i lar , butthe side spots less oblique . Legs light yel low ; last three joints ofall the tarsi

,the hind tibiae

,except the base and a m iddle ring

,and

a ring on outer part of hind femora,brownish . Wings hy aline

,

veins black .

538 The Oh io Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII , NO. 8 ,

Syph aeroph oria cylindrica (Say).(Plate XXX ,

Figs . 71

Egg .

Length mm .,diameter mm . E longate oval l ess

pointed anteriorly than that of Allogmpta 0 57777770 bu t scarcelydiscernible from the latter , or from egg of Sy7ph 773 0 777e777 0 77 773

,

except possibly by m i croscopic examination .

Color chalk-white , scu lpturi ng very sim ilar to that of Allo

g7 0pt0 0 5779770 . The proj ecting bodies however,appear , on the

whole,t o be shorter and broader than in that species

,about two

or three times as long as broad ; distance between any two bodiesabou t one-half the width of the body itself ; number of arms aroundit 12 t o 20 , rather short , not much branched . M any of themending at half the distance across the interveni ng space . Numbersof bodies around the egg at the m iddle abou t 50 ; number the lengthof the egg from pol e t o pol e , very close to 30 .

A female of this species taken on May 8 ,19 11 , over grass , was

confined and fed sweetened water . Four days later , M ay 12,22

eggs were laid,and two the fol low ing day . None of these eggs

hatched up t o M ay 22 , and were probably inferti le , though it ispossible that other conditions m ight have prevented normaldevelopment . Another female taken on M ay 13 laid only 2 eggsM ay 14 ; and a third

,after being enclosed for som e days

,oviposited

several dozen eggs on M ay 3 1 . None of these hatched .

The eggs w ere deposited in the usual manner,the posterior

ventral portion being glued t o the surface . These little glisten ingwhite eggs seem t o have no m ethod of natural protection except theegg-shell which is leathery rather than fragile .

Length 9 t o 10mm .,height mm .

,width 2 25 mm . E longate

oval , tapering at anterior end , som ewhat truncate except forrespiratory appendage at posterior end

,depressed . Outline irreg

ul ar,dorsal integument much wri nkled transversely

,and with

lateral , longitudinal cari nae . (Fig .

Color pea-green with two ,narrow

,longitudinal , white stripes ,

laterad of and paral leling the rather conspicuous dark heart line .

These white stripes and other coloring produ ced as in Allograpta ;the stripes attenuated and confluent a l ittle before the anterior end ,

not reaching the respiratory appendage posteri orly .

Respiratory appendage brownish black at the tip . The skini s papillose

,bare except for the u sual segmental bri stles which are

here short,light-colored and inconspicuou s . There are a number


54 0 The Ohio Naturali st . [V0 ] . XII , No. 8,

As in Allogmpta 0 5170770 these larvae are colored like the leaveson which they common ly feed and this is probably of some proteotion t o them . They are also parasitized by 3 0 3 3 773 lcet0 t0 7 7

'

773 .

P apa .

D imensions , average of six : Length,neglecting the posterior

respiratory appendage,

mm .,height mm .

,width mm .

In general shape , color , and appearance so sim ilar t o A ltogmpta0 5779770 as scarcely t o perm it of separate description . The puparium i s general ly less strongly elevated posteriorly

, (See Fig . 780f ,

Fig . The characters of the posterior respiratory appendageshowever remain as in the larva and will always serve t o distingu ishthe species from A . 0 5170770 .

Pupation was observed t o occur in an open greenhouse Columbus , Ohio ,

June 5 ,19 11 . On Rumex 0 7735773 , Sandu sky ,

the 23rdof June and later , and from the m idd le of September t o the m iddl eof October on cabbage . The pupae were glued t o the more or lessexposed surfaces of the leaves among which the larvae h ad fed .

The duration in the pupal stage (indoors)was 5 t o 7 days .

Adult .

The fol lowing descri ption modified after Williston, Synop .

N A . Syrph . applies to the adul ts reared from the larvae and pupaedescribed above . (See Fig .

Length, 6 t o 8 m m. Face and front light yellow

,

shin ing ; tubercle and anterior oral margin somewhat fuscous .

Antennae reddish yellow ,sometimes brown ish above on third

joint . Dorsum of thorax dark greenish o l ivaceous,somewhat

shining,with an abbreviated lateral stripe reaching on ly t o t h e

sutur e , or very indistinct back of the suture ; two more or l essprom inent grayish pol linose stripes on the anterior part near themiddle line ; pleurae deep shin ing

,som ewhat blu ish black

,with

light yellow spots as fol lows : a large one under the base of the wing ,irregu lar in shape

,imperfectly divided , covering the pt eropleura

and parts of the mesopleura and metapleura ; and three small erones

,one above the base of each coxa ; which ,

except the front one,

may be continuou s w ith the larger spot ; scu tel lum sul phur yellow .

Abdom en slender ; first segment black except on the sides ; secondsegment with a broad y ellow cross—band in the m idd le

,and a brown

or black band half i t s w idth in front and behind ,not reaching the

lateral margin . Remaining abdom inal segments more or l essvariable ; third segment narrowly brown or blackish in front andbehind

,elsewhere reddish yellow ; fourth segm ent yellow and ob

scurely brownish ; fif t h segment and hypopygium wholly reddishyellow ,

the latter globose and with a tuf t of pile below in front .

Legs yellow including the coxae , the tarsi more or l ess infuscated .

Wings nearly hyaline , not exceeding the abdomen .

June , L7f e-Hi sto7'7e3 Qf Syrphidae IV. 54 1

9 . Front shining black ,yellow on the sides below ;

yellow lateral stripes of thorax extending on ly t o t h e suture .

Abdom en moderately broad ,shin ing black with the ext rem e

lateral margins con t inuously yellow and a moderately arcuate,

entire,yellow band ,

reaching the yellow on the sides,on each of

the segm ents from two t o four inclusive . These bands cover abou tone-third the length of the segm ent . Fifth segm ent w i th a sim i larbu t slenderer yellow band interrupted in the m iddle . Sixth segm ent yellow with som e black on the disk . In other respects asin the mal e .

EXPLANAT ION OF PLATE XXX .

F 1gures 61—70 A110 g7 0 p70 0 5179770 (Say).

F ig . 61 . Egg from t h e s1de x 20 .

F ig . 62 . Dorsa l View of egg x 20 .

F ig . 63 . A smal l part of t h e surface of egg-she l l show ing scu lpturing ,

h igh ly magnified .

F ig . 64 . Adu lt 9 about 7 t im es natura l S i ze .

F ig . 65 . Larva , 12—24 hours after hatch ing x 50 ; 0 ,

antenna ; 5 ,interna l

oesophagea l framework ; 0 , post er 1or resp 1ra t ory organs .

F 1g . 66 . M ature larva x 9 ; 0 , antenna ; 5 , pos it i on of anterior sp i rac les ; 0 , posterior resp iratory appendages .

F ig . 67 . Antero-ventral V i ew of t h e head of t h e larva , much en larged ;0

,antenna ; 5 , upper jaw ;0 , outer pair of m outh-hooks ; d , t h e t wo pa i rs of

latera l mouth hook lets ; e , ch 1t inous oesophageal fram ework ( interna l);f , lower jaw .

F 1g . 68 . End V i ew of posterior resp iratory organ x 200 ; 0 , one of t h e

s ix e longate spiracles ,5 , t h e dorsa l , c i rcu lar p late ; 0 , 0 , t h e 1n t ersp1racu lar

sp ines .

F ig . 69 . Dorsal View of puparium x 5 ; 0 , posterior resp i ratoryappendage .

F ig . 70 . Outli ne of puparium from t h e s ide x 0,posterior

resp iratory appendage .

F igures 71—78 Sphae7 0p170 7 70 037777717 70 0 (Say).F ig . 71 . Draw ing of t h e adu lt ma le from t h e s 1de x 7 .

F ig . 72 . Term inal part of m ature larva x 60 , sh owmg resp1ra t oryapparatus ; 0 , s l it- l ike sp i rac les ; 5 , dorsa l c ircu lar p late .

F ig . 73 . End-View of pos t er1or resp 1rat ory appendage x 120 ; letteringas in F i g . 72 .

F ig . 74 . S1de View of anterior resp iratory appendage ,h igh ly magn ified .

F ig . 75 . Th e same from t h e end , show ing teeth-l 1ke lobes .

F ig . 76 . Th e larva from t h e s i de x 5 ; 0 ,posterior resp i ratory

appendage .

F ig . 77 . Antero-ventral View of head segments , much en larged ; 0 , t h e

antenna ; 5 , t he upper jaw ; 0 , t h e two pairs of mouth—hooks c lose be5 1de t h ejaw s ; d , t h e outer pair of mouth—hooks ; e , ch i tinous oesophagea l framework

lower jaw .

F ig . 78 . Ou t l 1ne of puparium from t h e s ide 11 t h e dotted l inesindicate several variations in t h e shape of puparia .

OH IO NATURAL IST .

METCALF 0 11 Li fe-H istories of Syrph idae IV .


544 The Ohio N0 t777'0 173 t. [VOLXII , No. 8,

herbarium . I t is t o be hoped, t hat t his list may be helpful t o

students of l i chenology in t his state and induce other botani calworkers t o comm ence the study of this very interesting branchof natural science .

List of Lich ens

Acarospora puscat a (Schrad .)Th . Fr . On sandst one : C 2 G l .

Alect or-ia jubata chalybeiform is (L .)Ach . On fencerails : C 4 G 2

P 4 S 1 ; on rock : L 1 .

Arthoni a punct iform is Ach . On bark (Ash ,hickory

,ptelea):

C 2 E 1 .

Art honia radiata (Pers .)Ach . On bark (Alder , ash,basswood

,

hickory,maple

,sycamore): C 16 L 3 O 1 .

A . radiata swart ziana (Ach .)Willey . On bark : C 1 E 1 .

Art hopyrenia conoidea (Fr .)Fink . On limestone : O 1 .

Arthopyrenia gemm ata (Ach .)M ass . On bark (Dogwood ,sycamore): C 4 S 1 .

Art hopyrenia punct i form is (Pers .)M ass . On bark (Ash ,maple):

C 8 .

Arth ot h elium spectabile M ass . On bark (Ash ,birch

,horse

chestnu t , maple): C 43 L 1 O 1 S 3 .

Bacidia fuscorubella (Hoffm)Am . 0 11 bark (Dogwood,elm

,

maple): C 8 L 1 S 1 .

B . fuscorubella su ffusa (Fr .)Fink . On l imestone : O 1 .

Bacidia rubella (Hoffm .)M ass . On bark (Ash , elm , maple,

wil low): C 12 .

Bacidia Schweini tzii (Tuek .)Fink . On bark (Ash , birch ,maple):

C 16 G 2 L 1 M 1 .

Bacidia umbrina (Ach .)Branth . Rrostk . On argil laceou s slateand sandstone : C 4 .

Baeomyces byssoides (L .)Ach . On clayey ground : C 2 .

Bilimb ia hypnoph ila (Ach .)Fr . On bark (Hickory , sycamore,

willow)and moss covered rock : C 18 G 2 O 2 P 2 S 2 .

Bilim bia naegelii (Hepp)Zwackh . On bark (Basswood): C 1 .

Bilimbia sphaeroides (D i cks)Koerb . On old bark (Witchhazel): C 1 .

Buellia parasema (Ach .)Koerb . On bark (Alder , ash,beech ,

chestnu t,hickory

,maple , oak

, w . cherry): C 11 E 1 G 1

L 1 P 2 S 3 .

Calicium pariet inum Ach . On bark (Sycamore): C 3 .

Cetraria ciliaris Ach . On fence rails and dead Tamarack branchesC 2 G 2 L 1 P 3 S 2 .

Cetraria i slandica (L .)Ach . On earth : C 1 .

Cetraria lacunosa Ach . On fence rai ls and old wood : C 2 P 1 S 4 .

C ladonia bacillaris (Del .)Nyl . On rotten wood : C 1 .

C ladon ia caespit icia (Pers .)Floerke . On old wood : C 4 L 1 M 1 .

C ladoni a coccifera (L .)Willd . Over moss on earth : C 1 .

J une, L70he773 of Northern Ohio. 54 5

C ladonia cristatella Tuck . On earth ,old wood and over moss

on rock : C 30 E 1 L 1 8 2 .

“C ladonia fimbriata (L .)Fr . In it s varieties : cornu toradiata

Coem .,simplex (Weiss)Wainio

,subu lata (L)Wain io . On

decaying wood : C 3 .

C ladonia furcat a (Huds .)Schrad . On earth ,old bark and old

wood : C 20 L 1 S 1 .

C ladonia gracilis (L .)Willd . On old bark and wood : C 5 E 1 S 1 St l

C ladonia m it rula Tuek . On earth , old bark and wood : C 19 G l S2

C ladonia pyxidat a (L .)Hoffm . On earth , old bark ,old wood and

over moss on the ground : C 32 E 1 S 3 .

C ladonia rangif erina (L .)Hoffm . On earth , rock and old wood :C 7 E 1 L 3 .

C ladon ia silv at ica (L .)Hoffm . Ou earth : C 3 E 1 .

C ladonia squamosa (Scop)Hoffm . On rock , old bark and wood :C 9 L 2 S 1 .

C ladonia subcariosa (Ny l .)Wainio . On earth : C 4 .

C ladonia verticil lata Hoffm . On earth , old bark and wood :C 32 L 2 S 1 .

Coni ocybe pal l ida (Pers .)Fr . On moss and old bark : C 2 .

Conot rema urceolatum (Ach .)Tu ck . On bark (Chestnu t): L 1 .

Dermat ocarpon m iniatum (L .)Fr . On limestone : O 3 ; on

sandstone : S 1 .

Evernia prunast ri (L . )Ach . On fence rai ls : C 1 G 1 .

Graphis scripta L . On bark (Alder , ash , beech , chestnu t , elm,

hickory ,ironwood ,

sycamore , whitewood): C 36 G 3 L 2 O 1 .

G . scripta recta Nyl . On bark (B irch): C 3 .

Gyalect a cupul aris (Hdw .)Schaer . On l imestone : O 3 .

Lecanora h ageni Ach . On bark (Dogwood): S 1 .

Lecanora muralis (Schreb .)Schaer . On sandstone : C 1 .

Lecanora pall ida (Schreb .)Schaer . On bark (Ash ,hickory ,

maple): C 18 E 2 G 4 L 2 P 1 8 2 .

Lecanora pallescans (L .)Schaer . On old bark and bark (Beech ,maple , oak): C 3 G 1 .

Lecanora subfusca (L . )Ach . On bark (A lder , ash , beech ,birch

,

hickory,ironwood , maple

,w . cherry ,

willow): on fence rai l ;on rock (Amphibol ite), l im estone and sandstone : C 38 E 4

G 2 L 3 O 5 P 2 S 6 .

L . subfusca allophana Ach . On bark (Beech ,birch

,hickory ,

whitewood): C 3 E 1 .

Lecanora varia (Hoffm .)Ach . On bark (A lder , beech , cherry ,

hemlock , hickory , sycamore,tamarack ,

wild cherry,willow)

and dead wood : C 4 E 1 G 6 0 1 P 5 S 2 .

Lecidea albocoerul escens (Wul f .)Schaer . On sandstone : C 10

G 2 L 1 S 1 .

Lecidea coarctata (G . E . Sm ith)Ny l . On argil laceou s slat eand sandstone : C 4 .

546 The Ohio Naturalist . [VO] . XII , No. 8

Lecidea contigua Fr . On sandstone : C 2 .

Lecidea cyrt idi a Tu ck . On sandstone : C 6 S 1 .

Lecidea en t eroleuca Ach . On bark (Alder , ash ,hickory

,willow)

and on rock : C 3 G 1 0 2 S 1 .

Lecidea plat ycarpa Ach . On argillaceou s slate and sandstone :C 28 S 1 .

Lecidea speirea Ach . On sandstone : C 4 S 1 .

Lecidea u liginosa (Schrad .)Ach . On earth : C 2 .

Lecidea vernalis (L .)Ach . On decayed wood : C 1 .

Lecidea Viridescens (Schrad .)Ach . On decayed roots and over '

moss : L 1 S 1 .

Lept ogium lacerum (Retz)S . F . Gray . On old bark and over~

moss on rock : C 2 O 2 .

Leptogium pul chellum (Ach .)Nyl . On old bark and moss : C 4 M 1

Leptogium t remelloides (L .)S . F . Gray . On moss over old barkand l im estone and on bou lder : C 6 O 1 S 1 .

M ycoporum sparsellum Ny l . On bark ( Ironwood): S 1 .

Neph roma laevigatum Ach . On old bark : C 2 .

Omphalaria pul vinata (Schaer .)Ny l . On l imestone : O 1 .

Opegrapha varia Pers . incl . v ar . notha, (Ach .)Ny l and pulicaris ,

(Ach .)Nyl . On bark (Basswood , chestnu t , elm, maple ,

sycamore,w illow): C 14 G 1 L 1 O 2 .

Opegrapha viridis Ach . On bark (Elm , oak): C 3 O 1 S 1 .

Opegrapha vul gata Ach . On bark (Ash , maple , sycamore): C 4 .

Pannaria n igra (Huds .)Nyl . On lim estone : C 1 O 3 .

Parmelia borreri rudect a (Ach .)Tuck . On bark (Hickory ,maple ,

oak,red cedar)and old bark : C 6 E 9 O 3 P 1 St 1 .

Parmelia caperat a (L .)Ach . On bark (Beech ,hickory , oak ,

sy camore , willow); over m oss ; on fence rai ls and on rocks :C 16 G 1 L 1 M 2 0 l P 4 St 1 .

Parm elia conspersa (Eh rh .)Ach . On sandstone : C 1 .

Parm elia ol ivacea (L .)Ach . On bark (B irch ,oak

,willow)

C 1 E 3 .

Parm elia perforata (L .)Ach . On bark (Maple , oak): C 1 M 1 .

Parm elia perlata (L .)Ach . On bark (M aple); on rock : C 4

E 1 G 1 M 1 .

P . perlata ciliata (Lam . DC .)Schaer . On bark (Hi ckory ,maple): C 6 G 1 O 2 .

Parmelia physodes (L .)Ach . On bark (Ash , willow); on fencerai ls and dead tamarack branches : C 2 G 1 P 3

Parm elia saxati lis (L)Ach . On bark (Hickory ,maple , willow);

on old bark , on rock and moss over rock : C 12 G 1 L 1 M 2

O 1 P 2 .

Parmelia t iliacea (Hoffm)Ach . On bark (Alder , ash , hickory ,maple , willow): C 9 G 3 L 1 M 3 P 4 S 2 .

Peltigera aphthosa (L .)Willd . On rock and over moss on rock :C 5 L l S l .


548 The Ohio Naturalist. [VO] . XI I , NO. 8,

Pyrenul a nitida (Weig)Ach . On bark (Ash ,beech

,birch

,

ironwood , oak ,poplar): C 23 S 1 .

Ramalina calicaris (L .)Fr . On bark (Alder , ash ,hickory

,oak ,

willow)and on dead wood : C 4 G 3 M 3 O 1 P 3

R . calicaris farinacea (L .).Fr . On sandstone : C 1 L 1 .

R . calicaris fraxinea (L .)Fr . On bark (Oak): C 2 E 1 .

Rhizocarpon alboat rum saxicolum (Fr .)Fink . On limestone : O 1 .

Rh izocarpon petraeum (Wu lf .)Koerb . On sandstone : C 5 .

R inodina sexigua Ach . On bark (Apple): C 1 .

Rinodina sophodes (Ach .)Koerb . On bark (Ash ,hickory

,

ptelea); on limestone and sandstone : C 3 E 3 G 1 .

Sph inctrina t ubaeformis M ass . On thallu s of Pertu saria pustulat a

(Ach .)Ny l . occurring on hickory bark : O 1 .

Stereocaul on coralloides Fr . On sandstone : C 2 .

Sticta amplissima (Scop .)M ass . On bark (Beech ,maple

,oak

,

sycamore)and over moss on old bark and rock : C 17 G 1 P 1 .

Sticta pulmonaria (L .)Schaer . Over moss on bark (Ash)and on

old bark (Sycamore): C 2 M 1 O 1 .

Synechob lastus nigrescens (Huds .)St it zenb . On bark (Maple)and on old bark : C 3 .

Telosch ist es ch rysoph t halmus (L .)Fr . On bark (Oak)and deadbranches (Red cedar): E 1 .

Telosch ist es concolor (D icks)Tu ck . On bark (Apple , hickory ,maple

,oak ,

poplar , red cedar , willow)C 7 E 2 O 3 P 3 .

Telosch ist es lychneu s (Ach .)Fr . [incl . v ar . poly carpu s ,Tu ck ] On bark (Apple , oak ,

poplar,willow): C 4 E 6 M 1 .

Trypet helium Virens Tu ck . On bark (Beech ,ironwood): C 6 L 1

S 1 .

Usnea barbata Fr . On bark (A lder): P 1 .

U . barbata hirta (L .)Fr . On bark ,on dead branches (Red cedar)

and on rock : C 3 G 1 L 2 M 1 P S S 1 .

Verru caria fuscella (Tu rn .)Ach . On sandstone : C 1 .

Verrucaria muralis Pers . On limestone and sandstone : C 3 O 4 .

Verrucaria nigrescens Pers . On sandstone : C 1 .

V . nigrescens Viridu la (Schrad .)Nyl . On argil laceous rock : C 1 .

June, Meetings of B iological Club. 54 9


ORTON HALL , February 12 ,19 12 .

The Biological Club met at p . m . with the president ,W . M . Barrows , presiding . The program of the evening consistedof an interesting and instru ctive lecture

,

“ Among the WhiteMountains

”by J . C . Hambleton .

For several years M r . Hambleton has h ad charge of a boys’

camp located in sou thwestern New Hampshire near the Connecticu t R iver . During the course of his lecture a good ly number offine lantern slides were shown . The lecture was particul arlyvaluable in showing the many interesting physiographic

,geological

,

floral and aesthetic features of the region around the camp ; andparti cularly those incident t o a trip in the White M ountains andthe climbing of M t . Washington .

Professors Schaffner and Osborn gave brief reports of'

a few of

the more interesting papers presented at the Washington m eetingof the Am eri can Association for the Advancement of Science .

Dr . R . J . Seymour and M r . Charles F . Stiles were elected t omembership .

ORTON HALL,M arch 4

,1912 .

The C lub was cal led to order at p . m . by the president .

The first subj ect of the evening was by Prof . C . J . West on “ TheLaw of Probability . Prof . West spoke of the necessity of

mathemati cal knowledge on the part of the biologist who is doingstatisti cal work . While this work does not requ ire very difficultmathemati cs it does requ ire great care t o avoid errors .

The development of statisti cal work was shown from itsbeginning in solving the problem s of the gambler t o its presentstatus . Since a finit e number of m easurements is never absolutelycorrect this s cience is now used in all the more delicate experi

m ental sciences as a corrector of our erroneou s senses . By thism eans also a set of constants m ay be made t o stand for a greatseries of unintelligible data . Prof . West explained the developm ent of a number of the formu lae as those for the law of mortality

,

the law of probability and the probable error .

L . King read an interesting paper on The Li fe of Galton .

Galton was one of the earliest scientists t o use the statisticalmethods .

R . D . Whitmarsh was elected t o membership .

550 The Ohio Naturali st. [VO] . XII , No. 8

ORTON HALL,April 1

,19 12 .

After reading and approval of the m inu tes , the C lub listenedt o an informal talk by Dr . A . M . Bliele on a recent trip t o I taly .

Dr . B lei le told in a delightful manner abou t the people of thed ifferent places Visited ,

their characteristics and manners of life ;of Visits t o a half-extinct vol cano and to Pompeii ; of the monu

ments and ruins , the art palaces and cathedrals at Rome , Florenceand Veni ce ; and of the museum

,aquaria

,bacteriologi cal and

zoological institu tes and other educational institu tions at Naples ,Pompeii and Vienna .

M r . Forest Brown reviewed a series of papers by Raunkiaer on

The Stat istics of Li fe-form s as a Basis for B iological P lantGeography . The au thor has made numerical studies of theposition of buds in plants surviving the unfavorable season . He

is able thu s t o classify plants into som e thirty types the distribution of which he h as traced in North Am erica ,

Europe , and variousother portions of the globe . Five of these are as follows : ( 1)Phanerophytes (trees)w ith surviving buds supported above thesoi l ; (2)Geophytes with surviving buds at the earth

’

s sur face ;(3)Hemicrypt oph y t es with surviving buds just beneath the surface ; (4)Cryptophytes w ith surviving buds deep in the earth ; (5)Th eroph y t es which survive on ly as seed .

With such data Raunk iaer h as been su ccessful in plottingb iochores , or biological boundary lines , and in defining a numbero f l ife-zones which he farther shows t o be determ ined by climat e .

C . L . M ETCALF,S ecret0 7y .

Dat e of Pu b licat ion , J une 7 , 19 12.


Index to Volumes X,XI and X11.

Nodd ing , d iurna l , 474 .

Not h omy ia , 301 .

Odonata , 153 .

Oh io agar i cs , 177 ,247 , 349 .

b irds , 420 .

gymnosperm s , 9 .

l ichens , 41 .

mal lows , 465 .

medic ina l p lants , 55 , 73 .

m ice , 65 .

mo les and shrews ,494 .

naiades , 183 .

orch ids , 24 .

p lants , 39 ,160 , 185 ,

246 , 457 .

Polyporaceae , 353 .

powdery m i ldews , 166 .

rubber , 469 .

Unc inu la , 351 .

Onc ideres , 1 .

Open va l ley ,2 10 .

Oph iog lossum , 8 .

Orchard I sland ,200 .

Orch ids , Oh io ,24 .

Paragus , 397 .

Penn sy lvanian l imestones , Oh io , 89 .

Periderm ium , 285 .

Peri l la ,427 .

Per i sporiales , 166 .

Phace l ia dub ia , 303 .

Ph lox stolonifera ,26 1 .

Phy l losticta so l itaria , 334 .

Phy s iography , Buckeye Lake , 517 .

P lants , class ificat ion ,289 , 409 .

Oh 1o ,Barnesv i l le ,

160 .

Oh io l i st , exc luded ,185 .

on dump ing ground ,475 .

New Oh i o , 39 , 246 , 457 .

P leurotus ,247 .

Pol l ination notes , 378 .

Polyporaceae , Oh io , 353 .

Pos t elsia , 220 .

Potato agar , 13 .

Powdery m i ldews , Oh io , 166 .

Rubber , 469 .

Rubber , crude , 146 .

Rubber , Ohio grown , 271 .

Rust , wh ite p ine , 285 .

Scaph oideus , 249 .

Selasoma , 150 .

Se lf -d iv i d ing lam inae , 217 .

Seneca Co . Lep i doptera ,233 .

Shrews , Ohio , 494 .

Snow iel lus , 151 .

8o i ls , unproduct ive , 137 .

South Amer . geo logy ,273 .

Southwestern Oh io , c l imatic con

d i t ions , 385 .

Sp i rode la , w inter-buds , 181 .

S t ibosoma , 5 16 .

S t rat iomy idae , Cedar Point , 299 .

Symb iotes , 461 .

Syph aeroph or ia cy l indrica , 538 .

Syrph idae , 337 , 397 ,477 , 533 .

Sy rphu s ,477 .

Syrphu s t orv us , 341 .

Tabanidae , new spec ies , 513 .

Tabanus , 513 .

Tal lant col lection ,266 .

Taxonomy of grasses , 490 .

T inob regmus ,261 .

Tw ig g 1rd ler ,1 .

Unc inu la , Oh io , 351 .

Un1onidae , 331 .

Val ley , open , 210 .

Viola h i rsu tu la , 232 .

Wasps , 163 .

Wm t er-buds , Sp irode la ,181 .

Wood lot , evaporation gradient , 347 .

Xerophy tic adaptations , 184 .

MACLDEMY op -Sc i ENCE. Pub l i sh ed month ly duringNov ember t o June (8 numbers. Price $ 1 .00 per year,forei gn countries, 61 .25 . 8 1ng10 copies 15 cents.

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t

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The P rotozoa. of Sandusky Bay and V ieim t y .

F . L LANDACRE . .

" " lji scomyce tes m t heV i cin i ty of - fpp , 5

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JOHN H . SCHAFFNER z.



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Thé Ufiiv ersi ty aims *

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W ithin thereach 6 f all th eir 1g13 6 113 tes . Th e buildings 3re 3111plev

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purpose of instruction"

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DR. 17 . THOMPSON,

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W h eh w r iying t o ad éert i sers h pl ease mention t h e“

Ohi o N atu rali st. ” f .

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éW il lows of Oh io. pp. 66 . ROBERT F .

Land 3 nd F resh -Wajt ef fl ollusc‘

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T166 3 of 01116 and Surr6und i11gj'1‘ermtory

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“Ecolog ical S tfidy‘

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'FFNER , OTTO E, ” 55T1116 W iilows of Oh io. fpp

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. 66 ; ROBERT F . GRIGGS . 50 ctsV

“ L and and F resh -water M ol lu isca’

of Oh io.

V“ Th e P rotoz

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oa of Safidusky B ay and VicinityF . L LAN DACRE ; .

“Th e P t eri doph ytes of Oh io.

”pp. JOHN H. S CHAFFNER, 50 ct ;

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Treés of Oh io and Surrounding Te'

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AFFNER16 .

“ T116 P t eridoph ytes'

of Oh io. pp . IOR N H SCRAFFNER,

Addr6s s : W . CC ..

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Th e Univ ersity ,almis to go relate itself to th e best h ighschools of the State as to make a univ ersity course with in thereach of all their graduates Th e bpildih g s are ample for_

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purpose of instruction . Send freely for inf é rmation:m

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Address all inquiries to th e President ,1)s 01: THOMPSON;

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Wh en wri ting t o ad v ert i sers , p leu o'ment ion t h e Oh i o Naturali st . n

A journal dev oted more esporgan 01 THE BIOLOGICALGDUBACADEMY 0 11 80 1334011 1511 iNov ember to J uneforeign coufi

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t ries,‘

Sand ixsky n ah .

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pp . E L . MosELEvJ.

Th e Odonata: of Oh io. pp’

1 1 6 DAV Ifi S . KELLICOTTTh e P reg lac‘ial D rainag e of Oh io. , pp . :75 .

J A . BQW NOCKER J. H . Tonp_

a11d GERAR‘

Th e F ish es ofl Oh io. pp . 165 E‘RAYMOND C.

TheB irds of Oh io. , .pp 241 ._Ly NDs~JoNEs .

Ecol og ical Study of B ig Spring P ral in e

THOMAS A . BONSER'

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Th e Coccidae "

of Ohi o, 1 . pp . 6 6

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,a S‘Bat rach ians and Reptiles of Oh io . pp 54: M AX eta

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.pp 60 ROBERT,

F Gm“ Land and -

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Th e P rotozoa of Sand u ’

sky Bay and V lcin ity .

F ._

.L LAND ACRED iscomycetes i n t h e V icim ty of Oxford , Oh i é f

” pp . 54FREDA M . BACHMANf .

Trees of Oh io and Surrou nding Terri tory. pp 122 a

1

JOHN H . SCHAFFNER . 75 cts

16 .

“ Th e P teridophytes of Oh io. pp , 4 1 . JOHN H. SCHAFFNER so cts

Address : W. C. MILLS L ib ran an Oh io A cademy of Sciehce~1’

P ag e Hal l , Oh io State U n iv ers ity ,.Columh usL Oh io,


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Th e W il lows of Oh io .

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pp . 60 ROBERT F . GR IGGSLand alnd F resh -W Et er :M ollusca g f Oh io. pp: 35V: STERKI

“ The P rotozoa of Sandusky Bay and V icmit yF . L . L ANDACRE a‘

Di iscomycet es f m t h e Vicin ity of Ox fdrd}Oh io.

”pp. 54

FREDAM . BACHMAN !

15 1“T rees of Oh io ah d Surround ing Terri tory pp . 122 .


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Ohio}

A journal devmed 1110 10 especial ly to th e natural h istory of Ohi o.

* Th eo fficmorgrm of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB or THE 0 11 10 S un UNIVERSITY and of THE 0 11 10ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Pub1i Sh ed monthly dur ing t h e academic year , fromNov ember to J une (8 numbers. P r ice $ 1 .00 per yea1 , payab }o in adyah ce.

*Toforeign countri es , 31. 25 . 8 1ng le copies 15 cents f

I

JAMES ST‘

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ROBT. F . GR‘IGGS , Botany ,

W C . M ORSE , Geology ,

HEEBERT ,OSEORN .

0 11 11 1311 23 5 . PROSSER .

Th e‘

OHIO NATURAi -IST i s owned and control led by the Biolbgiédl Clfib 0 111110: Oh io~

1 Oh i o Acad emy 0 ! S c i enc e Pub l i c afl on s .

First and Second Annua l Report s . Price 30 cts. eachThird and Fourth Annua l Reports

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F ifth to Sixteerfih Annual Reports y .

Sev enteenth Annual R eport. z

1f S PEQ IAL PAPERS .

F lora.

”pp . i 67. E. L . MQSELEY

2 .

“ Th é Gdonata of Oh io .

”pp . 1 1 6 . DAVID S . KE

3 . Th e P reg lacial Drai nag e

Hof Oh io . pp . 75 . W . G

_TIGHT

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.I A . BOWNOCKER, I. H“

TODD and GERARD FOWKE'

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The_

F ishes of Chi c}. pp . 1 0 5 . RAYMOND C. OSBURN“ Taban idae of Oh io.

”pp . 63 JAMES S .

Th e Bi rds '

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u Ecolog ical S tudy of Big Sprih g P rairie .

”pp 96 n

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“ Th e Coccidae ,of Oh io , I . pp . 66 . JAMES G SANDERS ”

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“ Batrach iansf_

aLnd R ep t i les of Oh io.

”; pp . 54 M AX MORSE .

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“Ecolég'i cal S tudy of Brush Lak e .

”t. pp . 2 0 . 1.

J. H . SCHAF FNER ,0 1 1 0 E JENN1NGS ;IFRED . J . cts .

Th e W il lows of Ohio. pp . 60 ROBERT“ Land and F resh-water M ollusca

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of pp. 35 .

V . STERKI . 50 cts .

1 3 . Th e P rotozoa. sof Sandusky Bay and Vicin ity .

F . L . LANDACREDiscbmycetes in

’

t h e Vicinity of Oi ford , Oh io.

”pp . 543 .

F REDA M . BACHMAN ”

“ Trees'

of Oh io and Surr0unding Terri tory . pp. 1 2 2

JOHN H . SCHAF FNMER

16 .

“‘Th e P t eridophy tes of _

Oh io.

”pp . 4 1 . JdaN H . SCHAF13NER , 50 cts

‘

.

dress : W . C . M ILLS , L ibrarian ; Oh io Academy of ScienceP ag e H all , Oh io S t at e Un iv ers ity Columb us . Ohio.


“

?The 0 11165

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Special at tent iofi is’

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sch ools Q f th e S tate . as to makea univ ersity course With inreach of all th eir gradfiates . T he buildings are ample for

purpose of~instru§ct ion f Send freely f or informatioh

DR .W, O . THOMPSON‘

Columbus , O h io

h

A journal dev oted moi'e especially to th e natural h istbry of Ohio. Th e officialorgan of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB of THE 0 1110 STATE UNIVERSITY and of THE OHIO“

ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Pub lished monthly during th e academic year , fromNov ember to J une (8 numbers .)Price per year , payab le in adv ance. Tofore ign countries , $ 1.25 . Single eopies , 15 cents .

WM .

‘M . BARR OWS , Zoology ,ROBT . F . GR IGGS , Botany ,

1.

" W . C M ORSE, Geology ; .

a d

Th e 0 1110 NATURALIST is owned and controlled by th e Biologi cal Cl iib of th e OhioShi te Uni v ersi ty .

In order to ob vmt e inbonv emenées to our regul ar patrons ; NATURALIST Wi ll bemailed regularly unt il .notice’

of d iscontinuance 18 receiv ed 1) t h e man ent . Th eNATURALIST Wil l ay for i llustrations not exceed ihg two p ages or any art ié e

By a spec ai arrangement W i th th e OHIO ACAD EMY 1 0 1? , SCIENCE , the OHIONATURALILT is sent withou t addi tional expense to al l members of th e ACADEMY Wh oare not in an ears for ann ual dues .

Th e first elev en v olumesmay b e obtai ned at 81 .00 per v olume. 1 v P

Remittances of all kinds Shou ld bemade payable to th e Bugihesm m ager, J . 8 . Bmx.

m m , THE 0 1110 NATURALIST.

Oh i o Aca d emy 0 1 S ci ence Pub l i c a t i ons .

F irst and Second Annual Reports .

-Th ird and Fourth Annual R eports “ 15

F ift h to S ix teen th Annual ReportsSev ente en th Annual Report '

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I.

S PECIAL PAPERS

CCSandusky , pp E . L . BIOSELEY . a a 0 o o o o

Th e Odonata of Ohio.

” KELLICOTT . . 60 cts .

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Th e P regla'cial D rainag e of pp . 75 . W . 9 ”TIGHT ,

J A . BOWNOCKER , J H. ToDD j"

and GERARD ’FOWKE

Th e F ish es of Ohio .

‘

pp . 1 0 5 . RAYM OND C. OSBURN

Taban idae of Ohio.

Th e B irds of Ohio. pp . é4f“ Ecolog ical S tudy of B ig S pri

~ ~THOM AS A . BONSER8 .

“Th e Coccid'ae of .Ohio,'

I . pp 66 : JAMES G . 50 £115 .

f }?9 .

“ Batrach ians and R ep tiles of Ohio .

”pp

’

54 . MAX M ORSE 50 cts a

9;“Ecolog ical S tudy of Br

’

ush Lake .

”pp 2 0 w?

J . H . SCHAF FNER , OTTO E. JENN 1NGS FRED . J .

-M ER ; . 35“v

1.

Th e W il lows of Ohio . pp‘

; ROBERT F Gu es s .

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5o ets .

“ Land and F resh water M ollu sca of Ohio .

”pp . 35

Th e

V

Protozoa. of Sandusky Bay axid inity .

F . LD iscomy cetes in t h e Vi cin ity of Ox ford , Ohio.

”pp . 54

F REDA M .

Trees of Oh io and Surrounding Terri tory . pp . 1 2 2 .

JOHN H . SCH'

AFFNER

16 .

“Th e P teridophy tes of Ohio .

”pp . JQ HN H SCHAF FNER , 50 ct s .

A ddres s : W . C . M ILLS ,L ibrarian Oh io A cademy of S c1ence

,

P age Hal l , Ohio S tate Un iv ers ity . Columb us . Ohio . i mp“,


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