Objectives• To identify how the US entered the Philippines and how the Filipino-American war started.

• Determine the reason behind US conquest of the Philippines and instrumentalities they employ to pacify the Filipinos.

• To learn and master the US policies, especially in economy, politics and culture.

• To learn the reactions of Filipinos to American rule.

• To determine the positive/negative influences of American rule.

IntroductionThe conquest of the Philippines by the

Americans was part of its grand expansionist plan in late 19th Century. After the US underwent an industrial revolution that led to overpopulation with so much excess products that can’t be consumed by the American public, its economy experienced depression. To avert the negative impact of the economic crisis, the US started to look for countries where they can dump their excess products.

The Colonial Program (Benevolent Assimilation)

Reasons behind American ColonizationEconomically – they where in search for new markets for their excess products, for cheap source of raw materials and labor and to use the Philippines as a spring board to penetrate China trade.

Politically – they wanted to make the Philippines as the American’s fist line of defense in Asia by putting military bases overseas comprise their political agenda; and the expansion of Protestantism came as their cultural motive behind American conquest of the Philippines.

White Men’s BurdenA colonial program which was disguise into altruistic program which concealed the true objective behind colonization of the Philippines.

Other Objectives of US

I. To pursue or manifest the destiny of US as a world power.

II.To use Philippines as a source of raw materials for the US industries and as a market for US manufactured products.

III.To use Philippines as military and naval bases and refueling port servicing their interest in China.

Filipino-American War

February 4, 1899 – It all started when Pvt. Willie Grayson shot a Filipino sentry who was passing in San Juan Bridge.

To suppress the Filipino rebels in Luzon, Americans assigned military officers like Henry Lawton, Payton March, Frederick Funston among others, proving their superior way of fighting.

February 20, 1899 – Under the command of Marcus Miller, the Americans took Ilo-ilo in Visayas.

February 22, 1899 – Cebu was taken captive.

Bates Treaty

US sent John Bates to negotiate a peace agreement with Sultan of Jolo by means of treaty.

The treaty was failure.

Brutalities During the War

Americans deviated from basic rules of civilized welfare.

Assault are made; women and childrens became part of the punishment upon men.

Torture techniques; water cure, rope cure, and reconcentration camp were applied to Filipinos.

Reconcentration Act

To facilitate the apprehension of guerillas hidden or protected by people.

Instrumentalities of Pacification and American Colonial Policies

The Americans commissioned thousand of researches to gather accurate information about colony.

Their task is to determine the worth of the Philippines in terms of resources that can be opened and exploited for American investors.

Cooptation of the Elites

The allegiance and support of the Filipino elites or illustrado, the intellectual sector of the Philippine society was secured by Americans.

Leading Filipino Collaborators and Supporters of Americans

Pardo de Tavera Cayetano Arellano Gregorio Araneta Pedro Paterno Felipe Buencamino

Terms of Treaty of Bates• American’s occupation of Jolo• Sultan can continue to collect taxes in areas outside US teritories

• Sultan would receive monthly salaries from US government in Mexican currency

• Sultan could continue engaging in domestic trade within Sulu archipelago.

Thomasites and the Pensionado Program

As part of part of their military strategy, the US government deployed hundreds of teacher-soldiers throughout the archipelago who propagated the benefits of American culture.

• Pensionado Program – Filipinos were sent to US as government scholars . They were trained the art of public administration.

Peace PropagandaLocal elites, bureaucrats and

women elites were used as peace propagandists. Women from upper class were used by the Americans in their peace campaign against Filipino rebels.

Liga Femenina de Paz – prominent women’s group peace propagandist headed by Constancia Poblete.

Suffrage and Election Only upper class benefited from electoral processes.

Only 2% of the total population was allowed to join this exercise.

Those with college education, who occupied position in government and who can speak English or Spanish are qualified to vote.

American Colonial Policies

TAFT’S POLICY “PHILIPPINES FOR THE FILIPINOS”•Endorsed by Governor-General William Howard Taft in 1903.

•This policy promises to put the administration of the Philippines into the hands of Filipinos.

•Aims to give the Filipinos the benefits of American education.

TAFT’S POLICY “PHILIPPINES FOR THE FILIPINOS”

In real sense, this policy worked for the enhancement of American economic control and dependency.

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL TUTELAGE

• Taft Commission took over from the military governor in September 1900 the power to make laws.

• Initial step in the establishment of civil government in Philippines was undertaken by the Taft Commission.

• The Spooner Amendment in 1901 empowered the US president to administer the Philippines.

• The Spooner Bill sets up a civil government in the Philippines.

• Cooper Act is also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 or the Organic Bill.

• Cooper Act provided for the establishment of Philippine Assembly. It is when the Americans opened the government to Filipinos and shared power.

• Second Philippine Commission or Taft Commission enacted the Municipal Code in January 31, 1901.

• Municipal Code provides the organization of municipalities.

•1907- The first 2 national elections for the Philippine Assembly were held.

•Two Parties:– Partido Progresista– Partido Nacionalista

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL TUTELAGE

Sergio Osmeña- house speaker.Manuel L. Quezon- majority floor leader.

• The founding of National Assembly has never worked for genuine independence.

ECONOMIC POLICIES AND DEVELOPMENT

• Transportation and Communication

• Trade Policies

• Land Policy

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

• Infrastructures and road-building programs were financed heavily by Filipino taxpayers and were designed to satisfy American needs.

• Roads facilitate the collection of agricultural crops and other raw materials.

• Kennon Road was constructed which allows the American mining corporation to penetrate Benguet gold depots.

• Bicol Express (1930s) connects Bicol to Dagupan. Used to market US finished products.

TRADE POLICIESTrade Policies which Suggested Inequality:– Payne-Aldrich Act– Underwood-Simons Act– Tariff Act of 1901– Philippine Bill of 1902– Bell Trade Act of 1945

TRADE POLICIES• From 1899 to 1908, Philippines’ biggest trade partners were only US and Great Britain.

LAND POLICY• Friar Lands Act (October 1904). It allows the government to buy big friar haciendas and to be parcelled out to those who will apply for them.

• The rich were able to acquire additional lands.

LAND POLICY• Torrens System (adopted from Australia) is a land-system that extends the time frame for land registration to 2 years.

• Hacienda System was introduced in late Spanish rule and was strengthened under American rule.

Independence Missions and the Commonwealth

November 1918 – the Commission of Independence was created by the Philippine Legislature for the purpose of studying all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the Philippine Independence.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act • An act establishing a 10-year Commonwealth period to serve as a transition before the proclamation of independence.

Commonwealth Period• Filipinos learned how to run government of their own.

• Quezon was able to strengthen the National Security & Defense, Social Justice Program, and the Education.

• The Filipinos made solutions in encouraging some sectors to help the economic recovery, restructuring the social structure, and tied up relationship with the US.

Balance sheet of American Occupation: Pluses and Minuses

Positive Result Negative Result

Education and Democracy Filipinos became imitative

Introduction of scientific program in public health and

welfare

Filipinos lost their socio-cultural heritage and values due to colonial mentality

Trade commerce and industry, transportation and

communication, individual freedoms.

Filipinos became too dependent on the Americans

Political consciousness and awareness of the Filipinos in language and literature.

Economic dependency of the Filipinos