Aa broiler manual

Broiler Management Guide2009

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guide

2

3

Using ThisManual

Finding a TopicRed markers appear on the right-hand side of the manual. These allow readers immediate access to those sections and topics in which they are particularly interested.

The Contents List gives the title of each

section and subsection. An alphabetical

Keyword Index is given at the end of the

manual.

Key PointsWhere appropriate, Key Points have been included to emphasize important aspects of husbandry and management. They are highlighted in red.

Performance ObjectivesSupplements to this manual contain performance objectives that can be achieved with good management, environmental and health control.

4


Contents

Forward ................................................................................. 6Introduction................................................................................... 7

Section 1: Chick Management.............................................. 9Objective ...................................................................................... 9Principles..................................................................................... 10Chick Quality and Broiler Performance......................................... 10Chick Arrival................................................................................ 11Environmental Control................................................................. 12Brooder Management.................................................................. 13

Section 2: Provision of Feed and Water........................... 17Objective ..................................................................................... 17Principles..................................................................................... 18Supply of Nutrients........................................................

5

.............. 18Feeding Program.......................................................................... 18Feed Form and Physical Feed Quality........................................... 19Whole-wheat Feeding................................................................... 19Feed and Heat Stress................................................................... 20Environment ................................................................................ 20Litter Quality................................................................................ 20Water Quality............................................................................... 20Drinking Systems......................................................................... 21Feeding Systems.......................................................................... 23

Section 3: Health and Biosecurity.....................................25Objective .................................................................................... 25Principles..................................................................................... 26Biosecurity................................................................................... 26Vaccination .................................................................................. 27Disease Investigation................................................................

6

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guide... 27

Disease Recognition..................................................................... 29

Section 4: Housing and Environment.................................31Objective ..................................................................................... 31Principles..................................................................................... 32

7

Housing and Ventilation Systems................................................. 33Minimum Ventilation Systems..................................................... 34Transitional Ventilation Systems.................................................. 35Tunnel Ventilation Systems.......................................................... 35Evaporative Cooling Systems........................................................ 36Lighting for Broilers..................................................................... 36Litter Management....................................................................... 38Stocking Density.......................................................................... 39

Section 5: Monitoring Live Weightand Uniformity of Performance......................................... 41Objective .................................................................................... 41Principles..................................................................................... 42Predictability of Live Weight......................................................... 42Flock Uniformity (CV%)................................................................42

8

Arbor Acres Broiler Management GuideSeparate-Sex Growing

................................................................

.. 43

Section 6: Pre-processing Management............................ 45Objective .................................................................................... 45Principles..................................................................................... 46Preparation for Catching.............................................................. 46Catching ...................................................................................... 46Processing ................................................................................... 48

Appendices..........................................................................51Appendix 1. Production Records.................................................. 52Appendix 2. Conversion Tables.................................................... 53Appendix 3. Efficiency Calculations.............................................. 54Appendix 4. Feather Sexing..........................................................55Appendix 5. Classification of Months........................................... 56Appendix 6. Problem Solving....................................................... 57Appendix 7. Ventilation Rates and Calculations............................ 59

Keyword Index.......................................................

9

.............61


For ward TheManualThis manual is designed to help Aviagen’s customersachieve optimum performance from their birds. While notintended to provide definitive information on every aspect ofmanage- ment, this manual does draw attention to importantissues that if overlooked or inadequately addressed maydepress flock performance. The objective of this manual isto provide management techniques that help growers achievegood overall bird performance from day one through toprocessing while promoting bird health and welfare.

Aviagen applies a balanced approach to genetic progress,concentrating on commercial traits such as growth rate, feedconversion ratio, livability and meat yield, while improvingbird welfare in areas such as leg health, cardiovascularfitness and robustness. Achieving the genetic potential ofthe birds depends on three key factors:

• Management to provide birds with theirrequired environment.

• A dietary regimen that offers nutrients in the appropriate profile.

• Effective biosecurity and disease control programs.

These three sectors, environment, nutrition and health, areinterdependent. A shortfall in any one will bring negativeconsequences to the others and if any one of theseelements is sub-optimal, broiler performance will suffer.

In reality, the guidance of a manual such as this cannotwholly protect against performance variations that may occurfor a wide variety of reasons. While every attempt has beenmade to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the informationpresented, Aviagen accepts no liability for the consequences ofusing this information for the management of chickens.

Information presented in this manual combines dataderived from internal research trials, published scientificknowledge and the expertise, practical skills andexperience of the Aviagen Technical Transfer and Service teams.

TechnicalServicesFor further information on the management of Arbor Acresstock, please contact your localTechnical Service Manager or the TechnicalServices Department.

Cummings Research Park

Newbridge

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guide5015 Bradford Drive

Midlothian

Huntsville, Alabama 35805 EH288SZ

USA Scotland,UK

Tel: +1 256 890 3800 Tel: +44 (0) 131333 1056

Fax: +1 256 890 3919 Fax: +44 (0) 131 333

3296 i n f o @ a v i a g e n . c o m

i n f o w o r l d w i d e @ a v i a g e n . c o m

ww w. aviagen. com

6An Aviagen Brand

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.aviagen.com/




7

IntroductionAviagen produces a range of genotypes suitablefor different sectors of the broiler market.All Aviagen products are selected for a balancedrange of characteristics in both parent stockand broiler birds. This approach ensures thatthe products are capable of performing tothe highest standards in a wide variety ofenvironments.Aviagen applies a balanced approach to geneticprogress. Characteristics

As broiler production systems become moresophisticated, their management requires everhigher levels of responsiveness and theavailability of ever better information.

The broiler growing phase is only one part ofthe integrated total meat production process.This includes parent stock farms, hatcheries,broiler growing units, processors, retailers andconsumers.

of commercial importance such as growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), livability and meat yield are consistently improved together withgenetic advances made in bird welfare, leg health, cardiovascular fitness and robustness.

Achievement of the genetic potential inherentin the birds depends upon:

• An environment that is managed toprovide birds with all their requirementsfor ventilation, air quality, temperature andspace.

• The prevention, detection and treatment of ill health.• The provision of nutrient requirementsthrough the compounding of appropriate feedingredients, and the proper management ofthe provision of feed and water.

Producing Quality Broiler Meat — The Total Process

LOCATION OPERATION OBJECTIVEParent Stock Farm Parent Stock Management

Egg

Collection

Egg

Storage

Transport

Hatchery Egg Hatchery

Incubation

• Attention to bird welfare throughout, especially prior to processing.

The KeyProduction Management Phases

Chick Processing and Handling To produce high quality chicksTo maintain chick

qualityTransport

All of these are interdependent. If any one element is sub-optimal, then

Broiler Farm Brooding To develop appetite

overall broiler performancewill suffer.

Limits to Broiler Growth and Quality

Disinfection

Cleanout

To develop immune functionGrowth Management To allow optimum development

of skeleton, cardiovascular systemDepletion To optimize carcass quality

Transport

Health

Feed supply

Lighting

Ventilation

Stocking

d

e

n

s

i

ty


8

Nutrition

Temperature Water

supply Vaccinal

status

Processing

PlantProcessing

Retail

The broiler manager should strive to achievethe required flock performance in terms oflive weight, feed conversion, uniformity and meatyield. The first two weeks of life in a broilerflock are critical and require par- ticularattention. Chick handling, brooding and earlygrowth management are all of great importance.Broiler production is a sequential process andultimate performance is dependent on thesuccessful completion of each

Economic and commercial issues continue to influence the way broilers are managed:

• An increasing consumer demand for product quality and food safety.

• The need for flocks of broilers that can begrown to ever more predictable and pre-defined specifications.

• A requirement to minimize variability withinflocks and hence variability of the final product.

• The demand for bird welfare enhancement.

• Full utilization of the genetic potential available in the bird for FCR, growth rate andmeat yield.

• Minimization of avoidable diseases such asascites and leg weak- nesses.

step. Each stage must be assessed criticallyand improvements made wherever required formaximum performance.

The complexity of broiler production meansthat livestock managers should have a clearunderstanding of the factors affecting the wholeproduction process as well as of thosedirectly influencing bird management on thefarm. Changes may be necessary in the hatchery,on the broiler farm, during transport or in theprocessing plant.

There are several stages of developmentthroughout the broiler process. The hatcherydeals with hatching eggs and chicks. The broilerfarm deals with chicks and growing broilers. Theprocessing plant deals with broilers andcarcasses. Between each of these stages is atransition phase. Transi- tions must be managedwith minimum bird stress. The key transitions forthe broiler producer are:

• Chick emergence.

• Take off, storage and transportation of the chick.

• Development of good appetite in the young chick.

• Change over from supplementary feeding and drinking systems to the main system.

• Catching and transport of the broiler at depletion.

Aviagen’s Technical Transfer Team has designed thismanual with the following principles in mind:

• Bird welfare.

• The production chain and transition phases.

• Quality of the end product throughout the entire process.

• The need for observation of changes in the birds and their environment.

• Appropriate management in response to the constantly changing requirements of thebird.

No two broiler houses are the same and everyflock of broilers will differ in itsrequirements. The broiler farm manager shouldunderstand the birds’ requirements and, throughapplication of responsive management asdescribed in this manual, supply the individualrequirements to ensure optimum performance inevery flock.


Section 1

ChickManagement

Objective

To promote early development of feeding anddrinking behavior, allowing the target body-weight profile to be achieved with maxi- mumuniformity and good welfare.

Contents

Principles.............................................................................

........ 10Chick Quality and Broiler Performance

......................................... 10Chick Arrival

................................................................................ 11

Environmental Control...........................................

...................... 12Brooder Management

.................................................................. 13

Section 1 Chick Management

PrinciplesFor best broiler performance, it is important todeliver the chicks to the broiler farm asquickly as possible and feed them immediately.Provide chicks with the proper environment andcorrectly manage them to meet all of theirrequirements.

During the first 10 days of life, the chicks’environment changes from the hatchery to thebroiler house. Both current and final flockperformance will suffer from deficiencies in theearly environment. Chicks must estab- lishhealthy feeding and drinking behaviors if theyare to achieve their genetic potential forgrowth.

A series of critical transitions in the first 7to 10 days of the chick’s life affect how andfrom where it receives its nutrients. This is whythe management in this period is so essentialfor optimum flock performance.

In the final stages of incubation and as a verynew hatchling, the chick receives all of itsnutrients from the egg yolk. Once on the farm,the chick is offered a Starter feed in a sievedcrumb or mini-pellet form in the auto- matedfeeding system and on the paper on the housefloor. As soon as feed enters the gut, theresidual yolk within the chick is mobilized. Ifthe chick is fed promptly after hatch, it willreceive a useful boost to growth from thesenutrients.

For the first 3 days, residual egg yolk providesthe chick with a protective store of antibodiesand nutrients. Absorption of the yolk sacprecedes the initiation of growth and thereforegrowth will be minimal until the chick starts toeat feed. Normally, residual yolk sac absorptionis rapid during the first 48 hours but by 3days of age it should be less than 1 gram(0.035 ounces). If some of the chicks have notstarted to eat for 1 or 2 or even 3 days, thegrowth will be uneven and the average flockweight at slaughter will be significantly

reduced.

The chick, having found feed at floor level in thefirst days of its life, must find it again in theautomated feeding system, whether pan or track,between 4 and 6 days of age. The chick must thencope with another change from a crumbled feed ormini-pellet to a pelleted feed at 10 days of age.It is important that both these transitions aremade as easy as possible if performance is not tobe adversely affected. Feed should be easilyaccessible from the automated feeding system. Forexample, flood- ing pan feeders will encouragefeeding. At 10 days of age, the provision of a goodquality pellet will limit the impact of the changein feed texture at this time.

The 7-day weight should be 4.5 to 5 times greaterthan that of the day-old chick provided the entireflock has coped well with all of these transitionsand presuming that no environmental or nutritionalfactors are impeding growth.

Seven-day live weight should be routinely monitored.If the target is not achieved then action must betaken. Performance targets can be found in the ArborAcres Broiler Performance Objectives.

Arbor Acres Broiler Management GuideChick Quality and

Broiler PerformanceAttention to detail throughout the entireproduction process can determine finalbroiler performance and profitability. Thisinvolves good management of healthy parentstock, careful hatchery practice andefficient delivery of chicks that are of goodquality and uniformity. Chick quality may beinfluenced at every stage of the process.

PlanningChick quality results from the interactionbetween parent stock management, parentalhealth and nutrition as well as incubationmanagement. If a good quality chick isprovided with proper brooding management andnutrition, it should have less than 0.7%mortality and be able to achieve target liveweight uniformly over the course of the first7 days.

• Plan placements of broiler flocks toensure that differences in age and/orimmune status of donor parent flocksare minimized. One donor flock per broilerflock is the ideal. If mixed flocks areunavoid- able, keep similar parent flockages together.

• Vaccination of donor parents maximizesmaternal antibody protection in theoffspring and is successful in protectingbroilers against diseases whichcompromise performance (such asinfectious bursal disease, chicken anemiavirus and reovirus).

• A good quality chick should be cleanafter hatch. It should stand firmly andwalk well, be alert and active, andvocalize contentedly. It should be free ofdeformities, with a fully retracted yolksac and a healed navel.

• The grower can provide timely,accurate, detailed and measurablefeedback to the hatchery if chick quality

is lower than desired.

• Incorrect brooding management will make achick quality problem worse.

The hatchery and transport systemshould ensure that:

• The correct vaccines are administered toall chicks at the correct dosage and inthe correct form.

• After being sexed and vaccinated, thechicks are allowed to settle beforetransport. Hold chicks in a darkened areawhere the environment is controlledcorrectly.

• Chicks are loaded through controlled-environment loading bays into preconditionedlorries for transport to the broiler farm(see Table1.1).

• The expected delivery time of the chicks isestablished beforehand so that they may beunloaded and correctly placed as quickly aspossible.

• Chicks are fed and have access to water assoon as possible after hatch.

Table 1.1: Summary of optimum conditions - chick holdingand transport

Chick holding conditions

22–24°C (72–75°F)* Ambient Temperature

Minimum 50% Relative Humidity (RH)

Transport conditions

22–24°C (72–75°F)* Ambient Temperature

Minimum 50% Relative Humidity(RH) for long haul***

0.71 m3/min (25 cfm**) per Note: The conditions in the holding area or transportvehicle should give temperatures of30–35°C (86–95°F) and a RH of 70–80% among the chicks. It ismore important to obtain these temperatures than to followthe advised temperature setting for the transport truck assettings may vary depending on the manufacturersrecommendations.

* Temperatures should be adjusted according to actual chicktemperature. Vent temperatures should be between 39–40°C(102–104°F).

** (cfm) cubic feetper minute.

*** Humidity should be provided during long haultransport in cold weather when the heaters areoperational for long periods or where the air is dry.

KeyPoints

• Plan placements to minimize physiological and immune differences between chicks. Use single donor flocks if possible.

• Hold and transport chicks in conditions that prevent dehydration and other types ofstress in chicks.

• Provide feed and water to the chicks as soon as possible after they leave the hatcher.

• Maintain high standards of hygiene and biosecurity in the hatchery and during transport.

Chick

ArrivalFarmPreparationIndividual sites should be single-age(i.e. all-in/all-out). On multi-age sites,vaccination and cleaning programs are moredifficult and less effective. It is alsofar more likely that health problems willoccur and sub- optimal performance will beachieved on multi-age sites.

Houses, the surrounding areas, and allequipment must be thoroughly cleaned anddisinfected before the arrival of thebedding material and chicks (see Section 3:Health and Biosecurity). Management systemsshould be in place to prevent pathogensentering the building. Vehicles, equipmentand people should be disinfected beforeentry.

Spread litter material evenly to a depthof 8–10 cm (3–4 in). Uneven beddingmaterial can restrict access to feed andwater and may lead to a loss in flockuniformity. Where floor temperatures areadequate (28–30°C/82–86°F) the litter depthcan be reduced where litter disposal costsare an issue.

Key Points

• Provide chicks with biosecure, clean housing.

• Control spread of disease by using single-age, (i.e. all-in/all-out)

housing.

• Spread litter evenly.

ChickPlacementChicks cannot regulate their own body temperatureuntil they are around12–14 days of age. Ideal body temperature must beattained by providing optimal environmentaltemperature. Preheating the house is vital as floortemperature at chick placement is as important asair temperature. Stabilize temperature and relativehumidity for at least 24 hours prior to chickarrival.

Recommended valuesare:

• Air temperature of 30°C/86°F (measured at chick height in the area where feed and water are positioned).

• Litter temperature of 28–30°C/82–86°F.

• Relative humidity of 60-70%.

Monitor these values regularly to ensure a uniformenvironment throughout the whole brooding area,but by far the best indicator of temperature ischick behavior.

Make a final check of feed and water availabilityand distribution within the house prior to deliveryof chicks. All chicks must be able to eat and drinkimmediately upon placement in the house.

The longer the chicks remain in the boxes, thegreater the degree of potential dehydration. Thismay result in early mortality and reduced growthas indicated by 7-day and final live weight.

Place chicks quickly, gently and evenly onto paperwithin the brooding area. Feed and water shouldbe freely and immediately available. The emptyboxes should be removed from the house withoutdelay.

Leave chicks to settle for 1 to 2 hours to becomeaccustomed to their new environment. After thistime, make a check to see that all chicks have

easy access to feed and water. Make adjustmentsto equipment and temperatures where necessary.

For the first 7 days, provide 23 hours oflight with 30-40 lux intensity (3-4 footcandles) to help the chick adapt to the newenvironment and encourage feed and water intake.

Adequate fresh, clean water must be availableat all times to all birds with access pointsat an appropriate height (see Section 2:Provision of Feed and Water). Nipple linesshould be installed at 12 birds per nipple andbell drinkers at a minimum of 6 drinkers per1,000 chicks. In addi- tion, 6 supplementarymini-drinkers or trays per 1,000 chicks shouldalso be provided.

Initially, provide textured feed as a dust-freecrumble or mini-pellet on feeder trays (1/100chicks) and on paper to give a feeding areaoccupy- ing at least 25% of the brooding area.Place chicks directly onto paper so that feed isimmediately found. Automated feeding and drinkingsystems should be placed in the vicinity of thepaper.

If the mixing of chicks from different parentflocks is unavoidable, chicks should be groupedby breeder age as much as possible. Chicksfrom a young donor flock of less than 30 weekswill require a warmer start temperature (+1°Cor +2°F warmer than the given temperatureprofile) compared to an older flock of more than50 weeks.

KeyPoints

• Pre-heat the house and stabilize temperature and humidity prior to chick arrival.

• Unload and place chicks quickly.

• Make feed and water available to the chicksimmediately.

• Arrange equipment so that chicks can reach feed and water easily.

• Position supplementary feeders and drinkersnear the main feeding and drinking systems.

• Leave chicks to settle for 1 to 2 hours with access to feed and water.

• Check feed, water, temperature and humidity after 1 to 2 hours and adjust where necessary.

Chick StartAssessmentChicks are hungry in the period immediately afterthey are introduced to feed for the first timeso they should eat well and fill their crops.Check a sample of birds at 8 and 24 hours afterarrival on the farm to make sure that all thechicks have found feed and water. To do this,collect samples of 30–40 chicks at 3 or 4different places in the house. Gently feel eachchick’s crop. In chicks that have found food andwater, the crop will be full, soft and rounded(see Figure 1.1). If the crop is full but theoriginal texture of the crumb is stillapparent, the bird has not yet consumedenough water. Target crop fill at 8 hours after

delivery is 80% and at 24 hours after delivery 95–100%.

Figure 1.1: Crop fill after 24hours.

The chick on the left has a full, rounded crop,while the chick on the right has an empty crop.

EnvironmentalControlIntroductionOptimal temperature and humidity areessential for health and appetitedevelopment. Monitor temperature and relativehumidity frequently and regularly; at leasttwice daily in the first 5 days and dailythereafter. Temperature and humiditymeasurements and sensors for automaticsystems should be sited at chick level. Useconventional thermometers to cross-check theaccuracy of electronic sensors controllingautomatic systems.

Ventilation without drafts is requiredduring the brooding period to:

• Maintain temperatures and relativehumidity (RH) at the correct level.

• Allow sufficient air exchange to preventthe accumulation of harmful gases such ascarbon monoxide (from oil/gas heatersplaced inside the poultry house), carbondioxide and ammonia.

It is good practice to establish a minimumventilation rate from day one. This willensure that fresh air is supplied to thechicks at frequent, regular intervals (seeSection 4: Housing and Environment).Internal circulation fans can be used tomaintain evenness of air quality andtemperature at chick level.

If a choice has to be made, maintenance ofbrooding temperatures should take priorityover ventilation and air exchange. Youngchicks are prone to wind-chill effects,therefore actual floor/air speed should beless than0.15 m/sec (30 ft/min) oras low as possible.

KeyPoints

• Monitor temperature and relative humidity

regularly.

• Ventilate to provide fresh air and remove waste gases.

• Avoid drafts.

HumidityRelative humidity (RH) in the hatcher at the endof the incubation process will be high (approx.80%). Houses with whole-house heating,especially where nipple drinkers are used,can have RH levels lower than 25%. Houses withmore conventional equipment (such as spotbrooders that produce moisture as a by-productof combustion, and bell drinkers that have openwater surfaces) have a much higher RH, usuallyover 50%. To limit the shock to the chicks whentransferring from the incubator, RH levels inthe first 3 days should be 60–70%.

Monitor RH within the broiler house daily. If itfalls below 50% in the first week, theenvironment will be dry and dusty. The chickswill begin to dehydrate and be predisposed torespiratory problems and performance will beadversely affected. Take action to increase RH.

If the house is fitted with high-pressure spraynozzles (foggers or misters) for cooling in hightemperatures, then these can be used toincrease RH during brooding. Alternatively, RH canbe increased by using a backpack portablesprayer to spray the walls with a fine mist.

Dry Bulb Temperature at RH%Targe Idea

Age(day

Temp RH%range

40 50 60 70 80

Day Old

30.0°C 60–

7036.0°C

33.2°C91.8°F

30.8°C

29.2°C

27.0°C80.6°F

3 28.0°C 60–

7033.7°C

31.2°C88.2°F

28.9°C

27.3°C

26.0°C78.8°F

6 27.0°C 60–

7032.5°C

29.9°C85.8°F

27.7°C

26.0°C

24.0°C75.2°F

9 26.0°C 60–

7031.3°C

28.6°C83.5°F

26.7°C

25.0°C

23.0°C73.4°F

12 25.0°C 60–

7030.2°C

27.8°C82.0°F

25.7°C

24.0°C

23.0°C73.4°F

15 24.0°C 60–

7029.0°C

26.8°C80.2°F

24.8°C

23.0°C

22.0°C71.6°F

18 23.0°C 60–

7027.7°C

25.5°C77.9°F

23.6°C

21.9°C

21.0°C69.8°F

21 22.0°C 60–

7026.9°C

24.7°C76.5°F

22.7°C

21.3°C

20.0°C68.0°F

24 21.0°C 60–

7025.7°C

23.5°C74.3°F

21.7°C

20.2°C

19.0°C66.2°F

27 20.0°C 60–

7024.8°C

22.7°C72.9°F

20.7°C

19.3°C

18.0°C64.4°F

As the chick grows, the ideal RH falls. High RH(above 70%) from 18 days onwards can cause wetlitter and its associated problems. As thebroilers increase in live weight, RH levels canbe controlled using ventilation and heatingsystems.

Interaction Between Temperatureand HumidityAll animals lose heat to the environment byevaporation of moisture from the respiratorytract and through the skin. At higher RH, lessevaporative loss occurs, increasing the animals’apparent temperature. The tempera- tureexperienced by the animal is dependent on thedry bulb temperature and RH. High RH increasesthe apparent temperature at a particular drybulb temperature, whereas low RH decreasesapparent temperature. The target temperatureprofile in Table 1.2 assumes RH in the rangeof60–70%. The right hand side of Table 1.2 shows thedry bulb temperature required to achieve thetarget temperature profile in situations where RHis not within the target range of 60–70%.Table 1.2: Dry bulb temperatures required to achievetarget apparent equivalent temperatures at varying relativehumidities

Table 1.2 illustrates the relationship betweenRH and effective temperature. If RH is outsidethe target range, the temperature of the houseat chick level should be adjusted to matchthat given in Table 1.2. For example, if RHis lower than 60% the dry bulb temperaturemay need to be increased. At all stages, monitorchick behavior to ensure that the chick isexperiencing an adequate temperature (see BrooderManagement below). If subsequent behaviorindicates that the chicks are too cold or toohot, the temperature of the house should beadjusted accordingly.

KeyPoints

• Achieve target 7-day live weight by correctly managing the brooding environment.

• Use chick behavior to determine if temperature is correct.

• Use temperature to stimulate activity and appetite.

• Maintain RH between 60 - 70% for the first 3days and above 50% for the remainder of the brooding period.

• Adjust temperature settings if RH increases above 70% or falls below

60%, while responding to changes inchick behavior.

BrooderManagementTwo basic systems of temperature control areused for brooding broiler chicks:

• Spot brooding (canopy or radiant heaters).The heat source is local so chicks can moveaway to cooler areas and thus select forthem- selves a preferred temperature.

• Whole-house brooding. The heat source islarger and more widely spread so chicks areless able to move to select a preferredtemper- ature. Whole-house brooding refersto situations where the whole house or adefined part of the house is heated by‘forced air heaters’ only and the aim is

to achieve one temperature in the house orair space.

In both spot and whole-house broodingsystems, the objective is to stimulate bothappetite and activity as early as possible.Achieving the optimum temperature is critical.Brooding temperatures for RH 60–70% are given inTable 1.3.

Source: Dr. Malcolm Mitchell (Scottish Agricultural College)

Age (days)

Whole-house

SpotTemp

Temp BrooderEdge

2 m (6.6 ft) From

Day Old 30°C86°F

32°C90°F

29°C84°F

3 28°C82°F

30°C86°F

27°C81°F

6 27°C81°F

28°C82°F

25°C77°F

9 26°C79°F

27°C81°F

25°C77°F

12 25°C77°F

26°C79°F

25°C77°F

15 24°C75°F

25°C77°F

24°C75°F

18 23°C73°F

24°C75°F

24°C75°F

21 22°C72°F

23°C73°F

23°C73°F

24 21°C70°F

22°C72°F

22°C72°F

27 20°C68°F

20°C68°F

20°C68°F

Table 1.3: Brooding temperatures

Within the context of the set up in Figure 1.2,Figure 1.3 shows the areas of temperaturegradients surrounding the spot brooder. Theseare marked A (brooder edge) and B (2 m (6.6 ft)from the brooder edge). Respective optimumtemperatures are as shown in Table 1.3.Figure 1.3: Spot brooding — areas oftemperature gradients

BROODER

2 m 6.6 ft 2 m

6.6 ft

B A A B

*See Figure 1.3 for illustrationshowing areas A and B.

SpotBroodingThe layout for a spot brooding set up is shown inFigure 1.2, which would be typical for 1,000chicks on day one. Chicks are placed in a 5×5meter square (25 m2) or a 16.5×16.5 foot square(272 ft2), which gives an initial stockingdensity of 40 chicks/m2 (4 chicks/ft2) Ifstocking density is increased, the number offeeders and drinkers, and the heating capacityof the brooder, should also be increasedaccordingly.Figure 1.2: Typical spot brooding layout(1,000 chicks)

Spot BroodingBehaviorChick behavior is the best indicator ofcorrect brooder temperature. With spotbrooding, correct temperature is indicated bychicks being evenly spread throughout thebrooding area as shown in Figure 1.4. In thediagram, the brooder area is shown as the redcenter circle.

Figure 1.4: Bird distribution underbrooders

TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH TEMPERATURE CORRECT

Chicks make no noiseChicks pant, head and wings droop

Chicks away from brooder

Chicks evenlyspread

Noise level signifiescontentment

2 m (6.6 ft) 2 m (6.6 ft)

5 m (16.5

PanFeeder

BROODER 60% Paper Cover

NippleLine

MiniDrinker

TEMPERATURE TOO LOW DRAFT

2 m (6.6 ft) 2 m (6.6ft)5 m

(16.5 ft)

Chicks crowd to brooder

Chicks noisy, distress-calling

This distribution requiresinvestigation

Influenced by draft — unevenlight distribution —

externalnoises

A picture of contented, spot-brooded birds at the right temperature is shown in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5: Chicks in correct spot broodingconditions

Whole-houseBroodingIn whole-house brooding, there is notemperature gradient within the house,although supplementary brooders might also beprovided. The main whole-house heat source canbe direct or indirect (using hot air). A layoutfor whole-house brooding is shown in Figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6: Typical layout of a whole-housebrooding system

Within the context of the set up in Figure 1.6,optimum temperatures are as shown in the left-hand side of Table 1.3.

Whole-houseBrooding BehaviorChick behavior is the best indicator ofcorrect temperature. Figure 1.7 shows thedifferent distribution of chicks in whole-house brooding at different temperatures.With whole-house brooding, correcttemperature is indicated by chicks forminggroups of 20–30, with movement occurringbetween groups. There should be continuousfeeding and drinking within the flock.

Figure 1.7: Typical behavior of chicks in whole-house brooding at different temperatures

Too High Correct Too Low

Carefully monitor and control house temperatureand humidity when whole-house brooding ispracticed (see ‘Interaction Between Tempera- tureand Humidity’).

A picture of contented whole-house brooded birdsis shown in Figure1.8.

Figure 1.8: Chicks in correct whole-house brooderconditions

Key Points

• Temperature is critical and should be maintained as recommended.

• Temperatures should be checked manually at chick level.

• Chick behavior should be observed closely and frequently.


Section 2

Provision of Feedand Water

Objective

The objective of a defined feeding programis to supply a range of balanced dietsthat satisfy the nutrient requirements ofbroil- ers at all stages of theirdevelopment and that optimize efficiency andprofitability without compromising birdwelfare or the environment.The drinking and feeding systems employed,together with the management of thosesystems, will impact feed and water intake,thereby affecting bird performance andefficiency.

Contents

Principles..................................................................................... 18Supply of Nutrients...................................................................... 18Feeding Program

Section 2 Provision of Feed and Water...........................................

............................... 18Feed Form and Physical FeedQuality........................................... 19Whole-wheatFeeding................................................................... 19Feed and Heat Stress................................................................... 20Environment ................................................................................ 20Litter Quality................................................................................ 20Water Quality............................................................................... 20Drinking Systems......................................................................... 21Feeding Systems.......................................................................... 23


PrinciplesFeed is a major component of the total costof broiler production. To support optimumperformance, formulate broiler rations to givethe correct balance of energy, protein andamino acids, minerals, vitamins and essentialfatty acids. The choice of feeding programwill depend on the target of the business; forinstance whether the focus is on maximizingprofitability of live birds or optimizing yield ofcarcass components.

Recommended nutrient levels and feed programscan be found in the current Arbor Acres BroilerNutrition Specifications, which offers furtherinformation on:

• The choice of feeding program for a range ofproduction and market situations.

• Optimum levels of dietary digestible amino acid levels for growth, efficiency, processing yield and profitability.

Supply ofNutrientsEnergyBroilers require energy for growth of tissue,maintenance and activity. Carbohydrate sources,such as corn and wheat, and various fats oroils are the major source of energy in poultryfeeds. Energy levels in diets are expressed inMega joules (MJ/kg) or kilocalories (kcal/kg orkcal/lb) of Metabolizable Energy (ME), as thisrepresents the energy available to the broiler.

ProteinFeed proteins, such as those in cereals andsoybean meal, are complex compounds that arebroken down by digestion into amino acids.These amino acids are absorbed and assembledinto body proteins that are used in theconstruction of body tissue, e.g. muscles,

nerves, skin and feathers.

Dietary crude protein levels do not indicate thequality of the proteins in feed ingredients. Dietprotein quality is based on the level, balance anddigestibility of essential amino acids in the finalmixed feed.

The Arbor Acres broiler is particularly responsiveto dietary digestible amino acid levels and willrespond well, in terms of growth, feed effi-ciency and profitability, to diets properlybalanced as recommended. Higher levels ofdigestible amino acids have been shown toimprove profitability by increasing broilerperformance and processing yield. This becomesparticularly important when broilers are grown forportioning or de-boning.

MacroMineralsThe provision of the correct levels of the majorminerals in the appropriate balance is importantfor high-performing broilers. The macro mineralsinvolved are calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassiumand chloride.

Section 2 Provision of Feed and Water• Calcium and phosphorus: Calcium in the

diet of broilers influences growth, feedefficiency, bone development, leg health,nerve function and the immune system.It is vital that calcium is supplied inadequate quantities and on aconsistent basis. Phosphorus, likecalcium, is required in the correctform and quantity to optimize skeletalstructure and growth.

• Sodium, potassium and chloride: Theseminerals are needed for gen- eralmetabolic functions. Shortages canaffect feed intake, growth and blood pH.Excess levels of these minerals resultin increased water intake and subsequentpoor litter quality.

Trace Mineralsand VitaminsTrace minerals and vitamins are neededfor all metabolic functions. Appropriatevitamin and trace mineral supplementationdepends on the feed ingredients used, thefeed manufacturer and local circumstances.

Due to differences in vitamin levels ofvarious cereals, the level of sup-plementation of some vitamins must bemodified. Accordingly, separaterecommendations are usually proposed for somevitamins, depending on the cereals (e.g.wheat versus maize) upon which the diets arebased.

EnzymesEnzymes are now being routinely used inpoultry feeds to improve digestibility offeed ingredients. In general, feed enzymesthat act on carbohy- drates, proteins andplant-bound minerals are available.

KeyPoints

• Use recommended digestible amino acidlevels for optimum broiler performance.

• Ensure high-quality protein sources are used.

• Provide the correct levels of the majorminerals in the appropriate balance.

• Vitamin and mineral supplementation dependson feed ingredients used, feed manufacturingpractices and local circumstances.

FeedingProgramStarterFeedsThe objective of the brooding period (0–10 daysof age) is to establish good appetite andmaximum early growth in order to meet the ArborAcres7-day body-weight objective. It is recommendedthat a Broiler Starter feed be fed for 10 days.The Starter represents a small proportion of thetotal feed cost and decisions on Starterformulation should be based primarily onperformance and profitability rather than purelyon diet cost.

The benefit of maximizing nutrient intake onearly broiler growth and subsequent performanceis well established. Feeding broilers therecom- mended nutrient density will ensureoptimal growth is established during thiscritical period of life.

GrowerFeedsBroiler Grower feed is generally fed for 14 to 16days following the Starter. Starter to Growertransition will involve a change of texture fromcrumbs/ mini-pellets to pellets. Depending onthe pellet size produced, it may be necessaryto feed the first delivery of Grower as crumbs ormini-pellets.

During this time broiler growth continues tobe dynamic. It therefore needs to besupported by adequate nutrient intake. Foroptimum feed intake, growth and FCR, provisionof the correct diet nutrient density(especially energy and amino acids) is critical.

FinisherFeedsBroiler Finisher feeds account for the majorvolume and cost of feeding a broiler. It istherefore important that feeds are designed tomaximize financial return for the type ofproducts being produced.

Finisher feeds should be given from 25 daysuntil processing. Birds slaughtered later than42–43 days of age should be given a second Fin-isher feed specification from 42 days onward.

The use of either one or more broilerFinisher feeds will depend on:

• Desired slaughter weight.

• Length of the production period.

Table 2.1: Form of feed by age inbroilers

Age Feed Form and Size0–10 days sieved crumbs or mini-

pellets11–24 days 2–3.5 mm (0.08–0.125 in) diameter pellets

25 days to processing 3.5 mm (0.125 in) diameter pellets or

Good quality crumbled and pelleted feeds arepreferred to mash feed, however if feeding amash feed, feed particles should besufficiently coarse and uniform in size. Mashfeeds may benefit from the inclusion of some fatin the formulation to reduce dustiness andimprove homoge- nicity of feed components.

KeyPoints

• Poor physical feed quality will have a negative impact on broiler performance.

• Use good quality crumbled and pelleted feed for optimum performance.

• Design of the feeding program. • When feeding mash, ensure a

coarse uniformparticle size is

Withdrawal periods for drugs will dictate the useof a special Withdrawal Finisher feed. AWithdrawal feed should be fed for sufficienttime prior to slaughter to eliminate the riskof pharmaceutical product residues in the meat.Statutory withdrawal periods for prescribedmedicines that are specified in product datasheets must be followed. It is not recom-mended that extreme dietary nutrientreductions be made during the withdrawalperiod.

KeyPoints

• It is recommended to feed the Starterdiet for 10 days. Decisions on Starterfeed formulation should be based onperformance and profitability.

• The Grower feed must ensure thatnutrient intake supports the dynamic

Ration Inclusion rate of wheatStarter 0%Grower gradual increase to

10%*Finisher gradual increase to 15%*

growth during this period.• Broiler Finisher feeds should beformulated to maximize financial return andbe adjusted for bird age, but extremenutrient withdrawal is not recommended.

achieved. Minimize fine particle (<1 mm/<0.04 in) levels to less than10%.

Whole-wheatFeedingThe feeding of compound feed with whole wheatmay reduce feed costs per ton. However, thismust be offset against loss of evisceratedand breast meat yield.

In formulating the compound or balancer feed,precisely account for the level of inclusion ofwhole wheat. If an appropriate adjustment isnot made, live bird performance will becompromised, as the diet will now have aninappropriate nutrient balance. Safe inclusionguides are given in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Safe inclusion rates of whole wheat inbroiler rations

Feed Form and PhysicalFeed QualityBroiler growth and efficiency of feed use willgenerally be better if the Starter feed iscrumbs or mini-pellets and the Grower andFinisher feeds are pelleted (Table 2.1).Depending on pellet size fed, it may be necessaryto deliver the first delivery of Grower feed ascrumbs or mini-pellets.

Poor quality crumbs and pellets will reduce feedintake and performance. On the farm, payattention during handling to reduce breakage ofcrumbs and pellets.

* Higher inclusions of wheat are possible if fed in combination with higher concentration compound or balancer feeds.

Remove whole wheat from the feed 2 days before catching to avoid problems of contamination during evisceration at the processing plant.

Key Point

• Dilution of diets with whole wheat may reduce performance if the compound feed is not properly adjusted.

Feed and HeatStressCorrect nutrient levels and balance, togetherwith the use of feed ingredients with higherlevels of digestibility, will help to minimizethe effect of heat stress.

Providing optimum crumb and pellet textureswill minimize the energy expended to eat thefeed and thereby reduce the heat generatedduring feeding. Optimum feed form will alsoimprove feed acceptability and help compensatoryfeed intake to occur during cooler periods.

Providing an increase in feed energy from feedfats (rather than carbo- hydrates) during hotweather has been shown to be beneficial in somesituations due to reducing the heat increment ofthe diet.

Readily available cool, low-salt water is themost critical nutrient during heat stress.

Strategic use of vitamins and electrolytes,either through the feed or water, will helpthe bird deal with environmental stresses.

KeyPoints

• Providing the correct nutrient levels and using more digestible ingredients will help to minimize the effects of heat stress.

• Optimal feed form will minimize heat stress and allow compensatory feed intake to occur.

• Provide cool, low-salt water.

• Ensure feed is available to the birds during the coolest part of the day.

EnvironmentNitrogen and ammonia emissions can be reducedby minimizing excess crude protein levels in thefeed. This is achieved by formulating diets tobalanced recommended levels of digestibleessential amino acids, rather than to minimumcrude protein levels.

Phosphorus excretion rates can be reduced byfeeding closely to the bird’s requirement andutilizing phytase enzymes.

Key Points

• Formulating feeds to balanced levels of digestible essential amino acids will minimize nitrogen excretion.

• Phosphorus excretion can be minimized by feeding closely to the bird’s requirements.

LitterQualityLitter quality directly affects the health ofthe bird. Lower moisture levels in thelitter help to reduce respiratory stressby reducing the amount of ammonia in theatmosphere. Good quality litter will alsoreduce the incidence of foot pad dermatitis.

With suitable management, health andenvironmental practices, the followingnutritional strategies will help to maintaingood litter quality:

• Avoid excessive levels of crude protein in diets.

• Avoid high salt/sodium levels, as this will increase bird water intake and cause wet litter.

• Avoid using poorly digestible or high fiber feed ingredients in the diets.

• Provide good-quality feed fats/oils in the diet, as this helps avoid enteric disorders which produce wet litter.

WaterQualityWater is an essential ingredient for life.Any increases in water loss or reductionsin water intake can have a significanteffect on the lifetime performance of thechick. (More detailed information can befound in the Arbor Acres Update—Water Quality).

Water supplied to broilers should not containexcessive amounts of minerals. Watershould not be contaminated with bacteria.Although water supplied as fit for humanconsumption will also be suitable forbroilers, water from bore holes, open waterreservoirs or poor quality public sup- pliescan cause problems.

Test the water supply to check the levelof calcium salts (water hardness),salinity and nitrates.

After the house has been cleaned and

before the chicks have arrived, sample waterfor bacterial contamination at the source, atthe storage tanks and at the points fordrinkers.

Table 2.3 shows the maximum acceptableconcentration of minerals and organic matter inthe water supply.

Material Acceptable Concentration (ppm

Comment

Total dissolved

0–1,000 Higher levels will causewet droppings and

Fecal coliforms

0 Higher levels indicate

Chloride 250 If sodium is higher than 50, acceptable chloride concentrations

Sodium 50Calcium salts

70

pH 6.5–8.5 Acid water will corrode equipment and disrupt

Nitrates traceSulphates 200–250 Maximum desirable

level. Higher levels will increase wetness

Potassium 300Magnesium 50–125 Higher levels will

exacerbate Iron 0.3Lead 0.05Zinc 5Manganese 0.05Copper 0.05

Bacterial

Count

Table 2.3: Maximum acceptable concentrations of minerals and organic matter in the water supply

Figure 2.1: Increase in bacterial count in drinkers where wateris exposed to the broiler house atmosphere

40,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000

0

Total Count S.aureus E.coli

0 0 0 0 0 0

40,000

15,000 10,000

after clean-out day old 5 days old

KeyPoints

• Provide unrestricted access to fresh, clean water.

• Test the water supply regularly for bacteriological and mineral contaminants and take any necessary corrective action.

The levels presented in Table 2.3 are unlikelyto be exceeded if water is taken from a mainsupply.

If water is taken from wells or bore holes itmay have excessive nitrate levels and highbacterial counts. Where bacterial counts arehigh, determine the cause and correct theproblem. Bacterial contamination can oftenreduce biological production performances both onthe farm and at the processing plant.

Water that is clean at the point of entry to thebroiler house can become contaminated by

exposure to bacteria within the houseenvironment (Fig- ure 2.1). Chlorinationbetween 3 and 5 ppm at drinker level willreduce the bacterial count, especiallywhere drinker systems with open watersurfaces are in use. Ultra Violet (UV)irradiation is also effective in con-trolling bacterial contamination.

Drinker valves and pipes may become blockedif the water is hard and contains highlevels of calcium salts or a high level ofiron. If sediment blocks the pipes, filterthe supply with a mesh of 40–50 microns.

DrinkingSystemsWater must be available to broilers at all times.Inadequate water supply, either in volume oravailable drinker space, will reduce growth rate.Monitor the ratio of water to feed consumption toensure that the flock is receiving sufficient water.

Measure water consumption tomonitor:

• Feed and water system failures.

• Health.

• Performance.

At 21°C (70°F), the ratio of water to feedshould be close to:

• 1.8:1 for bell drinkers.

• 1.6:1 for nipple drinkers without cups.

• 1.7:1 for nipple drinkers with cups.

Water requirement will vary with feedconsumption.

Birds will drink more water at higher ambienttemperatures. Water requirement increases byapproximately 6.5% per degree Celsius (2 degreesFahrenheit) over 21°C (70°F). In tropical areasprolonged high temperatures will double daily waterconsumption.

Very cold or very warm water will reduce waterintake. In hot weather, it is good practice toflush the drinker lines at regular intervals toensure that the water is as cool as possible.

There should be adequate water storage on thefarm, in case the main supply fails. Ideally, thereshould be sufficient storage to provide 24 hours ofwater at maximum consumption.

It is vital to measure water consumption daily bymetering. See Table2.4 for typical water consumption at 21°C (70°F). Areduction of water consumption gives an advancedwarning of possible health and production issues.

Ageof

birds

Nippledrinkerswithout

cups Liters

Nippledrinkerswith cupsLiters

Belldrinkers

Liters

M F AH M F AH M F AH

7 54(12

54(12

54(12

58(13

58(13

58(13

61(13

61(13

61(13

14 112

102

107

119

109

114

126

115

121

21 182

163

173

194

173

184

205

184

194

28 254

222

237

270

236

252

286

250

266

35 312

277

293

332

294

311

351

311

329

42 349

318

333

371

338

354

392

358

374

49 366

347

357

389

369

379

412

391

401

56 370

365

368

393

388

391

416

410

414

Water meters must match flow rates withpressure. At least 1 meter is required perhouse, but preferably there should be morethan one to allow within-house zoning.Table 2.4: Typical water consumption by broilers at 21°C(70°F) in liters and imperial gallons per 1,000 birds per day. M =males, F = females, AH = as hatched (mixed males and females).

Figure 2.2: Nipple drinker height adjustment

35°– 45° 75°– 85°

Figure 2.3: Example of a nipple drinker

NippleDrinkersInstall nipple drinkers at 12 birds per nipple;supply additional supplementary drinkers (6per 1,000 chicks) for the first 3–4 days.The actual number of birds per nipple willdepend on flow rates, depletion age, climateand design. Manage water lines daily foroptimum performance.High water pressure in the drinker line canresult in water waste and wet litter. A lowdrinker line water pressure can result in areduced water intake and a subsequent reductionin feed intake.Drinker line height should be started low atthe beginning of the flock and increased as thebirds get older. Drinker lines that are toohigh can restrict bird water consumption while

water lines that are too low can result in wetlitter.

During the initial stages of brooding, place nipplelines at a height where birds are most able todrink. The back of the chick should form a 35–45°angle with the floor while drinking is inprogress. As the bird grows, the nipples shouldbe raised so that the back of the bird forms anangle of approximately 75–85° with the floor sothat the birds are stretching slightly for thewater (Figure 2.2).

Drinker Type Drinker RequirementsBell drinkers 8 drinkers of 40 cm (16 in)

diameter perNipples 83 nipples per 1,000 birds

(12 birds per nipple, orfor broilers >3 kg (6.6 lb)

BellDrinkersAt day-old, provide a minimum of 6 belldrinkers of 40 cm (16 in) diameter per1,000 chicks; 6 mini-drinkers or plastic traysper 1,000 chicks should also be available asan additional source of water.

As the broilers become older and the area ofthe house in use is expanded, provide aminimum of 8 bell drinkers of 40 cm (16 in)in diameter per1,000 chicks. Place these evenly throughoutthe house so that no broiler is more than 2m (6.6 ft) from water. As a guide, the waterlevel should be 0.6 cm (0.25 in) below thetop of the drinker until approximately 7–10days. After 10 days there should be 0.6 cm(0.25 in) of water in the base of thedrinker.

Within 3–4 days, gradually remove anyadditional mini-drinkers and trays thatwere used at day-old so that all chicks aredrinking from the automatic drinkers.Minimum drinker requirements per 1000 birdspost brooding are given in the table below.

Table 2.5: Minimum drinker requirements per 1,000birds post-brooding

Drinkers should be checked for height daily and adjusted so that the base of each drinkeris level with the base of the broilers back fromday18 onwards (Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4: Bell drinker height adjustment

Key Points

• Drinking water should be available to the birds 24 hours a day.

• Provide supplementary drinkers for the first 4 days of a flocks life.

• Monitor the feed to water ratio daily to check that water intake is sufficient.

Adjust all types of feeders to ensureminimum spillage and optimum access for thebirds. The base of the trough or pans should belevel with the birds’ backs (Figure 2.5). Theheight of pan and tube feeders may have to beadjusted individually. The height of chainfeeders is adjust- able by winch.

Figure 2.5: Height offeeders

Incorrect feeder adjustment can increase feedspillage. When this hap- pens, feed conversionestimates will become inaccurate and thespilled feed is likely to carry a higher risk ofbacterial contamination.

With all feeding systems it is good practice toallow the birds to clear the

• Make allowances for increased temperatures.

water consumption at high

feeders by consuming all the feed available inthe tracks or pans once daily. This will reduce feed wastage and improve efficiency of feed use.

• Flush drinker lines in hot weather to ensure that the water is as cool as possible.

• Adjust drinker heights daily.

• Provide adequate drinker space and ensure that drinkers are easily accessible to all birds.

FeedingSystemsProvide sieved crumbs or mini-pellets for thefirst 10 days of the chicks’ life. Place feedin flat trays or on paper sheeting so that

it is readily accessible to the chicks.Cover at least 25% of the floor with paper.

Gradually make the change to the main feedingsystem over the first 2–3 days as chicksbegin to show interest in the main system.If photoperiod duration and pattern are usedto modify growth, pay particular attention tofeeding space to allow for the extracompetition created.

The birds’ actual diet will depend on liveweight, depletion age, climate and type ofhouse and equipment construction.

Insufficient feeding space will reduce growthrates and cause poor uniformity. Thenumber of birds per feeding system will

ultimately depend on the desired live weight atslaughter and design of system.

Adjustment of feed depth is easier with chainfeeder systems because only a single adjustmentto the hopper is required. Careful maintenanceof chain feeders will minimize incidence of legdamage.

Make adjustments to each individual feeder whenusing pan and tube feeder systems.

The advantage of pan and tube feeders isthat, if filled automatically, feed will beimmediately available to the birds. Feeddistribution takes longer to accomplish and feedis not immediately available when chain feedersare used.

Uneven distribution of feed can result inlowered performance and increased scratchingdamage associated with competition at feeders.

KeyPoints

• Supplement the main feeding system using paper and/or trays over the first 3 days.

• Supply sufficient feeders for the number of birds in the house.

• Increase feeder space per bird if photoperiod duration and pattern are modified to allow for increased competition at the feeder.

• Adjust feeder height daily so that the birds’ backs are level with the base of thefeeder.

The main automated feeding systems available for broilers are:

• Pan feeders: 45–80 birds per pan (the lower ratio for bigger birds).

• Flat chain/auger: 2.5 cm per bird (40 birds per meter of track),1 inch per bird (12 birds per feet of track).

• Tube feeders: 38 cm (15 in) diameter (70 birds per tube).

Section 3 Health and Biosecurity

Section 3

Health andBiosecurity

Objective

To maximize flock performance by minimizing orpreventing poultry diseases and infectionsof public health concern through good hus-bandry, biosecurity and welfare practices.

Contents

Principles.............................................................................

........ 26Biosecurity............................................................................

....... 26Vaccination ...........................................................................

....... 27Disease Investigation

................................................................... 27

Disease Recognition...........................................

.......................... 30


PrinciplesBird health is of extreme importance in broiler production. Poor chick

Figure 3.1: Elements of disease exposure

Other poultry,

health will have a negative impact on allaspects of production and flockmanagement including growth rate, feedconversion efficiency, condemnations,livability, and processing traits.

The flock should start with day-old chicks ofgood quality and health. Source the chicks froma minimal number of breeder flocks with similarhealth status; ideally, 1 source flock perhouse.

On-farm disease controlprograms involve:

• Disease prevention.• Early detection of ill health.

Housing

Rodents

Water

Feed

Chicks livestock &

petsPeople

Litter

Insects

• Treatment of identified disease conditions.

Regularly monitor production parameters forearly detection and targeted intervention.Early intervention in 1 flock will helpprevent disease in surrounding and successiveflocks.Review the production parameters closely andcompare them with

Wild birds

Key Points

• Restrict visitors.

Equipment& vehicles

Hatchery

company targets. Production parameters includebirds dead on arrival (D.O.A.), 7-day bodyweight, daily and weekly mortality, waterconsumption, average daily gain, feedconversion efficiency and processingcondemnations. When monitored productionparameters fail to meet their establishedgoals, a proper investigation should beconducted by trained veterinary personnel.

Biosecurity and vaccination are fundamental tosuccessful health management. Biosecurity toprevent the introduction of disease in thefirst place and appropriate vaccinationprograms to address endemic disease.

BiosecurityA strong biosecurity program is critical to

maintain flock health. Under- standing andfollowing agreed biosecurity practices must bepart of everyone’s job. Regular education andstaff training is essential.

Biosecurity will prevent flock exposure todisease-causing organisms. When developing abiosecurity program, 3 components should be con-sidered:

• Location: Isolate farms from other poultryand livestock. Single-age sites are preferableto limit recycling of pathogens and livevaccine strains.

• Farm design: A barrier (fence) is necessaryto prevent unauthorized access. Designhousing to minimize traffic flow and tofacilitate cleaning and disinfection.Construct housing to be bird and rodent proof.

• Operational procedures: Prevent the

Section 3 Health and Biosecurityintroduction and spread of disease with

procedures that control the movement ofpeople, feed, equipment and animals on thefarm. Routine procedures may have to bemodified in the event of a change in diseasestatus.

Many of the potential routes of disease exposureare presented in Figure3.1.

• Establish visitation requirements for anyvisitor, including a risk assessmentprotocol for that individual which must becompleted prior to entry.

• Stipulate farm entry protocols, including achange of clothing and footwear for staffand visitors.

• Provide a change of footwear or disposableboots at the entrance to every house.

• Clean and disinfect all equipment beforeit is brought onto the farm.

• Clean all vehicles prior to farm entry.

• Establish clear and implementedprocedures for house cleaning anddisinfection.

• Establish clear and implemented proceduresfor litter management and disposal.

• Reduce pathogen carryover by allowingadequate down-time for farm cleaning.

• Establish clear and implementedprocedures for feed hygiene, transport anddelivery.

• Establish clear and implementedprocedures for water management andsanitation.

• Establish an integrated pest control program.

• Establish procedures for dead bird disposal.

VaccinationProgram(s)

VaccineAdministration

Vaccine Effectiveness

Programs mustbe based on veterinary advice tailored to specific local and

Follow manufacturer recommendationsfor product handling and method of

Seek veterinary advice priorto vaccinating sick or stressed

Carefullyselect singleor combinedvaccinesaccording toageand health

Properly trainvaccine administratorsto handle andadminister vaccines.

Periodic and efficient house cleaningfollowed by placement of new litter material

Vaccination must resultin the developmentof consistent levels

Maintain vaccination records.

Adequate down- time between flockshelps to reduce the build-up of normal house

Breeder programs should provide adequate and uniform levels of maternal antibodies toprotect chicks against

When live vaccines are given in chlorinated water, use a vaccine stabilizer (such as non-fat powdered orliquid milk) added to the

Regular auditsof vaccine handling, administrationtechniques andpost- vaccinalresponses are critical to control challenges andimprove performance.Maternal

antibodies may interferewith the chick’s response to some vaccinestrains. Levels of

Ventilation and management should be optimizedpost-vaccination,especially

VaccinationTable 3.1 lays out some essential factors forsuccessful vaccination of broilers.

Table 3.1: Factors for a successful vaccination program

Key Points

• Vaccination alone cannot protect flocksagainst overwhelming disease challengesand poor management practices.

• Develop vaccination programs for broilersin consultation with trained poultryveterinarians.

• Vaccination is more effective whendisease challenges are minimized throughwell-designed and implemented biosecurityand management programs.

• Base vaccination programs on local diseasechallenges and vaccine availability.

• Every bird must receive the intended dose of vaccine.

• Breeder flock vaccination programs mustbe factored into the design of anappropriate vaccination program for broilerprogeny.

DiseaseInvestigationDisease investigation requires knowledge of whatto expect at what age and how to detect what isabnormal for the flock.

When health problems are seen or suspectedin broiler flocks, seek veterinary advice atthe earliest possible opportunity.

When investigating the cause of disease, takecare in associating a bacte- rium or virusisolated from the infected flock as the cause ofthe disease. Ill health arises from a widevariety of causes and interactions.

Many non-pathogenic bacteria or viruses mayalso be isolated from healthy broilers.

Continuous improvement of broiler healthwithin a broiler operation requires goodrecord keeping and sample collection throughoutthe lives of the flocks and across the wholeproduction process.

It is helpful to keep up-to-date with local andregional health concerns in order to prepare for

the unexpected.

A systematic approach is helpful whentroubleshooting health issues on the farm.

These are the thingsto look at:

• Feed: availability, consumption, distribution, palatability, nutritional content, contaminants and toxins, and withdrawal.

• Light: adequate for efficient growth anddevelopment, uniform exposure and intensity.

• Litter: moisture level, ammonia level, pathogen load, toxins and contaminants, depth, material used, distribution.

• Air: speed, contaminants and toxins, humidity, temperature, availability, barriers.

• Water: source, contaminants and toxins,additives, availability, pathogen load, consumption.

• Space: bird density, feed availability, water availability, limiting obstacles, limiting equipment.

• Sanitation: hygiene of premises (inside andoutside of house), pest control, maintenance, cleaning and disinfection practices.

• Security: biosecurity risks.

Tables 3.2 and 3.3 highlight examples of mortality parameters possibly related to bird quality and bird health. The Tables also suggest potential investigative actions using the systematic approach previouslyoutlined.

Table 3.2: Troubleshooting common issues in the 0 –7 day brooding phase

Observe Investigate Likely CausesPoor chick quality- Increased dead on arrivals(D.O.A.’s)- Sluggish chick behavior- General chick appearance: unhealed navels,

Feed, Sanitation, Air and Water- Source flock health and hygienestatus- Egg handling, storage and transport- Hatchery sanitation, incubation, and management

- Inadequate diet of source flock- Health and hygiene status of source flock, hatchery and equipment- Incorrect parameters for egg storage, relative humidity, temperatures and equipment management- Inadequate moisture loss during incubationSmall chicks days 1–4 Feed, Light, Air, Water and Space

- Crop fill at 24 hours post chick placement- Availability and accessibility to feed and water- Bird comfort and welfare

- Less than 95% of chicks with adequate cropfill by 24 hours post placement- Weak chicks- Inadequate feeders and drinkers- Inadequate feed and water levels- Equipment location and maintenance issues- Inappropriate brooding temperature and Runted and Stunted

Chicks

- Small birds, as early as 4-7 days

Feed, Light, Litter, Air, Water,Space, Sanitation and Security- Flock source- Hydration status of chicks- Brooding conditions- Feed quality and accessibility- Down-time between flocks- Disease challenge

- Flock source variation- Dehydration of the chicks- Poor quality feed- Poor quality brooding conditions- Short down-times between flocks- Inadequate cleaning and disinfection- Disease

Table 3.3: Troubleshooting common issues subsequent to 7 days of age

Observe Investigate Likely CausesDisease- metabolic- bacterial- viral- fungal- protozoal- parasitic- toxins

Stress

Feed, Light, Litter, Air, Water, Space, Sanitation and Security- Broiler farm hygiene- Local disease challenge- Vaccination and disease prevention strategies- Feed quality and supply- Lighting and ventilation

Potential stressors- Temperature

- Poor environmental conditions- Poor biosecurity- High disease challenge- Low disease protection- Inadequate or improper implementation of disease prevention- Poor feed quality- Inadequate feed supply- Excessive or insufficient ventilation- Inadequate farm management

High number of birds D.O.A. to the processing plantHigh plant condemnation rate

Feed, Light, Litter, Air, Water, Space, Sanitation and Security

- Flock records and data- Health status of flock- History of flock during the grow-out period (such as feed, water or power outages)- Potential equipment hazards on the farm- Bird handling by the catchers, handlers

- Health issues during grow-out- Management of relevant historical events affecting bird health and welfare- Improper bird handling and hauling by crews- Harsh conditions (weather or equipment related) during handling, catching or transport to the processing plant

Key Points

• Know what to expect and be alert to deviations from the expected.

• Observe; Investigate; Identify; Act.

• Use a systematic approach.

DiseaseRecognitionThe recognition of health problemsinvolves several steps.

In diagnosing a disease problem, and planningand implementing a control strategy, it isimportant to remember that the more thoroughthe investigation, the more thorough thediagnosis and the more effective thecontrolling actions.

Early diseaserecognition iscritical.

Table 3.4 highlights some of the ways in which signs of disease can be recognized.Table 3.4: Recognizing signs ofdisease

Observations byFarm

Farm and Laboratory

Data and TrendAnalysis

Daily assessment of

Regular farm

Daily and weekly

Bird appearance (such as feathering,

Routine post-mortem examinations of normal, as

Water and FeedConsumption

Environmental changes (such as litter quality, heat or coldstress, ventilation

Proper sample collection size and typeProper choice of subsequent

Temperature trends

Clinical signs of illness (such as respiratory noise or distress,

Routine microbiological testing of farms, feed, litter, birds and other

D.O.A.’s after placement on the farm, or after arrival at the processing Flock uniformity Appropriate

diagnostic testing

Condemnation at slaughter

Key Points

• Daily observation.

• Accurate recording.

• Systematic disease monitoring.


Section 4

Housing andEnvironment

Objective

To provide an environment that permits thebird to achieve optimum performance ingrowth rate, uniformity, feed efficiency andyield without compromising the health andwelfare of the bird.

Contents

Principles.............................................................................

........ 32Housing and Ventilation Systems

................................................. 33

Minimum Ventilation Systems...........................................

........... 34Transitional Ventilation Systems

................................................... 35

Tunnel Ventilation Systems...........................................

Section 4 Housing and Environment............... 35

Evaporative Cooling Systems...........................................

............. 36Lighting for

Broilers...................................................................... 36

LitterManagement..................................

..................................... 38Stocking Density

.......................................................................... 39

For more detailed environmental control information, please see thedocument

Environmental Management in the BroilerHouse, 2009.

Ammonia Can be detected by smell at 20 ppm or above>10 ppm will damage lung surface>20 ppm will increase susceptibility to

Carbon Dioxide

>3500 ppm causes ascites and is fatal at high levels

Carbon Monoxide

100 ppm reduces oxygen binding and is fatal at high levels

Dust Damage to respiratory tract lining and increased

Humidity Effects vary with temperature. At >29°C (84°F) and >70% relativehumidity, growth will be

Body

Temp

erature

Resp

irat

ion

Rate

per

Minu

te


PrinciplesVentilation control is the principle means ofcontrolling bird environment. It is essential todeliver a constant and uniform supply of goodquality air at bird level. Fresh air is requiredat all stages of growth to allow the bird toremain in good health and achieve fullpotential.

Ventilation helps to maintain in-housetemperatures within the birds’ comfort zone.During the early part of the productionperiod keeping birds warm enough is theprimary concern, but as they grow keeping themcool enough becomes the main objective.

The housing and ventilation systems used willdepend upon climate, but in all cases effectiveventilation should remove excess heat andmoisture, provide oxygen and improve air qualityby removing harmful gases.

Sensors that monitor ammonia, carbon dioxide,relative humidity and temperature are availablecommercially and can be used in conjunction withautomated ventilation systems.

As broilers grow they consume oxygen andproduce waste gases and water vapor.Combustion by brooders contributes further wastegases in the broiler house. The ventilationsystem must remove these waste gases from thehouse and deliver good air quality.

Air

WaterBirds produce a substantial volume of water,which passes into the environment and mustbe removed by ventilation (while maintainingrequired air temperatures). A 2.5 kg (5.5lb) bird will consume some7.5 kg (16.5 lb) of water in its lifetime andemit into the house atmosphere some 5.7 kg(12 lb) of water. This indicates that for 10,000birds some 57 metric tonnes (62 tons) of wateris lost into the environment as expiredmoisture into the air or excreted indroppings. This water load must be removed bythe house ventilation system during the life ofthe flock. If water consumption is elevated forany reason, the requirement for moisture removalwill be even greater than this.

HeatStressThe normal body temperature of a broiler chickenis approximately 41°C (106°F). When theenvironmental temperature exceeds 35°C (95°F),the broiler is likely to experience heat stress.

The longer the broiler is exposed to hightemperatures, the greater the stress and itseffects. Figure 4.1 refers to the relationshipbetween environmental temperature andexposure.

Figure 4.1: Relationship between environmentaltemperature, exposure time and body temperature

Temperature of

The main contaminants of air within the houseenvironment are dust, ammonia, carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide and excess water vapor. Whenin excess, they damage the respiratory tract,decreasing the efficiency of respiration andreducing bird performance.

45.0°C (113.0°F)44.4°C (111.9°F)

43.9°C (111.0°F)

43.3°C (109.9°F)

Environment

43.3°C (109.9°F)

40.6°C (105.1°F)

Death

170150130110

Continued exposure to contaminated and moistair may trigger disease (e.g. ascites orchronic respiratory disease), affecttemperature regulation, and contribute to

poor

litter quality, as shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Effects of common broilerhouse air contaminants

0 1 2 3 4 5Hours

Section 4 Housing and Environment42.8°C (109.0°F)

42.2°C (107.9°F)

41.7°C (107.1°F)

41.1°C (106.0°F)

37.8°C

(100.0°F) 9035.0°C (95.0°F) 70

32.2°C(90.0°F)

29.7°C (85.5°F) 5030

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Hours

Exposure

Broilers regulate their body temperature by twomethods; sensible and insensible heat loss.Between 13–25°C (55–77°F), sensible heat lossoccurs as physical radiation and convection tothe cooler environment. When the temperaturerises above 30°C (86°F) insensible heat lossoccurs through evaporative cooling and pantingand increased respiration rate. The relationshipbetween the two types of heat loss andenvironmental temperature is illustrated in Table4.2.

Table 4.2: Heat loss inbroilers

Heat Loss%Environment

alSensible

Insensible

25°C (77°F)

77 2330°C (86°F)

74 2635°C (95°F)

10 90

Panting allows the bird to control its bodytemperature by evaporation of water from therespiratory surfaces and air sacs. Thisprocess uses energy. In conditions of highhumidity panting is less effective. Where hightemperatures are maintained for long periodsor humidity is high, panting may beinsufficient to control body temperature andthe bird may then experience heat stress. Asthe bird passes into a condition of heatstress, vent temperature increases, heartrate and metabolic rate increases andoxygenation of the blood decreases. Thephysiological stress induced by these reactionscan be fatal.

If the birds appear to be panting then generalhouse temperature may be too high, or localhouse temperature may be elevated due to aproblem with uniformity of the air distribution.

To reduce heatstress:

• Reduce stocking density.

• Ensure cool, fresh, low-salt drinking wateris available at all times.

• Feed during the coolest part of the day.

• Increase airflow over the bird to 2–3 m/sec (400–600 ft/min).

• Minimize the effects of radiant heat from the sun.

• Reduce effects of excessive temperatures by placing sexes separately at lower stocking densities.

Housing andVentilation SystemsThere are 2 basic types of ventilationsystem; natural and power:

Natural (Open-sided Housing),

which can be: Non-

mechanically assisted

Mechanically assisted

Power (Controlled Environment

Housing), which can be:

Minimum

Transitiona

l & Tunnel

Evaporative

pad

Fogging/mis

ting

Natural Ventilation:Open-sided HousingNatural ventilation refers to an open-sidedhouse with curtains, flaps or doors (Figure4.2). Natural ventilation involves openingup the side of the house to allowconvection currents to flow air into andthrough the house. Sidewall curtains are themost common and therefore natural ven-tilation is often referred to as curtainventilation. When it gets warm, the curtainsare opened to let in outside air. When itgets cold, the curtains are closed torestrict the flow of air.

Figure 4.2: Example of naturalventilation

Curtain ventilation requires continuous, 24-hourmanagement if house environment is to besatisfactorily controlled. The constant monitoringof conditions and adjustment of curtains isrequired to compensate for changes intemperature, humidity, wind velocity and winddirection. Open-sided, naturally-ventilated housingis now less popular because of its highmanagement demand and controlled environmenthousing is seen as delivering better livability,growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and birdcomfort.

When open, house curtains allow a large volume ofoutside air through the house, equalizing insideand outside conditions. Curtain ventilation isideal only when outside temperature is close to thetarget house temperature.

The air exchange rate depends on outside winds,and fan assistance improves the efficacy of aircirculation. On warm to hot days with little wind,fans provide a wind chill cooling effect. Foggers ormisters should be used with circulation fans to adda second level of cooling.

In cold weather, when curtain openings aresmall, heavy outside air enters at low speed anddrops immediately to the floor which can chill thebirds and create wet litter. At the same time,warmer air escapes from the house which results inlarge temperature swings. In cold weather,circulation fans help to mix incoming cold air within-house warm air. In cool climates, automaticcurtain operation is recommended with sidewall fansalso operated by timers with thermostat overrides.

Power Ventilation Systems: ControlledEnvironment HousingPower or negative pressure ventilation is themost popular ventilation method used tocontrol house environment. Better controlover air exchange rates and airflow patternsprovide more uniform conditions throughout thehouse.

Power ventilated systems use electric exhaustfans to draw air out of the house and so createa lower pressure within the house than thatoutside the house (Figure 4.3). This creates apartial vacuum (negative or static pressure)inside the house so that outside air can passin through controlled openings in thesidewalls. The speed at which air enters a houseis determined by the amount of vacuum within thehouse. This, in turn, is a function of fancapacity and air inlet area.

Figure 4.3: Example of powerventilation

Matching the amount of sidewall openings to thenumber of exhaust fans in operation is the keyto achieving correct negative (or static)pressure. Mechanical controls will automaticallyadjust inlet openings to the number of fansrunning. The amount of negative pressuregenerated can be monitored by a hand-held orwall-mounted static pressure gauge.

As broilers grow, ventilation rates must beincreased. Set additional automatically-controlled fans to begin operating as needed.This is achieved by equipping the house withtemperature sensors or thermostats placed inthe center of the house or (preferably) atmultiple points at bird level.

Negative pressure ventilation can beoperated in 3 different modes according tothe ventilation needs of the birds:

• Minimum ventilation.

• Transitional ventilation.

• Tunnel ventilation.

With any powered system, a standby emergencygenerator is required.

Minimum VentilationSystemsMinimum ventilation is used for cooler weatherand for small birds such as chicks. The aim ofminimum ventilation is to maintain required

air temperature while bringing in fresh air andexhausting in-house stale air so that there is asufficient removal of excess moisture and harmfulgases.

TemperatureTemperature requirements for chicks up to 21 daysare given in Section1 of this manual (Chick Management). Guidelinetemperatures at chick level fall from arecommendation of around 30°C (86°F) at day-old, to20°C (68°F) at 27 days. Subsequently, therecommendation is for 20°C (68°F) through toslaughter. Actual and effective temperatureswill, of course, vary from these guidelinesaccording to circumstance and chick behavior asdetailed here and in Section 1.

VentilationIt is essential to ventilate the house forat least some minimum amount of time nomatter what the outside temperature. Table4.3 gives typical minimum ventilation ratesfor a 20,000 bird house.

Table 4.3: Minimum ventilation rates(20,000 bird house)

Bird age

Cubic meters/hour/bird

Total cubic meters/hour

1–7 0.16(0.1

3,200(2,00

8–14 0.42(0.2

8,400(5,00

15–21 0.59(0.3

11,800

22–28 0.84(0.5

16,800(10,00

29–35 0.93(0.5

18,600(13,00

36–42 1.18(0.7

23,600(14,00

43–49 1.35(0.8

27,000(16,00

50–56 1.52(0.9

30,400(18,00

The key to successful minimum ventilation iscreating a partial vacuum (negativepressure) so air comes through all inletsat sufficient speed. This will ensure thatincoming air is mixed with warm in-house airabove the birds rather than droppingdirectly onto the birds and chilling them.The speed of incoming air should be the samethrough all inlets to ensure uniform airflow.

This type of ventilation is preferablytimer-driven, calculated as shown below. Asbirds grow or as outside air temperaturesincrease, the timer should be overridden toprovide adequate ventilation according tobird needs. The override should be activatedby thermostats set to operate for each 1°C(2°F) rise in temperature.

Calculation for Minimum VentilationFan Timer Settings

To determine the interval fan timer settings forachieving minimum ventilation the followingsteps are employed. All these steps are laid outwith example calculations in Appendix 7:

• Obtain the appropriate minimum ventilationrate as recommended in Appendix 7. Theexact rates will vary with breed, sex andfor each individual poultry house. Checkwith the company of manu- facture and alocal Aviagen Technical ServicesRepresentative for more specificinformation. The rates given in Appendix 7are for temperatures between -1 and 16°C(30 – 61°F); for lower temperatures aslightly lower rate may be required and forhigher temperatures a slightly higherrate.

• Calculate the total ventilation rate required for the house (total cubic meters per hour (cmh), or total cubic feet per minute (cfm)) as:

Total minimum = Minimum ventilationx Number of birds ventilation rate per bird in the house

• Calculate the percentage time forrunning the fans as:

Percentage of time = Total ventilation needed

Key Points

• Transitional ventilation is temperature-driven based on the outside temperature andthe age of the birds.

• Transitional ventilation is used when ahigher than minimum air exchange isrequired.

• In general, transitional ventilation may beused when outside temperature is notgreater than +/- 6°C (10°F) of target housetemperature.

Total capacity of the fans used

• Multiply the percentage of time needed bythe total fan timer cycle to give the timethat the fans require to be on in eachcycle (for example, 105 seconds in every 5minutes).

KeyPoints

• Minimum ventilation is used for youngchicks, night time or winter ventilation.

• It is essential to provide someventilation to the house no matter what theoutside temperature is, to provide freshair and remove waste gases and excessmoisture.

• Minimum ventilation should be timer-driven.

TransitionalVentilation SystemsTransitional ventilation operates using 2ventilation principles based on the outsidetemperature and the age of the birds. It isused where both hot and cold periods areexperienced.

Whereas minimum ventilation is timer-driven,transitional ventilation is temperature-driven.

Transitional ventilation begins when a higherthan minimum air exchange rate is required. Thatis, whenever temperature sensors or

thermostats override the minimum ventilationtimer to keep fans running.

Transitional ventilation works in the sameway as minimum ventilation, but a larger fancapacity gives a larger volume of airexchange. Successful transitional ventilationrequires sidewall inlets linked to a staticpressure controller so heat can be removedwithout switching to tunnel ventilation.Usually, transitional ventilation may be usedwhen outside temperature is not greaterthan 6°C (10°F) above the target housetemperature, or if the outside temperatureis not greater than 6°C (10°F) below thetarget house temperature. If outsidetemperature is more than 6°C (10°F) above thetarget house temperature, then the fans usedfor transitional ventilation will notprovide adequate cooling and tunnelventilation will need to be employed. Ifoutside temperature is more than 6°C (10°F)below the target house temperature, then thefans used for transitional ventilation willrisk chilling the birds.

Tunnel VentilationSystemsTunnel ventilation keeps birds comfortable in warmto hot weather and where large birds are beinggrown by using the cooling effect of high-velocity airflow.

Tunnel ventilation provides maximum air exchangeand creates a wind chill cooling effect. Each 122cm (48 in) fan for birds under 4 weeks of age willgenerate a wind chill of 1.4°C (2.5°F). For birds over4 weeks, this figure drops to 0.7°C (1.3°F).

The effective temperature felt by the birds fallsas air velocity increases. The rate of fall istwice as great for younger birds as compared toolder birds. Thus, with outside air at 32°C(90°F), an air velocity of 1 m/sec (200 ft/min)will cause a younger (4 week old) bird to feel aneffective temperature of about 29°C (84°F). If airvelocity increases to 2.5 m/sec (500 ft/min), thesame bird will feel an effective temperature ofabout22°C (72°F), a fall of 7°C (12°F). In the case of anolder bird (7 weeks), the fall is about half of that(around 4°C or 7°F).

Bird behavior is the best way to assess birdcomfort. If the house design only permits tunnelventilation, then considerable caution should bepracticed with young chicks which are prone towind chill effects. For young chicks, actual floorair speed should be less than 0.15 m/sec (30ft/min), or as low as possible.

In tunnel houses, birds will tend to migrate towardthe air inlet end in hot conditions. Where airflowis correct, temperature differences between inletsand exits should not be large. Installing migrationfences at 30 m (100 ft) intervals prior to 21 daysof age will prevent bird migration problems.Avoid solid migration fences as they will restrictairflow.

Key Points

• Tunnel ventilation is used in warm to hot weather or where large birds are grown.

• Cooling is achieved through high-velocity airflow.

• Use bird behavior to assess if environmental conditions are correct.

• Care should be taken with young chicks which are prone to wind chill.

• Consider installation of migration fences.

Evaporative CoolingSystemsTunnel ventilation is well-suited to the additionof an evaporative cooling system because of thehigh-velocity airflow of tunnel ventilation.Evapo- rative cooling is used to improveenvironmental conditions in hot weather andenhances the efficiency of tunnel ventilation.Evaporative cooling systems use the principle ofwater evaporation to reduce the temperature inthe house.

Evaporative cooling is best implemented tomaintain a required temperature in the house,rather than to reduce temperatures that havealready become stressfully high.

The 3 factors which directly affectevaporative cooling are:

• Outside air temperature.

• Relative humidity (RH) of outside air.

• Evaporation efficiency.

There are 2 primary types of evaporativecooling systems; pad cooling with tunnelventilation and Fogging or Misting.

Pad Cooling with TunnelVentilationPad cooling systems cool air by drawing itthrough wetted cellulose pads (see Figure4.4). The dual effect of pad cooling and airspeed allows control of environment when housetemperatures are above 29°C (84°F). Excessivelyhigh house humidity can be minimized by makingsure that evaporative cooling pads/foggingsystems do not operate at temperatures below27°C (81°F) in areas where the ambient humidityis high (greater than 80%).

Figure 4.4: Pad cooling with tunnelventilation

Airflow

Water

Cooled Air

With low pressure systems, larger particlesizes can cause wet litter if househumidity is high. High pressure systemsminimize residual moisture giving anextended humidity range. Fine droplet sizewill help avoid wet litter which isespecially important during the broodingperiod.

KeyPoints

• Keep fans, foggers, evaporators and inlets clean.

• Evaporative cooling is used to enhancetunnel ventilation in hot weather.

• There are 2 types of systems: pad cooling and fogging/misting.• Pad cooling draws air through wettedcellulose pads and allows control ofthe environment when house temperaturesare above29°C (84°F).

• Fogging systems cool incoming air byevaporation of water pumped throughfoggers. High pressure systems minimize

residual moisture.

Lighting forBroilersA lighting program should be simple in design.Complicated lighting programs can bedifficult to implement successfully. Lightingrecommen- dations are subject to locallegislation and these should be taken intoaccount before starting a program.

Light is an important management technique inbroiler production. There are at least 4important aspects:

• Wavelength (color).

• Intensity.

• Photoperiod length.

• Photoperiod distribution

(intermittent programs). Photoperiod

length and distribution have interactive

effects.

Many broiler growers use a lighting program thatprovides what is essen-tially continuous lighting. This system consistsof a long continuous light

Fogging/Misting

EnteringHouse

Water forRecirculation

Hot Air

EvaporativeCooling Pad

period followed by a short dark period of 30–60minutes. This short period of dark is to allowbirds to become accustomed to darkness shoulda power failure occur.Continuous lighting has, in the past, beenassumed to help maximize daily live-weightgain; but this assumption is not correct.

Fogging systems cool incoming air by evaporationof water created by pumping water throughfogger nozzles. Place fogging lines near theair inlets to maximize the speed ofevaporation and add additional linesthroughout the house.

There are 3 types offogging systems:

• Low pressure; 100 –200 psi (7–14 bar); droplet size up to 30 microns.

• High pressure; 400 – 600 psi (28–41 bar); droplet size 10 –15 microns.

• Ultra high pressure (misting); 700 –1,000

psi (48-69 bar); droplet size 5 microns.

Exposure to darkness influences birdproductivity, health, hormonal profiles,metabolic rate, heat production,metabolism, physiology and behavior.

Recent information indicatesthat darkness exposure:

• Reduces early growth (but there may belater compensatory growth that can enablebirds to catch up to equal target marketweights; but only if the duration ofdarkness is not excessive. For broilersprocessed at low body weights [e.g. <1.6kg/3.5 lb] compensatory growth may not beachieved due to insufficient grow-outtime).

• Improves feed efficiency due to reducedmetabolism during darkness and/or achange in the growth curve (i.e. a moreconcave growth curve).

• Improves bird health by reducing suddendeath syndrome (SDS), ascites and skeletaldisorders.

• Affects carcass yield with

Table 4.4: Basic light intensity and photoperiod recommendations to optimize live performance

- A decrease in the proportion of breast meat.

- An increase in the proportion of leg portions.

- An unpredictable change (more, or less, or none) in abdominal fat.

All lighting programs should provide for a longday length such as 23 hours light and 1 hourdark in the early stages of growth to 7 days ofage. This ensures chicks have good feed intake.Reducing day length too soon will reduce feedingactivity and depress 7-day body weight.

When comparing various wavelengths ofmonochromatic light at the same light intensity,broiler growth rate appears to be better whenexposed to wavelengths of 415-560 nm (violet togreen) than in those exposed to >635 nm (red) orbroad spectrum (white) light.

A light intensity of 30–40 lux (3–4 foot candles)from 0–7 days of life and5–10 lux (0.5–1.0 foot candles) thereafter willimprove feeding activity and growth. Theintensity of light should be uniformlydistributed throughout the house (reflectorsplaced on top of lights can improve thedistribution of light).

The European Union lighting requirements arebased on Council Directive2007/43/EC. These stipulate that a lightintensity of at least 20 lux (2 foot candles)during the light period must be provided at allages.

To attain a state of darkness, a lightintensity of less than 0.4 lux (0.04 footcandles) should be achieved during the darkperiod. During darkness exposure, take care toavoid light seepage through air inlets, fanhous- ings and door frames. Conduct regular

tests to check the effectiveness of lightproofing.

All birds should have equal, free and adlibitum access to nutritionally adequatefeed and water as soon as the lightsare switched on (see Section 2: Provision ofFeed and Water).

Broilers will adapt their feeding behaviorin response to reduced day length. Forexample, a change in day length from 24 to 12hours of light will initially cause chicks toreduce feed intake by 30–40% during the first3 days. However, as soon as 8 days later,the reduction in feed intake can be lessthan 10%. Broilers change their pattern offeeding in the light period by filling theircrops in anticipation of the dark period.When the lights come back on they will do thesame again. Birds sent for slaughter atyounger ages have less time to adapt theireating and drinking behaviors in responseto darkness exposure than do thoseslaughtered at correspondingly older ages.Thus the effects of darkness exposure on liveperformance are more pronounced in broilersslaughtered at younger ages.

Lighting program guidance based on slaughterweight target is provided in Table 4.4.

Live weight at

Age (days) Intensity(lux)

Day length(hours)

Less than 2.5 kg(5.5 lb)

0–78–3 days before

30–40 (3–4)5–10 (0.5–1.0)

23 light/1 dark20 light/4

More than 2.5 kg(5.5 lb)

0-78-3 days before slaughter*

30–40 (3–4)5–10 (0.5–1.0)

23 light/1 dark18 light/6 dark

* For at least the last 3 days before slaughter, 23 hourslight and 1 hour dark should be provided.** EU Broiler Welfare Directive requires a total of 6 hoursdarkness, with at least 1 uninter- rupted period of darkness ofat least 4 hours.

Aviagen does not recommend continuous lighting forthe life of the broiler flock. Provide a minimum 4hours of darkness after 7 days of age. Failure toprovide at least 4 hour of darkness will result in:

• Abnormal feeding and drinking behaviors due to sleep deprivation.

• Sub-optimal biological performance.

• Reduced bird welfare.

In hot weather conditions, and where environmentalcontrol capability is not available, time theperiod without artificial light to maximize birdcomfort. For example, when birds are reared in open-sided housing with no environmental controlcapability, feed is often removed for a timeperiod during the heat of the day and continuouslighting is provided at night to allow birds to feedduring this cooler period.

Broilers benefit from a defined pattern of light anddark (day and night) by having distinct timeperiods for rest and for activity. A number ofimportant physiological processes, such as bonemineralization and digestion, normally exhibitdiurnal rhythms. Therefore, defined cycles of lightand dark allow broilers to experience naturalpatterns of growth and development.

Subsequent to feeding, normal gut passage time inthe broiler is approximately 4 hours. Thus,exposure to darkness for more than 6 consecu-tive hours may encourage overly-aggressive feedingbehavior when the lights come back on. This mayresult in an increase in skin scratches, an increasein condemnations and a reduction in carcass gradeat the meat processing plant.

Additionally, darkness exposure beyond4 hours will:

• Reduce breast meat yield.

• Increase leg meat yield.

This phenomenon is important to farmers whoproduce broilers for deboning.

Photoperiod distribution can also be modifiedand this is referred to as an intermittentprogram. An intermittent program consists ofblocks of time containing both light and darkperiods, which are repeated throughout the 24hours. The benefit of such a program is thatin giving broilers discrete meals (i.e. shortfeeding periods) followed by periods fordigestion (i.e. dark periods), the efficiencyof feed utilization (i.e. FCR) is improved. Theextra activity caused by the regular pattern oflight and dark is thought to be beneficial inimproving leg health and carcass quality (e.g.lower incidence of hockburn and breastblisters). If intermittent lighting programs areused, the protocol should be designed as simplyas possible to allow for practicalimplementation.

The extent of the effect of the lighting programupon broiler production is influenced by:

• The time of program application (earlyapplication being most effective inbenefiting bird health).

• Age at marketing (older birds beinglikely to benefit more from darknessexposure).

• Environment (the effects of increasedstocking density will be exacerbated bylonger darkness exposure).

• Nutrition (the effects of limited feederspace will be made worse by longer darknessexposure).

• Rate of bird growth (the impact of lightingon health will be greater in rapidly growingbirds than in birds fed nutritionallylimiting diets).

Several types of light sources can be used forbroilers and the most common types are:

• Incandescent lights: these provide a goodspectral range, but are not energyefficient. However, incandescent lightswith higher lumen output per watt will helpreduce operating costs.

• Fluorescent lights: these produce 3 to 5

times the amount of light per watt compared toincandescent lights, but fluorescent lightslose intensity over time and must be replacedbefore actually fail- ing. Fluorescent lightingprovides significant savings in electricitycosts after the additional installation costshave been recovered.

There are no differences between these lightsources as far as broiler performance isconcerned. Bulbs and reflectors must be cleanedregu- larly for maximum effectiveness.

KeyPoints

• Keep it simple.

• Continuous, or near continuous, lighting is not optimal.

• Chicks up to 7 days of age should have 23 hours light (30 –40 lux,

3–4 foot candles) and 1 hour dark.• After 7 days of age a period ofdarkness of 4 hours or more (but nevermore than 6 hours) is likely to bebeneficial.

• The hours of darkness chosen willdepend upon circumstances and marketrequirement.

• Many aspects of production managementinteract with the lighting programand modify the effects of lightingpattern on bird performance.

LitterManagementLocal economics and raw materialavailability will dictate the choice oflitter material used. Litter should provide:

• Good moisture absorption.

• Biodegradability.

• Bird comfort.

• Low dust level.

• Freedom from contaminants.

• Consistent availability from a biosecure source.

Evenly distribute soft wood shavingmaterial to a depth of 8–10 cm (3–4 in).Where floor temperatures are adequate (28–30°C/82–86°F) the litter depth can be reducedwhere litter disposal is an issue.Concrete floors are preferable to earthfloors since they are washable and allowmore effective litter management. Thecharacteristics of some common littermaterials are given in Table 4.5.

Material CharacteristicsNew white wood shavings Good absorption and

breakdownPossible contamination by toxic insecticides

Chopped straw Wheat straw is preferredPossible contamination by agrochemicals, fungi and mycotoxins

Shredded paper Can be difficult tomanage in humid conditions

Chaff and hulls Not very absorbentBest mixed with other materials

Sawdust Not suitableDusty, and may be

Chemically treated straw pellets

Use as recommended by supplierSand Can be used in aridareas on concrete floorsIf too deep bird movement may be

Peat moss Can be successfully used

Table 4.5: Characteristics of common litter materials

Key Points

• Protect broilers from damage and provide adry warm covering to the floor by usingadequate quantities of a good quality littermate- rial.

• Avoid nutritional causes of wet litter.

• Ensure adequate ventilation and avoid excess moisture.

• Choose a litter material that is absorbent, non-dusty and clean.

• Litter should be readily available at alow cost from a reliable source.

• Use fresh litter for each crop to prevent re-infection by pathogens.

• Protect litter storage facilities from theweather and secure from access by verminand wild birds.

It is important that the litter is kept looseand dry throughout the life of the flock. If thelitter becomes caked or too wet, the incidenceof carcass downgrades can increasesubstantially.

The main causes of poor litterquality are given below.

Figure 4.5: Reasons for poorquality litter

Poor quality litter material orinsufficientdepth

StockingDensityStocking density is ultimately a decision based oneconomics and local welfare legislation.

Stocking density influences bird welfare, broilerperformance, uniformity and product quality.

Overstocking increases the environmental pressureson the broiler, com- promises bird welfare and willultimately reduce profitability.

Quality of housing and the environmental controlsystem determine the best stocking density. Ifstocking density is increased, ventilation, feed-ing space and drinker availability must beadjusted.

The floor area needed for each broiler

will depend on:

• Target live weight and age at slaughter.

• Climate and season.

• Type and system of housing and equipment; particularly ventilation.

• Local legislation.

• Quality assurance certification requirements.

In certain regions of the world thelegislation of stocking density is basedsimply on kg/m (lb/ft). An example of this wouldbe based on EU recommendations.

Within the European Union, stocking densities arebased on the EU BroilerWelfareDirective:• 33 kg/m2 (6.7 lb/ft2) or

High humidity

Enteritisdue todiseas

e

Poor quality fats

POOR LITTER QUALITY

Drinker design andadjustment

Poor ventilation

High salt, protein diets

High stocking density

• 39 kg/m2 (8 lb/ft2) if stricter welfare standards are met or

• 42 kg/m2 (8.6 lb/ft2) if exceptionally high welfare standards are met over a prolonged period.

Welfare standards refer to adequate provision offeed and water, sustain- able good indoorclimatic conditions and minimal incidence offoot pad dermatitis.

An alternative best practice recommendation,based on bird husbandry, takes into accountbird number and bird mass in the floorarea. An example of this would be based on USArecommendations. This recommendation is shownin Table 4.6.Table 4.6: Guide to stocking densities according to birdnumbers and live weight (USA recommendations)

Bird live weight kg (lb)

Square feet per

Birds/m2

(Birds/ft2)

Birdweightkg/m2

(lb/1.36 (3.0)

0.50

21.5 (2.0)

29.2 (5.99)1.82

(4.0)0.70

15.4 (1.4)

28.0 (5.73)2.27

(5.0)0.85

12.7 (1.2)

28.8 (5.91)2.73

(6.0)0.90

12.0 (1.1)

32.7 (6.70)3.18

(7.0)1.00

10.8 (1.0)

34.3 (7.04)3.63

(8.0)1.15

9.4 (0.9)

34.1 (6.99)

Stocking Density inHot ClimatesIn hot conditions, the stocking density used willdepend on ambient temperature and humidity.Make appropriate changes in accordance withhouse type and equipment capabilities.

Example stocking densities used in hotconditions are as follows:• In houses with controlled environment:- A maximum of 30 kg/m2 (6 lb/ft2) at slaughter.

• In open-sided houses, with poor environmental control:

- A maximum of 20 –25 kg/m2 (4–5 lb/ft2) at slaughter.

- At the hottest times of the year a maximum of 16–18 kg/m2

(3.2–3.7 lb/ft2).• In open-sided houses, with no environmental control:- It is not recommended to grow birds to live weights above 3 kg(6.6 lb).

Key Points

• Adjust stocking density to allow for age and weight at which the flock is to be slaughtered.

• Match stocking density to climate and housing system.

• Reduce stocking density if target house temperatures cannot be achieved due to hot climate or season.

• Adjust ventilation and feeder and drinker space if stocking density is increased.

• Follow local legislation and requirements ofquality assurance standards set by productpurchasers.

Section 5 Monitoring Live Weight and Uniformity of Performance

Section 5

Monitoring LiveWeight and

Uniformity ofPerformance

Objective

To assess live flock performance against targets and to ensure that defined end product specifications are met as closely aspossible.

Contents

Principles.............................................................................

........ 42Predictability of Live Weight

......................................................... 42

Flock Uniformity (CV%)...........................................

..................... 42Separate-Sex

Arbor Acres Broiler Management GuideGrowing.....................................

.............................. 43

Uniformity of flock*

Number of birds to be weighed**Unifor

m(CV% =

61

Moderatelyuniform 96

Poorlyuniform 138

Fe ale Male

As-H

atched

% of F

lock a

t Pa

rtic

ular

Live Wei

ght

Section 5 Monitoring Live Weight and Uniformity of PerformancePrinciplesProfitability depends upon maximizing theproportion of birds that closely meet targetspecifications. This requires predictable anduniform growth.

Growth management depends upon theknowledge of past, present and likely futuregrowth performance. This knowledge, and safesubse- quent actions, can only be achieved ifthe measurement of the growth is accurate.

Predictability ofLive WeightAccurate information on live weight andcoefficient of variation (CV%) for each flock isessential in planning the appropriate age forslaughter and to ensure that the maximum numberof birds fall into the desired weight bands atslaughter.

Older, heavier males tend to use auto-weighers less frequently, which biases theflock mean downwards. Regularly check readingsfrom any auto-weigher for usage rate (numberof completed weights per day). At least onceper week, cross-check the mean live weightsachieved by manual weighing. Inaccurate liveweight estimation will result from small samplesizes.

KeyPoints

• Weigh a sufficiently large number of birds.

• Weigh birds that are representative of the whole flock.

• Use accurate scales.

• Weigh birds frequently and accurately to ensure effective prediction of live weight atslaughter.

As growth rate increases and as slaughter age becomes earlier, prediction of live-weight gain over more than 2–3 days isless accurate. Accurate estimation andprediction of flock live weight at slaughterrequires large numbers of birds (greater than100) to be repeatedly sampled close toslaughter age (within 2–3 days).

Table 5.1 shows the number of sample birdsrequired to give a live weight estimate ofdefined reliability and accuracy withinflocks of differing variability.

Table 5.1: Number of birds in a sample to give accurateestimates of live weight according to flock uniformity

Flock Uniformity(CV%)Broiler live weight will follow a normaldistribution. The variability of a population(the flock) is described by the coefficient ofvariation (CV%) which is the standard deviationof the population expressed as a percentage ofthe mean.

Variable flocks will have a high CV%, uniformflocks a lower one.

Each sex will have a normal distribution of liveweight. The As-Hatched(mixed sex) flock will have a wider CV% thansingle-sex flocks. (See Figure5.1 which refers to a flock at theend of grow-out).Figure 5.1: Distribution of live weights in a flock of as-hatched broilers

14

12

10

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guide 8

* As measured by coefficient of variation (CV%; i.e. standard deviation/average body 6weight x 100); the higher the number the more variable the flock body weight is.4** Estimate of live weight will be within ±2% of the actual live weight and will be correct95% of the time. 2

Birds can be weighed using manual orautomatic weighing scales. Unexpected changesin live weight may be indicative of scaleerror or malfunction. Scales should beregularly checked for accuracy andrepeatability.

When using manual scales the birds should beweighed at least 3 times per week. On eachoccasion, equal sized samples of birds shouldbe taken from at least 2 locations in eachhouse.

Place automatic weighing systems where largenumbers of birds congre- gate and whereindividual birds will remain long enough forweights to be recorded.

01.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 kg2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.2 lb

LiveWeight

Figure 5.2 shows weight distributions atdifferent levels of uniformity (CV%) for 3single-sexed flocks, all achieving target liveweight of 1.9 kg (4.2 lb). It can be seen thatthe weight distributions within each flock arequite different.

The lower the CV%, and therefore the lessvariable the flock, the more birds achieve thetarget.

% of F

lock

in

Live-

weight B

and

% of F

lock i

n Li

ve-

weig

ht B

and

Figure 5.2: Effect of CV% on live-weight bands in a flock of sexed broilers

Key Points

Flock Details:- Sexed Flock (males orfemales).- Mean live weight 1.9 kg (4.2 lb).

14

CV%=8CV%=10CV%=12

• Birds in more uniform flocks will be more likely to meet the required target live weight.

• Variability in performance increases the flock CV%, which influences both flock profitability and processing plant efficiency.

12 • Minimize

flock variability by monitoring and managing flock

10 uniformity.

8 • Uniform flocks (low CV%) are more predictable in performance than uneven flocks.

6

4

2

01.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 kg2.9 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.5 6.0 lb

LiveWeight

The proportion of birds achieving the targetrelates to the width of the band allowed forthe target and the variability of the flock.Thus, if a live weight band of 1.8–2.0 kg (4.0–4.4lb) is required, even at a CV% of 8, only58% of the birds achieve required liveweight (see Figure 5.3).

An understanding of these principles ofbiological variability forms the basis ofeffective planning in processing plants.

Figure 5.3: Effect of CV% on proportion of birds in targetlive-weight band

Separate-SexGrowingThe number of birds which achieve live weightat, or close to, the flock mean can bepredicted from the CV% of that flock. Itfollows that improvements in uniformity can beattained by growing flocks in single- sexpopulations from placement. Flocks can be sexedby feather sexing, which is described in Appendix4.

The advantages of separate-sex growing can bebest exploited when males and females arehoused separately. Both sexes can be managedmore efficiently with regard to feeding, lightingand stocking density.Males grow faster, are more feed efficient andhave less carcass fat than females. A differentfeeding program can be employed for thedifferent sexes. The most practical method is touse the same feeds for both sexes but tointroduce the Finisher earlier for females(i.e. before 25 days of age). It isrecommended that the amount or duration ofStarter feed be kept the same to ensure properearly development. For more information onseparate-sex feeding please consult your localAviagen Nutrition

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

CV% = 8CV% = 10CV% = 12

58

49

41

9791

86 84

76

67

Services Represent

ative.

Males may benefit from a modified lightingprogram if being killed at heavier weightscompared to females. So where sexed flocks areplaced in a divided single house, with a commonenvironment and feed supply, careful thoughtwill be needed to optimize the growthmanagement for each sex without limiting theother.

KeyPoints

• Monitor and manage flock uniformity to minimize flock variability.

• Grow sexes separately to reduce variability.

01.8–2.0 kg

(4.0–4.4 lb)1.7–2.1

kg(3.7–4.6

lb)

Target Live-weight Band

1.6–2.2 kg(3.5–4.8 lb)


Section 6

Pre-processingManagement

Objective

To manage the final phase of the productionprocess so that broilers are transferred tothe processor in optimum condition, ensuringthat the processing requirements are met andhigh standards of welfare are maintained.

Contents

Principles.............................................................................

........ 46Preparation for Catching

.............................................................. 46

Catching ..............................................................................

........ 46Processing ............................................................................

....... 48

Section 6 Pre-processing Management

PrinciplesThe quality of the bird at the point of sale canbe substantially influenced by managementprocedures at the end of the growth period, atcatching and through handling andtransportation.

Attention to aspects of bird welfare at thistime will deliver benefits not only to thebirds themselves, but also to their subsequenteating quality.

Growing conditions influence carcass yield andthe incidence of downgrading, whileinadequately managed feed removal will affectfecal and microbial contamination of thecarcasses at the processing plant. Improp- erlysupervised harvesting can inflict damage bybruising, wing breakage and internal bleeding ofthe thighs.

There are benefits in maintaining the highquality of broiler achieved thus far throughdetailed attention to management of theenvironment. There are also advantages inmaintaining the welfare of the birds duringcatch- ing, handling between the broiler houseand the transport system, during transportationand at the processing plant.

It is inevitable that some weight loss willoccur during the time the bird is without feedprior to processing due to loss of gut contents.The effect of these losses on carcass weight canbe minimized by ensuring that the period withoutfeed does not become excessive.

Birds without feed for more than 10 hours willdehydrate, have compro- mised welfare andreduced carcass yield. Birds will usually loseup to0.5% of their body weight per hour when off feedfor up to 12 hours (with water removed only whenabsolutely necessary). If they are allowed togo over 12 hours without feed, weight lossincreases to 0.75–1.0% of body weight per hour.This weight loss cannot be recovered.

Preparation forCatchingLightWhen growth has been modified through theapplication of restricted lighting programs, it isessential to return to 23 hours of light (5–10 luxor 0.5-1.0 foot candles). This will ensure that thebirds are calm during collection. The EU BroilerDirective requires 20 lux (2 foot candles) at least3 days prior todepletion.

FeedA Withdrawal feed should be fed for sufficienttime prior to slaughter to eliminate the risk ofpharmaceutical product residues in the meat.Statutory withdrawal periods for coccidiostats andother prescribed medi- cines that are specified inproduct data sheets must be followed. Wherethinning (i.e. partial depletion) programs are used,it may be necessary to keep the birds on theWithdrawal feed for longer than the mandatory periodprior to slaughter.

Remove feed from the birds 8–10 hours before theexpected slaughter time to reduce fecalcontamination at the processing plant. This periodshould include catching, transport and holdingtime. If the time that the birds are without feedis prolonged, water absorbed from body tissueaccumulates in the digestive tract resulting inreduced yield. Fecal contamination may also beincreased.

Arbor Acres Broiler Management GuideThe presence of watery droppings from

broilers waiting to be processed is anindication that the birds have been withoutfeed for too long. Other indicators includewatery yellow fluid in the small intestineand litter in the crop and gizzard.

Remove whole wheat (if included in the diet)2 days before slaughter to avoid thepresence of whole grain in the gut.

WaterProvide unlimited access to water for aslong as possible and remove water only whenabsolutely necessary.

Access to water willbe prolonged by:

• Use of multiple drinker lines.

• Separation of birds into pens.

• Progressive removal of individual drinkers.

KeyPoints

• Use a Withdrawal feed (i.e. withoutcoccidiostat) to avoid residues in meat.

• Allow 3 days on full light (23 hourslight and 1 hour dark) to avoid problemsduring catching.

• Appropriate feed removal from the birdswill ensure that the digestive systemsare empty before processing commences,limiting fecal contamination duringtransport.

• Remove whole wheat from the ration 2 days before slaughter.• Delay the removal of drinkers for as long as possible.

Catching

Catching and handling will cause stress tobroilers. Most causes of downgrading observedat slaughter will have occurred during the periodwhen the birds were being caught and handled.Carefully plan catching in advance and closelysupervise all stages. The handling of birdsand operation of machinery, such as harvestersand forklifts, must be carried out byappropriately trained, competent personnel.Minimize bird activity to avoid bruising,scratching and other injuries.

Mortality during the catching and transportprocess should not be more than 0.1%.

Pre-catchCalculate the time it will take to catch and totransport. Start the catch according to when thebirds are scheduled to be slaughtered.

Calculate the number of crates and trailersneeded to transport the birds before the processcommences.

Ensure all equipment used (including vehicles,crates, fencing and nets), are clean,disinfected and in good condition. Broken ordamaged crates may injure birds.

Repair, compact and level the ground at theentrance to the poultry house (and any secondaryroads leading to the house) to ensure a smoothexit for the loaded trucks. This will preventbruising and wing damage.

Remove any wet litter from the broiler housethat may hinder the efforts of the catching crewand replace with dry litter.Raise all feeding equipment above head height of2 m (6.6 ft), remove it from the house or re-position it to avoid obstruction to the birdsor personnel.

Separate birds into pens within largerhouses to avoid unnecessary crowding andallow access to water for birds notimmediately due for catching.

Whenever possible, decrease the light intensityduring catching to reduce stress. For night-timecatching, which is preferred, reduce lightintensity within the house to a minimum. Forday-time catching, reduce light intensity asmuch as possible. In all cases light intensitymust be sufficient to allow safe and carefulcatching. Blue light has been found to besatisfactory for this purpose. The bestresults are achieved when birds are allowed tosettle after lights have been dimmed and whenthere is minimum disturbance.

The use of curtains over the main doors of thehouse is helpful when catching during daylighthours.

The opening of doors and removal of birds willaffect the ventilation of thermostaticallycontrolled environments. Carefully monitor andadjust the ventilation system throughout thecatching procedure to reduce stress on thebroilers and to prevent heat build-up within thehouse.

Catch

Broilers should be caught and held by bothshanks (never the thighs) to minimize thedistress, damage and injury that mightotherwise result if they were able tostruggle and flap.

Carefully place the birds into the crates ormodules, loading from the top down. Moduleshave been shown to result in less distressand damage than conventional crates.

Crates or modules should never be overfilledas this can result in overheating, stressand increased mortality. Reduce the numberof broilers per crate or module in hightemperatures.

Improperly operated catching equipment cancause stress and damage to the broiler.Operate mechanical equipment used to catchbirds (see Fig- ure 6.1) at moderate speedsto prevent damage and stress to broilers.Never crowd or force the birds into thecatching equipment. Properly align theopening chute of the catching equipment withthe opening of the crate or module toprevent damage to the broiler.

Figure 6.1: Example of a mechanicalharvester

TransportTransport time should be within the local currentguidelines or legislation. At all times up to thearrival at the slaughter house, adequate protec-tion from the elements is essential. Useventilation, extra heating and/orcooling when necessary. Design vehicles to protectthe bird from the elements. Stress on the birdswill be minimized in trailers designed to provideadequate ventilation.

In hot weather, consider using fans while loadingthe birds to keep the air circulating through thecrates or modules on the truck. Allow at least10 cm (4 in) between every 2 tiers of crates.While waiting to be processed, use fans and foggersto help keep birds cool.

Heat stress will develop rapidly when the transportvehicle is stationary, particularly in hot weatheror if on-board ventilation is not available.Vehicles should leave the farm as soon as loading iscompleted and driver breaks should be short.

Unloading at the holding area of the slaughter housemust be completed without delay. Supplementaryventilation will be required if delay isunavoidable.

In cold weather, cover the load to minimize windchill during transport. Check bird comfortfrequently.

DeliveryAt the slaughter house, park the trucks under acover and remove any canvas that may restrictventilation.

Good holding facilities at the slaughter housethat provide the required ventilation andtemperature control are essential for good birdwelfare.

Equip holding areas with lights, fans andfoggers. Use foggers during periods of hightemperatures if relative humidity is below 70%.In very hot weather, water can be sprayed intothe fans to assist evaporation. In summerconditions make sure all fans and foggers arefunctional in the holding areas.


Key Points• Operate harvesting equipment properly.• Maintain adequate reduce stress.

ventilation during mechanical catching to

• Supervise catching and handling methodscarefully to minimize trauma injuries to thebirds.

• Remove or raise obstructions such asfeeders or drinkers before beginning thecatching operation and use partitions inlarge houses to avoid injuries caused bycrowding.

• Reduce light intensity prior to catching tokeep the birds calm and minimize damage andsubsequent stress.

• Adjust bird numbers in crates and modulesto allow for bird weight and ambienttemperature.

• Plan journey and bird reception.• Monitor welfare continuously.

ProcessingSuccessful production of the maximum number ofhigh quality carcasses with good yield dependson effective integration of the growing, catchingand processing operations.

Careful planning and communication between thefarm and processing plant will allow processingto proceed effectively. Management on the farmcan influence the efficient operation of thekilling, plucking and evisceration processes.

To minimize fecal contamination, carcass damageand downgrading, close attention should be givento:

• Litter quality.

• Stocking density.

• Feed removal times.

• Catching methods.

• Transport time.

• Holding time.

Key Points

• Present clean birds to the processor.

• Maintain good litter quality, depth andcondition to minimize hockburn and othercarcass quality problems.

• Scratching damage may be increased underhigh stocking densities, or when feeder ordrinker spaces are inadequate, especiallywhen lighting or feed control is used.

• Process under conditions that maintain best welfare of the birds.

• Minimize transport and holding times toreduce stress and dehydration.

Notes


Notes

Appendices

Appendices

Contents

Appendix 1. ProductionRecords.....................................

.............. 52Appendix 2. Conversion Tables

.................................................... 53

Appendix 3. Efficiency Calculations............................................

.. 54Appendix 4. Feather Sexing

.......................................................... 55

Appendix 5. Classification of Months...........................................

56Appendix 6. Problem

Solving........................................................ 57

Appendix 7. Ventilation Rates (per bird) andCalculations ............ 59

Arbor Acres Broiler Management GuideArbor Acres Broiler Management Guide

Event Records CommentFeed Date of delivery

Quantity

Date of starting feedwithdrawal

Accurate measurement of feedconsumed is essential to measure FCR and to determine cost Water Daily consumption

Water to feed ratio

Water qualityLevel of chlorination

Plot daily consumption in graph form, preferably per house

Sudden fluctuationin water consumption is an early indicator of

Environment

Temperature: daily minimum daily maximumduring brooding, 4 to5 times per daylitter during brooding external temperature— daily

Multiple locations should be monitoredespecially in chick litter area

Automatic systems should be cross-checked manually each day

Ideally record dust,Depletion Number of birds removed

Time and Information fromslaughter house

Carcass

quality Health

inspection

Carcass

compositionCleaning out

Total bacterial counts

After disinfection,salmonella,staphylococcus or E.

House inspect

Record time of daily

Appendix 1.Production RecordsRecord keeping and analysis are essential todetermine the effects of changes tonutrition, management, environment andhealth status. Accurate production records areessential for the effective management,assessment of risk, control of the system andactive response to developing problems.

Analysis and interpretation of production data(e.g. live weight, feed conversion efficiencyand mortality) are essential to the upgradingand improvement of performance.

Hygiene and disease status shouldbe monitored.

It is good practice for all processes in abroiler operation to have standard operatingprotocols (SOP). These should includedocumentation of established procedures,records, record analysis and monitoring systems.

Records Required inBroiler ProductionEvent Records CommentChick placement

Number of day-oldsFlock of origin and flock ageDate and

Live weight, uniformity, numberof dead on arrival

Mortality Daily Weekly Cumulative

Record by sex if possible Record culls and reason for culling separately

Post mortem records of excessive Medicatio

nDate

Amount

Batch number

As per veterinary instruction

AppendicesVaccinati

onDate of vaccinationVaccine type Batch

Any unexpected vaccine reaction should be recorded

Live weight

Weekly averagelive weight

Weekly uniformity(CV%)

More frequent measurement is required when predicting slaughter weight or

Pressure1 pound per square inch(psi)

6895 Newtons per squaremeter

1 pound per square inch(psi)

0.06895 bar1 bar 14.504 pounds per square

inch1 bar 105 Newtons per square

meter100 kilopascals (kPa)

1 Newton per square meter

0.000145 pound per square inch

Stocking Density1 square foot per bird (ft2/bird)

10.76 birds per square meter

10 birds per square meter

1.08 square feet per bird (ft2/bird)


0.72 square feet per bird (ft2/bird)


0.54 square feet per bird

1 kilogram per square meter

0.205 pound per square foot

15 kilograms per square meter

3.08 pounds per square foot

34.2 kilograms per square meter


40 kilograms per square meter


Energy1 calorie (cal) 4.184 Joules (J)1 Joule (J) 0.239 calories (cal)1 kilocalorie per kilogram

4.184 Megajoules per kilogram

1 Megajoule per kilogram(MJ/kg)

108 calories per pound (cal/lb)1 Joule (J) 0.735 foot pound (ft lb)

1 foot pound (ft lb) 1.36 Joules (J)1 Joule (J) 0.00095 British Thermal

Unit (BTU)1 British Thermal Unit (BTU)

1055 Joules (J)1 kilowatt hour (kW-h) 3412.1 British Thermal

Units (BTU)1 British Thermal Unit (BTU)

0.00029 kilowatt hour (kW-h)


Appendix 2. Conversion TablesLength1 meter (m) 3.281 feet (ft)1 foot (ft) 0.305 meter (m)1 centimeter (cm) 0.394 inch (in)1 inch (in) 2.54 centimeters (cm)

Area1 square meter (m2) 10.76 square feet (ft2)1 square foot (ft2) 0.093 square meters (m2)

Volume1 liter (l) 0.22 imperial gallons

(gal)1 imperial gallon (gal) 4.54 liters (l)1 US gallon (gal US) 3.79 liters (l)1 imperial gallon (gal) 1.2 US gallons (gal US)1 cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic feet (ft3)1 cubic foot (ft3) 0.028 cubic meters (m3)

Weight1 kilogram (kg) 2.205 pounds (lb)1 pound (lb) 0.454 kilograms (kg)1 gram (g) 0.035 ounces (oz)1 ounce (oz) 28.35 grams (g)

TemperatureTemperature (°C) 5/9 (Temperature °F –

32)Temperature (°F) 32 + 9/5 (Temperature °C)

OperatingTemperatureOperating temperature is defined as theminimum house temperature plus 2/3 of thedifference between minimum and maximum housetemperatures. It is important where there aresignificant diurnal temperature fluctuations. Forexample:• Minimum house temperature 16°C (61°F).

• Maximum house temperature 28°C (82°F).

• Operating Temperature = [(28 - 16) × 2/3] + 16 =

Appendices24°C (Celsius).

• Operating Temperature = [(82 - 61) × 2/3] + 61 = 75°F (Fahrenheit).

Ventilation1 cubic foot per minute(ft3/min)

1.699 cubic meters per hour

1 cubic meter per hour (m3/hour)

0.589 cubic foot per minute

Insulation1 ft2/°F/BTU 0.1761 square

kilometer per Watt1 km2/W 5.67446 square feet

per degree Fahrenheitper British Thermal Unit

Light1 foot candle 10.76 lux1 lux 0.093 foot candles


Appendix 3. Efficiency CalculationsProduction Efficiency Factor (PEF)*

InsulationU value describes how well a building material conducts heat and is measured in Watts per square kilometer per degree Celsius (W/km2/°C).

R value rates the isolative properties of building materials, the higher theR value the better the insulation. It is measured in km2/W (or ft2/°F/BTU).

Livability × LiveWeight in kg

Age in Days ×FCR

e.g. Age: 42 days

Live weight: 2.652 kg

Livability:

97.20% FCR:

1.75

e.g. Age: 46 days

Live weight: 3.006 kgLivability:96.90% FCR: 1.83

× 100

97.20 × 2.652

42 × 1.75

96.90 × 3.006

46 × 1.83

× 100 = 351

× 100 = 346

A simple formula to calculate the number oflamps required for a broiler house is as follows:

Floor area × Maximum lux*Number of (m2 or ft2) (foot candles )lamps = required

Wattage of × K factor lamp

*This formula is for tungsten bulbs at a heightof 2 meters (6.6 feet) above bird level.Fluorescent lights provide 3 to 5 times thenumber of lux (or foot candles) per Watt astungsten bulbs.

K factor depends on lamp wattageas shown below

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guide Appendices*Also referred to as European

Efficiency Factor (EEF).

Note: The higher the value the better thetechnical performance.

It is important to note that this calculation isheavily biased by daily gain. When comparingacross different environments, comparisonsshould be made at similar ages at slaughter.

Power of Lamp (Watts) K Factor15 3.825 4.240 4.660 5.0100 6.0

Appendices

55

Appendix 4.Feather SexingIdentification of males and females at day-oldmay be accomplished easily at the hatchery asmost strains of the Arbor Acres Broiler arefeather sexable. In feather sexable broilers,fast-feathering chicks are female, slow-feathering chicks are male. The type offeathering is identified by observing therelationship between coverts (upper layer) andthe primaries (lower layer) which are found onthe outer half of the wing.

In the slow-feathering male chick the primariesare the same length or shorter than the coverts.

Arbor Acres Male Broiler ChickWing FeathersSame lengthprimaries

Shorterprimaries

In the fast-feathering female chick the primaries are longer than the coverts.

Arbor Acres Female Broiler


56

Chick WingLongerprimaries


57

Appendices

Appendix 5. Classification of MonthsClassification of Months with Regard to Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Northern HemisphereWinter Spring Summer Autumn

December March June

SeptemberJanuary Apri

lJuly

OctoberFebruary May August November

Southern Hemisphere

Winter Spring Summer AutumnJune

September December MarchJuly

October January AprilAugust November February May

58


Appendix 6. Problem SolvingProblem Possible causes ActionHigh Early Mortality(>1% in first week)

Poor chick quality Check hatchery practice and egg hygiene

Check chick transportIncorrect brooding Re-adjust broodersDisease Post mortems on dead chicks, take veterinary Appetite Measure and achieve target crop fill levels

High Mortality(post 7 days)

Metabolic diseases (ascites, sudden death syndrome)

Check ventilation rates

Check feed formulation

Avoid excessive early growth rates

Check hatchery ventilationInfectious diseases Establish cause (post mortem)

Take veterinary advice on medication and vaccination

Leg problems Check calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D levels in diet 3

Use lighting programs to increase bird activityPoor Early Growth and Uniformity

Nutrition Check starter ration: availability and nutritional and physical quality

Chick quality Check hatchery procedures: egg hygiene, storage, incubation conditions, hatch time, transport

Environmental conditions

Check temperature and humidity profiles

Check daylengthCheck air quality: CO , dust, minimum ventilation

Appetite Check poor stimulation of appetite - low proportionPoor Late GrowthandUniformity

Low nutrient intake Check feed nutritional and physical quality and formulation

Check feed intake and accessibility

Excessive early restrictionInfectious disease See High MortalityEnvironmental conditions

Check ventilation

rates Check

stocking density

Check house

(table continued on next page)


59

Appendices

Problem Possible causes ActionPoor Litter Quality

Nutrition Poor quality fats in diet

Excess salts in diet

Excess protein in dietEnvironment Insufficient litter depth at start

Inappropriate litter material

Drinker design and adjustment

(spillage problems) Humidity too

high

Infectious disease Causing enteritis, take veterinary advicePoor Feed Conversion

Poor growth See Poor Early Growth, Poor Late GrowthHigh mortality (esp. late

See High Mortality

Feed wastage Check settings/adjustments of feeders

Allow birds to clear feeders twice dailyEnvironment Check house temperature is not too lowInfectious disease See High MortalityNutrition Check feed formulation and quality

Poor Feather Cover

Environment Check house temperature is not too highNutrition Check ration for methionine and cystine content

Factory Downgrading

Ascites See High MortalityBlisters and burns (e.g. Hock- burn)

Check stocking density

Check litter quality

Increase bird activity (e.g. feeding or lighting Bruises and breaks Check handling procedures at weighing and catchingScratching Excessive light stimulation

Check handling procedures at weighing and catching

Check access to feed and waterOregon disease (deepmuscu- lar myopathyor green muscle

Birds excessively disturbed during growth, e.g. at partial depletion(thinning), weighing etc.

Excessive fatness Check nutritional balance of diet

Check house temperature not too high

59

Live Weight kg

MinimumVentilationRate m3/hour

MaximumVentilationRate m3/hour

0.050 (0.110)

0.074 (0.044)

0.761 (0.448)0.100

(0.220)0.125 (0.074)

1.280 (0.754)0.200

(0.441)0.210 (0.124)

2.153 (1.268)0.300

(0.661)0.285 (0.168)

2.919 (1.719)0.400

(0.882)0.353 (0.208)

3.621 (2.133)0.500

(1.102)0.417 (0.246)

4.281 (2.522)0.600

(1.323)0.479 (0.282)

4.908 (2.891)0.700

(1.543)0.537 (0.316)

5.510 (3.245)0.800

(1.764)0.594 (0.350)

6.090 (3.587)0.900

(1.984)0.649 (0.382)

6.653 (3.919)1.000

(2.205)0.702 (0.413)

7.200 (4.241)1.200

(2.646)0.805 (0.474)

8.255 (4.862)1.400

(3.086)0.904 (0.532)

9.267 (5.458)1.600

(3.527)0.999 (0.588)

10.243 (6.033)1.800

(3.968)1.091 (0.643)

11.189 (6.590)2.000

(4.409)1.181 (0.696)

12.109 (7.132)2.200

(4.850)1.268 (0.747)

13.006 (7.661)2.400

(5.291)1.354 (0.798)

13.883 (8.177)2.600

(5.732)1.437 (0.846)

14.42 (8.683)2.800

(6.173)1.520 (0.895)

15.585 (9.180)3.000

(6.614)1.600 (0.942)

16.412 (9.667)3.200

(7.055)1.680 (0.990)

17.226 (10.146)3.400

(7.496)1.758 (1.035)

18.028 (10.618)3.600

(7.937)1.835 (1.081)

18.817 (11.083)3.800

(8.377)1.911 (1.126)

19.596 (11.542)4.000

(8.818)1.986 (1.170)

20.365 (11.995)4.200

(9.259)2.060 (1.213)

21.124 (12.442)4.400

(9.700)2.133 (1.256)

21.874 (12.884)

Appendices

Appendix 7. Ventilation Rates (perbird) and Calcu- lations

Calculation for Minimum Ventilation Fan Timer SettingsTo determine the interval fan timer settings forachieving minimum ventilation the following steps are employed:

• Obtain the appropriate minimum ventilationrate as recommended in Appendix 7. Theexact rates will vary with breed, sex andfor each individual poultry house. Checkwith the company of manu- facture and localAviagen Technical Services Representative formore specific information. The rates givenin the Table opposite are for temperaturesbetween -1 and 16°C (30–61°F); for lowertemperatures a slightly lower rate may berequired and for higher temperatures aslightly higher rate.

• Calculate the total ventilation raterequired for the house (total cubic metersper hour (cmh), or total cubic feet perminute (cfm)) as:

Total minimum = Minimum ventilation x Number of birds ventilation

rate per bird in the house

• Calculate the percentage time for running the fans as:

Percentage of time = Totalventilation needed

Total capacity of the fans used• Multiply the percentage of time needed by the total fan timer cycle to give the time that the fans require to be on in each cycle.

60


Notes:For further explanation see Section 4: Housingand Environment. Minimum ventilation rate is thequantity of air required per hour to supplysufficient oxygen to the birds andmaintain air quality.

Maximum ventilation rate in controlledenvironment houses in temperate climates is thequantity of air required per hour to remove heatproduced by the birds such that the temperaturewithin the building is maintained at not greaterthan 3°C (5.4°F) above external temperature.

Maximum ventilation rates will be exceededwhen cooling birds using convective heat loss,eg. tunnel ventilation.

Source: UK Agricultural Development and AdvisoryService

Fan Timer Setting Calculation — MetricStep 1: Calculate the total ventilation rate required for the house (total cubic meters per hour (cmh).

Fan Timer Setting Calculation — ImperialStep 1: Calculate the total ventilation rate required for the house (total cubic feet per minute(cfm)).

Total = Minimum × Number of Total = Minimum × Number of ventilation rate per bird in the

houseventilation rate per bird in the

houseExample: One house of 30,000 broilers weighing 800 g at 20 days of age. Minimum ventilation rate is 0.594 cmh per bird (see Table on previous page). Total ventilation required is 0.594 cmh × 30,000 birds = 17,820 cmh.

Step 2: Calculate the percentage timefor running the fans.

Assuming fan combinations commonly used forminimum ventilation, e.g. three 91 cm fans eachwith a capacity of 16,978 cmh, the percentage oftime fans need to run in order to achieve thetotal ventilation rate required needs to becalculated.


Total capacity of the fans used

Example: Assuming the use of three 91 cm fans each with acapacity of16,978cmh;Total fan capacity = 16,978 cmh × 3 = 50,934cmhPercentage time = 17,820 cmh ÷ 50,934 cmh = 0.35 =35%Therefore, the three 91 cm fans will have to be run for 35% ofthe time.

Step 3: Assuming that a 5 minute timer is used,the run time setting is calculated bymultiplying the percentage of time needed by thetotal fan timer cycle of 5 minutes (300 seconds).

Example: Using three 91 cmfans,35% of 5 minutes (300 seconds) = 1.75 minutes or 105secondsThe fans will be on for 105 seconds in every 5minutes.

Example: One house of 30,000 broilers weighing 1.764 lb at 20 days of age. Minimum ventilation rate is 0.350 cfm per bird (see Table on previous page). Total ventilation required is 0.350 cfm × 30,000 birds = 10,500 cfm.

Step 2: Calculate the percentage timefor running the fans.

Assuming fan combinations commonly used forminimum ventilation, e.g. three 36 inch fans eachwith a capacity of 10,000 cfm, the percentage oftime fans need to run in order to achieve thetotal ventilation rate required needs to becalculated.


Total capacity of thefans used

Example: Assuming the use of three 36 inch fans each with acapacity of10,000cfm;Total fan capacity = 10,000 cfm × 3 = 30,000cfmPercentage time = 10,500 cfm ÷ 30,000 cfm = 0.35 =35%Therefore, the three 36 inches fans will have to be run for 35% ofthe time.

Step 3: Assuming that a 5 minute timer is used,the run time setting is calculated bymultiplying the percentage of time needed by thetotal fan timer cycle of 5 minutes (300 seconds).

Example: Using three 36 inchfans,35% of 5 minutes (300 seconds) = 1.75 minutes or 105 seconds. The fans will be on for 105 seconds in every 5 minutes.


Keyword Indexcoccidiostats 46

environment 6

, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17,21, 27,

coefficient of variation (CV%) 41, 42, 43, 52.

28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 43, 46, 52, 59

environmentalcold SeecoolingAair 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47,

57,59

air exchange 12, 33, 35 airflow 33air quality 7, 12, 32, 57, 59

all-in/all-out 11amino acids 18,19, 20 ammonia 12, 20, 27, 32 antibodies 10, 27appetite 57 See also

feed intake ascites

7, 32, 36, 57automatic 12, 22, 33, 42

drinkers22 feeders 23ventilation 12, 33, 52weighing 42

Bbacterial contamination

20, 21, 23, 27 barrier fence 26behavior 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37biosecurity 6, 11, 25, 26, 27, 28 body temperature 11, 32, 33 bore holes 20, 21, 52breeder flocks 12, 26, 27

brooding 7, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 18, 22, 28,

36,52, 57system13, 15

Ccalcium 18, 20, 21, 57 carbon dioxide 12, 32 carbon monoxide 12, 32carcass 18,

36, 37, 38,43, 46, 48 damage 48quality 37, 48yield 36, 46

catching 19,29, 46, 47, 48, 58 chaff.See hulls, chaffchick placement 11, 28 chickquality 10,28, 57 chilling,

environmental 34, 35 chloride, chlorine18, 20, 27 cleaning 11, 26, 27, 28, 52

Keyword Indexcomfort zone 32

competition, feeding 23

condemnation at slaughter

29contamination 19, 20, 21, 23, 38, 46,48

feed 19, 23, 46 litter 38

controlled environment housing 33 convection heat loss 32cooling 11, 13, 21, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 47, 59 copper 21

coverts 55

crates 46, 47 crop 12, 28crude protein 18, 20

Ddark period. See day

length day length 36, 37dead on arrival (DOA) 26, 28, 29, 52 de-boning 18, 37dehydration 11, 48density. See stocking

density depletion 8, 22, 23, 46, 58 diagnosis of disease 29digestible essential amino acids 20disease 6, 10, 11, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 52, 57,

58disease investigation 25,27 disinfection. See

cleaning disposal 11, 26,38donor flock 10, 12

downgrades 38, 58down time 28drafts 12drinkers 11, 12, 14, 20, 21, 22, 28,

38, 39, 46, 48 dust 12, 32, 38, 52,

57

Eeating quality 46 effective temperature 35

energy 18, 19, 20, 33, 38 enteric disorders20

changes 29chilling. See chilling, environmental conditions35control 31, 37, 39

enzymes 18European Efficiency Factor (EEF) 54evaporation 13, 33, 35, 36, 47. See also cooling;

See also water vapor evisceration

19, 48

Ffans, fan use 12, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 47, 60 fatness at slaughter 58

fats/oils

20 feather

cover 58

featherscoverts. See coverts primaries. See primaries

feather sexing 51, 55fecal

contamination 46,48 feeder height 23feeder space 11, 23, 29, 37, 39, 48feeder systems 10, 11, 14, 15, 23, 28, 29, 47 feed, food 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39,43, 46, 48, 52, 57, 58

feed conversion 6, 7, 23, 26, 33, 52 feed cost 18feed distribution 23feed form, type 17, 19, 52 feed formulation 19feed hygiene 26feed intake 18, 19, 20,22, 36, 37, 57 feed

Arbor Acres Broiler Management Guidequality 17, 19

feed removal, withdrawal 19, 46 feed spillage, waste 23, 58feed use 19,23 particle size 19 trays, trough12, 23

feeding activity 36feed ingredients 7, 18, 20.

See also digestible essential amino acids

feed to water ratio 23

females 22, 43, 55 fences

See barrier fence migration or migrationfences

fencing 46

fiber 20flaps, ventilation 33flock source

10, 12, 28flock uniformity, variability 11,42, 43floor, floor area 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 33, 35, 38, 39 flow rate of water 22fluorescent lights 38 foggers, misters 36foot pad dermatitis 20, 39fungal disease 28

Ggases 12, 32, 34genetic potential 6, 7, 10growth 6, 7, 10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 31,

32, 33, 36, 37, 42, 43,46, 52, 57, 58 early 7, 18, 36, 57growth rate 6, 7, 21, 26, 31, 32, 33, 36, 42 management 7, 43

Hhandling 7, 19, 27, 28,29, 46, 47, 58 harvestingequipment 47hatchery

28

hauling

29health 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27,

28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 52

heat increment

20 heating 12,

13, 14, 47heat loss

32, 59heat stress 20, 32, 33, 47hocks, hockburn 28, 37, 48 holding11, 46, 47, 48

area 11, 47 time 46

hot weather 20, 21, 23, 35, 36, 37, 47 house inspection 52hous

ing

syst

em

39

hull

s,

chaff

38

humidity 11, 12, 15, 27, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39,

47, 52,57

hygiene 11, 26, 27, 28, 57

Iimmune status 10incandescent light 38

incubation 10, 12, 28, 57

injuries 46, 47inlets 34, 35, 36, 37 insulation 54

iron 21

isolate 26

J K

Llead 21leg damage 23light 11, 36, 37, 38, 46,

47, 58 catching 46reflector. See reflector

lighting pattern 38litter 11, 13, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36,

38, 39, 46, 47, 48, 52, 58chaff and hulls. See hulls,

chaffchemically treated straw pellets. Seestraw chopped straw. See strawin crop, gizzard 46litter material 11, 27, 38, 39, 58litter quality 18, 20, 29, 32, 38, 48, 58 paper. See paperpeat moss. See peat moss sand. See sandsawdust. See sawdustwood shavings. See wood shavings

live weight 7, 10, 11, 13, 23, 39, 42, 43, 52 lumen output 38lux 11, 36, 37, 38, 46, 54

Mmagnesium 21

manganese 21meat yield 6, 7, 19, 37medication 52micron size. See foggers, misters migration fences 35minerals 18, 20mini drinker 11, 14, 22minimum ventilation 12, 34, 35, 57, 60 misters. See foggers, misters

mixing of

chicks 12

modules 47moisture, environmental 12, 13, 32, 34, 36, 39moisture loss during incubation28

mortality 10, 11, 26, 28, 29, 47, 52, 58 multi-age sites 11

muscular

myopathy 58

musty taint 38

Nnatural ventilation 33 nipple drinkers

12, 21, 22 nipplelines 22nitrogen, nitrates 20, 21normal distribution, weight uniformity 42 nutrient

density 18, 19nutrient intake 18, 19, 57nutrition 6, 10, 52

Oopen-sided housing 33Oregon disease 58organic matter in

water 20

overheating 47oxygen 32, 59

Ppads, cooling

35, 36 pan feeders 15

panting 32, 33paper 10, 11, 12, 23, 38parasitic disease 28parent flocks, donor flock 10

particle size. See feed, food

pathogens 26, 27

peat moss 38pest control

26, 27 pH of water 20 phosphorus

18, 57 photoperiod

23, 37 phytase 20placement of chicks

10, 11, 28 plucking 48post-mortem

29

potassium

18 pre-

catch 46

pressure

gauge 33

primaries

55problem solving 51, 57

processing 6, 7, 18, 19, 21, 26, 28, 29, 37, 43,

45, 46, 47, 48production data, records 52Production Efficiency Factor (PEF) 54 protein

18, 20, 58protozoal disease 28

QRradiant heat 33ratio of water to

feed 23, 52 records 27, 29, 52reflector 37, 38reservoirs 20residues in

feed 19, 46

respiration 32rodent, vermin 26, 39runted chicks. See stunted chicksR value 54

Ssalt, sodium 18, 20sampling, for weight

estimation 42 sand 38sanitation of environment 26, 28sawdust 38 scratching

23, 46 security

27, 28, 29 sediment 21sensible heat loss 32sex management, separate-

sex 41, 43 side-wall curtains 33

single-

age

sites

26

skeleta

l

disorde

rs 36slaughter 10, 19, 23, 29, 34, 37, 39, 42, 46, 47,

52, 54

sodium. See salt, sodiumspace, bird allowances 7, 27, 28 spillage. See feed, foodspot

brooders

14

standard

deviation

42stocking density 14, 31,33, 37, 39, 43, 53, 57,

58

stor

age

tank

20

stra

w

38

stress 7, 11, 20, 29, 32, 33, 46, 47, 48 stunted chicks 28sudden death syndrome (SDS)

36 sulphates 21

Ttemperature 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28, 32,

33, 34, 35, 39, 47, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59 brooding 28litter 11 regulation 32

thermostatically controlled

environments 47 thermostats 33thinning 46, 58toxins disease 27, 28 trace minerals 18

trailers 46, 47training of catchers 29transitional ventilation systems 31, 34transport 7, 8, 10, 11, 26, 28, 29, 46, 47, 48, 57 trays 11, 22tunnel ventilation systems 35, 36

UUltra Violet (UV) irradiation

21 uniformity (CV%) 41, 42

Vvaccination 10, 25, 26, 27, 28, 52 vacuum 33, 34variability in body weight 7, 42, 43 vehicles. See transport

ventilation 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 47, 57, 58,

59, 60 control 32rate 34, 57, 59, 60

ventilation flaps. See flaps, ventilation vermin 39

viral disease 27, 29

visitors 26vitamins 18, 20vocalization of birds 29

Wwastage. See feed, foodwater 7, 11, 12, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27,

28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39,46, 47, 52,

57, 58

contamination 20, 21 hardness 20in excreta, droppings46 level 22loss 20meters21, 22pressure22quality 17, 20removal 32, 34, 46system 21 vapor 32 w

ells 21

water to feed ratio. See ratio of water to feed water vapor 32wavelength

36 weak

chicks 28

weighing frequency 42 manual, auto 42

weight bands,

distributions 43

weight loss 46welfare 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 25, 28, 29, 31, 37, 39, 45,

46, 47, 48wet litter 13, 20, 22,33, 36, 39, 47 wheat 17, 18, 19, 46wind chill, velocity

33, 35, 47 wing damage 47withdrawal

period 19 wood

shavings 38

See also musty taint

XYyolk 10

Zzinc 21


AviagenIncorporated

Cummings ResearchPark

5015 Bradford Drive Huntsville, AL 35805USA Telephone +1 256890-3800Facsimile +1 256

890-3919E-mail

info @ aviagen.com

AviagenLimited

Newbridge

Midlothian EH288SZ Scotland UKTelephone +44 (0) 131

333 1056Facsimile +44 (0) 131

333 3296E-mail

[email protected]

ww w . a v i agen.c om





Documents

Aa broiler manual