A REVIEW ON ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL SIDDHA FORMULATION MARUTHAMPATTAI KUDINEER

Conference Proceeding International Seminar on Dia-Fest 2014

A REVIEW ON ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL SIDDHA

FORMULATION MARUTHAMPATTAI KUDINEER

V. PONNAIYA1, S. MERISH

2, THOMAS M.WALTER

,

ABSTRACT

Siddha medicine is a natural healthcare system. Its main objective is to achieve optimal

health and well-being through a comprehensive approach that Pulse reading (Nadi parisothanai),

Eightfold diagnostic procedures (Envagai thervu), Addressesing the mind & behavior (Antha

karanam), body constituents (Udarkattugal) and environment (Thinai) etc. Apart from treating

diseases; Siddha system of medicine, emphasizes prevention and health promotion. And also

introduce dietary and lifestyle recommendations to the patients. The World health organization

expert committee on diabetes has recently reported that, the recommendation of Traditional

treatment for diabetes should be sensitize and further investigated. In that way, the Siddha

treatment of diabetes mellitus is very affordable, tailor made, reliable with none of adverse effect

and time-tested. The authors’ of this paper decided to review the existing Siddha traditional Poly

herbal formulations ‘’Maruthampattai Kudineer’’ evidence from Classical text ‘’Sarabenthira

Vaithiya Muraigal- Neerizhivu Sigitchai’’. The In-vitro & In-vivo studies of some Ingredients

like Syzygium cumini, Strychnos potatorum, Cyperus rotundus shows potent anti-diabetic

activity. This review work is an initial step towards, scientifically studying our Siddha

“Maruthampattai Kudineer” an anti-diabetic pure herbal formulation. It helps to standardize and

improve this formulation for the well being & benefit of mankind.

Keywords: Maruthampattai Kudineer, Anti-diabetic Siddha drug, Terminalia arjuna.

1 1 -2

Final Professional BSMS, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli. [email protected], [email protected] Asst. Lecturer, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli. [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




INTRODUCTION

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a metabolism disorder, describes a group of metabolic

diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin

production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both..

Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use digested food for energy and growth. The Foods we

eat are breakdown into glucose by this metabolism. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood

which is the principal source of fuel (energy) for our bodily mechanism. When our food is

digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy

and growth. However, without the help of Insulin, glucose cannot enter into the blood circulation

and uptake by cells.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas

automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the glucose present in our blood

into the cells, as soon as glucose enters the cells blood-glucose levels drop. Patients with high

blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become

increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million people throughout the world had diabetes Type 1

Diabetes - the body does not produce insulin. As per World Health Organization reports, 10% of

all diabetes cases are type 1. Type 2 Diabetes - the body does not produce enough insulin for

proper function. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type 2. In that

way, Siddha System of medicine plays a vital role in alleviation the root cause of all the diseases.

While concerning the diabetes, the traditional herbs are very helpful to control and manage the

blood sugar level. It also gives better support in the management of complication of diabetes.

Many common herbs and spices are claimed to have blood sugar lowering properties that make

them useful for people with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Here we concentrate on

‘’Maruthampattai Kudineer’’for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus and reviewed.

Ingredients of the Drug


The Poly herbal Anti-diabetic drug ‘’Maruthampattai Kudineer’’ contain 14 drugs1,5

. And

their brief descriptions are given below.

• Maruthampattai, Thetran kottai, Naaval pattai

• Kadukkai, Nellikai, Thandrikai.

• Korai kilangu, Karuvelam pattai

• Pon Musuttai ver, Vilamichu ver, Siru keerai Ver

• Seethai ver, Santhanam, Kadal Alinjil Pattai

Table 1.1 Information about the Ingredients1,2,3,4,5

.

TAMIL NAME/

COMMON

NAME

BOTANICAL

NAME/FAMILY

ACTIONS USES IN SIDDHA

Marutham pattai/

Arjuna

Terminalia arjuna/

Combretaceae

Tonic,cardiac

stimulant,astrin

gent

Heart disease,

Diabetes,leprosy,

leucorrhoea

Nellikai/Indian

gooseberry

Phyllanthus emblica Astringent,

laxative,

diuretic,

refrigerant

Sinusitis, vomiting,

anaemia ascities, piles

Katukai/ hebulic

myrobalan

Terminalia chebula/

Combretaceae

Stomachic Ulcer,asthma,ascities, brain

tumor,fistula

Thandrikai/ Belleric

myrobalan,

Terminalia

bellerica/combretacea

e

Astringent,

laxative, tonic,

cxpectorent

Hypertension, venerial

diseases, leucorrhoea,

Thettran kottai/

clearing nut

Strychnos potatorum/

Loganaceae

Tonic,

stomachic,

alterative,

Diabetes, cough,piles,

anaemia,ascities,


expectorent

Karuvelam

pattai/Gum Arabic

tree

Acacia

nilotica/Fabaceae

astringent Diabetes,

Kadal alingir

pattai/salacia,kotala

himbutu

Salacia

reticulate/Celastracea

e

Demulcent,

astringent

Diabetes, diarrhoea,fever,

Tineal infection

Vilamichuver/white cus cus grass

Plectranthus

vettiveroids/Lamiace

ae

Anti

pitha,refrigerant

Headache, thrist,anaemia,

hyper tension

Santhanam/sandal

wood

Santalum

album/Lamiaceae

Astringent,

stimulant,

alterative,

diuretic,

disinfectant

Allergy, leucorrhoea, all

type of skin diseases

Naval

kottai/jambul,

Syzygium cumini/

Myrtaceae

Astringent,

diuretic,tonic,st

omachic

Eczema,diabetes,heat,swea

ting, swelling

Korai kilangu/nut

grass

Cyperus

rotundus/Cypereceae

Astringent,diure

tic,tretic,tonic,st

imulant,demulc

ent

Tuberculosis,fevetr,sweatin

g,vomiting,dysentry

Ponmusuttai

ver/valvet leaf

Sida acuta/Malvaceae Stomachic,

diaphoretic,

alterative

,nutrient

Vatha diseases,fever, ear

pain, headache

Seethai ver/sessile

plant

Alternanthera

sessilis/

Alterative

,coolant

Eye diseases, rettinopathy,

hepato megaly

Siru keera/lexicon Amaranthus

tricolor/Amaranthace

ae

Coolant,

alterative

eye diseases


Experimental Pharmacology

Terminalia arjuna

Ragavan et al studied that the Antidiabetic effect of T. arjuna bark extract in alloxan

induced diabetic rats. The Ethanolic extract of bark was administered to the alloxan induced

Diabetic rat. They study the activities of hexokinase, aldolase and phosphoglucoisomerase, and

gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in liver

and kidney of normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The study clearly shows that the bark

extract of T. arjuna possesses potent anti-diabetic activity10

.

Terminalia chebula

Kannan et al evaluated the ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits (EETC) by

using alloxan-monohydrate induced diabetic control by using Wistar Albino rats. From the

evaluation of the present study on EETC has been confirmed that having the pharmacological

action against the diabetic condition, even though the mechanism of the action is unknown, also

it can be used further molecular compound analysis and define the chemical to the action.

Therefore the results show significant Anti-diabetic activity11

.

Phyllanthus emblica

Krishnaveni et al, reported that anti-diabetic activity of phyllanthus emblica on

Streptozotocin Induced diabetic rat. The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruit on on

experimental animals, which was administered by the ethanolic extract of phyllanthus emblica

by using intragrastric tube for 45days against glibenclamide. The diabetic rat feed with this

extract shows significant reduction in blood glucose level and increase in plasma insulin level in

diabetes rat12

.

Terminalia bellerica


Sabu et al studied the Anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of Terminalia belerica in

Alloxan induced Hyperglycemia in rat. T. belerica prevented alloxan induced hyoperglycemia

significantly within a week. On the second week, it shows 54% reduction. Therefore glutathione

reductase also was found to be increased in blood and liver. These results suggested that, T.

belerica possessed Significant Antidiabetic activity13

.

Strychnus potatorum

Biswas et al, studied the antidiabetic effect of seeds of Strychnos potatorum Linn. was

using streptozotocin (40 mg/kg b.w., i.p.). Changes in fasting blood sugar were estimated

periodically with weekly measurement of body weight, food and water intake for 4 weeks. The

antidiabetic effects were compared with glipizide as the reference hypoglycemic drug. Strychnos

potatorum Linn. (100 mg/kg p.o.) Significantly reduced fasting blood sugar, the effects being

comparable with glipizide (40 mg/kg, p.o.), an established hypoglycemic drug. It also increased

body weight along with decreased food and water intake in streptozotocin-induced diabetic

rats14

.

Syzygium cumini

Kumar et al, was studied the putative antidiabetic compound from the S. cumini [SC]

seed. A compound, mycaminose was isolated from SC seed extract. The isolated compound

mycaminose (50 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate [EA] and methanol [ME] extracted compounds of S.

cumini seed (200 and 400 mg/kg) was undertaken to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity against

streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rates. The compound ‘Mycaminose’ and ethyl acetate and

methanol extracted produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose level. The standard

drug, glibenclamide (1.25 mg/kg) also produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose

level against STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results of this experimental study indicate that

isolated compound ‘Mycaminose’, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts possess anti-diabetic

effects against STZ-induced diabetic rats15

.

Plectranthus vettiveroides

Krishnan et al, reported that the Methanolic extract of C.vettiveroides was administered

to normal and experimental diabetic rats for 15 days. Significant reduction in fasting blood


glucose levels was observed in the methanolic extract is treated diabetic animals from day 7

onwards. This extracts treats the maximum reduction in fasting blood glucose was observed in

diabetic rats treated with methanolic extract of Coleus Vettiveroides Jacob (200mg/kg &

400mg/kg body wt) and the loss of body weight was controlled in treated rats as compared to

diabetic control. The extract treatment also showed a significant decrease in level of urine sugar

level of sugar level16

.

Acacia nilotica

Ahmad et al, investigated the effect of an aqueous methanol extract of Acacia nilotica

pods(Anp) on various biochemical parameters, namely blood glucose levels, total cholesterol,

High density lipids (HDLs) in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three

experimental groups: control, diabetic and Anp treated. The Anp treated group was further

subdivided into three different groups based on the dose administered. This showed that a dose

of 400 mg/kg body weight maximally reduced the blood glucose levels as compared to the

diabetic group (p<0.001).This investigation of extract shows significant anti-diabetic activity17

.

Salacia reticulate

Yoshino et al studied the water extract prepared from the leaves of Salacia reticulata

on the absorption of sugars in normal and type 1 diabetic mice were investigated. The

simultaneous oral administration of the extract at a dose of 1.0 mg/mouse with maltose or

sucrose inhibited the postprandial elevation of the plasma glucose and insulin levels and

intestinal alpha-glucosidase activities in mice. It prevented the elevation of the plasma

glucose level and intestinal alpha-glucosidase activities in type 1 diabetic miceThese results

suggest that the water extract of the leaves of S. reticulata could be a beneficial food

material for the prevention of diabetes and obesity because of its multiple effects18

.

Santalum album

Kulkarni et al, investigated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of long-

term oral administration of the Santalum album pet ether fraction in streptozotocin-induced

diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats for 60 days demonstrated reduction in blood glucose

level by 140 mg/dl. Metformin treated group showed a decrease in blood glucose by 70 mg/dl, as


against an increase in diabetic control group by 125 mg/dl. Therefore significant result is shown

in this Santalum album19

.

Cyperus rotundus

Raut et al, showed Anti-diabetic Potential of Fractions of Hydro-ethanol Extract of

Cyperus rotundus. Antidiabetic activity (p<0.001) was found at a dose of 300 mg/kg in acetone

fraction of Cyperus rotundus in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic potential of active

fractions was comparable to metformin (450 mg/kg, per oral). These results obtained are in

accordance with the antidiabetic activity of chemical constituents such as polyphenols and

flavonoids20

.

Sida acuta

Okwuosa et al evaluated, the Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of the Crude Leaf Extracts of

Sida Acuta in Normal and Diabetic Rabbits. The leaf extracts were screened for their effects on

blood glucose levels in glucose overloaded rabbits. These extracts were also tested for anti-

diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Acute toxicity and preliminary

phytochemical studies were performed. Results showed that both the aqueous extracts of S acuta

(AESA) and the methanol extracts of S acuta (MESA) (400mg/kg) significantly increased the

tolerance for glucose in glucose fed normal rabbits. The crude leaf extracts of Sida acuta possess

anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic and normal glucose fed rabbits21

.

Alternanthera sessilis

R Rao et al, has reported the Anti- diabetic activity of the herb Alternanthera sessilis,

demonstrated that the alcoholic and aqueous extracts showed significant reduction in blod

glucose levels of STZ induced diabetic rats and the activity of both the extracts was quite

significant and encouraging. The Antidiabetic activity of A. sesils can be atributed to the

presence triterpenoids, phytosterols and glycosides. The results also further revealed that the

aqueous extract is slightly les efective when compared with alcoholic extract22, 23

.

Amaranthus tricolor


Clemente et al investigated the effect of Amaranthus tricolor leaf extract on some

biochemical parameters in diabetic and normal rats. The effect of the leaf extract on serum

glucose and triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density

lipoprotein (VLDL), elevated high density lipoprotein (HDL), body weight and hematological

parameters were assessed in diabetic and normal rats. This study shows that the aqueous extract

of Amaranthus tricolor possesses some beneficial anti-diabetic properties24

.

CONCLUSION

We all know that, Diet and lifestyle are major factors thought to influence susceptibility

to many diseases. The current review study shows that the herbal compounds shows literally and

pharmacologically very useful in the management of Lifestyle disorder like Diabetes and

associated lipidemia. Therefore it is concluded that, the poly herbal drug containing ingredients

has the sufficient anti diabetic activity and its related complications. And this drug may also find

use as a supportive supplement and for the management of the overall health status of diabetic

patients.

REFERECES

1. Dr. Murugesa Muthaliar, Siddha Materia Medica (Vegetable section), Volume I,

Fourth edition, 1988, Publisher; Tamilnadu Siddha Medical Council, Chennai.

2. “The Wealth of India”, Vol 10, Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New

Delhi, 281, (1985).

3. Dr. K.M. Nadkarani, Indian Materia Medica Vol: I Publisher: Popular Prakash,

Mumbai, India.

4. Dr. K. N. Kuppusamy Muthaliar, HPIM, Dr. K. S. Uthamarayan, HPIM, 2009,

‘’Siddha Vaithya Thirattu‟ Third edition, published by Directorate of Indian

Medicine and Hoemopathy, Chennai, India.


5. TV Sambasivam Pillai. 1991, Dictionary Based on Indian Medical science, Second

edition, Vol. 2, published by Directorate of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy,

Chennai, India

6. Arunvanan, Sasi.SK, Mubarak.H, Kanagarajan.A, An Overview On Anti Diabetic

Activity Of Siddha Medicinal Plants, Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 6, Suppl 2,

2013,46-50.

7. L. Pari , P. Murugan and C. Appa Rao, Influence of Cassia auriculata flowers on insulin

receptors in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats-studies on insulin binding to erythrocytes

African Journal of Biochemistry Research Vol.1 (7), pp. 148-155, December, 2007

8. Ajabnoor, M. A.: Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan

diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol, 28: 215-20, 1990.

9. Ghannam, N., Kingston, M., Al-Meshall, I. A., Tariq, M.: The antidiabetic activity of

aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations. Hormone Res, 24: 288-94,

1986.

10. B. Ragavan, S. Krishnakumari, Anti-diabetic effect of T. arjuna bark extract in

alloxan induced diabetic rats, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2006, Vol.

21(2), pp 123-128.

11. V. Rajesh Kannan, G. Stalin Rajasekar, P. Rajesh, V. Balasubramanian, N. Ramesh,

E. King Solomon, D. Nivas and S. Chandru, Anti-diabetic Activity on Ethanolic

Extracts of Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats,

American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development, 2012, Vol 2,(3), pp. 135-

142.

12. Mani Krishnaveni, Sankaran Mirunalini, Kandhan Karthiswaran, Ganesan

Dhamodharan, Anti-diabetic activity and anti-hyperlipidemic Properties of

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats.

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,2010, 9(1): pp. 43-51.

13. Sabu MC, Ramadasan Kuttan, Anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of Terminalia

belerica. Roxb, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2009, Vol.47, pp. 270-275.

14. Biswas A, Chatterjee S, Chowdhury R, Sen S, Sarkar D, Chatterjee M, Das J,

Antidiabetic effect of seeds of Strychnos potatorum Linn. in a streptozotocin-induced

model of diabetes, Acta poloniae pharmaceutica 69:5 pg 939-43.


15. A. Kumar, R. Ilavarasan, T. Jayachandran , M. Deecaraman, P. Aravindan, N.

Padmanabhan and M. R. V.Krishan, Anti-diabetic activity of Syzygium cumini and

its isolated compound against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of

Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 2(9), pp. 246-249, September, 2008.

16. G.Gopalakrishnan , C.K.Dhanapal, Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Activity of

Methanolic Extract of Coleus vettiveroides Jacob in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic

rats, J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 6(2), 2014, 97-103.

17. Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2008 Vol. 35 No. 1 Published in the Scandinavian Journal

of Laboratory Animal Science - an international journal of laboratory animal science

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Acacia

Nilotica Pods in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rabbits by Maqsood Ahmad*, Fatima

Zaman, Tanveer Sharif & Muhammad Zabta Ch.

18. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 May;73(5):1096-104. Epub 2009 May 7. Anti-

diabetic activity of a leaf extract prepared from Salacia reticulata in mice. Yoshino

K1, Miyauchi Y, Kanetaka T, Takagi Y, Koga K.

19. Pharm Biol. 2012 Mar;50(3):360-5. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2011.604677. Epub 2011

Dec 1. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Santalum album in

streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Kulkarni CR1, Joglekar MM, Patil SB,

Arvindekar AU.

20. Nishikant A Raut and Naresh J Gaikwad, Antidiabetic Potential of Fractions of Hydro-

Ethanol Extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) October -December 2012 RJPBCS

Volume 3 Issue 4 Page No. 1014.

21. Okwuosa CN, NC Azubike, Ii Nebo, Evaluation of the Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity

of the Crude Leaf Extracts of Sida Acuta in Normal and Diabetic Rabbits, Indian

Journal of Novel Drug delivery 3(3), Jul-Sep, 2011, pp.206-213.

22. Thomas M.Walter, Merish .S, Tamizhamuthu. M, Review of Alternanthera Sesils

with Reference to Traditonal Sidha Medicine, International Journal of

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2014; 6(2); pp. 249-254.

23. Yadav Sanjay Kumar, Das Sanjib, Evaluation Of Anti-Diarhoeal Property of Crude

aqueous Extract of Alternanthera sesils Lin, International Journal of Pharmaceutical

Inovations, 2013, Vol. 3, pp. 213-217.


24. A Colaco e Clemente and PV Desai, Evaluation of the Hematological,

Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Properties of Amaranthus Tricolor

Leaf Extract in Rat, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research October 2011; 10

5, pp. 595-602.

Documents

A REVIEW ON ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL SIDDHA FORMULATION MARUTHAMPATTAI KUDINEER