Applications of 3 d printing in biomedical engineering
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Applications of 3D Printing in BioMedical Engineering “3D Bioprinting” School of Bioscience & Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata-32 Presented by: Debanjan Parbat M.E in Biomedical Engineering 1 st year Roll No: 001430201008
Applications of 3 d printing in biomedical engineering
1. Presented by: Debanjan Parbat M.E in Biomedical Engineering
1st year Roll No: 001430201008
2. Medical applications for 3D printing are expanding rapidly
and are expected to revolutionize health care .The application of
3D printing in medicine can provide many benefits, including:
Customization and personalization of medical products, drugs, and
equipment Cost effectiveness Increased productivity The
democratization of design and manufacturing and Enhanced
collaboration.
3. Medical uses for 3D printing, both actual and potential, can
be organized into several broad categories, such as: Tissue and
organ fabrication Creation of customized prosthetics, implants, and
anatomical models and Pharmaceutical research regarding drug dosage
forms, delivery, and discovery. However, it should be cautioned
that despite recent significant and exciting medical advances
involving 3D printing, notable scientific and regulatory challenges
remain and the most transformative applications for this technology
will need time to evolve.
4. 3D Printing is the reverse of traditional machining where
material is removed from a block by drilling, cutting, chiselling,
etc. for making objects. In 3D Printing an object is created by
laying successive layers of materials as per requirement. This
process is also known as additive manufacturing. The process of
printing 3D objects starts with making a virtual design of the
object you want to create , using one of the supported computer
aided design(CAD) software.
5. A 3D scanner can also be used to copy an existing object.
The scanner makes a 3D digital copy of an object and puts it into a
3D modelling program. This 3D model file is sliced into thousands
of horizontal layers which are then printed by a 3D printer, layer
by layer, creating the entire 3D object. It is important to note
that two dimensional (2D) radiographic images, such as x rays,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computerized tomography (CT)
scans, can be converted to digital 3D print files, allowing the
creation of complex, customized anatomical and medical
structures
6. The type of 3D printer chosen for an application often
depends on the materials to be used and how the layers in the
finished product are bonded. The three most commonly used 3D
printer technologies in medical applications are: Selective Laser
Sintering (SLS), Thermal Inkjet(TIJ) printing, and Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM)
7. Selective Laser Sintering An SLS printer uses powdered
material as the substrate for printing new objects. A laser draws
the shape of the object in the powder, fusing it together.
8. Thermal inkjet Printing Inkjet printing is a noncontact
technique that uses thermal, electromagnetic, or piezoelectric
technology to deposit tiny droplets of ink (actual ink or other
materials) onto a substrate according to digital instructions.
9. Fused Deposition Modeling An FDM printer uses a printhead
similar to an inkjet printer. However, instead of ink, beads of
heated plastic are released from the print head as it moves,
building the object in thin layers.
10. A computer-aided bioadditive manufacturing process has
emerged to deposit living cells together with hydrogel-based
scaffolds for 3-D tissue and organ fabrication. It uses bioadditive
manufacturing technologies, including laser-based writing ,
inkjet-based printing , and extrusion-based deposition .
Bioprinting offers great precision on spatial placement of the
cells themselves, rather than providing scaffold support
alone.
11. The figure below shows different Bioprinting techniques
including (a) laser-based writing of cells, (b) inkjet-based
systems, and (c) extrusion-based deposition
12. The current medical uses of 3D printing can be organized
into several broad categories: tissue and organ fabrication
creating prosthetics, implants, and anatomical models and
pharmaceutical research concerning drug discovery, delivery, and
dosage forms.
13. Organ printing takes advantage of 3D printing technology to
produce cells, biomaterials, and cell laden biomaterials
individually or in tandem, layer by layer, directly creating 3D
tissuelike structures. Various materials are available to build the
scaffolds, depending on the desired strength, porosity, and type of
tissue, with hydrogels usually considered to be most suitable for
producing soft tissues. Although 3D bioprinting systems can be
laser based, inkjet based, or extrusion based, Inkjet based
bioprinting is most common.
14. A process for bioprinting organs has emerged: 1) create a
blueprint of an organ with its vascular architecture 2) generate a
bioprinting process plan 3) isolate stem cells 4) differentiate the
stem cells into organ specific cells 5) prepare bioink reservoirs
with organ specific cells, blood vessel cells, and support medium
and load them into the printer 6) bioprint and 7) place the
bioprinted organ in a bioreactor prior to transplantation.
15. The precise placement of multiple cell types is required to
fabricate thick and complex organs, and for the simultaneous
construction of the integrated vascular or microvascular system
that is critical for these organs to function. Tissue spheroids for
blood vessel printing: (a) Deposition of straight filaments
containing a string of tissue spheroids (stained in white) with
agarose filaments as support material (stained in blue) both around
cellular filaments and inside the core, (b) design for
multicellular assembly with (c) printed samples with human
umbilical vein smooth muscle cells and human skin fibroblast
cells
16. Implants and prostheses can be made in nearly any
imaginable geometry through the translation of xray, MRI, or CT
scans into digital .stl 3D print files. In this way, 3D printing
has been used successfully in the health care sector to make both
standard and complex customized prosthetic limbs and surgical
implants, sometimes within 24hours. This approach has been used to
fabricate dental, spinal, and hip implants.
17. Scientists have created a revolutionary new electronic
membrane that could replace pacemakers, fitting over a heart to
keep it beating regularly over an indefinite period of time. The
device uses a spider-web-like network of sensors and electrodes to
continuously monitor the hearts electrical activity and could, in
the future, deliver electrical shocks to maintain a healthy
heart-rate. Researchers used computer modelling technology and a
3D-printer to create a prototype membrane and fit it to a rabbits
heart, keeping the organ operating perfectly outside of the body in
a nutrient and oxygen-rich solution.
18. The individual variances and complexities of the human body
make the use of 3Dprinted models ideal for surgical preparation.
3Dprinted models can be useful beyond surgical planning. 3D printed
neuroanatomical models can be particularly helpful to neurosurgeons
by providing a representation of some of the most complicated
structures in the human body. Complex spinal deformities can also
be studied better through the use of a 3D model.
19. 3D printing technologies are already being used in
pharmaceutical research and fabrication, and they promise to be
transformative . Advantages of 3D printing include precise control
of droplet size and dose, high reproducibility, and the ability to
produce dosage forms with complex drug release profiles. Complex
drug manufacturing processes could also be standardized through use
of 3D printing to make them simpler and more viable. 3D printing
technology could be very important in the development of
personalized medicine,too.
20. The primary 3D printing technologies used for
pharmaceutical production are inkjet based or inkjet powder based
3D printing. In inkjet based drug fabrication, inkjet printers are
used to spray formulations of medications and binders in small
droplets at precise speeds, motions, and sizes onto a substrate.
The most commonly used substrates include different types of
cellulose, coated or uncoated paper, microporous bioceramics, glass
scaffolds, metal alloys, and potato starch films, among others. In
powder based 3D printing, the inkjet printer head sprays the ink
onto the powder foundation. When the ink contacts the powder, it
hardens and creates a solid dosage form, layer by layer. The ink
can include active ingredients as well as binders and other
inactive ingredients. After the 3D printed dosage form is dry, the
solid object is removed from the surrounding loose powder
substrate.
21. Personalized 3D printed drugs may particularly benefit
patients who are known to have a pharmacogenetic polymorphism or
who use medications with narrow therapeutic indices. Pharmacists
could analyze a patients pharmacogenetic profile, as well as other
characteristics such as age, race, or gender, to determine an
optimal medication dose. A pharmacist could then print and dispense
the personalized medication via an automated 3D printing system. If
necessary, the dose could be adjusted further based on clinical
response.
22. The manufacturing and distribution of drugs by
pharmaceutical companies could be replaced by emailing databases of
medication formulations to pharmacies for on demand drug printing.
This would cause existing drug manufacturing and distribution
methods to change drastically and become more cost effective. The
most advanced 3D printing application that is anticipated is the
bioprinting of complex organs. It has been estimated that we are
less than 20 years from a fully functioning printable heart. It may
also be possible to print out a patients tissue as a strip that can
be used in tests to determine what medication will be most
effective.
23. In the future, it could even be possible to take stem cells
from a childs baby teeth for lifelong use as a tool kit for growing
and developing replacement tissues and organs. In situ printing, in
which implants or living organs are printed in the human body
during operations, is another anticipated future trend. Through use
of 3D bioprinting, cells, growth factors, and biomaterial
scaffolding can be deposited to repair lesions of various types and
thicknesses with precise digital control. Advancements in robotic
bioprinters and robot assisted surgery may also be integral to the
evolution of this technology.
24. 3D printing has become a useful and potentially
transformative tool in a number of different fields, including
medicine. As printer performance, resolution, and available
materials have increased, so have the applications. Researchers
continue to improve existing medical applications that use 3D
printing technology and to explore new ones. The medical advances
that have been made using 3D printing are already significant and
exciting, but some of the more revolutionary applications, such as
organ printing, will need time to evolve.
25. C. Lee Ventola, MS , Medical Applications for 3D Printing
Current and Projected Uses, P T. 2014 Oct 39(10): 704711. [PMC Free
Article] [Pub Med] Ibrahim T. Ozbolat and Yin Yu , Bioprinting
Toward Organ Fabrication: Challenges and Future Trends, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 60, NO. 3, MARCH 2013.
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