2 history show central & islam

The Central CivilizationsThe Central Civilizations

الوسطى الوسطى الحضارات الحضارات

العنصر مكونات بعض من الحضارات هذه العنصر تتشكل مكونات بعض من الحضارات هذه تتشكلفي السومريين مع حضارته بدأت الذي في القوقازي السومريين مع حضارته بدأت الذي القوقازيثم الفرس ثم اآلشوريين مع تطورت ثم ، ثم العراق الفرس ثم اآلشوريين مع تطورت ثم ، العراق

غربا إنتقل االسالمي الحكم بعد ومن ، غربا الساسانيين إنتقل االسالمي الحكم بعد ومن ، الساسانيينخط عند ، الهند الى شرقا و إسبانيا خط الى عند ، الهند الى شرقا و إسبانيا درجة درجة 3535الى

شماال . شماال . الحضارات عن أساسي بشكل مفصولة كانت الحضارات وقد عن أساسي بشكل مفصولة كانت وقد

حوض على وقامت معها تزامنت التي حوض الغربية على وقامت معها تزامنت التي الغربيةالمتضادتان و المتوازيتان الحضارتان هاتان ، المتضادتان النيل و المتوازيتان الحضارتان هاتان ، النيل

تبادلهما حتم الذي الحد الى متداخلتان تبادلهما صارتا حتم الذي الحد الى متداخلتان صارتالألفكار . لألفكار . المستمر المستمر

من النقيض على الشرقية الحضارات كانت من وقد النقيض على الشرقية الحضارات كانت وقدالحضاري التبادل كان و بعيدة بدت حيث ، الحضاري ذلك التبادل كان و بعيدة بدت حيث ، ذلكالمسلمون . ساد عندما حتى وضوحا اقل المسلمون . معها ساد عندما حتى وضوحا اقل معهاكال الغالب في ظلت الهندوسية الهند كال المغول الغالب في ظلت الهندوسية الهند المغول

االخرى . عن مستقلة الثقافتين االخرى . من عن مستقلة الثقافتين من

العام العام بحلول الحضارات 17001700بحلول توقفت ، الحضارات م توقفت ، متأصيل . قوة تكون أن عن الوسطى تأصيل . االسالمية قوة تكون أن عن الوسطى االسالمية

عريضين قسمين الى ثقافيا العالم انقسم عريضين وهكذا قسمين الى ثقافيا العالم انقسم وهكذاغرب: . و غرب: .شرق و شرق

Central Central CivilizationCivilization

Landscape of Central CivilizationsLandscape of Central Civilizations

The first designed garden rose from the contemplation of The first designed garden rose from the contemplation of the miraculous effect of irrigation on a dead world.the miraculous effect of irrigation on a dead world.

A rich green oasis, patterned solely according to the A rich green oasis, patterned solely according to the science of agriculture, spread like a vast carpet between science of agriculture, spread like a vast carpet between the Tigris and Euphrates. the Tigris and Euphrates.

All gardens were an idealization of this scene. They were All gardens were an idealization of this scene. They were laid out geometrically within protecting walls and their laid out geometrically within protecting walls and their primary contents were channels of irrigation and trees primary contents were channels of irrigation and trees beneath which to recline. The tree was always an object beneath which to recline. The tree was always an object of veneration.of veneration.

The paradise garden itself in its purity was a square The paradise garden itself in its purity was a square enclosed against a hostile world, crossed by water enclosed against a hostile world, crossed by water channels symbolic of the four rivers of heaven, and channels symbolic of the four rivers of heaven, and containing theoretically all the fruits of the earth. containing theoretically all the fruits of the earth.

With the domestication of the horse under Assyrians With the domestication of the horse under Assyrians came the first hunting-park, the first landscape came the first hunting-park, the first landscape expansion into the environment; the park was laid out expansion into the environment; the park was laid out geometrically with trees often imported from afar; wild geometrically with trees often imported from afar; wild animals were introduced, and the hunting-box evolved animals were introduced, and the hunting-box evolved into the first landscape pleasure pavilion.into the first landscape pleasure pavilion.

Expansion in idea as well as in reality continued under Expansion in idea as well as in reality continued under the Persians, for Persepolis was on a huge podium the Persians, for Persepolis was on a huge podium thrusting majestically outwards from the mountains to thrusting majestically outwards from the mountains to dominate the plain below. dominate the plain below.

The only visible signs of religion in the Persian The only visible signs of religion in the Persian landscape were the fire sanctuaries in high places, and landscape were the fire sanctuaries in high places, and these continued under the Sassanid.these continued under the Sassanid.

Central CivilizationsCentral CivilizationsStates & CapitalsStates & Capitals

Sumerians:Sumerians: Babylon 2250 B.C Babylon 2250 B.C

Assyrians:Assyrians: Nineveh, (Babylon) later 1275 B.C Nineveh, (Babylon) later 1275 B.C

Persia:Persia: Presepolis 538 B.C Presepolis 538 B.C

Sassanids:Sassanids: Ctesiphon 222 AD Ctesiphon 222 AD

Islam:Islam: 637 AD 637 AD

EastIndia

WestSpain Islam

Sculptured Vase from Sculptured Vase from UrukUruk . .

UrukUruk was the was the second city state.second city state.

احدى احدى في في المخطوطاتالمخطوطات

one third of the one third of the whole of whole of UrukUruk is is city, one third is city, one third is garden, and one garden, and one third is field. third is field.

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The Ziggurat of UrThe Ziggurat of UrSummer's greatest surviving monumentSummer's greatest surviving monumentan artificial hill of heaven, dating from~ 2250 B.C.an artificial hill of heaven, dating from~ 2250 B.C.dedicated to Nanna the moon god.dedicated to Nanna the moon god.height of ziggurat = 68ft + 10ft terrace =78ft height of ziggurat = 68ft + 10ft terrace =78ft

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BabylonBabylon

Aerial

photograph

Schematic

plan

Babylon: Babylon: Mother city of the manufactured landscape and gardensMother city of the manufactured landscape and gardens

Hanging Gardens: built 604-562 B.C water insulation

الماء , عزل نظاميرفع , ماء بالبتوميننظام باستخدام بئر منالدوالب يشبه رفعفي حاليا المستخدم

األماكن .تلك

AssyriansAssyrians

hunting

AssyriansAssyrians Fishing, tree topped palace as background

AssyriansAssyriansTemple of artificial hill: was carved 715 B.C and is therefore one of the earliest picturesque landscapes of the Western world.

AssyriansAssyrians

King feasting in his garden

Site of PersepolisSite of PersepolisPersia

PersepolisPersepolis

Persia


Site of Persepolis : Built 540 B.C on60 ft podium to express international power .

projecting from the mountains

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The stairway

Propylea of Xerxes

Raised to create a new sense of expansion into the landscape


Apadana : hall of audience

This photo shows the effect of the podium

Ctesiphon : return to ancient Iranian Ctesiphon : return to ancient Iranian tradition after their interruption by tradition after their interruption by

Alexander and his Hellenizing Alexander and his Hellenizing successors successors

Sassanids: Ctesiphon 222 ADSassanids: Ctesiphon 222 ADSassanids: Ctesiphon 222 ADSassanids: Ctesiphon 222 AD

still surviving the great hall and half the facade still surviving the great hall and half the facade of the of the palace of Chosroes Ipalace of Chosroes I, reputedly the , reputedly the widest single-span vault of unreinforced brick widest single-span vault of unreinforced brick work in the world , dominating the landscape work in the world , dominating the landscape as the ziggurat had done.as the ziggurat had done.

Ctesiphon Ctesiphon palace of Chosroespalace of Chosroes I I

garden carpet of the 17th century are continuation of the patterns of Chosroe's spring carpet , which are

based on the traditional Persian paradise garden.

chenarsRepresent canals : “four rivers of life” divide the garden into four small ones, char-bagh (four gardens).

Cypresses : death & eternity Fruit trees : life & fertility29

BAGHDADBAGHDAD

Abbasid’s new capital Abbasid’s new capital AD 762 (Al-AD 762 (Al-MansourMansour).).

Decisive urban circle is in contrast to the Decisive urban circle is in contrast to the irregularity of the canals .irregularity of the canals .

flowers were abundant , and the city flowers were abundant , and the city became the center of a perfume industry .became the center of a perfume industry .

ISLAMISLAM Of the Baghdad ofHarun al-Raschid, fabled for its Of the Baghdad ofHarun al-Raschid, fabled for its palaces and gardens, nothing now remains but palaces and gardens, nothing now remains but descriptions.descriptions. Houses and gardens continued on traditional lines, but Houses and gardens continued on traditional lines, but with interior and exterior more closely interwoven; there with interior and exterior more closely interwoven; there were terraces to catch the "winds and from which to see were terraces to catch the "winds and from which to see the views; there were silver trees, mechanical birds of the views; there were silver trees, mechanical birds of silver and gold and other marvels. silver and gold and other marvels. After the invasion of the Mongols the initiative in After the invasion of the Mongols the initiative in landscape passed to the Ottoman Turks. Using landscape passed to the Ottoman Turks. Using Byzantine craftsmen, the Turks evolved the idea of the Byzantine craftsmen, the Turks evolved the idea of the groupings of small low domes, which appear like groupings of small low domes, which appear like liberated mushrooms in the landscape. liberated mushrooms in the landscape. This free conception may have arisen from the nomadic This free conception may have arisen from the nomadic tent landscape which was their inheritance; tent landscape which was their inheritance;

it would seem that at Bursa and later at Constantinople it would seem that at Bursa and later at Constantinople the Turks evolved an art in which buildings were sited in the Turks evolved an art in which buildings were sited in the grand landscape primarily for aesthetic reasons. the grand landscape primarily for aesthetic reasons. Two and a half centuries after the foundation of Bursa, Two and a half centuries after the foundation of Bursa, Isfahan was laid out as a contained city, but with a sense Isfahan was laid out as a contained city, but with a sense of urban green landscape hitherto unknown. of urban green landscape hitherto unknown. Monumental bridges extended like tentacles into the Monumental bridges extended like tentacles into the countryside. Based in principle upon a sequence of countryside. Based in principle upon a sequence of Persian gardens, the plan is characteristically Islamic in Persian gardens, the plan is characteristically Islamic in as much as it is composed of squares and rectangles as much as it is composed of squares and rectangles that can be added to indefinitely; symmetry and finality in that can be added to indefinitely; symmetry and finality in town-planning were avoided as a challenge to that town-planning were avoided as a challenge to that perfection which only Allah could attain.perfection which only Allah could attain.

BAGHDAD BAGHDAD photo # (30)photo # (30)

MKTADIR (908)MKTADIR (908)Palace of the TreePalace of the Tree

Tree of silver , middle of the palace ,surrounded , by a Tree of silver , middle of the palace ,surrounded , by a great circular tank filled with clear water .great circular tank filled with clear water .Tree had 18 branches .Tree had 18 branches .Every branch having numerous twigs, on which sat Every branch having numerous twigs, on which sat various kinds of mechanical birds in gold and silver , both various kinds of mechanical birds in gold and silver , both large and small .large and small .Most of the branches of the tree were of silver but some Most of the branches of the tree were of silver but some were of gold ,and they spread in the air carrying leaves were of gold ,and they spread in the air carrying leaves of diverse colors ,the leaves moving as the wind blew , of diverse colors ,the leaves moving as the wind blew , while the birds, through a conceal mechanism , piped while the birds, through a conceal mechanism , piped and sang . and sang . On either side of this palace , to right and left of the On either side of this palace , to right and left of the tank , stood life-sized figures in two rows , each row tank , stood life-sized figures in two rows , each row consisting of 15 horsemen mounted upon their mares.consisting of 15 horsemen mounted upon their mares.

Samarra (850AD) Samarra (850AD)

great mosque (manarat-al-malwiya) great mosque (manarat-al-malwiya)

effect of ziggurat on this mosque's minaret (??)effect of ziggurat on this mosque's minaret (??)

photo (31)photo (31)

Bursa (AD 1326): points to a new way of Bursa (AD 1326): points to a new way of thought on cities in relation to nature and thought on cities in relation to nature and landscape. Instead of a decisive break landscape. Instead of a decisive break between town and country, caused by between town and country, caused by fortification, the two are intermingled.fortification, the two are intermingled.

Constantinople (Istanbul 1453): Fell to the Constantinople (Istanbul 1453): Fell to the OttomanOttoman

Ottomans

Using Byzantine craftsmen , Using Byzantine craftsmen , Ottoman evolved the idea of Ottoman evolved the idea of the the groupings of small low groupings of small low domes , domes , which appears like which appears like liberated mushrooms in the liberated mushrooms in the landscape .landscape .

This free conception may This free conception may have arisen from have arisen from the nomadic the nomadic tent landscapetent landscape which was which was their inheritance .their inheritance .

32&33

Aesthetic SitingAesthetic Siting

It would seem that at It would seem that at Bursa Bursa and later at and later at Constantinople the Turks evolved an art in Constantinople the Turks evolved an art in which buildings were site in the grand which buildings were site in the grand landscape primarily for aesthetic reasons. landscape primarily for aesthetic reasons.

Golden HornGolden Horn

scene show the transform from a fortress into a free and scene show the transform from a fortress into a free and prosperous city, the silhouette enlivened by mosques prosperous city, the silhouette enlivened by mosques and minarets designed to be seen from a far.and minarets designed to be seen from a far.

Photo (34)Photo (34)

The Seraglio of the SultansThe Seraglio of the Sultans

a city in itself , of courts and gardens , was sited on the a city in itself , of courts and gardens , was sited on the dramatic promontory (dramatic promontory (رأسرأس)) between st. sphophia and between st. sphophia and Bosphorus . Bosphorus .


Nizami Nizami KhamsahKhamsah

miniature from the 16th c. miniature from the 16th c. shows the traditional Persian shows the traditional Persian garden , which inspired the garden , which inspired the design of isfahan (city of design of isfahan (city of gardens ) and capital of the gardens ) and capital of the Safavid dynasty from (1598), Safavid dynasty from (1598), laid out by Shah Abbas laid out by Shah Abbas


IsfahanIsfahan

The view : towards Mount Soffeh , Maidan in the The view : towards Mount Soffeh , Maidan in the middle , Ali Qapu :right and Shah's Mosque :left.middle , Ali Qapu :right and Shah's Mosque :left.


خان فاردي الله خان جسر فاردي الله جسر

across the zaiandeh river.across the zaiandeh river.

Photo 39Photo 39

Isfahan Plan Isfahan Plan a vast complex of gardens , palaces , and mosques , the spine was a vast complex of gardens , palaces , and mosques , the spine was the chahar bagh, a double avenue of chenars , with a central canal the chahar bagh, a double avenue of chenars , with a central canal and flower-beds , linking the palace gardens with shah's terraced and flower-beds , linking the palace gardens with shah's terraced country gardens. country gardens.

Photo 41Photo 41

THE WESTERN EXPANSION OF ISLAM: THE WESTERN EXPANSION OF ISLAM: SPAINSPAIN

Contained within the shell of the Alhambra is a delicate Contained within the shell of the Alhambra is a delicate composition of spaces whose relationship seems composition of spaces whose relationship seems particular to Islam. particular to Islam.

The complex is not ,in the Roman sense, a unified plan, The complex is not ,in the Roman sense, a unified plan, for to the Muslim, symmetry on a commanding scale for to the Muslim, symmetry on a commanding scale would appear arrogant and displeasing to Allah. would appear arrogant and displeasing to Allah.

The shapes accumulate in the mind rather than the eye, The shapes accumulate in the mind rather than the eye, the whole apparently intricate composition being based the whole apparently intricate composition being based very simply on the two contrasting forms of the Hall of very simply on the two contrasting forms of the Hall of the Ambassadors/Myrtle Court and the Court of the the Ambassadors/Myrtle Court and the Court of the Lions.Lions.

The spaces themselves are mathematically The spaces themselves are mathematically proportioned, human in scale, and in principle proportioned, human in scale, and in principle imaginatively unconfined.imaginatively unconfined.

Where possible, the interior projects itself through the Where possible, the interior projects itself through the ramparts to admit views of the countryside, an idea later ramparts to admit views of the countryside, an idea later developed more splendidly by the Mughuls in the Delhi developed more splendidly by the Mughuls in the Delhi and Agra forts.and Agra forts.

The GeneralifeThe Generalife, built in the open country as a summer , built in the open country as a summer retreat under the protection of the walls, is in direct retreat under the protection of the walls, is in direct contrast to the introvert interior of the Alhambra. contrast to the introvert interior of the Alhambra.

The gardens are an extension of the architecture of The gardens are an extension of the architecture of thethe house, lying openly along the falling landscape. The house, lying openly along the falling landscape. The composition is based on a romantic view overlooking composition is based on a romantic view overlooking Granada and the extrovert nature of the design is a Granada and the extrovert nature of the design is a forerunner of the hillside villa of the Italian Renaissance.forerunner of the hillside villa of the Italian Renaissance.

SPAINSPAIN

Spanish Islam represented a high Spanish Islam represented a high civilization of which the reconquista left civilization of which the reconquista left few remains.few remains.

قرطبة ( في االول الرحمن عبد قرطبة (مسجد في االول الرحمن عبد --785785مسجد((مم987987

كاندرائية االن كاندرائية وهو االن أبعادها . . وهو الجدران من بمستطيل أبعادها محاط الجدران من بمستطيل 750750محاطمن 425425قدم * قدم * داخلية غابة عن عبارة المسجد هذا وثلثي من قدم داخلية غابة عن عبارة المسجد هذا وثلثي قدم

رقم ( ( الشكل في كما المنخفضة االضائه ذات رقم ( (االعمدة الشكل في كما المنخفضة االضائه ذات ).).4343االعمدة

أو- البرتقال فناء يسمى مفتوح فناء فهو االخير الثلث أو- أما البرتقال فناء يسمى مفتوح فناء فهو االخير الثلث court courtأماof orangesof oranges ) الشكل الشكل (أنظر ))4444أنظر

42 43

Court of OrangesCourt of Oranges

44

The The GeneralifeGeneralife

عام قبل بنيت غرناطة عام في قبل بنيت غرناطة فيصيفي 13191319 كمقر صيفي م كمقر م

وهي المسلمين وهي للخلفاء المسلمين للخلفاءغزير منحدر على غزير تقع منحدر على تقع

مرتبطة وهي مرتبطة المياه وهي المياهمكانيا وصفت وقد مكانيا بالحمراء وصفت وقد بالحمراءبالطبيعة بالطبيعة بفرضاالستمتاع بفرضاالستمتاع

landscapelandscape سبقت سبقت بطريقه بطريقه . االيطالي النهضة عصر . بها االيطالي النهضة عصر بها

والمقطع ( والمقطع (والمسقط ) ) 4545والمسقطيعود مسح على يعود مبنيان مسح على مبنيان

م م 18121812للعام للعام

The Water – staircaseThe Water – staircase

الجانبين على الجانبين ماء على ماءالنافورة في النافورة وكذلك في وكذلك

الهواء الهواء لتبريد لتبريدالتالل من التالل المنحدر من المنحدر

باالشجار . باالشجار .المكسوة المكسوة

4646

Court of the Court of the CanalCanal

Ground level view:Ground level view:

هذه استخدمت هذه وقد استخدمت وقدحيث للوضوء حيث البركه للوضوء البركه

صغير مسجد صغير يوجد مسجد يوجدالمخطط المخطط حسب ) ) GG--4545 ( (حسب

4747

Patio de los cipresesPatio de los cipreses تحددها- , للحريم المعزولة الحديقه تحددها- , كانت للحريم المعزولة الحديقه -U- U((كانت

CANALCANAL ( ( بال بال ومزروعة في oleanderoleanderومزروعة يزهر في والذي يزهر والذيالمكان ))))JuneJuneشهرشهر لهذا البالط قدوم المكان شهر لهذا البالط قدوم شهر

(45-B)(45-B)

court of the canal court of the canal

high-level view.high-level view.

4949

View form the View form the albaicin (the old albaicin (the old Moorish town ):Moorish town ):

قلعة- قلعة- يرينا يريناوفي وفي الحمراء الحمراءجبال جبال خلفيتها خلفيتهاSierra NevadaSierra Nevada

مياه مياه مصدر مصدرالحمراءالحمراء

5050

غرناطة- في للحمراء افقي غرناطة- مسقط في للحمراء افقي مسقطباسبانياباسبانيا

51

Court of the Myrtles :Court of the Myrtles :

الوضوء فيها ويؤدى السفراء صاله مع تستخدم الوضوء وهي فيها ويؤدى السفراء صاله مع تستخدم وهيال ونبات مالصق مسجد في ال للصالة ونبات مالصق مسجد في يعود يعود myrtlemyrtleللصالة

الوضوء ومنعوا الحمراء على استولوا الذين الوضوء لالسبان ومنعوا الحمراء على استولوا الذين ..لالسبان

5252

F-51F-51

Looking outwards: from the Looking outwards: from the hall hall of ambassadors of ambassadors

بالترابط االحساس تعطي بالترابط وهي االحساس تعطي الفراغ ) ) interweavinginterweaving(( وهي الفراغ مع معالخارجيالخارجي

5353

Looking inwards: to the garden of Daraxa Looking inwards: to the garden of Daraxa (51-N) (51-N)

5454

The climax: court of lionsThe climax: court of lions photos (55-59)photos (55-59) نقوشجصية , البرتقال باشجار االصل في مزدانة نقوشجصية , كانت البرتقال باشجار االصل في مزدانة كانت

البرونز , من النافورة و السطوح البرونز , تغطي من النافورة و السطوح تغطي

Roof and Wall Details Lions Fountain Fountain and Court

575655

The climax: court of lionsThe climax: court of lions photos (55-59)photos (55-59)

Lions fountain from inside59

58

Design

2 history show central & islam