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Research Methods

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Outline How Can we Define Research…??Purpose of ResearchTypes of ResearchResearch MethodsAdvantages & DisadvantagesApplication in Transport Planning

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A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth:

"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."

How Can We Define Research..??

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Purpose of Research

The purpose of research is To discover answers to questions through the

application of scientific procedures.To face a challengeTo solve a problemTo get intellectual joyTo serve society

By increasing standard of livingBy showing right path to society in case of Social and

behavioral sciences

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Descriptive ResearchAnalytical ResearchApplied ResearchFundamental ResearchQuantitative ResearchQualitative ResearchConceptual ResearchEmpirical Research

Types of Research

Research approaches

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Descriptive ResearchIt describes data and characteristics about the

population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about e.g.: how/when/why the characteristics occurred

Analytical ResearchIn analytical research, the researcher has to use

facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

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Fundamental Research Fundamental research (also called Basic or

Pure Research) is mainly concerned with generalizations and the formulation of theory. It is driven by curiosity or interest in a subject. The main motivation is to expand man’s knowledge, not to create or invent something.Applied Research

Applied research (also called Action or Practitioner Research) is designed to solve practical problems of the society. It helps to solve the problems facing the world today such as overpopulation, pollution, drought, floods and disease.

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Quantitative ResearchQuantitative research includes designs,

techniques and measures that produce discrete numerical or quantifiable data. E.gResearch that consists of the percentage amounts of all the elements that make up Earth's atmosphere.

Qualitative ResearchQualitative research deals with designs

techniques and measure that do not produce discrete numerical data.

The techniques used in research are In depth Interviews, Sentence Completion Test and Story Completion Test.

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Conceptual ResearchConceptual research is that related to some

abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

Empirical ResearchEmpirical research relies on experience or

observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

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"Research methods are the particular strategies researchers use to collect the evidence necessary for building and testing theories" 

(Frey, Botan, Friedman, & Kreps; 1991)

Research Methods

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There are two basic approaches to research,

Quantitative Approach

Qualitative Approach

Types of Research Approach

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Quantitative ApproachIt involves the generation of data in

quantitative form which can be subjected to accurate quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion.

Quantitative approach can be further sub-classified into

Inferential ApproachExperimental ApproachSimulation Approach

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Quantitative Approach

Inferential ApproachThe purpose of inferential approach to

research is to form a data base from which to infer characteristics or relationships of population. This usually means survey research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the same characteristics.

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Quantitative Approach

Experimental ApproachExperimental approach is characterized by

much greater control over the research environment and in this case some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on other variables.

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Quantitative Approach

Simulation ApproachSimulation approach involves the

construction of an artificial environment within which relevant information and data can be generated.

Simulation approach can also be useful in building models for understanding future conditions.

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Qualitative ApproachQualitative approach to research is

concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behavior.Generally, these techniques are used

Focus Group InterviewsProjective TechniquesDepth Interviews

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Experimental techniqueSurveys Quantitative

Content analysis Use of existing statisticsField researchCase study QualitativeFocus group discussions

» Mixed methods/techniques

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Sr. # Projects Approach Techniques

1 Multi-Modal Truck Terminal

Quantitative Traffic Count Survey

Qualitative Focus Group In-Depth Interviews

2 Multi-Modal Bus Terminal

Quantitative Traffic Count Survey

Qualitative Focus Group In-Depth Interviews

3 Traffic Circulation Plan Quantitative

Traffic Count Survey Screen Line Survey

Road Inventory Survey

Qualitative Focus Group

4 Public Transport Study Quantitative

Traffic Count Survey Screen Line Survey

Road Inventory Survey Boarding and Alighting Survey

Vehicle Occupancy Survey

Qualitative In-Depth Interviews

5 Pedestrians Facilities Study Quantitative Pedestrians Count Survey

Application in Transport Planning

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Advantages & Disadvantages

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References“Research” available from: http://wikieducator.org/Research#Descriptive_and_analytical_research (14 March 2013)“Research” available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research (14 March 2013)“Research Methodology: An Introduction” available from: http://www.limat.org/data/research/Research%20Methodology.pdf (14 March 2013)

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