BUILDING CONSTRUCTION[BLD60303]

Project 1: Experiencing ConstructionDOCUMENTAION AND ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

LEE HUI QIN 0322991NG KE NING 0323015EVELYN LAI KAH YING 0322732NG ZHENG SI 0322585NG HONG BIN 0319735CHONG YU XUAN 0317950LEE KAI YUNG 0318314

CON

TENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE2.0 SITE AND SAFETY2.1 PLANTS AND MACHINERY3.0 EXTERNAL WORK3.1 SURVEY AND SETTING OUT3.2 SITE CLEARANCE3.3 EARTH WORK3.4 DRAINAGE3.5 TEMPORARY FACILITIES AND SERVICES4.0 FOUNDATION4.1 FOUNDATION DETAILS (ON SITE)5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE5.1 SLAB5.2 BEAM AND COLUMN5.3 WALL5.4 STAIRCASE6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS6.1 DOORS6.2 WINDOWS7.0 ROOFING7.1 TYPE OF ROOF8.0 SUMMARY9.0 REFERENCES

11-25-73-4

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32-3726-3122-2517-21

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1.0 INTRO

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SITE 1: PRECINCT 11 SETIA ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN. 0319735

Project Title: 68 units three storey terrace house (20’ X 65’)

Project Duration: 17 months

Site Possession Date: 03/06/2015

Completion Date: 02/11/2016 (Overall)

02/01/2016 (Mock Up Sample)

Precinct 11, Setia Alam is a quiet serene and low density neighbourhood. It is located in Setia Alam, Klang which is 10km to Subang Jaya and 45km to KLIA. There are recreation park, primary and secondary schools, shopping malls and many other facilities nearby. It best-kept secret, offers a serene sanctuary tucked away in the township’s northernmost point.

Ground floor Site planSecond Floor First Floor

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1.0 INTRO

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LEE HUI Q

IN1.1 IN

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SITESITE 2: FRONTIER INDUSTRIAL PARK, JOHOR.

0322991

Built-up area : 7,008 sq.ft.

Type of building: Semi-detached factory

Project duration : 15 months

This industrial factory project is owned by Woon Brothers. It is located at Desa Cemerlang, Johor Bahru which is 15km far away from the centre of the town. It is naturally eco as it transform the landscape of industrial development.

Ground floor First floor Side elevation

Front elevationSite plan

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2.0 SITE AND

SAFETYCONSTRUCTION SIGNBOARD

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PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH 0319735

SAFETY SIGNBOARD

• The signboard indicates the construction proposal of the site.

• It shows the organisation company detail such as owner, developer company, architect company, C&S engineer company, M&E engineer company, surveyor company.

• The safety signboard is put at the entrance of the construction site to seek people attention before entering the site.

• To ensure the safety and prevent accidents to happen.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SAFETY GLASSES- use to protect eye fromflying particles.

SAFETY GLOVES- use to protect hands from injuries.

SAFETY BOOTS- use to protect feet from sharp or falling objects.

SAFETY HELMET- use to protect head from falling objects.

HIGH VISIBILITY VEST- make sure the user is highly visible to other personnel.

SAFETY SIGNAGE

2.0 SITE AND

SAFETY

• Formwork and reshores shall be certified structurally safe by a Professional Engineer and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to maintain position and shape.

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PUBLIC SAFETY AND HEALTH0319735

• The construction site should be fully barricaded by protective hoarding so that public could be protected from work in progress.

• The hoarding also acts as barrier to prevent people from trespassing into the construction site.

• All scaffolds require bracing for structural support and prevent from collapsing.

• They should be secured tied and supported.

• Workers get away from a noisy or polluted workplace helps to relax and recover from fatigue.

• Workers can buy daily life needs and also food ingredients.

• Helps to protect the health of the workers.

• Provides a changing room for workers to clean up and change before heading back home.

• Washing facilities prevents workers from taking home dirt from the site.

• Ensure that every worker is able to wash their hands before every meal.

CONCRETE FORMWORK SCAFFOLDINGHOARDING

TEMPORARY TOILET WASHING FACILITIESTEMPORARY CANTEEN

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2.1 PLANTS AN

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PLANTS AND MACHINERY0318314

TRUCK-MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES WITH PLATFORM

BACKHOE-LOADER

• A crane mounted on truck with a man basket

• Worker can travel easily between floor using this man basket.

• Only suitable for low risk construction and can use without any setup or assembly

• A tractor with a shovel or bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back

• Very useful in digging shallow excavation and trenches

• It can act as loader for loading and carrying materials

HYDRAULIC LUFFING ARM

STABALISING JACK

SLEWING RING

ROAD DRIVING AND CRANE OPERATION CONTROLS

PLATFORMTELESCOPIC BOOM SECTIONS

TRACTORBACKHOE

LOADERBOOM

STABILIZER LEGS

STICK

BUCKET

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0318314TRUCK-MOUNTED TELESCOPIC CRANES

DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER

• Drive pile into soil to increase shear strength of the soil

• Versatility in the range of piling

BACK STAY

CATCH BOOM

WINCH EXCAVATOR OR PILING RIG

PILE CATCH FRONT JACK

PILE HAMMER

LEADER

• A full revolving superstructure mounted on a truck.

• Easily transport to a site and use with different type of load and cargo with little or no setup or assembly

• It is very suitable for the short term project that required crane utilization

HOIST ROPE

HOIST BLOCK

TELESCOPIC BOOM SECTIONS

TELESCOPIC HYDRAULIC RAM

HYDRAULIC LUFFING ARM

THE COUNTERWEIGHTSSTABALISING JACK

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PORTABLE MINI CRANE

• Mini crane used for lifting in unconventional and difficult situation

• Small enough to manoeuvre into a job site and it can setup in almost any available work space

• It can used indoor and outdoor operations.

• A mini concrete mixer for smaller volume works• Often used at construction site, giving the workers ample time to

use the concrete before it hardens

PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER

• A concrete plant, a device that combines various ingredients to form concrete.

• Concrete batching plants are widely used to produce various kinds of concrete including quaking concrete and hard concrete, suitable for large or medium scale building works, road and bridge works and precast concrete plants, etc.

CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT2.0 SITE AN

D SAFETY 2.1 PLAN

TS AND M

ACHINERY

3.0 EXTERNAL W

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The purpose of a boundary survey is to establish the boundary lines of a new parcel of land, or to re-establish the boundary lines of an existing parcel of land.

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BOUNDARY SURVEY0322991

SETTING OUTSetting out is the establishment of mark and line from which the whole of the building can be set out. The position of the line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any time. The main aim of setting out is to ensure that the various elements of the scheme are positioned correctly in all three dimensions.

PROCESS

1. Boundary lines of the land owned is established with known bearing and distance from the pre computation plan.

2.Marked and checked the main lines of the building can be set out by theodolite and each corner marked with a stout peg.

tripod

Telescope at right angle (swivel up and down within range 3 to 100m)

Corner post

90 °

sight lines to correct posts

3. A check should be made of the setting-out line for right angles and correct lengths.

Site boundary

Base line

Main setting out linesProfile board

Diagonal check

4. Setting out lines

Nails positioning trench and walls

50 x 50 pointed posts driven into ground 450 to 600 deep height above ground 150 to 600

Trench width Profile boards are set up to determine the corners and sides of buildings. It required at all trench and wall intersections.

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3.0 EXTERNAL W

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LEE HUI Q

IN3.2 SITE CLEARAN

CESITE CLEARANCE

0322991Site clearance is the first step in preparation of construction site where it involves clearing vegetation and removal of soil to reduce levels in the proposed site. This is to ensure that the proposed buildings will be free from vegetation and the soil is suitable for foundation to improve the stability of proposed buildings.

CLEARING VEGETATION AND TOPSOIL REMOVALUprooting whole tree with machinery

The arm of the excavator is placed against the trunk and push it aside. Then, it use the edge of bucket to chop the tree trunk into smaller pieces.

1. 2.

A bulldozer is then used to push the branches and stones to the collecting point.

3.

300mm Surface soil

The top 300mm soil should be remove as it contain plant life and decaying vegetation which is easily compressed and unsuitable for foundations.

4.Reuse the topsoil

Topsoil removed

Excavate to the desired depth and transport the topsoil to another location for other purpose as it can be reuse.

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3.0 EXTERNAL W

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LEE HUI Q

IN3.3 EARTH W

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EARTHWORK0322991

Earthwork is a process that include removal, moving and adding of large quantities of soil or rock from a particular area to another. This is done in order to make an area a suitable height and level for a specific construction purpose. It can be performed by cutting into or excavating an area of ground or by constructing a new area.

CUT AND FILL

cut

fill

Original ground levelFormation or reduced level (cut line)

Sloping Site

Cut line is made for reduced level and also to estimate how much land need to be fill.

CutIt gives undisturbed soil over the whole of the site.FillThe amount of fill should not exceed a depth of 600mm.

Marked for original height level of the land

Marked for original height level of the land

Platform levelThis is used to estimate the total volume of land been cut by calculate the area

and height being reduced.

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3.0 EXTERNAL W

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LEE HUI Q

IN3.4 DRAIN

AGESUBSOIL DRAINAGE

0322991Subsoil drainage is installed within the ground to remove excessive water from the soil to avoid the passage of ground moisture to the interior of the building and damage to the fabric of the building. With the help of subsoil drainage, it helps to improve the stability of the ground, lowering the humidity of the site and also improving its horticultural properties.

The system is terminated at a suitable outfall which is river or stream. Precautions should be taken to ensure the system will not work in reverse which cause rising tide.

OUTFALL TO STREAMBranch drains

Grid Iron

The pipes are arranged in grid iron pattern to cover as much to the site as is necessary.

Concrete bank protection

Drain to discharge above water level

Metal baffle

Cover and frame

Pipe channel for access to system

Brick built manhole

Brick wall

A manhole or access chamber is required to gain access to a drainage system for un-blocking, cleaning, rodding or inspection.

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3.0 EXTERNAL W

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IN3.5 TEM

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0322991SITE OFFICE

It is a portable cabin which is a congregation point between contractors, architects and engineers. Visitors need to get permission for entering from here.

ACCESS AND EXIT

It is an open storage area as the materials are bulky and heavy and also able to resistant to the weather.

MATERIAL STORAGE

HOARDINGS

It prevent unauthorized access and shield the construction site from view to minimize disturbance. The gaps between each panel is to withstand wind load.

SIGNAGE

Administration area and office signs for visitors to report to and also for security purpose.

Only one access to the site to prevent unauthorized access and to afford satisfactory of traffic vehicles.

SCAFFOLDING

A temporary structure which provide working platforms, ladders and guard rails for the workers.

WORKER ACCOMODATION

Temporary shed and a rest area for construction workers.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

Provide power supply to some machinery or for the daily life of workers.

WATER SUPPLY

For production of cement or serve as drinking water for the workers.

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4.0 FOU

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Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below ground level, which transmits the loads of the super structure to the supporting soil.

PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION: • To hold together and increase the stability of the structure. • To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area.• To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate to prevent unequal settlement.• To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.• To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.

Foundations are generally divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation.

DEEP FOUNDATION: used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer oftopsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings includingimpact driven piles, drilled shafts and caissons.

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FOUNDATION

Ballast Weights

0319735Caisson foundation Driven foundation Bored foundation

Water WaterWorkspace

Pressurized Air Supply

Muck Tube

Personnel Access Tube

Air Lock

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Pile foundation is a form of deep foundation and is used when the ground is soft or is a filled ground. Piling is generally used to transfer load from the unsuitable ground at the surface deep into the ground. Our sites use prefabricated reinforced concrete pile.

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PILE FOUNDATION0319735

CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

• Used when the soil is soft and no hard strata available to a certain depth.

• Carrying capacity is derived mainly from the adhesion or friction of the soil in contact with the shaft of the pile.

• Transfer their load to the ground through skin friction.

Load Structure

Pile Cap

Piles

Lower Density

Medium Density

Higher Density

The structure carries heavy concentrated loads.

Pile foundation is suitable when:

The soil is very soft and solid bed is not available at a reasonable depth to keep the bearing power within safe limits.

COLUMN LOAD- Transfer load from superstructure to pile cap.

PILE CAP- Connect to the cluster of RC piles below to ensure equal load distribution.

PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE- Transfer the loads towards the more stable stratum.

FRICTIONAL FORCE - Produced by the resistance of earth mass to provide lateral stability.

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Step 1: Piling

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PROCEDURE OF PILE FOUNDATION0319735

Step 2: Pile Cap Step 3: Footing Step 4: Ground Beam

A pile is a column of concrete that extends downward deep into the soil. It is a type of deep foundation.

A pile cap is defined as a concrete block cast on the head of a group of piles. Pile cap transfers the load from the structures to a pile group and the load further transfers to firm soil.

A base that supports the structure. Footing is the wider part of concrete that goes under concrete wall and is used to keep the wall from sagging.

Ground beams are designed to support brickwork or to form a permanent shutter to the edge of in-situ concrete floor slab. The beams can be designed to withstand any heave forces with the use of void forming or compressible materials.

PROCESS OF PILE FOUNDATION (DETAILS)

1. DRIVEStarter or drive pile until maximum at pile point.

2. WELD The plate join of adjacent pile for extension.

3. APPLY Bitumen at joint as water proofing coating to prevent rust.

4. DRIVEThe extension pile into the ground until maximum.

5. CUTCut off the excessive extension pile using a pile cutting machine.

6. EXCAVATESurrounding soil of the pile cluster by approximately 300mm depth.

7. CASTThe pile cap in situ.

8. LOAD TESTCarried out by putting loads on the pile for certain period. It is a pass If the pile does not crack.

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• Concrete block cast on the head of a group of piles.• Ground stability increases with depth & pressure.• The top of pile is more vulnerable to movement &

stress. • Tie the pile heads together.

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PILE CAP0319735

FUNCTIONS

• To distribute a single load equally over the pile group & over a greater area of bearing potential.

• To stabilize individual pile thus increasing overall stability of the group.

• To provide necessary combined resistance to stress set up by the superstructure.

TYPE OF ARRANGEMENTS OF PILESMACHINERY USED:

DROP HAMMER PILE DRIVER

3 pile cap 4 pile cap

6 pile cap

HELMET: Distribute the force from the hammer to the pile evenly and prevent damage

DIESEL PILE HAMMER: Create the magnitude of force to drive the pile by inducing downward momentum in the metal ram.

BACKSTAY: Transfer the counterweight tension from the leader towards the ground to stabalise the driver.

CRANE: Lift and hoist the pile.

LEADER: Provide vertical attachment support for pile hammer.

Maximum load 250 kN

Pile length various from 6-30m depend on ground condition.

15cm 15cm

ColumnPile Cap

Piles

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0322732

Simply supported slabThese are slabs which rest in a bearing and for design purposes are not considered to be fixed to the support and are therefore, in theory , free to lift.In practice however they are restrained from unacceptable lifting by their own self weight plus any loadings. Concrete slabsConcrete is a material which is strong in compression and weak in tension and if member is overloaded its tensile resistance may be exceeded leading to structure failure.

SLAB

Types of slab

One way slab

Length is two more times the width. Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction

Two way slab

Length is less than double the width (approximately square). Slab is supported on all four sides and bending take place in two directions.

Suspended slab

Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground level

Unless the site is flat and sandy it may be necessary to excavate.

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0322732CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CONCRETE SLAB

1.Preparing site 3. Building Formwork

Defining the boundaries of the concrete slab with wooden stakes.

4.Vapour Barrier

Incorporate a damp-proof membrane (DPM) under the concrete slab.

5. Reinforcing

Install the welded steel reinforcement mesh and rebar. (two layers of BRC A8).

6. Mixing Concrete

Distributes the aggregate evenly throughout the cement paste, ensures that all of the cement has been fully saturated in water, and removes large air voids.

2. Soil Support System

A thin layer of graded, granular, compactible material is normally used as fine grading material to minimize friction between the base material and the slab.

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03227328.Consolidation

Once the concrete is in place, it should be consolidated to remove large air voids developed during placement and to make sure that the concrete has flowed into all of the corners and nooks of the formwork. This process is also called compacting.

9.Finishing

Final treatment of the concrete surface after it has been consolidated to achieve the desired properties. This can be as simple as pushing a wide blade over the fresh concrete surface to make it flat screeding.

10.Curing

As the concrete hardens and gains strength it becomes less and less vulnerable, so the critical time period is the first hours and days after it is placed.

7. Placing Concrete

Placed concrete into the formwork that defines its final position and shape.

REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE SLABSteel Reinforcing Bars and Welded Wire ReinforcementConcrete is very strong when it is squeezed in compression but very weak when it is being pulled apart in tension. Steel reinforcing bars and welded wire reinforcement are very strong in tension, have similar thermal expansion and contraction properties to those of the concrete, and thus can handle high-tension stresses while the concrete can take substantial compressive stresses.

Starter barStarter bars are usually used to tie reinforced masonry or concrete walls to slabs or footings

Starter bars in beam before the installation of slab Starter bars are bent

Beam

Bent starter barDamp proof membrane

2 layers of BRC

Compressed hardcore

Slab

STRUCTURE OF SLAB

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SUSPENDED SLABSuspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground level

CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF SUSPENDED SLAB1.Preparation of timber formwork.

2. Completion of steel bars and erection of formwork to the required size. Concrete is poured and left to cure.

3. Finished slab.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

• Beams are set on beaming pads on the column corbels.• Steel angles are welded to metal plates cast into the beams and columns and the joint is grouted solid. Diagonal cracking & crushing of concrete can be prevented in joints.Mostly, for this large column size is the most effective.

• Concrete fromwork purpose is to place and form concrete mixture according to prescribed size and design. • It is a temporary building structure which needs to be opened when the concrete inside hardens.

FORMWOK DESIGN

Formwork construction for concrete column

Formwork construction for concrete beam

Reinforcement steel bar

Columns in timer formwork, waiting to dry.

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Cement concrete

ColumnBeam

Beam is horizontal load bearing member which is used to withstand load. It does so by allowing the structure to maintain its shape and not bend. It is commonly reinforced with rebar.

Column is vertical load bearing member which transfer loads from beams to the foundation. Reinforcement are applied to strengthen their compressive force.

Column Beam

Beam and column are elements that make up a building’s structure.

For our particular site, the beams and column are made of concrete. There are two different type of concrete beams and columns, pre cast and in-situ. Pre cast being beams and columns that are pre-casted off site and brought on site to be assembled on to the structure and in-situ being casted on site using formwork which was that was used in our site.

Our site uses cast on site reinforced concrete. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tensile forces. Therefore steel reinforcement bar(rebar) are applied. Into concrete beam, slab and column to increase their tensile strength and resist compression, tension, shear and bending.

Scaffolding

Timber formwork

Hold up the formwork and concrete so that it maintains its shape.

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Material: Reinforced Concrete, timber & steelPROCESS CONSTRACTING BEAM AND COLUMN

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1. Setting up of reinforcement bars. The thickness of bars and the number of bars used depends on the load it has to bear.

2. Cladding of formwork using plywood.

3. Cement is being poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then used to release trapped air and excess water.

4. When the concrete of the columns have dried up after 28 days, cladding of formwork for beams can be done.

5. Reinforcement bars for beams are set up.

6. Cement is poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then use to ensure that the concrete settle firmly in place.

7. The formwork is removed after the concrete dried. Columns and beams are formed. Excess rebar on top of column is for continuation of rebar for next floor.

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Timber formwork

Scaffolding

The timber is for plywood formwork, the oil beside it is used to paint on it so that the concrete will have shinny surface.

Lateral Reinforcement

• Number of reinforcement bar used in columns may be varied instead of varying the size of columns.• Formations of lateral reinforcement bars depends on the number of vertical reinforcement bars used in a column. • Lateral ties should have a minimum diameter of 10 meter.• Type of reinforcement used is usually T12, reinforcement steel with diameter of 12mm.

• Concrete columns mat be supported by isolated footings or by pile caps.

• Length of overlapping reinforcement bar is 24 times of the diameter of bar.

• Dowels tie column to support beam or slab.

• Vertical reinforcement should not be less than 1% nor more than 8% of the cross sectinal concrete beam.• Types of reinforcement steel includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25, T32 and T40.• ‘T’ represents reinforcement steel and the numbers indicates the diameter.

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A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height, built to provide shelter or compartments.

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WALL SYSTEM0322585

TYPES OF WALL

Clay brick masonry wall Concrete load- bearing wall

MASONRY WALL

Standard brick size

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar.

115mm

75mm

225mm

MORTARMortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them.

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0322585METHOD OF MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION

Preparing mortarLay the bricks starting from the corner using mortar. Use a level to check the course for correct height.

Fill in the lead.

Corner lead

FootingEnd lead

Corner and end lead of masonry wall.

1. 2. 3. 4.

INSTALLATION OF DAMP-PROOF COURSE (DPC)A damp proof course (DPC) is a physical barrier inserted into the fabric of a building to stop water passing from one place to another.

Damp proof course is laid between an even, fresh bed of mortar in continuous lengths for the full width of the wall

A horizontal DPC is usually placed 150mm above ground level

150mm

Damp-proof course(DPC)

Damp-proof course(DPC)

INSTALLATION OF DOWEL BARDowel bars are short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between two surfaces without restricting horizontal joint movement. 

Dowel bars connect the brick wall with the column. It helps to strengthen the brick wall by pulling the force towards column.

Damp-proof course(DPC)

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STIFFENERThe purpose of using stiffener is to improve the strength of the brick wall and help to withstand the wind load.

Stiffener is built in the gap in between brick walls. Steel bars are arranged in formwork.

Concrete is poured and left to cure.The thickness of the stiffener is same as the size of brick.

1. 2.

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LOAD BEARING WALLA load-bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.

Concrete load bearing wall

Wall Forms

Plywood SheathingInner surface of panels leaves an impression on the concrete, thus are coated with parting compound– oil, wax, or plastic.

SpreadersUsually made of wood, space and keep the wall or forms apart.

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CAST IN-SITU SHEAR WALL

Preparation of timber formwork Completion of steel bars and erection of formwork to the required size

Closing of formwork, concrete is poured and left to cure

Completed RC shear wall

1. 2. 3. 4.

formwork

Completed RC shear wall

Installation of RC shear wall formwork

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PLASTERINGPlastering is to coat a layer of plaster on the wall . The purposes of plastering are to give resistance to the wall, increase fire resistance of the building elements, and to give a good appearance to the wall. Cement plaster is usually coated on masonry wall.

Skim coating is a name for a plastering technique. The widely used mixture is made up of lime putty and sugar sand. Skimming is a thin coat of plastering layer applied to the existing plaster to upgrade the surface. The thickness of skimming depends on client’s request.

SKIM COATING

Surface well brushed with hard broom to remove loose material and dust

Chases cut before plastering

Fixing plug inserted before plaster is applied

Any metal fixings to be painted or galvanized to prevent staining

Wall surface to be dry

Thin coats of undercoat plaster applied and built up to required thickness

Floated undercoat brought to a true and level surface with a rule or straightedge

Fine wooden scratcher used to form key for finishing coat

Textured surfaces can be obtained by using different tools

Finishing coat of plaster applied with steel trowel to give a smooth finish

Trims and decorative finishes applied after plaster has set and cured

1. Preparation 2. Undercoating 3. Finishing

METHOD OF PLASTERING

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STAIRCASE0322732

A staircase is a construction designed to link a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distance which is called steps.It allows easy movement between different levels.

Aspect that should be considered when designing a staircase is the placement of stairs, ease of travel and most importantly the safety.The design of a staircase should take proper consideration of the width, treads, riser, nosing, landings, handrails which are the requirement of a staircase.

TYPES OF STAIRCASE USED ON SITE

1.U shaped stairs with winder treads"Winder" stairs refer to stairways that make a turnwithout including an intermediate landing or platformto provide a flat rectangular turning space.

2.Double Quarter Landing Stairs Represent a variety of straight stairs, which also include a landing. But here the landing is needed to change a direction of the flight by 90 degrees and at the same time it serves as a place for rest when moving.

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0322732

Reinforced Concrete StaircaseConcrete staircase are usually specified for its durability, long lasting, high strength, fire and weather resistance.

Reinforced concrete stairs are designed as slabs and requires structural analysis of load, support and span conditions.

Details of Reinforced Concrete Staircase

Material

External wall

Half landing area

Main barsDistribution bars

Main barsTension lap

Starter bars

A staircase consists of riser, going(run), stair waist, handrail, balustrade, newel other components according to the types.

Rebar(Reinforcing bar)

Starter bars in staircase

In order to achieve a connection with the subjacent floor there must be properly placed starter bars. Moreover, starter bars must be positioned and at the superjacent floor for the staircase of the next level.

1.Placement of starter bar

Before the positioning of the staircase’s formwork (planking), the starter bars are properly bent at the necessary height.

During the final phase of the positioning of the staircase’s reinforcement, the lower rebars (in red color) are tied to the distribution bars to their proper position. The stringers and the risers are placed last

2.Staircase formwork and reinforcement at the starter bars

3.Starter bars at the top of staircase

the lower rebars of the staircase are not continued into the staircase slab and therefore, they are not presented.

4. Staircase construction in following phase

The staircase will be supported on those starter bars and the starter bars of the lower floor.

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5.4 STAIRCASE0322732

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0322732CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE

Step 1: Measuring

Calculate the height of one floor to the other (total rise). Measure the horizontal distance of the staircase (total run). Measure the width of each step from left to right in the area where the staircase will go (staircase width).

Step 3: Building and Assembling Formwork

The form can be made by plywood or framing lumber. The first step is to cut the side forms according to the tread and riser calculations. They must be securely adhered to the building's foundation. Depending on the width of the stairs, you might have to add bracing to the center of each riser

Step 2: Determine the dimension of foundation

The dimension of foundation will be the length of total run by the width of the staircase measured in step 1.

Total rise

Total run

runrise

Total run Width of staircase

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0322732Step 4: Reinforcing

Reinforcing the concrete staircase with steel.

Step 5: Preparing Concrete

Produce sufficient and well mixed mortar with portable cement mixer.

Step 6: Pouring Concrete

Start from the bottom and pour one step at a time. Make sure the mortars are spread evenly. Grease the inner surface area of your to release the panels easier after the cement set.

Step 7: Add Finishing

Repeat the trowelling process several times for each step to smooth the steps.

Step 8: Curing

Spray the steps with curing compound and cover it with burlap. Once the concrete has hardened for a week, removed the form lumber.

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Step 9: Installing the handrails

i) Position the stair railing onto the staircase where it will be installedii) Mark the positioniii) Drill pilot holes into the staircase at the marks you madeiv) Place the railing into the pilot holesv) Pour cement into the hole to fix the handrail

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TYPE OF DOORS0318314

SLIDING DOOR

Sliding doors make excellent use of space, and allow significantly larger entryways than conventional hinged doors. 'Pocketed' sliding doors even allow you to conceal doors inside wall cavities.

HINGED DOOR

the basic hinged door is almost certainly the type that comes to mind. Find out how they work, what options are available and where they are and aren't suitable.

Style O-X-XTriple track. The right hand door is fitted to the inside of the track and slides to the left with the middle door. The far left door remains fixed.

METAL SLIDING DOOR IN BRICK VENEER WALL

HEAD

SILL

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0318314DOOR METAL FRAME AND CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

DOOR OPENING HEIGHT

DOOR OPENING WIDTH

SILL ANCHORS

WIRE MASONARY ANCHORS

CORNER CONNECTIONHEAD JAMB

SIDE JAMB

DOOR STOP

FACEJA

MB

DEPT

H

SOFF

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RABB

ETRA

BBET

BACK

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WAL

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METAL FRAME

MASONRY WALL

MASONRY ANCHORS METAL DOOR FRAME ELEMENTS:

• DOOR FRAME• HEAD AD SIDE JAMP WITH STOPS• CASING OR TRIM• DOOR HARDWARE – HINGEDS AND LOCKSET

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0318314METAL FRAME INSTALLATION

Identify brickwork location and door position

Use planks and nails to prop up metal door frame. Ensure the correct direction of the door hinge then erect the door frame.

Use spirit leveller to check whether the frame is properly plumbed.

Begin brickwork by laying the bring into the rebate behind the back or the metal door frame.

Place mortar into each gap between the brick and frame of each layer. This is to ensure the frame is properly filled to give rigidity and strength by becoming an integral part of the structure.

Wire masonry anchors are used to ties with the brick and the metal door frame. These tie are for binding the bricks.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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0318314

Casement Window

TYPE OF WINDOWS

Casement windows are hinged on the side and open outward to the left or right. Usually taller than wide, their entire sash opens to provide top-to-bottom ventilation.

Awning windows are hinged at the top and open outward. Usually wider than they are tall, their entire sash opens to provide full side-to-side ventilation.

Awning Window

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0318314METAL WINDOW FRAME DETAILS

HEAD

SILL

JAMB

CASING

LOCK

HINGE

WINDOW ELEMENT (CASEMENT WINDOW)

HINGE ARM

JAMB

HINGE TRACK

RETAINER CLIP

Elevation of awning window.

Elevation of casement window

SILICON SEAL

WINDOW SASH

The windows element contain main 3 part, which is glazing, sash, and the frame.

Glazing: Clear glass of a windowSash: The part that holding glazingFrame: The fixed part of assembly the receives sash.

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0318314INSTALLATION OF ALUMINIUM WINDOW FRAME

Position the sub-frame using the aluminium plate

Check the alignment of the sub-frame

Aluminium Plate

Anchor the sub-frame into the rough opening using nail

Placing main frame on the sub-frame. Use millet to knock the finishing frame.

Seal the anchor head and the joints with the wall with protection tape on the frame

Anchor Head

Joints with wall

Millet

1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

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Part of a building envelope that covers the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provide protection from weather and animals.

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ROOF

Scaffolding font size: 14

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SLED ROOF Also known as the monopitched roof, is a roof structure that has one sloping surface and the sloped surface does not rest on any form of wall on the opposite ends. Monopitched roof encourages good drainage during rainy weather as well as aiding in reflecting heat away from the building if oriented appropriately. It is one of the easiest roof structures to build and requires less cost. Our site consist of 2 types of sled roof:• Metal roof• Clay tiled roof

CLAY TILED ROOFMETAL ROOF

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7.1 TYPE OF RO

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADAVANTAGES

Advantages CLAY TILED ROOF

Durable and long lasting able to last for more than 100 years.• available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and

colors, unlike regular shingles.• has reflective properties, which help to

increase the efficiency of heating and cooling systems.

• not susceptible to mold or rot, can withstand hurricane-force winds.

• does not shrink and expand with the temperature like wood.

Advantages of METAL ROOF

• Proven performance expectation of 50+ years.• Beautiful styles to match any home or

neighborhood.• Interlocking panels for maximum wind resistance.• Fire resistance.• Energy efficiency by keeping homes cooler.• Low weight to help preserve structural integrity and

life.

Disadvantages of METAL ROOF

• Noisy during rain or hail.• High cost.

Disadvantages CLAY TILED ROOF

• Weight of the individual tiles.• Needs strong support beams to support the

weight.• High cost.

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0317950CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF METAL ROOF

1.The rafters are installed following the direction of the roof slope. Each rafters are 12 to 24 inches apart. The rafters act as the spine for the roof.

Rafters

2.Then the purlin is installed with a string like tool called tie rod, which is used to hold the purlin in position so that the distance between each purlin will be the same.

Purlin

Tie rod

3. After purlin and rafter, A layer of reflective foil laminate is put into place. It helps cooling and prevents condensation. Which can cause roofing sheets to rust prematurely.

Reflective foil laminate 4. Next will be putting on the metal roofing sheetsThe metal roofing sheets are light, and are usually passed up to the roof by hand, one by one. They’re laid in place, and are carefully marked and cut for hips and valleys. Metal sheets is then drilled and screwed down. 

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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CLAY TILED ROOF

1. The construction of tiled roof begins with installation of the guttering and fascia boards.

2. Measurements are made and set-out nails are hammered in place along the rafters to hold the battens, which are timber pieces that run horizontally across the surface of the roof to keep everything in place.

3. A layer of sarking (commonly a reflective foil laminate, or RFL) is then laid down over these set-out nails, with the reflective side facing downwards. 

4. Next, anti-ponding board (APB) is installed underneath the sarking at the edges of the roof. The purpose of the anti-ponding board is to prevent water from pooling underneath the tiles at the outer edge of the roof. 

5.Tiles are then laid out across the roof and clipped on. Tiles at the edges are cut to make even lines along the hips and valleys of the roof.

Battens

Reflective foil

Rafters

Fascia board

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SUMMARY

In this project, we learn about the construction process which is the part where ideas become reality. The underappreciated middle part of architecture. We studied the building process through observation, self-experience and also research. From site & safety, plant and machineries, external works, foundation, superstructure, doors, windows to roofs. Each part of the process shows utmost importance in producing the final outcome, the piece of architecture that the people can enjoy.

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9.0 REFERENCES

BOOKSBarry, R. (1996). The construction of buildings. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Charlett, A. J. (2007). Fundamental building technology. London: Taylor & Francis.Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2000). Construction technology (3. ed., reprint). Harlow: Longman.Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2001). Building construction handbook. Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.Levy, S. M. (2010). Construction databook: construction materials and equipment. New York: McGraw-Hill.Mehta, M. (1997). The principles of building construction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

WEBSITEBuilding concrete stairs(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from http://www.idscontractors.com/articles/building-concrete-stairs/

Building construction 8. formworks and scaffoldings(2012)Retrieved from October 12,2015,from http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/building-construction-8-formworks-and-scaffoldings

Rcc slab casting-work procedure(2014).Retrieved October 19,from http://theconstructor.org/concrete/rcc-slab-casting-work-procedure/1656/

PARTS OF PELLA DOOR. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pella.com/support-center/glossary/door-anatomy/default.aspx

Health and Safety Executive. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/

How steel / Colorbond / Zincalume roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-steel-colorbond-zincalume-roofs-are-installedHow tile roofs are installed. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.build.com.au/how-tile-roofs-are-installed

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