Yanuar Nugroho - The Internet in CSOs

New Information New Information Technology and Civil Technology and Civil SocietySociety

Yanuar Nugroho, Ph.DYanuar Nugroho, Ph.D

Research AssociateResearch Associate

Suite 8.07 Harold Hankins BuildingSuite 8.07 Harold Hankins Building

[email protected]@manchester.ac.uk

KEIS 7 KEIS 7

StructStructureure

30+ minutes presentation ….30+ minutes presentation ….

… … but …but …

a LOT of stories from the field a LOT of stories from the field questions/clarifications at ANY time questions/clarifications at ANY time

during presentationduring presentation (hopefully) some reflections (hopefully) some reflections

(substantial/theoretical) at the end(substantial/theoretical) at the end

AgendAgendaa

What is civil society, what is civil What is civil society, what is civil society organisations?society organisations?

What is What is newnew in the ‘New Information in the ‘New Information Technology’ in CS/CSOs?Technology’ in CS/CSOs?

How do CSOs use the new ICT?How do CSOs use the new ICT?What do they use it for?What do they use it for?What can we learn from their use?What can we learn from their use?Some reflectionsSome reflectionsDiscussionDiscussion

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What is Civil What is Civil society?society?

The search for ‘polis’ The search for ‘polis’ ((AristotleAristotle)) One of the cornerstones of vibrant societal sphere, One of the cornerstones of vibrant societal sphere,

providing voices for the disenfranchised and providing voices for the disenfranchised and creating centres of influence outside the state and creating centres of influence outside the state and the economy the economy ((Anheier et al., 2002; Anheier et al., 2001; Anheier et al., 2002; Anheier et al., 2001; Deakin, 2001; Keane, 1998Deakin, 2001; Keane, 1998). ).

A sphere of ideas, values, institutions, A sphere of ideas, values, institutions, organisations, networks, and individuals located organisations, networks, and individuals located between the family, the state, and the market between the family, the state, and the market ((CCS-CCS-LSE, 2006LSE, 2006))

Global, network CS: CS that it is operating beyond Global, network CS: CS that it is operating beyond the confines of national societies, polities, and the confines of national societies, polities, and economies. Not just CS that spills over borders and economies. Not just CS that spills over borders and offers transnational opportunity for debates, but offers transnational opportunity for debates, but influences framework of global governance influences framework of global governance ((Anheier Anheier et al., 2001a:11; Kaldor et al., 2004:2et al., 2001a:11; Kaldor et al., 2004:2).).

Civil Society Civil Society OrganisationsOrganisations

CSOs : the entity of the sphere of social life which CSOs : the entity of the sphere of social life which organises itself autonomously –not established organises itself autonomously –not established and/or directly controlled by the state (and/or directly controlled by the state (Deakin, Deakin, 2001:4-82001:4-8). ).

CSOs: the autonomous, democratic civil society CSOs: the autonomous, democratic civil society entity, as expressed in organisations independent of entity, as expressed in organisations independent of the state and of corporate structure. the state and of corporate structure.

Gramsci (Gramsci (19711971): ): CS is not only the sphere where CS is not only the sphere where existing social order is grounded but also where new existing social order is grounded but also where new social order can be founded social order can be founded a dialectic a dialectic relationship: (1) the ideological agencies that are relationship: (1) the ideological agencies that are sustained by the state’s coercive apparatus that sustained by the state’s coercive apparatus that shape morals and culture; (2) CS has autonomy, shape morals and culture; (2) CS has autonomy, more fundamental than the state, and hence is the more fundamental than the state, and hence is the basis upon which a state can be founded. CS is both basis upon which a state can be founded. CS is both shaping and being shaped –an agent of stabilisation, shaping and being shaped –an agent of stabilisation, reproduction, and transformationreproduction, and transformation

Civil Society Civil Society StudiesStudies

Yet, despite being prominent, theory and Yet, despite being prominent, theory and conceptualisation of civil society (and CSO) conceptualisation of civil society (and CSO) has been in constant debate and contestation has been in constant debate and contestation and probably not been academically mature and probably not been academically mature ((Anheier et al., 2001b; Kaldor et al., 2004Anheier et al., 2001b; Kaldor et al., 2004). ).

But “debating the meaning of the term But “debating the meaning of the term contributes to an open and self-reflexive civil contributes to an open and self-reflexive civil society in the end” (society in the end” (Kaldor, et al., 2004:2Kaldor, et al., 2004:2). ).

Since the 1990's interests in civil society Since the 1990's interests in civil society studies have increased rapidly studies have increased rapidly General-theoretical (General-theoretical (like Anheier, 2003; Edwards, 2004; like Anheier, 2003; Edwards, 2004;

Hajnal, 2002; Hall, 1995; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 1998; Hajnal, 2002; Hall, 1995; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 1998; Wainwright, 2005Wainwright, 2005) )

Specific-empirical (Specific-empirical (such as, Anheier et al., 2002; Blumer, such as, Anheier et al., 2002; Blumer, 1951; Edwards and Hulme, 1992; 1997; Hajnal, 20021951; Edwards and Hulme, 1992; 1997; Hajnal, 2002). ).

CSO, or NGO? A CSO, or NGO? A clarification clarification

Many use both terms interchangeably and put little Many use both terms interchangeably and put little attention on their difference and analyse them as a attention on their difference and analyse them as a single entity. Yet, it may be an analytical mistake, single entity. Yet, it may be an analytical mistake, since, since,

Civil society constitutes a vast array of associations, Civil society constitutes a vast array of associations, including trade unions, professional associations, religious including trade unions, professional associations, religious groups, cultural and sports groups and traditional groups, cultural and sports groups and traditional associations, many of which are informal organizations that associations, many of which are informal organizations that are not registered. Nonetheless, despite the huge variety of are not registered. Nonetheless, despite the huge variety of different types of organisations that are found in the different types of organisations that are found in the developing world, most of the funding from international developing world, most of the funding from international sources for service provision is channelled through non-sources for service provision is channelled through non-governmental organisations. The NGO sector in most governmental organisations. The NGO sector in most developing countries is formally organised and often subject developing countries is formally organised and often subject to certain government regulations, and has developed to certain government regulations, and has developed considerable capacity and experience in the delivery of considerable capacity and experience in the delivery of development projects. For this reason, although it is development projects. For this reason, although it is important to keep the terms CSO and NGO analytically important to keep the terms CSO and NGO analytically distinct, in practice the majority of CSOs involved in service distinct, in practice the majority of CSOs involved in service provision are NGOs (provision are NGOs (Clayton, 2000:1-2Clayton, 2000:1-2))

‘‘Advocacy ’ Advocacy ’ CSOsCSOs

The most important agents in state-society relations The most important agents in state-society relations are ‘social forces’ instead of social classes (are ‘social forces’ instead of social classes (e.g. Migdal, e.g. Migdal, 19941994). ). Various social forces (regardless class status) try to impose Various social forces (regardless class status) try to impose

themselves on the political arena, prescribe others their goals themselves on the political arena, prescribe others their goals and respond to existing problem and respond to existing problem The relation between state The relation between state and society can be understood as a continuous struggle for and society can be understood as a continuous struggle for social control and domination involving different groups and social control and domination involving different groups and organisations. organisations.

This explains not only the social and political context of CSOs This explains not only the social and political context of CSOs operation, but also the formation of social movement and the operation, but also the formation of social movement and the dynamics of civil society itself. dynamics of civil society itself.

CSOs activism in promoting civic engagement, CSOs activism in promoting civic engagement, particularly at grassroots level, is inevitably political particularly at grassroots level, is inevitably political and transforming. and transforming.

This area –democratisation, grassroots politics, and This area –democratisation, grassroots politics, and mobilisation– is one main area of CS activisms and mobilisation– is one main area of CS activisms and CSOs are labelled as ‘political’ or ‘advocacy’ or ‘social CSOs are labelled as ‘political’ or ‘advocacy’ or ‘social movement CSO’.movement CSO’.

‘‘Development’ Development’ CSOsCSOs

Another area: development, particularly Another area: development, particularly orientated toward poverty reduction. orientated toward poverty reduction.

The success contribution of CSOs in reducing The success contribution of CSOs in reducing poverty is due mainly to their ‘rootedness’ poverty is due mainly to their ‘rootedness’ (closeness) to the poor communities and to their (closeness) to the poor communities and to their effort to cooperate with them (effort to cooperate with them (Barlow and Beeh, Barlow and Beeh, 19951995). ). Among many examples, CSOs not only assist the poor in Among many examples, CSOs not only assist the poor in

rural area, but also help in empowerment through rural area, but also help in empowerment through education and training, resettlement and transmigration education and training, resettlement and transmigration and family health and other welfare matters. and family health and other welfare matters.

In contemporary issues and concerns, some progressive In contemporary issues and concerns, some progressive CSOs also pursue women’s affairs, environment, human CSOs also pursue women’s affairs, environment, human rights, and transfer technology to village communities. rights, and transfer technology to village communities.

CSOs working this area are often generally CSOs working this area are often generally categorised as ‘development CSOs’. categorised as ‘development CSOs’.

Advocacy Advocacy vis-à-visvis-à-vis DevelopmentDevelopment

Adopted and modified from Fakih (1996), Eldridge (1995) and Hope and Timmel (1988)

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Role of the new ICTs Role of the new ICTs in CSin CS

The emergence of information technology, The emergence of information technology, particularly the Internet, has given new particularly the Internet, has given new impetus for the birth, or more precisely the impetus for the birth, or more precisely the reinvention, of networked civil society (reinvention, of networked civil society (Hajnal, Hajnal, 20022002). ).

That is, a networked of organisations, groups, and That is, a networked of organisations, groups, and movement within civil society aiming at mainly movement within civil society aiming at mainly widening participation in political decision making for widening participation in political decision making for ‘civic agendas’ such as development, protection of ‘civic agendas’ such as development, protection of environment, defence of human rights, among many environment, defence of human rights, among many others. others.

There is a virtuous relationship between There is a virtuous relationship between (global) civil society, civic agenda, and (global) civil society, civic agenda, and network society.network society.

(Global )Civil

Society

Network Society

Civic Agenda


It is through the facilitation in communication and It is through the facilitation in communication and participation via Internet technology that a network participation via Internet technology that a network society is formed and thus strengthens global civil society is formed and thus strengthens global civil society (society (Warkentin, 2001Warkentin, 2001))

Because the Internet’s inherent characteristics and Because the Internet’s inherent characteristics and transnational reach parallel (or correspond to) those of global transnational reach parallel (or correspond to) those of global civil society, the medium serves as both a logical and an civil society, the medium serves as both a logical and an effective tool for establishing and maintaining social effective tool for establishing and maintaining social connections that can contribute to global civil society… By connections that can contribute to global civil society… By increasing the ease with which people can establish and increasing the ease with which people can establish and maintain relationships, share resources and information, and maintain relationships, share resources and information, and coordinate their activities, the Internet aids the process of coordinate their activities, the Internet aids the process of building and maintaining the social bases of global civil society. building and maintaining the social bases of global civil society. ((Warkentin, 2001:33Warkentin, 2001:33))

Information technology provides both opportunities Information technology provides both opportunities and constraints for actors participating in global civil and constraints for actors participating in global civil society – in some ways expanding and in other ways society – in some ways expanding and in other ways contracting available means for interacting (contracting available means for interacting (Warkentin, Warkentin, 20012001).).


Democratic participation, can be facilitated Democratic participation, can be facilitated through multiple connections which ensure through multiple connections which ensure informed and interactive politics (informed and interactive politics (Sey and Castells, Sey and Castells, 2004: 3632004: 363). ). Historically, democracy meant having selected an élite of Historically, democracy meant having selected an élite of

political representatives in political discussions. Then, political representatives in political discussions. Then, having ‘direct’ democracy by involving the citizen in the having ‘direct’ democracy by involving the citizen in the decision making process became the ideal. With the help decision making process became the ideal. With the help of information technology this ideal has become possible of information technology this ideal has become possible today although still considered problematic (today although still considered problematic (Coleman, Coleman, 19991999). The rise of the network society characterised by the ). The rise of the network society characterised by the appropriation of information technology has provided a appropriation of information technology has provided a renewed support for this vision (Richard, 1999)renewed support for this vision (Richard, 1999)

But, “it is only under the conditions of an But, “it is only under the conditions of an autonomous citizenship and an open, autonomous citizenship and an open, participatory, formal political channel that the participatory, formal political channel that the Internet may innovate the practice of politics” Internet may innovate the practice of politics” ((Sey and Castells, 2004:370Sey and Castells, 2004:370). ).

Some ICT use in Some ICT use in CS/CSOsCS/CSOs

Despite problem of access (esp. in developing Despite problem of access (esp. in developing countries) the Internet also has the potential to be countries) the Internet also has the potential to be a ‘platform’ for organising strategic activities of CSOs a ‘platform’ for organising strategic activities of CSOs

(Surman and Reilly, 2003). (Surman and Reilly, 2003). building and strengthening the identity of CSOs in cyber-building and strengthening the identity of CSOs in cyber-

civic space for social reform (Lim, 2002; 2003a; 2003d) civic space for social reform (Lim, 2002; 2003a; 2003d) through coalition building (Diani, 2003; Rucht, 1989). through coalition building (Diani, 2003; Rucht, 1989).

by creating networks of opposition (Sey and Castells, by creating networks of opposition (Sey and Castells, 2004) which to some extent can be of important factor in 2004) which to some extent can be of important factor in leading to a creation of ‘insurgent space’ (Lim, 2002). leading to a creation of ‘insurgent space’ (Lim, 2002).

establishing collaboration, publishing (campaign), establishing collaboration, publishing (campaign), mobilisation and observation (watchdog activities) mobilisation and observation (watchdog activities) (Camacho, 2001; Lim, 2004a; Surman and Reilly, 2003). (Camacho, 2001; Lim, 2004a; Surman and Reilly, 2003).

Appropriation of ICT for social transformation Appropriation of ICT for social transformation would be optimum when it is addressed would be optimum when it is addressed strategically towards movement development and strategically towards movement development and organisational networks. organisational networks.

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Context of Context of investigationinvestigation

IndonesiaIndonesia Multi-methods Multi-methods

268 CSOs were 268 CSOs were surveyed, surveyed, 35 CSOs 35 CSOs were interviewed, were interviewed, 15 case 15 case studies/observatiostudies/observations, 3 workshops of ns, 3 workshops of 74 CSOs, 2 FG of 9 74 CSOs, 2 FG of 9 CSOsCSOs

(3.15%)

10+ yr (33.86%)

2-5 yr (20.87%)

5-8 yr (26.38%)

8-10 yr (12.6%)

Establishment

0-1 yr

(3.15%)1-2 yr

11-15 (14.05%)

16-20 (7.438%)

21-25 (1.24%)

6-10 (32.64%)

<5 (34.71%)

>25 (9.917%)

Fulltime staff

Annual turnover

100-500m, 31.43%

<100m, 30.95%

500m-1b, 15.24%

>2b, 10.48%1-2b, 11.9%

Bali, 1

Banten, 3

Bengkulu, 4

DI Yogyakarta, 24

DKI Jakarta, 52

Jambi, 3

Jawa Barat, 18

Jawa Tengah, 20

Jawa Timur, 27

Kalimantan Barat, 5

Kalimantan Selatan, 4

Kalimantan Tengah, 2

Lampung, 6

Maluku, 1

Nanggore Aceh Darussalam, 13

No response, 4

Nusa Tenggara Barat, 16

Nusa Tenggara Timur, 10

Papua , 10

Riau, 2

Sulawesi Selatan, 9

Sulawesi Tengah, 4

Sulawesi Tenggara, 6

Sulawesi Utara, 3

Sumatera Barat, 3

Sumatera Selatan, 2

Sumatera Utara, 16

Other, 98

Context of Context of investigationinvestigation

What is best describing the nature of your organisation?

162

110129

87

196

23

11590

21 25

0

50

100

150

200

250

ad

voca

cy

de

velo

pm

en

talis

t

thin

k ta

nk/

mo

bili

satio

n

form

al/

info

rma

l

cen

tra

lise

d

ne

two

rke

d

ha

vin

g r

elig

iou

s

oth

er

Nature

No

of

CS

Os

ori

en

ted

ori

en

ted

rese

arc

h-b

ase

d

ori

en

ted

offi

cia

lly r

eg

iste

red

affi

liatio

nWhat are the main issues/concerns of your organisation?

en

viro

nm

ent

glo

balis

atio

n

rura

l iss

ue

s

urb

an is

sues

de

velo

pm

ent

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ight

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just

ice

& p

eace

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cra

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tion

ge

nde

r is

sue

s

child

ren

& y

ou

th

po

vert

y

ed

uca

tion

dis

able

issu

es

lab

our

& tr

ade

un

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farm

ers

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fess

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al w

ork

ers

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vern

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l so

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ty

conf

lict r

eso

lutio

n

plu

ralis

m

ind

ige

no

us

gro

up

eco

soc

rig

hts

oth

er

Issues & Concerns

No

. of

CS

O

em

pow

erm

en

t

161147 146

135 133 132 129125 122

117

97 9586

78 7566

62 60 56 55

39

24 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

What are the main activities of your organisation?

152140

211

177

150139

100

36

0

50

100

150

200

250

research publication training capacity advocacy organising lobby other

Type of activities

No

. of

CS

O

building people(mobilisation)

Indonesian CSO (t)

Global CSO (t)

Indonesian CSO (t+1)

Global CSO (t+1)

(t) (t+1)

a(t) b(t) a(t+1) b(t+1)

time

c

d

Pattern of Internet Pattern of Internet adoptionadoption

Information

Technology

adoption

Length of adoption (years)

>10(leaders)

5-10(early

majority)

3-5 (late

majority)

<3 (lagga

rd)PC 21.64% 35.45% 24.25% 10.82%The

Internet 5.97% 28.73% 26.87% 19.03%

58

95

65

29

16

7772

51

0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

>10 5-10 3-5 <3

Nu

mb

er o

f u

sers

160

50

100

150

200

250

300

>10 >5 >3 >0


PC

The Internet

(cu

mm

ula

tive

)N

um

ber

of

use

rs

58

153

218216

165

93

247


EstimatedVariables

Late majority and

laggards

(75.56%)

Leaders and early majority (24.44%)

Period of Internet use

(years)<3; 3-5

5-10; >10

Age of the organisation

(years)

0-1; 1-2; 2-5; 5-8; 8-

10

>10

Number of staff (persons)

<5; 6-10; 11-

15

16-20; 21-25; >25

Annual turn over (IDR)

<100 million;

100-500

million

500 million - 1billion;

1-2 billion;

>2 billion

Pattern of Internet Pattern of Internet adoptionadoption

Laggards (13.54% )

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

and late maj ority

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

(19.73% )

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

environment

globalisationrural

urban

developmenthuman rights

justice & peace

democratisation

youth

povertyeducation

disable

labourfarmer

professional worker

governance

civil society

conflict resolution

pluralism

indigenous rights

ecosoc rights

3-5 yr

5-10 yr

<3 yr

>10 yr

gender

Most of early maj ority

& children

empowerment

some early maj orityLeaders and

(66.74% )

Parameter estimation: Issues and concerns of each category

N=268; Latent Class Analysis. BIC(LL)=5407.792;NPar=94; L2=4214.830; df=127; p<0.0001; and Class.Err=2.6%.

Access: typical Access: typical problem?problem?

52.78%

25%

16.67%

2.78%

2.78% 1.30%

63.64%

28.57%

6.49%

3.92%

49.02%

15.69%

21.57%

7.84%1.96%

37.5%

50%

6.25%

6.25%

3-5 yr 5-10 yr<3 yr >10 yr

none dial up

broadband via telecentre

via other organisation other

Laggards Late majority Early majority Leaders

Spectrum of Spectrum of useuse

229 (85.45%)

163 (60.82%)

135 (50.37%)

109 (40.67%)

66 (24.63%)

62 (23.13%)

45 (16.79%)

30 (11.19%)

20 (7.46%)

19 (7.09%)

17 (6.34%)

1 (0.37%)

0 50 100 150 200 250

electronic mail

mailing list

world wide web

file transfer

chat

newsgroup

Internet forum

VoIP

web log (blog)

none (N/A)

other

No. of organisation

video/audiostreaming

Sequence of Sequence of adoptionadoption

Parameter estimation: application used by each category

N=268; Latent class analysis. BIC(LL)=2024.3602; NPar=90; L2=983.6697; df=131; p<0.0001 and Class.Err=4.35%

Laggards &

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Most early majority &

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Leaders &

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

e-mail

chat

mailist

VoIP

WWW

file-transfernewsgroup

data streaming

forum blog

other

3-5 yr

5-10 yr

<3 yr

>10 yr

some late majority(34.4%)

some early majority(28.23%)

most late majority (37.37%)

Drivers for Drivers for adoptionadoption

why does your organisation use the internet?

6

48

73

83

93

117

135

145

169

186

198

206

209

other reason

competitive intensity

power-related reason

cultural reason

social reason

influence intensity

environmental reason

empowerment reason

intermediary reason

issue & concern intensity

networking intensity

perspective reason

co-operation intensity

ex

tern

al r

eas

on

inte

rna

l re

aso

n

16

48

79

144

166

173

176

182

197

217

0 50 100 150 200 250

other reason

top-down instruction

bottom-up initiative

technological reason

financial reason

visibility & identity

performance reason

capacity building

managerial reason

information intensity

no of organisation

Technological Technological SubstitutionSubstitution

In what way has your organisation benefited from its use of the

Internet?

Score

How the Internet is perceived as technological

substitution. As …

Building wider network with other organisation

1067

Apparatus for building network

More effective management of organisation (back-office & internal communication)

970Organisational management tool

Cost saving in general 852Advanced communication technology

Better publication/communication of idea with public/other organisation

850Publication media,Public relation tool

Collaborative project with other organisation(s)

765Advanced collaborative instrument

Fund-raising, including networking with donor

685 New way for fundraising

Campaign/Opinion building 574Means for campaigning and opinion building

Other 41

Barriers to Barriers to adoptionadoption

0.51%

0.53%

1.60%

1.04%

1.06%

4.42%

2.07%

3.05%

6.70%

3.16%

8.12%

15.89%

14.03%

21.21%

6.12%

6.35%

7.98%

8.81%

10.64%

8.29%

12.44%

11.68%

9.09%

13.16%

28.02%

22.43%

24.89%

23.38%

30.61%

33.33%

26.06%

22.80%

29.26%

21.55%

24.35%

33.50%

39.23%

33.68%

38.16%

34.11%

39.37%

30.30%

27.55%

28.04%

29.79%

32.64%

28.19%

30.94%

32.12%

26.40%

29.67%

27.89%

15.94%

19.16%

16.29%

17.75%

35.20%

31.75%

34.57%

34.72%

30.85%

34.81%

29.02%

25.38%

15.31%

22.11%

9.66%

8.41%

5.43%

7.36%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

internal policies

incompetent

lack of trust

lack of vision

organisational

external politics

lack of ambition

conservative culture

lack of time

shortermism

lack of expertise

lack of infrastructure

lack of resource

lack of money

very high high moderate low very low

management

and bureaucracies

structure

Negative Negative aspects?aspects?

10

17

28

31

32

70

73

102

148

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

other

issues and concerns

none

staff getting distracted

getting overw helmed

increase in expenditure

spam messages

increase in expenditure

computer virus

no. of organisations

(general)

(communication)

in maintaining netw ork

getting biased

no response17%

no financial resource14%

no infrastructure63%

no provider3%

no capacity3%

Reasons for not using the Internet

What negative aspects have you been experiencing in using the Internet in your CSO?

Impacts of Internet Impacts of Internet adoptionadoption

very positive (48.61%) positive (44.62%)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

the internal

the organisation's

Influence to theaims and activities

the organisationalperspective

the achievementgoals and missions

neutral (4.38%)

distracted (1.95%)

very distracted (1.95%)

global level (64.90%)

beyond regional (8.57%)

beyond national(17.55%)

beyond local (5.31%)

not widening(3.67%)

much more focused (32.80%) more focused (42.40%) remain the same(23.20%)

biased(1.60%)

major support (68.24%) minor support(19.22%)

neutral(12.16%)

minor decrease(0.39%)

very significant (47.97%) significant (39.84%)

can't determine (9.76%)insigificant (1.22%)

very insigificant(1.22%)

networks

management

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Instances of Instances of Internet useInternet use

Empowering beneficiaries, spreading global Empowering beneficiaries, spreading global awareness (YDA)awareness (YDA)

Helping channel help for the most vulnerable (JRS)Helping channel help for the most vulnerable (JRS) Networking advocacy (INFID)Networking advocacy (INFID) Research for civil society empowerment (AKATIGA)Research for civil society empowerment (AKATIGA) Shaping public views (e.g. on globalisation, as Shaping public views (e.g. on globalisation, as

with IGJ)with IGJ) Campaigning alternative (more sustainable) Campaigning alternative (more sustainable)

lifestyle (YPBB)lifestyle (YPBB) Campaigning for public policy change (ECOSOC)Campaigning for public policy change (ECOSOC) Mobilisation of direct action (case of Pornography Mobilisation of direct action (case of Pornography

bill)bill)

See more at http://audentis.wordpress.comSee more at http://audentis.wordpress.com

Strategic use of the Strategic use of the InternetInternet

CollaborationCollaboration: : platform for wider collaboration not only within platform for wider collaboration not only within organisations but also between organisations. Among strategic organisations but also between organisations. Among strategic collaboration work is collaboration work is networking networking and and coalition buildingcoalition building..

MobilisationMobilisation: : provide tools to help with mobilisation, including provide tools to help with mobilisation, including campaigns campaigns and urgent and urgent calls for action calls for action which can be which can be facilitated by simple-but-powerful tools like emails and mailing facilitated by simple-but-powerful tools like emails and mailing lists.lists.

Empowerment and developmentEmpowerment and development: : provide alternative provide alternative opinion and information; help spread awareness and invite real opinion and information; help spread awareness and invite real participation in various development programmes and agendas participation in various development programmes and agendas of improvement of livelihood.of improvement of livelihood.

Research and publicationResearch and publication: : data and information acquisition data and information acquisition as research input (information in), and for dissemination of as research input (information in), and for dissemination of publication as research output (information out).publication as research output (information out).

Advocacy and monitoringAdvocacy and monitoring: : effective tool in helping to shape effective tool in helping to shape public opinion which is crucial for successful advocacy work like public opinion which is crucial for successful advocacy work like rallies, protests, or lobbying; a convenient means for monitoring rallies, protests, or lobbying; a convenient means for monitoring development/watchdog activities in a certain field.development/watchdog activities in a certain field.

National network National network growthgrowth

SNA shows evidence how the national network of Indonesian CSOs expands and grows over time –i.e. in 4 (four) social transition period in Indonesia.

Label shows the CSOs that were interviewed. Note that they represent the ‘centre’, ‘periphery’ and ‘isolate’

International network International network growthgrowth

SNA shows evidence how the international network of Indonesian CSOs expands and grows over time – i.e. in 4 (four) social transition period in Indonesia.

This evidence challenges existing proposition about the role and involvement of international CSO during the transition period to democracy in Indonesia (e.g. Uhlin, 2000)

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Revision of adoption Revision of adoption stagesstages

Revision of adoption Revision of adoption stagesstages

Internet for civic Internet for civic engagementengagement

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Duality – not Duality – not dualismdualism

Lessons learned – Lessons learned – CSO levelCSO level

Issues and concerns characterise the diffusion of the Issues and concerns characterise the diffusion of the Internet in CSOs. Embedded values and interests of Internet in CSOs. Embedded values and interests of CS sector play a greater role in CSOs in the CS sector play a greater role in CSOs in the innovation process in organisations than implied by innovation process in organisations than implied by diffusion model (diffusion model (Rogers, 1995; 2003Rogers, 1995; 2003). ).

CSOs seem to adopt new ICTs within a culture of CSOs seem to adopt new ICTs within a culture of collaboration and co-operation with other CSOs collaboration and co-operation with other CSOs rather than a matter of competition rather than a matter of competition whether whether distinctive organisational cultures at least partially distinctive organisational cultures at least partially account for how perceived attributes of the Internet account for how perceived attributes of the Internet may affect its adoption in CSOs. may affect its adoption in CSOs.

CSOs do not perceive the Internet as a source of CSOs do not perceive the Internet as a source of competitive advantage (among their CSO peers) even competitive advantage (among their CSO peers) even though the technology offers capability to generate a though the technology offers capability to generate a high level of visibility for the organisation (for high level of visibility for the organisation (for example, by means of WWW). example, by means of WWW).

Lessons learned – Lessons learned – CSO levelCSO level

Use of the Internet to encourage political participation should Use of the Internet to encourage political participation should remain relevant. CSOs’ endeavour in shaping public remain relevant. CSOs’ endeavour in shaping public perception and opinion can be facilitated by CSOs being perception and opinion can be facilitated by CSOs being active users on the Net. active users on the Net.

It is argued that by becoming more active in the cyber-world –through It is argued that by becoming more active in the cyber-world –through creating an online persona (McCaughey and Ayers, 2003; Warkentin, creating an online persona (McCaughey and Ayers, 2003; Warkentin, 2001)—CSOs will engage in framing activities like online public opinion 2001)—CSOs will engage in framing activities like online public opinion building, especially in the era when online media is increasingly gaining building, especially in the era when online media is increasingly gaining popularity. By shaping the way issues are conceptualised and understood, popularity. By shaping the way issues are conceptualised and understood, CSOs can often affect public opinion building in important ways. CSOs can often affect public opinion building in important ways.

As the adoption and use of the Internet potentially enables As the adoption and use of the Internet potentially enables CSOs to play more important roles in society, the CSOs to play more important roles in society, the implementation of the technology has to become a more implementation of the technology has to become a more integral part of organisational strategy (integral part of organisational strategy (as suggested by, e.g. as suggested by, e.g. Galliers, 2004; 2007Galliers, 2004; 2007). ).

Lastly, while some areas for strategic use of the Internet in Lastly, while some areas for strategic use of the Internet in CSOs are mapped, CSOs strategically and politically facilitate CSOs are mapped, CSOs strategically and politically facilitate the creation and maintenance of civil society’s “foundational the creation and maintenance of civil society’s “foundational network of social relations” (network of social relations” (Warkentin, 2001Warkentin, 2001) in order to ) in order to create ‘another better world’ (create ‘another better world’ (Hajnal, 2002; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, Hajnal, 2002; Kaldor, 2003; Keane, 19981998).).

Lessons learned – SM Lessons learned – SM levellevel

Since Internet use affects organisational identity (Castells, Since Internet use affects organisational identity (Castells, 1997), CSOs need to manifest its institutional development 1997), CSOs need to manifest its institutional development and broaden attempts to play its role in society by re-and broaden attempts to play its role in society by re-aligning resources, re-defining organisation’s strategy, aligning resources, re-defining organisation’s strategy, tackling organisational issues (as also suggested by Clegg tackling organisational issues (as also suggested by Clegg and Dunkerley, 1977; McLaughlin et al., 1999; Scott, 2003). and Dunkerley, 1977; McLaughlin et al., 1999; Scott, 2003).

It is also with this in mind that CSOs’ members need to share a It is also with this in mind that CSOs’ members need to share a collective identity and role, develop mutual respect and increase trust collective identity and role, develop mutual respect and increase trust among each other in order to maintain organisational cohesion. among each other in order to maintain organisational cohesion.

As the use of the Internet in CSOs becomes more extensive, As the use of the Internet in CSOs becomes more extensive, this can result in borders between organisations this can result in borders between organisations disappearing and sectors within civil society convergingdisappearing and sectors within civil society converging

CSOs certainly need to anticipate this development and possibly CSOs certainly need to anticipate this development and possibly prepare for new paradigms in their socio-political activism. Not only is prepare for new paradigms in their socio-political activism. Not only is the future changing, but the change itself can, and will, affect CSOs’ the future changing, but the change itself can, and will, affect CSOs’ undertakings – in which the use of the Internet will play a mediating undertakings – in which the use of the Internet will play a mediating role. role.

Lessons learned – SM Lessons learned – SM levellevel

Using the Internet to mobilise resources for action and Using the Internet to mobilise resources for action and pressures, the challenge is for CSOs to actually connect people pressures, the challenge is for CSOs to actually connect people and to exchange views across national boundaries on cross-and to exchange views across national boundaries on cross-cutting contemporary and global political, social and economic cutting contemporary and global political, social and economic issues. issues.

While the Internet has successfully facilitated ways of fostering reform and While the Internet has successfully facilitated ways of fostering reform and development agenda to the wider public, CSOs will need to remember that development agenda to the wider public, CSOs will need to remember that the essence of social movement is real engagement, not just information the essence of social movement is real engagement, not just information exchange (Juris, 2004). exchange (Juris, 2004).

For CSOs as a social movement, the most significant impact of For CSOs as a social movement, the most significant impact of Internet use might be its ability to interconnect organisations Internet use might be its ability to interconnect organisations and networks of organisations to advance joint actions. This and networks of organisations to advance joint actions. This means an obvious challenge for CSOs to use the Internet which means an obvious challenge for CSOs to use the Internet which serves as a platform for the development of alternative serves as a platform for the development of alternative discourses and strategies both in local and in global level, discourses and strategies both in local and in global level, because this is exactly how the use of the Internet can affect the because this is exactly how the use of the Internet can affect the roles of CSOs in reshaping the socio-political life of society. roles of CSOs in reshaping the socio-political life of society.

While Internet use can facilitate collective and collaborative work particularly While Internet use can facilitate collective and collaborative work particularly when CSOs endeavour to influence public policy making, CSOs need to build when CSOs endeavour to influence public policy making, CSOs need to build their own capacity in order to be able to strategically use the technology. their own capacity in order to be able to strategically use the technology.

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Transforming Transforming technology?technology?

As we saw, the transforming and unpredictable As we saw, the transforming and unpredictable character of technological innovation makes any character of technological innovation makes any manageable form of cost-benefit analysis impossible. manageable form of cost-benefit analysis impossible. Does this mean that we have no way by which to judge Does this mean that we have no way by which to judge it? No, because all such technology comes into it? No, because all such technology comes into existence and develops in a context, and that context existence and develops in a context, and that context as its broadest is the one to which reference has just as its broadest is the one to which reference has just been made –human nature and the human condition. It been made –human nature and the human condition. It is a context, however, which bears on our assessment is a context, however, which bears on our assessment of technology not by providing a medium in which of technology not by providing a medium in which costs and benefits may be compared, but by providing costs and benefits may be compared, but by providing us with the standard against which the ultimate value us with the standard against which the ultimate value of technology must be measured. of technology must be measured.

((Gordon Graham, Internet philosopher, 1999:169Gordon Graham, Internet philosopher, 1999:169))

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Yanuar Nugroho - The Internet in CSOs