The experts’ perceptions of women’s entrepreneurship

The experts’ perceptions of women’s

entrepreneurship

Davit Darsavelidze

University of North Texas

PADM 5500

research methods I

Instructor: Dr. Gary Webb

05/01/2012

Do you think That there is a country where

> Entrepreneurs?

Introduction

Women’s Entrepreneurship

Hypotheses

Data and methods

Results and discussion

Conclusion

References

Q&A

Outline


Related facts


Source: GEM 2010 Women’s Report (Kelly et al., 2012)

Related facts (continued)

Source: The economic impact of women-owned businesses In the US, 2009


Result:

Women’s entrepreneurship

is one of the important

drives of the US economy

Source: http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumblarge_172/1186162194979Lu3.jpg

Women-owned enterprises in the US (2008)

$1.9 trillion in sales

Overall economic impact of $2.8 trillion

Provide jobs exceeding 13 million

28.2 % of all businesses, mainly small business

Source: http://peakfamilybusiness.com/files/2011/03/woman_leader_casual_silhouette_green.png

Importance of the issue

Protection of women’s rights globally

Rising of awareness of women’s entrepreneurship

A role of female in creation of wealth the world

Application of results

Need of women’s active participation in the

entrepreneurial policy development globally

Active support of women’s entrepreneurship in

creation of world wealth

Introduction



Source:


What is entrepreneurship?

It is the behavior connected with innovation (Schumpter; 1934)

Or just responsiveness to new opportunities (Kirzner; 1979)

Driven by necessity &/or opportunity (Hechavarria and Reynolds, 2009)

What effects women’s entrepreneurship?

Culture (life and work values) (Terrell and Troilo,2010)

as Guiso, Sapienza and Zingales noted, “those customary beliefs & values that ethnic, religious, &

social groups transmit fairly unchanged from generation to

generation” (as cited in Terrell and Troilo, 2010, p.263)

Hypothesis #1: Gender of expert affects the perception of women’s

entrepreneurship. Compared to females, males more likely state that women and

men have equal opportunities to start business and less favor entrepreneurship as an

acceptable career for women.

Hypothesis # 2: Experts with higher years of entrepreneurial experience

have higher perception of women’s entrepreneurship.

Hypothesis # 3: An expert with expertise in service sector has higher

perception of women’s entrepreneurship, while in manufacturing sector it

is opposite.

Hypothesis #4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results

experts’ higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.

Hypotheses


Data and Methods


Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) Data (1999-2003)

38 countries, 4685 expert

Standard Questionnaires, interviews

Convenience sampling (Reynolds et al., 2008)

Independent variables:

Experts characteristics (sex, experience of entrepreneurship, expertise in

service or manufacturing, country of origin)

Dependent variables:

5 variables of Experts’ perception of women’s entrepreneurship

WEP Index (aggregated index of mentioned five variables of perception)

Software for analyses: SPSS

5 crosstab, 1 correlation, 2 T-test, 2 ANOVA analyses

Source: www.gemconsortium.org

% of Responses

with Somewhat and

completely true within

gender

Pearson

Chi-Square

Level of

significance

Female Male

1. Social service help women with

families Work 40.2 46.5 0.000 P < 0.001

2. New business start-up acceptable for

women 62.5 57.7 0.016 P < 0.05

3. Women encouraged self-employment

or entrepreneurship 36.9 34.5 0.861 P > 0.05

4. Women have as many business

opportunity as men 40.6 43.7 0.217 P > 0.05

5. Women have same skills, motivation

to entrepreneurship 63.6 60.0 0.252 P > 0.05

Hypothesis #1_ Crosstabs

Women’s Entrepreneurship R

esu

lts

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

Table #1. Summary of Crosstabs analyses of gender and experts’ perception of women’s entrepreneurship

Source: GEM Data / appendix #4

H#1: Gender of expert affects the perception of women’s entrepreneurship.

Re

sults

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

Hypothesis #2 _ Correlation


H#2: Experts with higher years of entrepreneurial experience have higher perception of women’s entrepreneurship.

Table #2. Correlations of WEP Index and experts’ years of experience in entrepreneurship

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Sig. level

0.086 0.000 P<001

Source: GEM Data / appendix #5

o High significant level (P<0.001)

o Positive correlation (0.086)

Hypothesis #3 _ T-test

Source: GEM Data /appendix #6

H# 3: An expert with expertise in service sector has higher perception of women’s entrepreneurship, while in manufacturing sector it is opposite.


esu

lts

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

With

Expertise in Valid cases Mean

Std.

Deviation

Sig. (2 tailed)

Level of sig.

Service

sector

All

2324

Yes 1333 16.1 4.2 0.012

P<0.05 No 991 16.6 4.3

Manufacturi

ng sector

All

2319

Yes 760 16.7 4.2 0.001

P≤0.001 No 1559 16.1 4.2

Table #3. Summary of T-Test, WEP Index and experts’ expertise in service & manufacturing sectors

Is a country where > entrepreneurs


esu

lts

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

Source: GEM 2010 Women’s Report (Kelly et al., 2012)

Hypothesis #4 _ ANOVA


esu

lts

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

H #4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results experts’ higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.

Country

(number of experts)

Ethnical fraction* Mean of women

Index

Within Group

US (38) 0.491 19.4 III

UK (75) 0.324 15.5 II

China (65) 0.154 18 III

Japan (36) 0.012 11.3 I

Source: GEM Data/ Appendix #7

*Fearon (2003, p.215 -216)

Table #4. Difference of experts’perception of women’s entrepreneurship among the US, the UK, China and Japan (p<0.001)

Hypothesis #4


esu

lts

an

d d

isc

uss

ion

H#4: Higher the variety of ethnicity in the country results experts’ higher perception of the women’s entrepreneurship.

Country

(number of experts)

Ethnical fraction* Mean of women

Index

Within Group

Canada (23) 0.596 18.6

III

US (38) 0.491 19.4 III

UK (75) 0.324 15.5 II

Argentina (66) 0.255 14.6 II

China (65) 0.154 18 III

Australia (108) 0.149 17.6 III

Uganda (35) 0.93 15 II

Japan (36) 0.012 11.3 I

Source: GEM Data/ Appendix #7

*Fearon (2003, p.215 -216)

Table #5. Difference of experts’ perception of women’s entrepreneurship in different countries (P<0.001)

Key findings


Gender is a key factor of experts’ perception of women’s

entrepreneurship

Experts’ longevity of entrepreneurial experience directly

correlated with high perception of the women’s

Entrepreneurship

Country of origin of expert is a strong determinant that of

different perception of women’s entrepreneurship

Experts’ Experience in manufacturing or service industry is not a

strong determinant of rising women’s entrepreneurship

Conclusion


Experts’ characteristics like sex and longevity of

entrepreneurial experience and the countries they present,

may affect Experts’ perception of women’s

entrepreneurship, while their specialization by sectors may

not.

While Developing policies and special working teams to

promote women’s entrepreneurship, the experts

characteristics of gender, country and longevity of

entrepreneurial experience should be taken into account.

Kelly, D., Brush C., Greene, P. and Litovsky, Y.(2012). GEM 2010 Women’s Report.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring. Retrieved on April 25, 2012, from:

http://www.gemconsortium.org/news/757/gem-2010-womens-report-

Hechavarria, D.M. And Reynolds, P.D. (2009). Cultural norms & business start-ups:

the impact of national values on opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs .

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal (5)4, 417-437. DOI:

10.1007/s11365-009-0115-6

Kirzner, I.M. (1979). Perception opportunity and profit studies in the theory of

entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Schumpter, J. A.(1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press.

Terrell, K. and Troilo, M. (2010). Values and female entrepreneurship. International

Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, (2)3, 260-286. DOI:

10.1108/17566261011079242

The economic impact of women-owned businesses In the US. (2009). Walmart,

National Women’s Business Council, The Center for Women’s Business

Research. retrieved on April 26, 2012 from:

http://www.womensbusinessresearchcenter.org/Data/research/economicim

pactstud/econimpactreport-final.pdf

References


Questions, suggestions?


Davit Darsavelidze

[email protected]

+ 1 940 297 9246

Thank you for your attention