Temperature Indicator

C O N S T R U C T I O N

ELECTRONICS FOR YOU JULY 2004

TEMPERATURE INDICATORUSING AT89C52ADITYA RANE

SANI THEO

Here’s a microcontroller-based tem-perature indicator that displays thetemperature in the range of –55°C

to 125°C. Besides AT89C52 microcontroller,it uses a temperature sensor chip and anLCD module. The indicator outputs thecalibrated data in digital form. The programfor the microcontroller is written in C andnot in Assembly language. Since C programhas well-defined syntax, it far outweighs

the merits of the Assemblylanguage program.

The circuitFig. 1 shows the block dia-gram of the temperature in-dicator using microcontrollerAT89C52. The power sup-ply for the circuit is regu-lated by IC 7805 and sup-plied to different parts of the


Fig. 1: Block diagram of temperature indicator usingAT89C52

Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of temperature indicator using AT89C52


ELECTRONICS FOR YOUJULY 2004

unit. DS1621 is the temperature sensorchip. The microcontroller unit (MCU) readsthe temperature from the sensor. The tem-perature data is compared with certainuser-defined temperature values and pro-cessed inside the MCU as per the programand then sent to the LCD for display.

Fig. 2 shows the circuit of tempera-ture indicator using microcontrollerAT89C52. Working of each section of thecircuit is covered in the following para-graphs.

Power supply. The power supply unitconsists of a step-down transformer (230VAC primary to 0-9V, 250mA secondary),bridge rectifier and voltage regulator. Theoutput of the transformer is fed to bridgerectifier diodes D1 through D4 (each1N4007). The ripple from the output bridgerectifier is filtered by capacitor C1 and fed toregulator IC 7805. The regulated output isgiven to the temperature sensor,microcontroller unit and LCD module, re-spectively.

When switch S1 is closed, LED1 glowsto indicate the presence of power in thesystem.

Temperature sensor. Temperature sen-sor chip DS1621 (IC3) is an 8-pin DIP IC.Its pin details are shown in Fig. 3 and theinternal block diagram in Fig. 4. The chipcan measure temperatures from –55°C to+125°C in 0.5°C increments, which areread as 9-bit values. It can operate off 2.7Vto 5.5V. Data is read/written via a 2-wire

serial interface.Pins 1 and 2 ofthe temperatureIC are connectedto pins 11 and 10of themicrocontroller,respectively.

The thermal

alarm output (Tout) of IC DS1621 activates

when the temperature exceeds user-defined high temperature TH. The outputremains active until the temperature drops

below user-defined low temperature TL.User-defined temperature settings arestored in the non-volatile memory. Tem-perature settings and temperature readingsare all communicated to/from IC DS1621over a 2-wire serial cable. The most sig-nificant bit (MSB) of the data is transmit-ted first and the last significant bit (LSB)is transmitted last.

Addressing. The chip address ofDS1621 comprises internal preset codenibble ‘1001’ (binary) followed by exter-nally configurable address pins/bits A2,A1 and A0. The eighth bit of the addressbyte is determined by the type of opera-tion (either read or write) that is to beperformed. For writing to the device theeighth bit is ‘0’ and for reading from thedevice the eighth bit is ‘1.’ In our case,A2, A1 and A0 pins are grounded andhence the device address for writing is‘1001000b’ or 90(hex) and for reading thedevice address is ‘10010001b’ or 91(hex).

Configuration/status register. This reg-ister can be accessed for reading or writ-ing by issuing command byte AC(hex)from the master (82C52). This register isparticularly required if DS1621 is used forthermostat control, since it contains flagbits THF (high-temperature flag) and TLF(low-temperature flag) which are set to‘1’ when temperature crosses the respec-tive limits earlier written into TH and TLregisters. It also contains the flag bit(Done), which is set to ‘1’ when results ofconversion are available after issuing of

Fig. 3: Pin details of ICDS1621

Fig. 4: Internal block diagram of IC DS1621

PARTS LIST

Semiconductors:IC1 - 7805 regulator ICIC2 - AT89C52 microcontrollerIC3 - DS1621 temperature sensorD1-D4 - 1N4007 rectifier diodesLED1 - Red LED

Resistors (all ¼-watt, ±5% carbon,unless stated otherwise):R1 - 1-kilo-ohmR2 - 47-kilo-ohmR3 - 10-kilo-ohmR4, R5 - 4.7-kilo-ohmVR1 - 1-kilo-ohm preset

Capacitors:C1 - 470µF, 25V electrolytic

capacitorC2, C3, C4 - 0.1µF ceramic diskC5 - 10µF, 16V electrolytic

capacitorC6,C7 - 33pF ceramic capacitor

Miscellaneous:Transformer - 230V AC primary to 0-9V,

250mA secondaryCrystal - 12 MHzLCD - 16×1 LCD moduleS1 - On/Off SPST switch

Fig. 5: Pin details of IC AT89C52



start conversion command EE(hex). Theother bits of configuration register are de-fined below:

‘NVB’ is the non-volatile memory busyflag, ‘1’ is write to an E2 memory cell inprogress, ‘0’ indicates that non-volatilememory is not busy, ‘POL’ is non-volatileoutput polarity bit (‘1’=active-high and‘0’=active-low) and ‘1SHOT’ is one-shot

mode. A copy to E2 may take up to 10 ms.If 1SHOT is ‘1,’ DS1621 will perform onetemperature conversion upon reception of

the Start Convert T protocol. If1SHOT is ‘0’, DS1621 will con-tinuously perform temperatureconversions. This bit is non-vola-tile.

Command Set. Complete command in-struction set for accessing various internalregisters as well as for starting and stop-ping of conversion process are given inTable I. For understanding the exact se-quence in which Start bit, address byte,

acknowledgement bit, command byte(s)and data byte(s) are to be sent along the I2Cbus, please refer to the datasheet of DS1621,wherein these aspects have been explainedin proper detail. This will help in under-standing the contents of the main program.

Microcontroller unit. MicrocontrollerAT89C52 (IC2) is a 40-pin IC from Atmel.Its pin details are shown in Fig. 5. LikeAT89C51, it also belongs to the 8031/8051family. Microcontroller AT89C52 has a256×8-bit internal random-access memory(RAM), eight interrupt sources and 8 kBof flash memory compared to 128x8-bit

internal RAM, six inter-rupt sources and 4 kBof flash memory inAT89C51. By combininga versatile 8-bit CPUwith flash memory ona monolithic chip,Atmel AT89C52 is apowerful, highly flexibleand cost-effective solu-tion to many embeddedcontrol applications.

Ports 0 and 2 are 8-bit bidirectional input/output (I/O) ports.These ports haven’tbeen used in this tem-perature indicator.

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port withinternal pull-ups. Ports1.0 through 1.7 are con-nected to pins 7 through14 of the LCD. Port-1output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port withinternal pull-ups. Ports3.0 and 3.1 of IC2 are

connected to serial clock line (SCL) andserial data line (SDA) of IC3, respectively.Ports 3.2 through 3.4 are connected topins 4 through 6 of the LCD, respectively.Port-3 output buffers can sink/source fourTTL inputs.

A 12MHz crystal oscillator is connectedto X

TAL1 and XTAL2 pins for operation of themicrocontroller. A high pulse on RST pin(pin 9) while the oscillator is running re-sets the microcontroller. In this circuit, thispin is connected to +Vcc through capaci-tor C5 (10 µF, 16V). The external-accessenable pin (EA) is connected to +Vcc forinternal program executions. This pin alsoreceives the 12V programming-enable volt-age (VPP) during flash programming when

Fig. 6: Solder-side PCB layout for temperatureindicator using AT8952

Fig. 7: Component layout for the PCB

TABLE IDS1621 Command Set

Instruction Description Protocol

Read Temperature Reads last converted temperature value from Aahtemperature register.

Read Counter Reads value of count remaining from counter. A8hRead Slope Reads value of the slope accumulator. A9hStart Convert T Initiates temperature conversion. EEhStop Convert T Halts temperature conversion. 22hAccess TH Reads or writes high temperature limit value into A1h

TH register.Access TL Reads or writes low temperature limit value into A2h

TL register.Access Configuration Reads or writes configuration data to configuration ACh

register.



12V programming is selected.

The programThe C-language program formicrocontroller AT89C52 is compiled us-ing cross-compiler C51 Version 7.10 fromKeil Software. The demo version of thiscompiler is available for free on theWebsite ‘www.keil.com.’ It can compileprograms up to 2 kB only, which is suffi-cient for writing most programs.

For testing the display, the programHello.c is given here. This program, whenloaded to AT89C52, displays “Hello! HowR U?” on the LCD. The Hello.c program hasnothing to do with temperature. It justguarantees a perfect communication be-tween the LCD and the microcontroller.For temperature indication, the programTemp52.c is used. The programs Hello.cand Temp52.c, along with the hex files, aregiven at the end of this article.

The communication interface betweenthe temperature sensor and themicrocontroller chip follows the I2C (InterIntegrated Circuit) standard, whichis implemented in ‘C’ here. I2C is asimple master/slave type interface.Simplicity of the I²C system is primarilydue to the bidirectional 2-wire (SDA andSCL) design and the protocol format.Bidirectional communication is through 2-wire lines (which are either active-low orpassive-high). In the program, the i2c_stop,i2c_start, i2c_write and i2c_read functionsare used for communicating Clock and Datafrom DS1621 to P3.0 and P3.1 of AT89C52,respectively. Such functions as command,ready and display in the program are usedfor driving the LCD.

Program compilation for 8051 familycontroller. Keil C51 can compile C pro-grams for most of the Atmel familymicrocontrollers. It also supports other de-vices. Unlike other cross-compilers (Hi-Tech, IAR, SDCC, etc), Keil C51 offers suchfeatures as fast code generation, strongmultitasking environment, real-time oper-ating system and inbuilt code optimisation.To enjoy these features, you’ll need fullversion of the compiler.

Keil C51 has options to generate As-sembly code and all the code listing sup-ported by 8051 family, but Assembly lan-guage generated cannot be recompiled onany other assembler. As far as code genera-tion is concerned, it uses minimum RAMand on-chip flash, allowing faster andoptimised program in Intel-Hex format,which can be loaded to the microcontroller

using any programmer. Conversion of Cprogram into Intel-Hex format takes only afew seconds. In fact, you don’t require allthat long Assembly program in order togenerate the output hex file.

LCDFor display, a Lampex make 16x1 LCD(model GDM1601A) was used. Pin connec-tions of this LCD are given in Table II. Pins15 and 16 haven’t been used. Pin 3 isconnected to the circuit ground through a1-kilo-ohm preset that is used to controlthe light intensity of the LCD. Note that theHitachi make 16×1 LCD (HD44780A00)will not work in this project.

ConstructionThe circuit of this temperature indicatorusing microcontroller AT89C52 can be as-sembled on any general-purpose, single-side PCB. The microcontroller chip andthe temperature sensor chip are mountedon the respective IC bases. Ensure a propercontact between pins of the IC bases andthe solder points on the PCB. CapacitorsC3 and C4 must be connected near IC2and IC3, respectively. The actual-size,single-side PCB layout for the circuit andits component layout are shown in Figs 6and 7, respectively.

Program compilationAfter you’ve installed Keil C51 in yourPC, you can compile C program and gen-erate hex file in either DOS or Windowsmode. Here, program compilation for the

program Hello.c has been explained. Thesame procedure is to be followed for thetemperature indication programTemp52.c. For more example programs,refer to the directory in your hard drivewhere Keil is installed in the examplefolder.

DOS mode. 1. Installation of Keil C51automatically generates ‘Keil’ folder inyour computer’s C drive.

2. Go to ‘C:\Keil\C51\Bin’ folder in-side ‘Keil’ folder.

3. Copy ‘Hello.c’ into ‘Bin’ folder.4. Copy ‘Regx52.h’ from

‘C:\Keil\C51\Inc\Atmel’ folder into‘C:\Keil\C51\Bin’ folder.

5. Type ‘c51 Hello.c’ against theprompt and press Enter key.

6. Type ‘bl51 Hello.obj.’ This com-mand is used for linking the Hello.objfile created by Keil C51.

7. Type ‘oh51 Hello.’ This commandis used for creating the hex file.

Windows mode. 1. Installation of KeilC51 software automatically creates the icon‘Keil uVision2’ on the desktop.

2. Double-click ‘Keil uVision2.’3. Suppose you have kept ‘Hello.c’ un-

der ‘C:\Windows\Desktop\Hello’ folder.Open ‘Hello.c’ from the ‘File’ menu.

4. From the menu bar, select ‘Project/New Project.’ Name the new project andsave it with extension ‘.uv2.’

5. Select CPU as Atmel/AT89C52.6. Choose ‘Yes’ in the option “Copy

standard 8051 code to current project folder.”7. Choose ‘View/Project Window.’ A

‘Project Workspace’ window appears.8. Double-click ‘Target 1.’9. Right-click ‘Source Group1’ and se-

lect “Add files to Group ‘Source Group1.’”A window appears.

10. Add ‘Hello.c’ and close this window.11. Double-click ‘Source Group1’ on

the ‘Project Workspace’ window. Now thefile name ‘Hello.c’ appears.

12. From ‘Project’ menu, select ‘Op-tions for File ‘Hello.c.’ In ‘Properties,’choose file type as ‘C source file.’

13. Again from ‘Project’ menu, select‘Options for Target ‘Target1.’” A screenappears.

14. Choose ‘Output’ and tick on ‘HexFile’ for generating the hex file. Againchoose ‘Listing’ option and tick on ‘Con-ditional and Assembly Code’.

15. Open the Project menu and select‘Build Target’ or press F7. The compilershows “”Hello” 0 Error(s), 0 Warning(s)”in the output window just below theproject window.

TABLE IIPin Connections of the LCD

Pin No. Functions

Pin 1 Ground (Gnd)Pin 2 +VccPin 3 V0 (display intensity control)Pin 4 RS (connected to P3.2 of AT89C52)Pin 5 R/W (connected to P3.3 of AT89C52)Pin 6 EN (connected to P3.4 of AT89C52)Pin 7 D0 (connected to P1.0 of AT89C52)Pin 8 D1 (connected to P1.1 of AT89C52)Pin 9 D2 (connected to P1.2 of AT89C52)Pin 10 D3 (connected to P1.3 of AT89C52)Pin 11 D4 (connected to P1.4 of AT89C52)Pin 12 D5 (connected to P1.5 of AT89C52)Pin 13 D6 (connected to P1.6 of AT89C52)Pin 14 D7 (connected to P1.7 of AT89C52)Pin 15 Backlight +Vcc (not used)Pin 16 Backlight Gnd (not used)


ELECTRONICS FOR YOUJULY 2004

TEMP52.C/* Written By: Aditya RaneT.E Computer Engg, Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineer-

ing, New Bombay, VashiE-mail: [email protected] for temperature indicator compiled under keil

'C' */

#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>#include<Regx52.h>

//------------------------------------------------------------------------//Global Variable//-------------------------------------------------------------------------int temperature;#define HIGH 0x01 // Active High Signal#define LOW 0x00 // Active Low Signal#define TRUE 0x01 // Active High State#define FALSE 0x00 // Active Low State

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------// Functions Prototyping//-------------------------------------------------------------------------void ready (void);void command (int);void display (char *);void i2c_stop (void);void i2c_start (void);void i2c_write (unsigned char);unsigned char i2c_read (void);void convert (unsigned char);

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------// Port Defination//-------------------------------------------------------------------------#define DATA P3_1 // Serial data#define CLOCK P3_0 // Serial clock

//Begining of Main Programvoid main (void){int tmp;char str[16];bit flag = FALSE;unsigned char ch;void command (int);void display (char *);command(0x3c);command(0x0c);command(0x06);while(1){

i2c_start();i2c_write(0x90);i2c_write(0xEE);i2c_stop();

i2c_start();i2c_write(0x90);i2c_write(0xAA);i2c_start();i2c_write(0x91);ch = i2c_read();i2c_stop();temperature = 0;convert(ch);if(flag == FALSE){

flag = TRUE;

tmp = temperature;}else{

if(tmp != temperature){

tmp = temperature;

sprintf(str,"%d%s",temperature," Centigrade");command(0x01);command(0x80);display(str);

}}

}}

//Delay Servive Routinevoid delay_time (void){unsigned int i;for(i=0;i<100;i++);}

//I2C Start Functionvoid i2c_start (void){DATA = HIGH;delay_time();CLOCK = HIGH;delay_time();DATA = LOW;CLOCK = LOW;}

//I2C Stop Functionvoid i2c_stop (void){unsigned char i;CLOCK = LOW;DATA = LOW;CLOCK = HIGH;delay_time();DATA = HIGH;i = DATA;}

//I2C Data Write Functionvoid i2c_write (unsigned char j){unsigned char i;for(i=0;i<8;i++){

DATA = ((j & 0x80) ? 1 : 0);j <<= 1;CLOCK = HIGH;delay_time();CLOCK = LOW;

}i = DATA;CLOCK = HIGH;delay_time();CLOCK = LOW;

}

//I2C Data Read Functionunsigned char i2c_read (void){unsigned char i,j;j = 0;i = DATA;for(i=0;i<8;i++){

j <<= 1;CLOCK = HIGH;j |= DATA;delay_time();CLOCK = LOW;

}

return j;}

//Binary to Decimal Conversion Functionvoid convert (unsigned char ch){char x;unsigned char arr[8]={128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1};if(((ch & 0x80) ? 1 : 0)==0){

for(x=0;x<8;++x){

if(((ch & 0x80) ? 1 : 0))temperature = temperature +

arr[x] * ((ch & 0x80) ? 1 : 0);ch <<= 1;

}}else{

ch=~ch;ch=ch+1;for(x=0;x<8;++x){

if(((ch & 0x80) ? 1 : 0))temperature = temperature +

arr[x] * ((ch & 0x80) ? 1 : 0);ch <<= 1;

}temperature=-temperature;

}}

//Display Ready Check Functionvoid ready (void){P3_4 = 0x00;P1 = 0xff;P3_2 = 0x00;P3_3 = 0x01;while(P1_7){

P3_4 = 0x00;P3_4 = 0x01;

}P3_4 = 0x00;}

//Display Command Function void command (int a){ready();P1 = a;P3_2 = 0x00;P3_3 = 0x00;P3_4 = 0x01;P3_4 = 0x00;}

//Display Write Functionvoid display (char *str){unsigned int i;for(i=0;i<=strlen(str)-1;++i){

if(i == 8)command(0xc0);if(i == 16)command(0x80);ready();P1 = str[i];P3_2 = 0x01;P3_3 = 0x00;P3_4 = 0x01;P3_4 = 0x00;

}}

16. Close the screen and go to the‘Hello’ folder to see the generated hex fileand listing file.

Load the hex file into themicrocontroller chip using a programmer.(Here’ we’ve used Atmel Flash Program-mer from Frontline Electronics.) Now in-tegrate the microcontroller chip into thepopulated PCB comprising the tempera-ture sensor and the LCD module.

Troubleshooting1. Check the COM port on your PC beforeprogramming.

2. In case there is no message even ifall the connections are correct, adjust theintensity control potentiometer (VR1) fordisplay.

3. Check whether your hex filematches with the hex file given below in

the article.4. If the LCD shows wrong characters,

replace it with another make LCD.5. If DS1621 is not connected prop-

erly to AT89C52, the display will be com-pletely blank.

EFY Lab note. All the sourcecodes and relevant files of this articlehave been included in this month’sEFY-CD.



HELLO.C#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>#include<Regx52.h>

void ready(void);void command(int);void display(char *);void main (void){command(0x3c);command(0x0c);command(0x06);command(0x01);command(0x80);display("Hello! How R U ?");while(1);}

void command(int a){

void ready(void);ready();P1=a;P3_2=0x00;P3_3=0x00;P3_4=0x01;P3_4=0x00;}

void display(char *str){unsigned int i;for(i=0;i<=strlen(str)-1;++i){

if(i == 8)command(0xc0);if(i == 16)command(0x80);ready();P1 = str[i];

P3_2 = 0x01;P3_3 = 0x00;P3_4 = 0x01;P3_4 = 0x00;

}}

void ready(void){P3_4=0x00;P1=0xff;P3_2=0x00;P3_3=0x01;while(P1_7){

P3_4=0x00;P3_4=0x01;

}P3_4=0x00;}

HELLO.HEX:0300000002092AC8:0C092A00787FE4F6D8FD75810E0208AE5F:1009190048656C6C6F2120486F7720522055203F25:0109290000CD:1008AE007F3C7E001209067F0C7E001209067F0631:1008BE007E001209067F017E001209067F807E00EF:0E08CE001209067BFF7A09791912080080FED4:100906008E0D8F0E1208DC850E90C2B2C2B3D2B421:03091600C2B42246:060800008B088A09890A39

:10080600E4F50BF50CAB08AA09A90A1208F1EF24C6:10081600FFFFEE34FFFED3E50C9FE50B9E5042E54D:100826000C6408450B70067FC0FE120906E50C64D1:1008360010450B70067F80FE1209061208DCAB0815:10084600AA09A90A850C82850B83120868F590D23D:10085600B2C2B3D2B4C2B4050CE50C70A8050B80C5:01086600A4ED:01086700226E:1008DC00C2B47590FFC2B2D2B3309706C2B4D2B4D0:0508EC0080F7C2B422F8

:10086800BB010CE58229F582E5833AF583E0225045:1008780006E92582F8E622BBFE06E92582F8E2228F:0D088800E58229F582E5833AF583E49322A9:1008F100E4FFFE120895600C0FEF70010E09E9701C:05090100F20A80EF2264:10089500BB010689828A83E0225002E722BBFE0261:0908A500E32289828A83E4932294:00000001FF

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TEMP52.HEX:100F270025642573002043656E7469677261646583:090F3700008040201008040201B2:100DA800C2007F3C7E00120F9A7F0C7E00120F9AC1:100DB8007F067E00120F9A120F8B7F90120EB87F5B:100DC800EE120EB8120F6A120F8B7F90120EB87FB8:100DD800AA120EB8120F8B7F91120EB8120F098F3C:100DE80034120F6AE4F508F509AF34120CF220004A:100DF8000AD20085082285092380BCE5236509708D:100E080004E522650860B08508228509237538FF46:100E180075390F753A2785083B85093C753DFF757F:100E28003E0F753F2C7B007A00792412085C7F0105:100E38007E00120F9A7F807E00120F9A7B007A0044:080E48007924120E50020DBFC7:0E0F7C00E4FFFE0FBF00010EEF64644E70F53F:010F8A002244:0F0F8B00D2B1120F7CD2B0120F7CC2B1C2B02211:100F6A00C2B0C2B1D2B0120F7CD2B1A2B1E433F591:010F7A003541:010F7B002253:020EB800AD0784:100EBA00E4FCED30E703D38001C392B1ED25E0FDF8:100ECA00D2B0120F7CC2B00CBC08E7A2B1E433FC6A:070EDA00D2B0120F7CC2B080:010EE10022EE:100F0900E4FDA2B1E4FCED25E0FDD2B0A2B1E433E9:0D0F19004205120F7CC2B00CBC08EBAF0506:010F260022A8:020CF2008F353C:100CF40078377C007D007BFF7A0F79387E007F088F:100D0400120C2CE53530E7047F0180027F00EF7080:100D140041F536E53530E7047F0180027F00EF605E:100D24002374372536F8E6FD7C00E5357E0030E790:100D3400047F0180027F00120C7FEF2509F509EE84:100D44003508F508E53525E0F5350536E536B4080A:100D5400C2226335FF0535E4F536E53530E7047F17:100D64000180027F00EF602374372536F8E6FD7CAE:100D740000E5357E0030E7047F0180027F00120C1D:100D84007FEF2509F509EE3508F508E53525E0F589:100D9400350536E536B408C2C3E49509F509E4958A:030DA40008F50847:010DA7002229:100F4000C2B47590FFC2B2D2B3309706C2B4D2B465:050F500080F7C2B4228D:0E0F9A00120F408F90C2B2C2B3D2B4C2B422C2:060E50008B358A3689375C:100E5600E4F538F539AB35AA36A937120F55EF2424:100E6600FFFFEE34FFFED3E5399FE5389E5042E59D:100E7600396408453870067FC0FE120F9AE539645A

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