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Sustainability of Externally Donated Projects Presenter : Mohammed Al Khaldi Supervisor : Dr. Bassam Abu Hamad 2011-2010 1 Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

Sustainability of Externally Donated Projects, Mohammed Al-Khaldi. 2010

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Page 1: Sustainability of Externally Donated Projects, Mohammed Al-Khaldi. 2010

Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010 1

Sustainability of Externally Donated

Projects

Presenter :

Mohammed Al KhaldiSupervisor:

Dr. Bassam Abu Hamad

2011-2010

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Objectives: Understanding the sustainability

(concepts, factors, types, sustainability MGM, elements , dimensions, implications, strategies).

Donor and Provider Perspective. Donor’s activities and in opt. Research and Studies are related. Comparative Case Study (tow projects).

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Sustainability as the one element of project delivery:

A measure of the degree to which an organization’s efforts are likely to continue in the long term once support has been phased out. sustainability is usually a function of support from constituents and local partners. It tends to occur when مقوماتconstituents perceive that programs are important and have validity to them, and when they participate in and feel a sense of ownership of program. قدرةوجود بعدم حتى طويل لوقت جهودها لتواصل المؤسسةكأنها وتشعر وتتصرف لها حيوية تبقى وان ومقومات دعم

البرنامج او للمشروع مالك

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Sustainability Definition:To keep in existence.The ability of a system of any kind to endure

and be healthy over the long term. A يصمد“sustainable society” is one that is healthy, vital, resilient, and able to creatively adapt to changing conditions over time.

The ability of an organization to develop a strategy of growth and development that continues to function indefinitely غير نحو على & Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy) .محدد

Leadership).

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A Preferred Definition

SUSTAINABILITY:

The continuation of community health or quality of life benefits over time.

المقدمة الخدمة جودة في رئيسية صفة هي االستدامة تعتبر مخاطرة عنصر هو لالستدامة واضحة إستراتيجية وجود عدم

. المشاريع تقييم و تنفيذ في إدارة و تطوير في االستمرار على المؤسسة قدرة هي

رسالتها لتحقيق مصادرها المدى طويلة استدامة باتجاه تعمل الناجحة المؤسسات إن

و اليوم احتياجات لتلبية مصادرها و عالقتها تطوير خالل منالغد

(Center for Civic Partnerships, “Sustainability Toolkit”)Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

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الجهات نظر وجهة من االستدامةللبرامج الممولة تنفيذ نهاية بعد للمستفيد الفائدة استمرارية

يموله الذي المشروعالمشروع من الفائدة استمرارية هنا ويقصد

Sustainable Benefits تنفيذ استمرارية ليست وتنفيذ استمرارية بالضرورة يعني ال ذلك و المشروع

المشروع

) االستمرارية ) االستدامة إدارةManaging sustainability

الفائدة حدوث زيادة إلى تهدف عملية هيإلى. بحاجة مستمرة عملية هي و المستمرة

و الظروف تغير على بناءا التحديث و المراجعةالسابقة الخبرات من المستفادة الدروس

Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

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االستدامة على تؤثر التي العناصرKey factors Affecting Sustainability

الممول و الحكومي الشريك سياسات Partner Government and Donor Policies المشاركةParticipation التنظيم و Management & Organizationاإلدارة المالي Financialالجانب التدريب و Awareness & Trainingالتوعية التكنولوجياTechnology الثقافي الجانب و االجتماعي النوع و االجتماعية الناحية

Social, Gender & Culture البيئي Environmentالجانب الخارجية االقتصادية و السياسية العناصر External political and economic factors

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الممول 1( و الحكومي الشريك سياسات

partner Government & donor Policy الحكومي الشريك سياسات -: البيئة االعتبار بعين المشروع يأخذ أن يجب السياسية البيئة

البرنامج أو للمشروع التحليل مرحلة خالل للبلد السياسية -: يعزز الدولة لسياسة المشروع مالئمة أن السياسية المالئمة

الدعم توفير خالل من االستمرارية تحقيق في المشروع فرصةتحقيق في مساهم البرنامج هذا في ترى التي الحكومة من

. السياسي رؤيتها الممول سياسات

التخطيط planning horizonأفقإلى يؤدي أن يمكن طويلة مشروع لمرحلة المرحلي التنفيذ

مستديمة استفادة--: التعاقد آليات

المشروع - تصميم و تحديد في المعنيين إشراك الصيانة و التشغيل تكاليف

لديهم وليس جديدة مشاريع دعم إلى يتجهون الممولين معظمأن من الرغم على ، صيانة و تشغيلية مصاريف لتمويل استعدادستحتاج كونها المؤسسات إمكانيات ستنتنفذ الجديدة المشاريع

. جديدة صيانة و تشغيلية مصاريف إلى

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Participationالمشاركة( 2

دون مشروع أو لنشاط االستمرارية تحقيق يمكن اليكون حتى التنفيذ و التصميم في المعنيين إشراك

للحاجة ملبي المشاركة demand-ledالمشروع ،ولتحقيقالتالية الخطوات تنفيذ يمكن

الحاجة تلبي المشاريع أفكار أن من التأكد ناجحة نتائج إلى تقود فكرة توفر التصميم مرحلة أن التأكد المعنيين مشاركة استراتيجيات يوفر التصميم أن من التأكد تلك ثم من و التحليل في ستشارك التي المجموعات تحديد

المشروع من ستستفيد التي المشروع في المشاركة مستوى و نوع تحديد الالزمة المهارات لديهم الرئيسي العمل طاقم أن من التأكد

. المشاركة طرق في

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التنظيم( 3 و اإلدارةManagement & Organization

o الداخلية القدرة و اإلداري الهيكل Management Structure & Local Capacity

أكثر تكون القائم اإلداري الهيكل على تعتمد التي المشاريعالهياكل تغيير أو تشكيل تتطلب التي تلك من للفائدة استمرارية

الموجودة اإلدارية

o اإلدارية األنظمةالنظام قدرة االعتبار بعين المشاريع تصميمات تأخذ أن البد

كانت إذا فمثال الخبرة تقديم و الطاقم لتوفير للمؤسسة اإلداريأن المتوقع فمن للموظف راتب توفير على قادرة غير المؤسسة

المشروع إنجاح في الرغبة لديه نجد ال

o المرحلي التخطيط و المرونةالمتغيرات بسبب التنفيذ خالل المشاريع في المرونة توفر من البد

المشروع تنفيذ خالل تحدث قد التي

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المالي( 4 Financialالجانب

واضحة و اقتصادية أو مالية فائدة يوفر ال المشروع كان إذاالبد لذلك التمويل انتهاء بعد المشروع استمرار الصعب فمن

مشاريع تنفيذ عند خاصة مالي و اقتصادي تحليل إجراء من. االقتصادي للقطاع

( الشركاء مساهمة سواء( counterpart Contributionانو المشروع بأهداف التزام إشارة هي العينية أو النقدية

دعمهم . -: على الحصول الممول أراد إذا المتكررة المصاريف تمويل

الصيانة مصاريف بالحسبان يأخذوا من فالبد مستديمة فائدةالتشغيل مصاريف و

االستخدام من:- User-paysرسوم مساهمة يوجد ال كان إذافإن التشغيلية المصاريف توفير تجاه الممول أو الحكومة

المشروع فائدة استمرارية لضمان جيدة الطريقة هذه. مستمرة خدمات تقدم التي المشاريع لتلك خاصة

الخاص القطاع Private Sector Involvementإشراك

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التدريب( 5 و التوعيةAwareness & Training

استراتيجي عنصر هو المستهدفة للفئات المناسب التدريب تقديم إنللفائدة استمرارية لتحقيق

به البدء من البد يته استمرار ضمان و النشاط لنجاح الفرصة إلعطاءأمكن أن بتكراره السماح و المشروع خالل المناسب الوقت في

-: من دعمها و المشروع أهداف فهم إن المعلومات تبادل و التشبيكإستراتيجية أي في رئيسي عنصر هو المعنيين من واسع قطاع

استدامة

التكنولوجيا( 6Technology

الترويج و لضمان المناسبة و الالزمة التكنولوجيا استخدام من البدلالستمرارية.

التي الفائدة مدة زيادة إلى تقود التكنولوجية األصول استمراريةتقدمها

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Types of NGO Sustainabilityللمؤسسات االستدامة أنواع

األهلية -: المالية االستدامةو الخارجي التمويل على االعتماد تقليل تشمل

بشكل الداخلي التمويل على أكبر بشكل االعتمادأكبر

-: التشغيلية االستدامةمستقر إداري هيكل وجود إلى تحتاج و

متطوعين و موظفين فعالة، قيادة ، للمؤسسةلتطوير نظام المطلوبة،وجود المهارات يمتلكون

سليمة إدارية ممارسات ، المهارات : النفعية االستدامة

..... , , الخ وتثقيف توعية سلع خدمات

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المؤسسة الستدامة األساسية األبعادDimensions of NGO Sustainability

القانونية Legal البيئةEnvironment

التنظيمية OrganizationalالقدرةCapability

المالية النجاح FinancialقابلةViability

المناصرةAdvocacy الخدمة Service Provisionتقديم التحتية Infrastructureالبنية العامة Public Imageالصورة

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المؤسسات استدامة عناصراألهلية في تساهم التالية للعناصر الجيدة اإلدارة

للمؤسسة المدى طويلة االستدامة االستراتيجي التخطيط البشرية المصادر التشغيلية الفعالية الخارجية العالقات األموال تجنيدالتسويقالشفافية المناصرة و الحشد

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:Implications of the DefinitionThe focus should be on sustaining

positive change for children and families, not perpetuating ال specific programs يخلدor rigid service models

Sustainability is about much more than money – vision, leadership, relationships, community engagement, public policy and other factors are just as important.

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Key Questions

Sustainability of what?

To achieve what end results?

At what level of activity?

For how long?

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Essential Elements for Sustainability

2 .Results Orientation

1 .Vision

3 .Strategic Financing Orientation

4 .Broad-Based Community Support

5 .Key Champions

6 .Adaptability to Changing Conditions

7 .Strong Internal Systems

8 .Sustainability Plan

The Finance Project, “Sustaining Community Initiatives: Key Elements for Success”, April 2002

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How “Sustainability” Is Used?Service providers: “Keep my funding at 100%+ of current levels.” “Keep my staff in place, avoid layoffs.” “Keep my current programs going.”

Funders: “Keep the program alive after we cut or eliminate your

funding.” “Take over roles we are currently serving.”

(e.g. promoting collaboration, technical assistance, evaluation)

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Project Sustainability Defined

What project sustainability means Maintaining the

outcomes, goals and products

Institutionalizing the process

What project sustainability doesn’t meano Maintaining staff

positions Maintaining all

activities Depending on grant

funding

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Project Sustainability:Ask the right questions What are we doing? Do other people know

what we’re doing? What outcomes do we want to sustain? Is

there data to support our results? What are the fiscal needs? What are the management needs? Who champions this initiative? Who else do these outcomes affect? Whose

interests does this support?

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Strategies for Sustainability Develop broad-based relationships/partnerships that

foster collaboration. Involve all stakeholders: parents, students, business, politicians,

community leaders, school administrations, funders. Nurture community involvement. Develop a core of supporters.

Be visible. Develop an outreach plan مخطط هو لما تصل.له

Link evaluation to project success and then to marketing. Be flexible. Modify the project based on evaluation and

feedback. Communicate, communicate, communicate. Share resources. Share expertise. Share successes.

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Develop a Sustainability Plan

Begin today. Think broadly. Include partners and crucial players. Include short and long-term sustainability

goals. Set priorities for sustainability. What are the

most important outcomes that you want to maintain?

Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

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Occupation Vs. Sustainability: Israeli occupation severely impacted the project impact and

provision of basic services, with extensive disruption caused to water and sanitation networks, energy supplies and facilities, roads and bridges, and the telecommunications system. The agriculture sector was severely affected, with the widespread destruction of cultivated land, greenhouses, livestock and poultry farms, water wells, irrigation networks, and other productive assets. Fragile ground-water resources were severely compromised, particularly from the destruction of the waste-water infrastructure (WB,AHLC,2009).

In addition the separation wall, chick points, military invasions, blocked , crossings flow and settlements.

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Sustainability and Politic (peace process)

The fact that the major donors, notably the US and the EU put more emphasis on sustaining the peace rather than strengthening the civil society made the surface of authoritarian and patrimonial traits inevitable.

On the other hand, among the PA leadership personal interests were held before the national interests, and that brought about corruption, increasingly bureaucratic state and a Palestinian authority which was unable to resist the Israeli polices violating the agreements. Therefore a combination of external and internal factors led to the end of peace process with a violent uprising. However the involvement of the international community led by the US to the Palestinian- Israeli conflict continued with reform prescriptions.

Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

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According the IMF report 2010, the implementation of development projects will be

stepped up in 2010. given the increased focus on community-based

projects that are less vulnerable to restrictions on movement and access, and assuming an easing of restrictions on the entry of inputs for Gaza’s development projects. Public investment would rise from about $400 million in 2009 to a total of $670 million in 2010, about $350 million of which will consist of community-based projects.

The ultimate goal which should be the cornerstone of the NGOs implementing the projects is to bring permanent beneficence and qualitative change of social , economic and health status in the opt.

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Three main trends characterizing donor aid in the West Bank and Gaza at present:(EU,CIDSE)

First, there is very little development money available; assistance is primarily humanitarian and emergency response. Clearly, this sort of assistance is needed but it is a short-term solution that does little if anything to prepare for the future.

Second, after Annapolis there is once again a trend of directing substantial donor fund flows directly to the Palestinian Authority (PA), which mean Gaza neglect.

Third, donor discomfort over the Hamas authorities in Gaza, as example USAID permit no assistance for any sides although the MOH needs.

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R E M E M B E R: “Palestinian society is now largely dependent for its survival

on external aid and not on its own productive resources. According to the analyst Khalil Naqleh, “nearly one million live on their PA monthly salaries [which are dependent on] receiving donations from outside on time; no less than 40-50 thousand live directly on their salaries from externally-funded NGOs, and some many more thousands live on NGO projects etc. Thus, the livelihood of most Palestinians who have “steady” income is mortgaged by political decisions external to them, and beyond their control.”(EU,CIDSE,2008)

This limits the creation of opportunities for creativity and productivity to achieve sustainability in all aspects of our lives and promotes the principle of subsidiary(التبعية).

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Progress Community Donor’s Aids

Emergency versus Development 1994-1997 called (Emergency Assistance Programme) extending from 1994 until the end of 1997, was characterized by continuous reversal in most economic indicators, along with rising unemployment and poverty rates as a result of the Israeli authority’s closure policy at that time..

Humanitarians Assistance Programme 1998 – 2000 was, in contrast to the previous stage, characterized by tangible improvement in a number of economic and social indicators in the Palestinian territories, as seen in a rise in Palestinian GDP and declining rates of unemployment and poverty among Palestinians.

Sustainable Human Development with Good Governance. which began with the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, with the accompanying Israeli policies, inflicted excessive damages on the infrastructure and superstructure of all sectors within the Palestinian territories. The impact of these measures became readily apparent in early 2001 and continued to escalate through the time (Birzeit niversity, 2005).

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WHO strategies for health

projects sustainability in opt.

Health policy and systems development, Coordination, Technical support in particular areas

and Advocacy ‘health as a human right and as a

bridge for peace’.

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Study The Effect of USAID Funding in Developing the PalestinianCommunity- From Palestinian Non-governmental Organizations perspective , Gaza Strip (Abeer Qita- IUG,2009)

البحث :Conclusionملخص االقتصادي النمو تعزيز في الدولية للتنمية األمريكية الوكالة دور كان لطالما

في االختصاصيين بين كثير نقاش موضع للمجتمع االجتماعي الرفاه وتحسينعام بشكل المستفيدين وكذلك والممولين ، والباحثين التنمية، مجال

األمريكية . الوكالة تمويل فعالية الدراسة هذه تبحث خاص بشكل وفلسطينفي الوصفي لمنهج ا باستخدام الفلسطيني المجتمع تنمية في الدولية للتنمية

من تمتد التي لإلحصاءات 2008إلى 2000تحليل الدولية للتنمية األمريكية الوكالة من المقدم التمويل أن إلى الدراسة خلصت

المجتمع في البشرية التنمية متطلبات تلبية في أساسي بشكل ساهم . هذه أن ورغم الفلسطينيين وتطلعات طموحات يلبي ال ولكنه الفلسطينيوتوفير التحتية البنية تطوير في سيما وال اإلنجازات، بعض إلى أدت األموال

المجتمع تمكين من تتمكن لم فإنها األساسية، االجتماعية الخدماتالالزمة األسس ووضع المصير وتقرير االستقالل تحقيق من الفلسطيني

. البشرية التنمية لتحقيق

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Cont’ - The Effect of USAID Funding in Developing the PalestinianCommunity- From Palestinian Non-governmental Organizations perspective , Gaza Strip (Abeer Qita- IUG,2009)

غير للمنظمات الدولية للتنمية األمريكية الوكالة من المقدم التمويل يكن لممستدامة، عمل فرص توليد وعلى الفلسطيني، االقتصاد تطوير على قادر الحكومية . فشلت وقد كما الخارجية العوامل على واالعتماد االقتصاد تأثر سرعة من للحد أوالمجتمع وأفراد بها لحقت التي واألضرار الخسائر عن للتعويض المساعدة هذه

. اإلسرائيلية والممارسات السياسات خالل من الفلسطيني غير الفلسطينية المنظمات من كل إلى التوصيات من بالعديد الباحثة خرجت وقد

الحكوميةالوكالة تمويل لفعالية الشامل المفهوم لتحقيق الدولية للتنمية األمريكية والوكالة

في األمريكية: الفلسطيني المجتمع تنمية

اإلدارة مجال في الذاتية قدراتها وزيادة تمكين الحكومية غير المنظمات على ينبغيوالبرامج االستراتيجيات ووضع العامة األهداف وتحديد الرؤية تحديد مثل الحديثة،في لراجعة ا التغذية استخدام تعزيز و األثر تقييم وإجراء والرصد والميزانيات

. والشفافية والمساءلة القرار وصنع واإلبالغ والبرامج االستراتيجيات استعراض الطارئة اإلغاثة جهود بين روابط إقامة الدولية للتنمية األمريكية الوكالة على ينبغي

تكون أن على المستدامة التنمية في تسهم التي للبرامج األجل الطويلة والتنميةمواءمة

. الفلسطينية لألولويات

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Finally yet importantly, According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, the United States action agenda to strengthen the effectiveness of its foreign assistance is based on the five principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (USAID, 2008):

1. Ownership: Partner countries exercise effective leadership over their

development policies and strategies, and coordinate development actions.

2. Alignment: Donors base their overall support on partner countries’ national

development strategies, institutions, and procedures. 3. Harmonization: Donors’ actions are more harmonized,

transparent, and collectively effective. 4. Managing for results: Managing resources and improving

decision making for development results. 5. Mutual accountability: Donors and partners are accountable for

development results.

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study (Abu Nahla, 2008)

" Role of Palestinian NGOs in Utilizing the international Fund to Promote Entrepreneurs and Create sustainable Job Opportunities, Case Study: Gaza Strip"

investigates the role of the PNGOs played in utilizing the international fund in supporting the entrepreneurs and create sustainable jobs.

The researcher recommended that PNA should increase its efforts to play roles that are more vital in coordination between PNGOs and the donors and it should join forces with PNGOs to complement not to compete each other's. PNGOs should support and encourage entrepreneurs by concentrating part of their fund towards financing their creative ideas. Also donors should take more systematic approach to PNGO funding, placing less emphasis on emergency projects financing and more on development programs and finally donors should provide their fund to the PNGOs according to PNGOs priorities not according to donors' policies.

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study (Othman, 2005)

“Proposed Evaluation Approach for Evaluating Externally Funded Infrastructure Projects in Palestine“

Aims to develop an evaluation approach for evaluating externally funded infrastructure projects that is suitable for use in developing countries, especially Palestine. The developed approach consists of three phases, i.e.

Phase 1: Preparation for an Evaluation; Phase 2: Planning and Management an Evaluation; Phase 3: Communication Findings and Utilizing Results. The approach encourages the usage of local materials in infrastructure

projects and gives it precedence over imported materials. It enhances the community participation and the active involvement of project stakeholders in evaluating infrastructure projects.

It is recommended that the developed approach be used in the evaluation of infrastructure projects in Palestine and also in other countries of limited resources after possible modifications concerning influencing factors and evaluation criteria. The approach will improve the planning and implementation of infrastructure projects, which will enable the achievement of their objectives in cost effective and timely manner.

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Bargouthi Study:

The relationship of Palestinian NGOs and the donor community is not without negative aspects. Donor aid is often accompanied by specific, and sometimes conflicting, political agendas. Lack of internal organization and clearly established sets of priorities within the NGO community forced many civil society associations to accept without challenge the will of donor groups. The heightened state of dependency weakened the ability of Palestinian NGOs move decisively in the direction of sustainable development, and resulted in the wasting of financial resources, duplication of projects, diminished quality of services, and a subjugation of the NGO leadership and vision to the donor community. In addition, donors unintentionally pitted NGOs against one another in an unhealthy competition for funding. NGOs tailored their programs to align with the stated objectives of donor initiatives in order to secure resources (Bargouthi , 2000).

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Ibrahim Abdulla Master Thesis“Institutional Sustainability”

Qualitative findings from the open-ended questions:

The researcher used semi-structured interview , asked projects managers, the one of all interview questions is :

What is the situation with projects continuity and sustainability?

o sustainability is not addressed in most cases. And if it is addressed due to donor request it is superficial.

o the sustainability is impossible in light of he existing political, social and economic circumstances.

Researcher statistical comments:

o Sustainability practice are , also problematic since %55 of the sample suffers from poor level, and remaining 45% of the sample have reasonable level of performance.

o With respect to sustainability , the sustainability of the outcomes is not focused upon in any stage of the projects life cycle. The NGO consider it because the donors insist on it in the project proposals and reports.

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Answering of the first research question (What are the malpractices and deficiencies in the project

management field?)

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40

developed by the researcher based on the data available in UNSCO Guide (2002) and Awad (2006)

The comparison between the number of organization according to the UNSCO-NGO Guide and the findings of Awad study.

Moh. Khaldi-Seminar 2010

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Mechanisms of Donor’s:

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Problems in the aid delivery system in Palestine:

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Cont’

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Aid Delivery System Problems:

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The Factor Affecting Projects Sustainability in Occupied Palestinian Territories(opt).

Absence of a centralized D.M (National Agenda or Priorities based on data) in the opt.

Political, socioeconomic , environment factors. Weak PNGOs Capacity and Governance. Weak the coordination techniques and

incompatibility Donor's efforts.Unclear PNA development strategy vision.Donor’s Agendas. Inadequate Politician and Community Involvement. Sustainability Limitations and other’s.

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Action Framework

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Discussion point:Do you think IR (CFW)and USAID

(HANAN) project sustainable or unsustainable? Why?

Page 49: Sustainability of Externally Donated Projects, Mohammed Al-Khaldi. 2010

Thank youfor inviting me and giving me an

opportunityThank you

for your attention and patience.Send your comments to:

. 83 .Moh khaldi @gmail com