Gerard Hendrik

(Geert)

Hofstede’s Cultural

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http://my.fit.edu/~gabrenya/cultural/bigshots/hofstede.jpg

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Introduction

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Problem•With so many different cultures around the world, how can we effectively negotiate with people in business, economy, politics, and international law?

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Objective•To understand one way of viewing cultures across countries so that we can use these tools to negotiate effectively with people in business, economy, politics, & international law.

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Hofstede•Focus on Hofstede’s cultural analysis.

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Webster’s Definition1. CULTURE: the beliefs, customs, arts,

etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

2. a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc.

3. a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business).

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture

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Literature Review

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Literature Review

Inglehart

Fukuyama

Huntington

Lewis

Hofstede

Freedom House

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FukuyamaEnd of History?

Capitalism Socialism Capitalism

Markets Planned Economy Markets

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HuntingtonClash of Civilizations?

http://orcnselcuk.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/clash_civilizations1.gif

Rey Tyhttp://moldovanpress.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/3map.gif

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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)

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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)

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Analysis of Hofstede’s Cultural

Dimensions

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

National Culture

Organizational Culture

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Hofstede’s Definition1. Culture: “This programming influences patterns of

thinking which are reflected in the meaning people attach to various aspects of life and which become crystallised in the institutions of a society.”

2. Differences between individuals. 3. The law of the big numbers and social control. 4. Statements about one culture on the level of

“values” do not describe “reality”; generalisationsand are relative.

5. “Without comparison, a country score is meaningless.”

Source: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html

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Culture Compass™•Go online: “Select a country in the dropdown menu above to see the values for the 6 dimensions. After a first country has been selected, a second and even a third country can be chosen to be able to see a comparison of their scores.”

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html

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Dimensions of National Culture1. Power Distance (PDI)

2. Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)

3. Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)

4. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)

5. 1991 Long-Term Orientation (LTO)

6. 2010 Indulgence vs. Restraint (IND)

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html

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Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsIndividualism Collectivism

Masculinity Femininity

High Uncertainty Avoidance Low Uncertainty Avoidance

Lo Power Distance Hi Power Distance

Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation

Indulgence RestraintSOURCE http://hofstede-cultural-dimensions-theory.wikia.com/wiki/Hofstede_cultural_dimensions_theory_Wiki :

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html

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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/understandingculturehofstedemktg2000sp14otc-140415113716-phpapp02/95/understanding-global-culture-hofstedes-indeces-overview-8-638.jpg?cb=1397579898

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Cultural DimensionsLow Power

Distance

Collectivism

FemininityLow

Uncertainty Avoidance

Long-Term Orientation

Restraint

High Power Distance

Individualism

MasculinityHigh

Uncertainty Avoidance

ShortTermOrientation

Indulgence

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http://laofutze.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/iri.png?w=700

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

1

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www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/869

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INDIVIDUALISM. http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/9826_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D9826&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=BT6pnT3xrcs9mM:&zoom=1&docid=BF

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

2

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

3

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www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/2703569_orig.jpg

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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image012_thumb.jpg

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Uncertainty Avoidance

• https://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/30152_THUMB_IPAD.jpg

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

4

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POWER DISTANCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/6648_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D6648&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=r8DFW0UTkK--JM:&zoom=1&docid=57eoOzB82wil-M&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

5

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http://www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/5669852_orig.jpg

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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image014_thumb.jpg

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http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/lto.gif

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http://www.equipaje.fr/sites/default/files/images/orientation%20long%20terme.jpg

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Long-Term Orientation

• SOURCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/19697_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D19697&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=JQs1jnQOUek0YM:&zoom=1&docid=eeFOfSc9A4gSKM&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-QuASkh4H4CQ&tbm=isch

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

6

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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/7-140813102147-phpapp01/95/72-cultural-modeling-15-638.jpg?cb=1408574792

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SOURCE: http://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/indulgence-vs-restraint-6th-dimension/#.VJ6nBCq89

Indulgence vs.

Restraint

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Two-Country

Comparison

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http://compliance.saiglobal.com/community/images/Meacham%20Blog.png

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http://www.parinaz-e.com/images/infodesign/markets.png

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Organizational

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Organizational Culture1. Process-Oriented vs. Results-Oriented

2. Employee-Oriented vs. Job-Oriented

3. Parochial vs. Professional

4. Open System vs. Closed System

5. Loose Control vs. Tight Control

6. Pragmatic vs. Normative

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Conclusion

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

NationalCulture

Organi-zationalCulture

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Individualism -Collectivism

Masculinity -Femininity

Uncertainty Avoidance

Power Distance

Short- & Long-Term Orientation

Indulgence -Restraint

Summary of National Culture

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Summary of Organizational Culture

Process & Result-

Oriented

Employee & Job-Oriented

Parochial & Professional

Open & Closed System

Loose & Tight Control

Pragmatic & Normative

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International Applications

Understanding ExpectationsDifferent

Customs & Laws

Communication

Negotiation Trade Management Administration

MarketingCustomer

ServicePolitics etc.

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Your

critique?

Reflection:

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Critique National Culture

Organizational Culture

*Group culture?

*Missing Individual Culture?

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Critique

Sampling

Level of Analysis

Synchronic

only

Static, immutable

MasculinityStereotype

Gender?

Binary caricature

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Critique1.Pioneering: Great contribution!2. Sampling: Limited to IBM; later improved; but still not

representative sampling; elite; women?3. Ecological Fallacy: Level of Analysis4. Later improvements: + 2 Dimensions5. But synchronic only; can be diachronic6. Static, immutable7. “Masculinity” & “Femininity” stereotypes8. What about gender?9. Binary carricatures only10. Is the economy not a good variable to include?

(Inglehart included it).

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