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SECTION I: THE NEW LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WASTE MANAGEMENT “Waste-to-Energy and its contribution to Renewable Energy in Europe” by Mr. Jan Manders, Deputy President CEWEP (Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants), Netherlands
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Waste-to-Energy and itscontribution to Renewable Energy across Europe
Jan MandersDeputy President CEWEP
Mataro, 24 th March 2011
Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
1
CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants
CEWEP represents 390 of 440Waste-to-Energy plants across Europe.(60 mt of EU capacity of 73 mt in 2010)They thermally treat household andcomparable waste, which is not other-wise reused or recycled, and generate energy from it.
In 2009 across Europe they supply:30 TWh electricity and55 TWh of heat.
2
Waste Hierarchy adopted by EU within the Waste Framework Directive
e.g. energy recovery
Prevention
Reuse
Recycling
Other recovery
Disposal
The 5 step waste hierarchy in the Waste Framework Directive helps to achieve sustainable waste management, placing prevention at the top and disposal (such as landfilling) as the least favoured option.
3
EU Landfill Directive
According to the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced(base year 1995):to 50 % by 2009 and to 35% of the total amount by 2016.
Derogations:
For countries that had 80% landfilling in 1995:
50% Until 2013 Greece, Poland
United Kingdom
New Member states:
2014Bulgaria
2017Romania
Poor landfills are a threat to the environment:-- Contamination of water and soil-- Methane emissions (GHG)-- Loss of materials
5
Treatment of MSW in Europe EU27, 260 m tpa in 2009
A large part of the EU27 waste is still wasted by putting it on landfills with negative effects on the environment.
But waste is a precious resource which should be utilised!Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2008
Source: EUROSTAT
6
Treatment of MSW in the EU 27 in 2008Source: EUROSTAT
Recycling Thermal Treatment Landfilling„Bio-Recyling“
7
Treatment of MSW across Europe in 2009Source: EUROSTAT Graph created by CEWEP
Recycling Thermal Treatment Landfilling„Bio-Recyling“
38
1 1 14
5
17
32
45 46 4852
62 62 62
75 75 78 82 82 83 8692 95 96 99 100
14
20
3439
29
4948
35
36
3412
18 119
3
19
1
10 1
1012
49
42
18
18
28
40
1414
24
20
16 3212
14
24
4
12
2
11
27 2
62 1
17
16
24
48
32 3036 34 36
27
1811
24 26
15
32
8
34
14 13 14 17
2 2
147
3 4 1
3428
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
E…
DE NL
AT
SE
DK
BE LU FR IT FI UK
ES IE PT SL EE
HU PL GR
SK CZ
CY LV LT MT
RO BG CH NO
r e c y c l i n g
Successful Strategy for Integrated Waste management in various West- European countries
Separation at source
Domestic and Comparable Wastetextilesglass
packagingpaper
Organic Residual Waste Bulky Dom. Waste
landfill *backup
AD +Compost. WtE Separation
Compost Wood Biomass Energy PlantsRubble RRDF pellets cement kilnsetc. R
Bottom ashes RResidue material*Metals R
Energy
8
Alternative processing routes : variants of MBT ,especially for situations with little / no source separation
AnaerobicDigestion
Composting
Fuel preparation
Separation & SortingM
SW
Paper, metals, plastics, etc Recycling
Landfill
Compost ?Meeting specs ?
If not landfill
Organics
Residue
RDFSRFcombustible
Incineration Heat / Electricity
Biogas
BiologicalDrying
Energy
• Hope to avoid the investment of incineration plants.• Hope that RDF/ SRF would become « end of waste »
general purpose fuel finding many applicationsThe Reality is however: • MBT is only a pre-treatment• RDF is and will be waste, continuing to fall within EU
waste emission legislation (WID, IED)• RDF fuel is finding application in cement kilns; potential
for co-incineration in power plants is very limited• Majority of RDF is finding its way into dedicated
incineration plants ( = WtE plant for residual MSW)
Why were/are sorting & MBT variants for Residual Waste being considered ? (DE, AT, IT, ES, UK )
10
Waste to Energy in Europe(Incineration with Energy Recovery of MSW and comparable waste)
dominant route for the treatment of residual waste (and of RDF or sorting residues)
Fully proven and environmentally safe thanks to FGC
About 71 million tonnes of capacity in operation in 2009supplying about 30 TWh of electricity (8 million households) and about 55 TWh of heat.
about 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable
represents a net CO2 saving and avoids the use of fossil fuels elsewhere for energy production
Typical Waste-to-Energy Plant
1. Tipping hall 8. DENOx catalyst 15. Primary air fan
2. Waste bunker 9. Economiser 16. Re-circulation fan
3. Grabs 10. Spray drier 17. Re-circulation to ECO
4. Feed chute 11. Fabric filter 18. Turbine and generator
5. Moving grate 12. Fan 19. Boiler water tank
6. Boiler 13. Stack 20. Residue silo
7. Electrostatic precipitator 14. Bunker air extraction
21. Bottom ash bunker
Waste delivery
Incineration/ Energy recovery
Flue-gas cleaning
12
Waste to Energy Cycle
13
Treatment of waste in a WtE plant is recovery if:
An existing plant meets efficiency factor > 0,6New plant (from 2009) meets efficiency factor > 0,65Energy efficiency formulae:
Energy produced – (Energy in added fuel + Energy import)
0,97* x (Energy in the waste + Energy in added fuel)
Equivalency factor electricity production x 2,6Equivalency factor heat exported x 1,1
* factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation
Agreed formulae within the WFDfor the R1 Efficiency criterion
14
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Power kWh/ ton of waste
Heat
pro
duct
ion
kWh/
t of w
aste
Heat vs Power production by WtE plantsacross EU relative to EU R1 Criterion
Maximisation of supply of heat
Power only
Mix of heat and powerLess
efficient plants
R1=0,8
0,6
Based on data from majority of CEWEP WtE plants15
Net CO2 emissions from modern WtE plants
A state-of- the art WtE plant saves CO2 in the range of 100 to 350 kg CO2 eq per tonne of waste processed *, depending on:
• Waste composition (% biogenic)• Amount of heat and electricity supplied• Country Energy substitution mix
If WtE replaces (poor) landfilling, then there would be additional savings of 200 to 800 kg CO2 /tonne waste
* The more energy can be supplied as heat the higher the CO2 savings
WtE plants can look pretty, even in city centres !
17
Spittelau, Vienna AVR Rotterdam
WtE Capacity Europeby end of 2008 is 71 m tonnes.
ArialArial
WtE capacity growth in steps(includes MSW & comparable & dedicated RDF/SRF incin plants)
Waste to Energy Capacity Development within Europe
Country Groups Likely developmentsPotential for expansion
DE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE Recent extensionsDemand and Capacity in balance or slight overcapacity emerging
FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Market opportunities, but complications due to local policies & preferences
UK, CZ, PL, Major extension potential
GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but various complications and hurdles despite EU support
EU 27 have ambitious targets for Renewable Energyoverall 20 % of consumption by 2020
21The gap to close is about 1500 TWh of Renewable Energy(at a flat – zero growth - EU energy consumption level of 13700 TWh)
• EU binding targets on RE : 20 % by 2020, differentiated by country
• Major gap of 1500 TWh of RE to be filled by solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, waste
• Renewable Energy from waste is « low hanging fruit » : easy-to-achieve, reliable and relatively cheap
• CEWEP study shows that EfW might contribute 95 TWh, of which the largest contribution is through WtE, followed at a distance by SRF/RDF and LFG
Energy from Waste as a source of Renewable Energy
22
Renewable Energy 2006 from Waste(all routes) for Europe in total
23
Growth in Renewable Electricity from all routes for Europe in total
24
Growth of Renewable Heat from all routes for Europe in total
25
Communication with stakeholders is often the most important issue when considering investment in WtE:
• Who are our stakeholders ?• Local community, neighbours• Politicians• Media• NGO’s and pressure groups• Authorities
Communication with stakeholders on Waste-to-Energy
26
Thank you for your attention !
CEWEPConfederation of EuropeanWaste-to-Energy PlantsOffice in Brussels:Boulevard Clovis 12AB-1000 BrusselsBELGIUM
Tel.: +32 (0)2 770 63 11Fax: +32 (0)2 770 68 14 e-mail: [email protected]
www.cewep.eu
Amount of MSW per capita in EU countries(total amount of waste leaving the household)
28Waste composition varies across Europe
EU Waste Incineration Directive:Emission Limit Values (ELV) for WtE incineration
Component Limit value Period
(Cd) and (Tl) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours• (Hg) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours
(Sb), (As), (Pb), (Cr), (Co), (Cu), (Mn), (Ni), (V) 0,5 mg/m³ max 8 hours
dioxins and furans, 0,1 ng/m³ max 8 hours
(CO) 50 mg/m³ daily average value
dust 10 mg/m³ daily average value
(HCl), 10 mg/m³ daily average value
(HF), 1 mg/m³ daily average value
(SO2), 50 mg/m³ daily average value(No), (NO2) (depending on plant size). 200 mg/m³ - 400 mg/m³ daily average value 29
Major routes for Energy from Waste- Europe( based on MSW, CDM, but excl. Biomass and Agricultural waste)
Route Current significance
Where in Europe ?
Form of energy
Status of technology
Growth potent.
WtE from residual MSW(incineration with energy recov)
OOOOO Throughout Power,Heat
Mature Yes, regional
Incineration of RDF, SRF derived from MSW and CDM inCement kilns, power plants etc
OOO DE, IT, AT,SE, ES, FI, UK
Power,Fuel replacer
mature /Being proven
regional
Anaerobic Digestion from source-separated organic MSW
O IT, ES, BE, D,FR, UK
biogasPower
Proven / developing
yes
Anaerobic Digestion fromSorted organic fraction of MSW
O IT, ES, FR Biogas,Power
Proven / developing
regional yes
Incineration of Waste derived Biomass ( eg wood)
OO DE, NL, BE Power subsidised
Proven Yes, regional
Landfill Gas Extraction OO Throughout Western Eur
Power,biogas
Mature Yes, regional
Gasification & Pyrolysis o few Power,Syngas
Developing ?
How much does Energy from Wastecontribute to the EU 27 binding targets?
31
2006 2020 Comments
Total EU 27 Energy consumption
13700 TWh 13700 TWhIf no growth in consumption !
Total EU 27 Renewable Energy
1258 TWh(8,5 %)
2735 TWhTarget 20 %:
The gap is about 1500 TWh
Renewablecontribution from Waste EU 27
55 TWhBetween
90 – 151 TWhWaste can
potentiallly fill 95from the gap of
1500 TWhShare Energy from Waste of Total RE
4,4 %Between
3,3 and 5,5 %assuming Binding EU Targets are
achieved !
RE from waste is by far the cheapest form of Renewable Electricity !
32
Source: EREF report 2009; * * Price level for WtE € 45 -65 €/ MWh. Only few % of WtE Electricity gets some Renew Subsidy* For LFG avg Feed in Tariff in EU: 71 € (incl minor subsidy)
***